Academic literature on the topic 'Dq-theory'

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Journal articles on the topic "Dq-theory"

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Kumar, Mahender, M. A. Uqaili, Z. A. Memon, and Bhagwan Das. "Mathematical Modeling of THD Mitigation Using HAPF for UPS System with Experimental Analysis via Hybrid Interface of Optical USB and Power Quality Meter." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (September 29, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3981287.

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This paper discusses a novel analysis scheme based on the hybrid interface of Optical USB and Power Quality Meter for measuring Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) that exists in the Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) system and connected load. The designed hybrid interface experimentally analyzes the power quality and harmonics of the Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) system, and mitigation is proposed with the proposed Single-Phase Hybrid Active Power Filter (HAPF) based on instantaneous Power Theory (PQ) with hysteresis control technique and synchronous frame reference (DQ) with hysteresis control techniques at nonlinear load. This study authenticates and gives appropriate measurements in analyzing the harmonics and voltage distortion during conversion of power. The designed work offers the compensation and elimination of harmonic currents using PQ and DQ theory at different nonlinear loads. The proposed HAPF for the UPS system has demonstrated the significant reduction in THD using proposed Power Theory (PQ) with hysteresis control technique from 46.58% to 1.51% and by using DQ theory with hysteresis control technique has reduced THD from 46.58% to 1.38%. Finally, the results are compared between PQ and DQ. It is validated via results that DQ theory eliminated harmonics and also having less THD as compared to PQ-theory. Furthermore, one of the key aspects of the work is the analysis of power quality using Optical USB Interface (OC4USB) and FLUKE series power quality analyzer.
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ZHANG, JUN, YONGYU ZHENG, and RUIBAO TAO. "TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF NEMATIC ORDER PARAMETER NEAR TRANSITION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 27 (2002): 4105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202014814.

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By means of Tao, Sheng and Lin's generized molecular field theory, the temperature dependence of the order parameter dQ/dT|Tchas been calculated. All the parameters in the calculation are fixed by experiments like the previous paper. There is no adjustable parameter. Our calculated value of dQ/dT|Tc~ 1%K-1agree well with experiments. The new puzzle of small value of dQ/dT|Tcdoes not existence.
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Pauly, Daniel, and Johannes Müller. "Fick’s Diffusion Laws and Scaling of the Gill Surface Area and Oxygen Uptake in Fish." Fishes 10, no. 5 (2025): 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050233.

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The oxygen consumption of adult fish (Q) is proportional to their body weight (W) raised to a power, estimated as the slope (dQ) of a linear regression of log(Q) vs. log(W). Similarly, the gill surface area of adult fish (GSA) is proportional to W raised to the power dG, as also estimated via a log-log linear proportional to their surface area. Moreover, because of Fick’s laws of diffusion, dQ should be at least similar to dG. Recently, the claim has been made that non-zero differences between dQ and dG invalidate the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT), which suggests that the O2 supplied by gills growing with dG <1 limits the growth of older and larger fish. We show here, based on 33 pairs of dG and dQ in 33 fish species and other information that (i) while individual differences between dQ and dG are observed in several cases, there is no significant overall difference across the 33 estimates and (ii) large differences between dQ and dG are primarily due to ontogenetic changes in scaling (OCS), likely ontogenetic changes in gills’ water–blood (or ‘diffusion’) distance and, as well, multiple sources of experimental variability and potential errors, leading to outliers and random differences.
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Sáez, Carlos, Oscar Zurriaga, Jordi Pérez-Panadés, Inma Melchor, Montserrat Robles, and Juan M. García-Gómez. "Applying probabilistic temporal and multisite data quality control methods to a public health mortality registry in Spain: a systematic approach to quality control of repositories." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 23, no. 6 (2016): 1085–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw010.

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Abstract Objective To assess the variability in data distributions among data sources and over time through a case study of a large multisite repository as a systematic approach to data quality (DQ). Materials and Methods Novel probabilistic DQ control methods based on information theory and geometry are applied to the Public Health Mortality Registry of the Region of Valencia, Spain, with 512 143 entries from 2000 to 2012, disaggregated into 24 health departments. The methods provide DQ metrics and exploratory visualizations for (1) assessing the variability among multiple sources and (2) monitoring and exploring changes with time. The methods are suited to big data and multitype, multivariate, and multimodal data. Results The repository was partitioned into 2 probabilistically separated temporal subgroups following a change in the Spanish National Death Certificate in 2009. Punctual temporal anomalies were noticed due to a punctual increment in the missing data, along with outlying and clustered health departments due to differences in populations or in practices. Discussion Changes in protocols, differences in populations, biased practices, or other systematic DQ problems affected data variability. Even if semantic and integration aspects are addressed in data sharing infrastructures, probabilistic variability may still be present. Solutions include fixing or excluding data and analyzing different sites or time periods separately. A systematic approach to assessing temporal and multisite variability is proposed. Conclusion Multisite and temporal variability in data distributions affects DQ, hindering data reuse, and an assessment of such variability should be a part of systematic DQ procedures.
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Mörée, Gustav, and Mats Leijon. "Simplified Current-Equivalent Circuit Models of Synchronous Reluctance Machines and Salient Pole Synchronous Machines Considering the Reluctance Torque." Energies 17, no. 5 (2024): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17051015.

