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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Doxapram

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Academic literature on the topic 'Doxapram'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Doxapram"

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Prins, S. A., S. J. A. Pans, M. M. van Weissenbruch, F. J. Walther, and S. H. P. Simons. "Doxapram Use for Apnoea of Prematurity in Neonatal Intensive Care." International Journal of Pediatrics 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/251047.

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Apnoea of prematurity is treated with noninvasive respiratory therapy and methylxanthines. For therapy unresponsive apnoea doxapram is often prescibed in preterm neonates. The duration, dosage and route of administration of doxapram together with its efficacy was evaluated in two Dutch neonatal intensive care. Outcome concerning short-term safety and neonatal morbidity were evaluated. During 5 years, 122 of 1,501 admitted newborns <32 weeks of gestational age received doxapram. 64.8% of patients did not need intubation after doxapram. 25% of treated neonates were <27 weeks of gestation. A positive response to doxapram therapy on apnoea was associated with longer duration of doxapram usage (P<0.001), lower mean doses (P<0.003), and less days of intensive care (median 33 versus 42 days;P<0.002). No patients died during doxapram therapy. Incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, persistent ductus arteriosus, or worsening of pulmonary condition did not increase during doxapram therapy. Doxapram is frequently used for apnoea of prematurity, despite a lack of data on short-term efficacy and long-term safety. Until efficacy and safety are confirmed in prospective trials, doxapram should be used with caution.

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Engbers, Aline G. J., Swantje Völler, Christian F. Poets, et al. "The Pharmacokinetics of Caffeine in Preterm Newborns: No Influence of Doxapram but Important Maturation with Age." Neonatology 118, no. 1 (2021): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513413.

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Background: Apnea of prematurity can persist despite caffeine therapy in preterm infants. Doxapram may additionally support breathing. Although multiple small studies have reported the efficacy of doxapram, the structural co-treatment with caffeine impedes to ascribe the efficacy to doxapram itself or to a pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction where doxapram increases the exposure to caffeine. We examined whether there is a PK drug-drug interaction between doxapram and caffeine by developing a PK model for caffeine including infants with and without doxapram treatment. Methods: In preterm neonates receiving caffeine, we determined caffeine plasma concentrations before, during, and directly after doxapram co-treatment and used these to develop a population PK model in NONMEM 7.3. Patient characteristics and concomitant doxapram administration were tested as covariates. Results: 166 plasma samples were collected from 39 preterm neonates receiving caffeine (median gestational age 25.6 [range 24.0–28.0] weeks) of which 65 samples were taken during co-treatment with doxapram (39%, from 32/39 infants). Clearance of caffeine was 9.99 mL/h for a typical preterm neonate with a birth weight of 0.8 kg and 23 days postnatal age and increased with birth weight and postnatal age, resulting in a 4-fold increase in clearance during the first month of life. No PK interaction between caffeine and doxapram was identified. Discussion: Caffeine clearance is not affected by concomitant doxapram therapy but shows a rapid maturation with postnatal age. As current guidelines do not adjust the caffeine dose with postnatal age, decreased exposure to caffeine might partly explain the need for doxapram therapy after the first week of life.

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Heggem, Brittany. "Doxapram." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 20, no. 3 (2011): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2011.04.011.

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Shrestha, Amir Babu. "Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Doxapram and Pethidine for Postanaesthetic Shivering." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 48, no. 174 (2009): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.225.

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Introduction: Postanaesthetic shivering is a common condition after surgery which needs proper management with pharmacologic agents so as to make postoperative period comfortable to the patient and prevent from the untoward complications that can arise from it. This study was done to compare the effectiveness of Pethidine and Doxapram in the treatment of postanaesthetic shivering.Methods: Patients were randomly divided into three groups, ten in each. All received volume of 3 ml as Group I (Doxapram 1.5 mg/kg), Group II (Pethidine 0.35 mg/kg) and Group III (Normal Saline). All patients were observed for 30 minutes after reversal of muscle relaxant and occurrence of shivering within this period was observed, scored and treated. All treated patients were observed for 10 minutes after the test drug was given for control of shivering and any untoward effects.Results: Pethidine was found more effective than Doxapram in treating postanaesthetic shivering as it was effective in 80% followed by Doxapram in 60% and Normal saline in 20%. Statistically the results between Normal saline and Pethidine was signifi cant as P<0.05. As statistical significance between Doxapram and Normal Saline was p=0.16; and between Pethidine and Doxapram was p=0.62, the difference is statistically not significant.Conclusions: Pethidine was found to be more effective compared to Doxapram in treating patients with postoperative shivering.Key Words: doxapram, pethidine, postanesthetic shivering

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&NA;. "Cisapride/doxapram." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 715 (1998): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199807150-00015.

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Cote, A., P. W. Blanchard, and B. Meehan. "Metabolic and cardiorespiratory effects of doxapram and theophylline in sleeping newborn piglets." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 2 (1992): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.410.

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To evaluate the contribution of a change in metabolic rate to ventilatory changes after the administration of respiratory stimulants, we studied the effect of two respiratory stimulants, doxapram and theophylline, on ventilation and metabolic rate during sleep in piglets. Metabolic rate (O2 consumption and CO2 production) was measured in a metabolic chamber, and alveolar ventilation (VA) was derived from arterial PCO2 and CO2 production. We studied the animals during a baseline period and for 2 h after the administration of theophylline or doxapram. With doxapram, there was no change in VA, metabolic rate, or arterial PCO2. In contrast, with theophylline, VA increased [20 +/- 14% (SD), P less than 0.003] as a result of both an increased metabolic rate and hyperventilation. Doxapram, however, increased mean blood pressure (from 67 +/- 11 to 75 +/- 13 mmHg, P less than 0.005), whereas theophylline did not result in blood pressure changes. In summary, during quiet sleep, doxapram, unlike theophylline, does not stimulate either respiration or metabolic rate. We speculate that the previous reports of increased ventilation after the administration of doxapram are due to the general stimulation of activity in the awake state, an effect not seen during sleep.

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Kruszynski, Sandra, Kornelijus Stanaitis, Janine Brandes, Christian F. Poets, and Henner Koch. "Doxapram stimulates respiratory activity through distinct activation of neurons in the nucleus hypoglossus and the pre-Bötzinger complex." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 4 (2019): 1102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00304.2018.

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Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant used for decades as a treatment option in apnea of prematurity refractory to methylxanthine treatment. Its mode of action, however, is still poorly understood. We investigated direct effects of doxapram on the pre-Bötzinger complex (PreBötC) and on a downstream motor output system, the hypoglossal nucleus (XII), in the transverse brainstem slice preparation. While doxapram has only a modest stimulatory effect on frequency of activity generated within the PreBötC, a much more robust increase in the amplitude of population activity in the subsequent motor output generated in the XII was observed. In whole cell patch-clamp recordings of PreBötC and XII neurons, we confirmed significantly increased firing of evoked action potentials in XII neurons in the presence of doxapram, while PreBötC neurons showed no significant alteration in firing properties. Interestingly, the amplitude of activity in the motor output was not increased in the presence of doxapram compared with control conditions during hypoxia. We conclude that part of the stimulatory effects of doxapram is caused by direct input on brainstem centers with differential effects on the rhythm generating kernel (PreBötC) and the downstream motor output (XII). NEW & NOTEWORTHY The clinically used respiratory stimulant doxapram has distinct effects on the rhythm generating kernel (pre-Bötzinger complex) and motor output centers (nucleus hypoglossus). These effects are obliterated during hypoxia and are mediated by distinct changes in the intrinsic properties of neurons of the nucleus hypoglossus and synaptic transmission received by pre-Bötzinger complex neurons.

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Wilkinson, Katherine A., Kimberly Huey, Bruce Dinger, Liang He, Salvatore Fidone, and Frank L. Powell. "Chronic hypoxia increases the gain of the hypoxic ventilatory response by a mechanism in the central nervous system." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 2 (2010): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01311.2009.

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We studied the effects of the ventilatory stimulant doxapram to test the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia increases the translation of carotid body afferent input into ventilatory motor efferent output by the central nervous system. Chronic hypoxia (inspired Po2 = 70 Torr, 2 days) significantly increased the ventilatory response to an intravenous infusion of a high dose of doxapram in conscious, unrestrained rats breathing normoxic or hypoxic gas. The in vitro carotid body response to hypoxia increased with chronic hypoxia, but the response was not increased with a high dose of doxapram. Similarly, the phrenic nerve response to doxapram in anesthetized rats with carotid bodies denervated did not change with 7 days of chronic hypoxia. The results support the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia causes plasticity in the central component of the carotid chemoreceptor ventilatory reflex, which increases the hypoxic ventilatory response. We conclude that doxapram provides a promising tool to study the time course of changes in the central gain of the hypoxic ventilatory response during chronic hypoxia in awake animals and humans.

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Engbers, A., N. Dia, S. Völler, et al. "P31 No interaction between doxapram and caffeine for the treatment of preterm neonates with apnea." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 6 (2019): e29.3-e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.69.

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BackgroundIn preterm neonates with apneas, co-administration with doxapram is often initiated in case of inadequate response to caffeine alone. While doxapram is exclusively registered for adults, there is limited information on its use in preterm infants. To examine whether the observed effects of doxapram are actually due to doxapram itself, and not a pharmacokinetic interaction between both respiratory stimulants, we studied the pharmacokinetics (PK) of caffeine in a population of preterm neonates receiving both caffeine and doxapram.MethodsCaffeine concentrations from patients in the DINO study (NCT02421068) who received both caffeine and doxapram were analyzed using NONMEM V7.3. A PK model of caffeine in preterm neonates was used as a basis to estimate the PK parameters of caffeine when co-administered with doxapram with F fixed to 1 and ka fixed to 1.48 h-1.1 The results of the current study were compared to those of the reference population published by Charles et al.1ResultsIn 15 preterm infants 58 samples were collected in which caffeine plasma levels were determined. Median gestational age (GA) was 26.3 (range 24–28) weeks, postnatal age (PNA) was 25 (0–63) days and current weight was 1100 (600–2140) grams. Caffeine CL and Vd for an individual with a PNA of 12 days were estimated 0.2 L/h/70kg (RSE 28%) and 68.2 L/70kg (RSE 73%), respectively. Maturation of CL was best described by a power function with an exponent of 0.404 (RSE 89%). These results seem in good agreement with the reference population of preterm neonates receiving caffeine without doxapram with values of 0.167 L/kg/70 kg, 58.6 L/70kg and 0.358.1ConclusionIn this pharmacokinetic study in preterm neonates receiving both caffeine and doxapram, we found similar values for CL, Vd and maturation of CL with PNA compared to literature values obtained in preterm neonates receiving caffeine alone.ReferencesBG C. et al. Caffeine citrate treatment for extremely premature infants with apnea: population pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and implications for therapeutic drug monitoring. Ther. Drug Monit 2008;30:709–716.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose

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Poppe, JA, W. van Weteringen, S. Völler, TG Goos, IKM Reiss, and SHP Simons. "P80 Objective pharmacodynamic evaluation of doxapram in preterm infants." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 6 (2019): e50.1-e50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-esdppp.118.

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BackgroundPharmacodynamic evaluation is challenging in neonatal clinical care, and often based on subjective human interpretation of clinical signs and the available ‘snapshot’ of physiological parameters. High frequency data (≥ 1Hz) of bedside patient monitors provide the opportunity of continuous and objective drug evaluation.1 This study investigates the predictive value of continuously available vital and ventilatory parameters to evaluate doxapram therapy. Doxapram is a respiratory stimulant to avoid mechanical ventilation and adverse outcomes of hypoxemia in preterm infants.2MethodsPreterm infants admitted to a level III NICU centre who received doxapram therapy were eligible for inclusion. Stored vital and ventilatory parameters were retrospectively analysed. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify variables that influenced therapy failure (intubation or death) or success. Variables with a p value < 0.1 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. Additionally, the ΔSpO2/FiO2-ratio was calculated by subtracting the median SpO2/FiO2-ratio 1 day after therapy from the median SpO2/FiO2-ratio 1 day before therapy.ResultsThe first episode of doxapram treatment was analysed in a total of 61 preterm infants with a median postnatal age at therapy start (PNA) of 3.0 weeks (IQR; 2.0–3.6). The success rate of doxapram therapy was 57%. Out of all parameters, the SpO2/FiO2-ratio showed to be the most indicative for therapy outcome. The predictive model included the ΔSpO2/FiO2-ratio, the PNA, the administration of a loading dose at start, and intubation within 24 hours before the start of doxapram (area under the curve of 0.828). The ΔSpO2/FiO2-ratio was inversely associated with therapy outcome (OR 0.26, CI 95% 0.07–0.83; p = 0.03).ConclusionThe ΔSpO2/FiO2-ratio between 1 day before and 1 day after start of the therapy is predictive of failure or success of doxapram therapy. The use of physiological data shows potential in the pharmacodynamic evaluation of doxapram therapy.ReferencesFlint R, Weteringen WV, Voller S, Poppe JA, Koch BC, Groot R, et al. Big data analyses for continuous evaluation of pharmacotherapy: A proof of principle with doxapram in preterm infants. Curr Pharm Des. 2017.Poets CF, Roberts RS, Schmidt B, Whyte RK, Asztalos EV, Bader D, et al. Association Between Intermittent Hypoxemia or Bradycardia and Late Death or Disability in Extremely Preterm Infants. JAMA. 2015;314(6):595–603.Disclosure(s)Nothing to disclose

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Doxapram"

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Barbé, Françoise. "Etude pharmaco-toxicologique du Doxapram chez le nouveau-né." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN11303.

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Bairam, Aida. "Etudes expérimentales et applications cliniques du doxapram, neurostimulant respiratoire." Nancy 1, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1990_0549_BAIRAM.pdf.

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Différentes études réalisées chez l'agneau montrent que le doxapram, stimulant respiratoire, est irréversiblement métabolisé en céto-doxapram. Chacune des molécules possède une activité analeptique respiratoire propre. L'action ventilatoire du céto-doxapram est dose-dépendante et essentiellement médiée par les chémorécepteurs périphériques, au moins pour les doses faibles. Elle est de même type que celle décrite pour le doxapram. Pour des doses usuelles en clinique, le doxapram induit une stimulation ventilatoire trois fois supérieure à celle provoquée par la caféine (stimulant respiratoire de référence). Lorsque le doxapram et la caféine sont asscociés, quel que soit l'ordre, un effet ventilatoire cumulatif est observé.

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Santos, Janete Castro dos. "Efeitos da aminofilina e do doxapram em recém-nascidos advindos de cesariana eletiva em cadelas anestesiadas com midazolam, propofol e isofluorano." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5010.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 86037 bytes, checksum: e4f697c00d41650b873d456f7d47cced (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-29<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>In the veterinarian medicine daily routine the caesarian is a highly used technique. Despite the anesthetic protocol chosen, the drug will act direct or indirectly on the fetus, causing neonates vital function depression and contributing to a hazard in their adaptation to the extra-uterine life. Trying to revert in neonates the depressor effects of the anesthesia used on mothers, the application of doxapram chloridate and/or aminofiline is recommended. This work aimed to study the doxapram chloridate and aminofiline, associated or not, efficiency, as well as to compare the sub-lingual and subcutaneous administration of these drugs. A total of 64 puppies were evaluated, distributed in eight groups of eight animals each. Four of these groups received the drugs via subcutaneous (sC) and the other four via sub-lingual (sL). Two groups (G1sC and G1sL) received only placebo; another two (G2sC and G2sL) received aminofiline; in other two groups (G3sC and G3sL) doxapram was administered and the last two (G4sC and G4sL) received aminofiline associated to doxapram. According to the results obtained in the present experiment it was possible to conclude that the aminofiline was more effective than the doxapram and, that the via sub-lingual was more efficient than the subcutaneous in the neonates reanimation.<br>No cotidiano da medicina veterinária a cesariana é uma técnica cirúrgica bastante empregada. Qualquer que seja o protocolo anestésico escolhido, a droga atuará direta ou indiretamente sobre os fetos, causando depressão das funções vitais do neonato e contribuindo para dificultar sua adaptação à vida extra-uterina. Na tentativa de reverter no neonato os efeitos depressores da anestesia usada na mãe, recomenda-se a aplicação do cloridrato de doxapram e/ou aminofilina. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a eficácia do cloridrato de doxapram e da aminofilina associados ou não, na reanimação de neonatos caninos após cesariana eletiva, bem como comparar a via sublingual com a subcutânea para a administração dessas drogas. Foram avaliados um total de 64 filhotes, distribuídos em oito grupos de oito animais cada. Quatro destes grupos receberam as drogas por via subcutânea (sC) e os outros quatro via sublingual (sL). Dois grupos (G1sC e G1sL) receberam apenas placebo; outros dois (G2sC e G2sL) receberam aminofilina; em outros dois (G3sC e G3sL) administrou-se doxapram e os dois últimos (G4sC e G4sL) receberam aminofilina associada ao doxapram. De acordo com os resultados obtidos no presente experimento foi possível concluir que a aminofilina foi mais eficaz que o doxapram e a via sublingual mais eficiente que a subcutânea na reanimação dos neonatos.

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Midon, Mônica. "Efeitos da administração de xilazina e doxapram na recuperação de cavalos anestesiados com isofluorano /." Jaboticabal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151973.

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Orientador: Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão<br>Coorientador: André Escobar<br>Banca: Suzane lilian Beier<br>Banca: Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz<br>Resumo: A recuperação é uma fase crítica na anestesia de equinos. Tentativas precoces de retornar à posição quadrupedal são normalmente fracassadas podendo ocasionar quedas, injúrias e até mesmo fraturas. Técnicas para melhorar a qualidade de recuperação incluem o uso de agonistas adrenérgicos do tipo α2, os quais objetivam, neste contexto, a sedação do paciente, aumentando o tempo de decúbito e possibilitando maior tempo de eliminação do anestésico inalatório residual. O doxapram é um fármaco caracterizado por provocar aumento na frequência respiratória e, potencialmente, pode aumentar o clearance dos anestésicos inalatórios. Neste contexto, objetivou-se verificar a influência da administração dos fármacos xilazina e doxapram no tempo e na qualidade da recuperação de equinos submetidos à anestesia geral inalatória com isofluorano. Seis cavalos foram anestesiados durante 90 minutos quatro vezes, com intervalo de duas semanas entre os procedimentos, recebendo aleatoriamente os seguintes tratamentos após a interrupção do anestésico inalatório: xilazina 0,2 mg/kg, ou xilazina e doxapram (0,2 e 0,1 mg/kg, respectivamente), ou xilazina e doxapram (0,2 e 0,2 mg/kg, respectivamente), ou solução NaCl 0,9%. Todas recuperações foram filmadas e avaliadas por dois observadores não cientes dos tratamentos, por meio da escala visual analógica e escala qualitativa descritiva. Os escores foram analisados quanto à concordância por BlandAltman e quanto à diferença pela RM ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: Recovery is a critical stage on equine anesthesia. Early attempts to assume upright position are seldom successful and frequently result on falls, injuries and even fractures. Techniques to improve anesthetic recovery include the use of α2- adrenergic agonists at recovery in order to increase the recumbency time permitting clearance a broader residual inhalational anesthetic. Doxapram is characterized by increasing respiratory rate. Potentially it can increase inhaled anesthetics clearence. The purpose of the present study was to verify to influence of xylazine and doxapram administration on time and quality of recovery of horses submitted to isoflurane inhalational anesthesia. Six horses were anesthetized four times, with a wash out period of two weeks. Each animal received one of the following randomized treatments following discontinuation of isoflurane anesthesia: xylazine 0.2 mg/kg, or xylazine plus doxapram (0.2 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively), xylazine plus doxapram (0.2 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively), or NaCl 0.9% solution. Recovery was filmed and posterior evaluated by two blind observes by a visual analogue scale and a qualitative descriptive scale. The scores were analyzed for agreement by Bland-Altman and for the difference by RM ANOVA followed by Tukey test. The parameters measured were analyzed with RM ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p < 0.05). There was no difference regarding times recovery between groups. The animals who received just xylazine presented better scores on quality analysis, followed by doxapram 0.2 mg/kg group, control group, and 0.1 mg.kg of doxapram group. The use of doxapram to re-sedate horses isoflurane anesthetized does not improve quality neither diminish time of recovery.<br>Mestre

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"Efeitos da aminofilina e do doxapram em recém-nascidos advindos de cesariana eletiva em cadelas anestesiadas com midazolam, propofol e isofluorano." Tese, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFV, 2005. http://www.tede.ufv.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=266.

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Book chapters on the topic "Doxapram"

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Bairam, A., F. Marchal, B. Hannhart, J. P. Crance, and S. Lahiri. "Carotid Chemosensory Response to Doxapram in the Newborn Kitten." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2966-8_53.

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Takahashi, Toru, Shinobu Osanai, Hitoshi Nakano, Yoshinobu Ohsaki, and Kenjiro Kikuchi. "Doxapram Stimulates Carotid Body with Different Mechanisms from Hypoxic Chemotransduction." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9280-2_16.

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Peers, C. "Actions of Doxapram on K+ Currents in Isolated Type I Cells of the Neonatal Rat Carotid Body." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2966-8_59.

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"Doxapram." In Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53717-1.00661-2.

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"Doxapram." In Pharmacology in Anesthesia Practice, edited by Anita Gupta and Nina Singh-Radcliff. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199782673.003.0058.

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"Doxapram." In Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-44-451005-2/00013-9.

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"Doxapram." In Adverse Drug Interactions: A Handbook for Prescribers. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13416-96.

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"Doxapram HCl." In Pediatric Injectable Drugs. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37573/9781585285402.090.

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Papich, Mark G. "Doxapram Hydrochloride." In Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-24485-5.00230-8.

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Papich, Mark G. "Doxapram Hydrochloride." In Papich Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-70957-6.00181-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Doxapram"

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Gruber, Ryan B., Francis J. Golder, Scott L. Dax, Sean Peng, D. Euan MacIntyre, and James C. Mannion. "The Effects Of Doxapram Enantiomers On The Hypoxic Ventilatory Response In Adult Rats." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a3618.

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Golder, Francis J., Santhosh M. Baby, Ryan B. Gruber, et al. "Enantiomeric Separation Of Doxapram Reveals The (+)-Enantiomer (GAL-054) To Be A Superior Respiratory Stimulant With An Improved Therapeutic Index." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a3616.

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