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This paper describes a simplified one-phase equivalent circuit model of three-phase salient pole synchronous machines and synchronous reluctance machines. The model represents the pole saliency as a susceptance, with a magnitude based on the pole saliency and a phase angle based on twice the load angle. The reluctance torque itself is then modeled equivalent to a conductance. The model is made as an extension to Norton equivalents, where the internal inductance is connected as a shunt. This approach shares similarities to the magnetization shunt branch in circuit models of transformers and induction motors. The model is derived using the rotating dq-frame, using Park transform and two-reaction theory. The model is then rewritten to better fit one-phase equivalent circuit models, with the terminal voltage as the angular reference. The resulting two-pole model can then more easily be combined with basic circuit theory, thereby synthesizing dq-theory and phasor circuit models.
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Kishida, Ryo, Shosuke Ito, Manickam Sugumaran, Ryan Lacdao Arevalo, Hiroshi Nakanishi, and Hideaki Kasai. "Density Functional Theory-Based Calculation Shed New Light on the Bizarre Addition of Cysteine Thiol to Dopaquinone." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (2021): 1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031373.

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Two types of melanin pigments, brown to black eumelanin and yellow to reddish brown pheomelanin, are biosynthesized through a branched reaction, which is associated with the key intermediate dopaquinone (DQ). In the presence of l-cysteine, DQ immediately binds to the –SH group, resulting in the formation of cysteinyldopa necessary for the pheomelanin production. l-Cysteine prefers to bond with aromatic carbons adjacent to the carbonyl groups, namely C5 and C2. Surprisingly, this Michael addition takes place at 1,6-position of the C5 (and to some extent at C2) rather than usually expected 1,4-position. Such an anomaly on the reactivity necessitates an atomic-scale understanding of the binding mechanism. Using density functional theory-based calculations, we investigated the binding of l-cysteine thiolate (Cys–S−) to DQ. Interestingly, the C2–S bonded intermediate was less energetically stable than the C6–S bonded case. Furthermore, the most preferred Cys–S−-attacked intermediate is at the carbon-carbon bridge between the two carbonyls (C3–C4 bridge site) but not on the C5 site. This structure allows the Cys–S− to migrate onto the adjacent C5 or C2 with small activation energies. Further simulation demonstrated a possible conversion pathway of the C5–S (and C2–S) intermediate into 5-S-cysteinyldopa (and 2-S-cysteinyldopa), which is the experimentally identified major (and minor) product. Based on the results, we propose that the binding of Cys–S− to DQ proceeds via the following path: (i) coordination of Cys–S− to C3–C4 bridge, (ii) migration of Cys–S− to C5 (C2), (iii) proton rearrangement from cysteinyl –NH3+ to O4 (O3), and (iv) proton rearrangement from C5 (C2) to O3 (O4).
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Wang, Yu Feng, Guang Ye Liu, Xiao Guo Lv, and Zhong Chu Wang. "The Simulation of APF Based on Three-Phase VSI." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1901–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1901.

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In order to restrain harmonic pollution of power grid, the structure and control strategy of APF was researched. The structural parameters and method of direct current control of the most widely used APF with three-phase VSI was discussed. Decoupling control of active and reactive current on the dq plane was realized by dq transforming. Harmonic of load current was detected by Ip-Iq algorithm based on the instantaneous reactive power theory. Double closed-loop control was applied and PWM drive signals of IGBT were got through comparison of triangle wave and modulation wave. The simulation results demonstrate that the kind of control method make APF good dynamic response and static compensation.
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Abdellahi, Ramin, Mohsen Esmaeili, Mirsami Yeganli, Ali Mokhtarian, Roohallah Alizadehsani, and Paweł Pławiak. "Free vibration characteristics of trapezoidal nanoplate rested on viscoelastic substrate with arbitrary boundary conditions using differential quadrature method." PLOS ONE 20, no. 3 (2025): e0316210. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316210.

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This study investigates the free vibration analysis of trapezoidal nanoplate resting on viscoelastic foundation based on first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) incorporating nonlocal elasticity theory, using differential quadrature (DQ) method. The nanoplate’s governing equations of motion together with various associated boundary conditions have been discretized applying a mapping DQ method in the spatial domain. Then the complex natural frequencies of the trapezoidal nanoplates obtained by solving the eigen value matrix equation. Verification of the study is confirmed by comparing its numerical results with those available in the literature, then parametric study is thoroughly performed. A special attention is drawn to the role of geometrical parameters of nanoplate, stiffness and damping parameters of foundation, nonlocal parameter and boundary condition on natural frequencies characteristics. This research’s results are useful for designing of the nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) efficiently and show the potential application of the system as highly sensitive nano-sensors and resonator in damped medium.
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Nandagopal, V., T. S. Balaji Damodhar, P. Vijayapriya, and A. Thamilmaran. "Improving Power Quality by DSTATCOM Based DQ Theory with Soft Computing Techniques." Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 36, no. 2 (2023): 1315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.032039.

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Lin, Faa-Jeng, Syuan-Yi Chen, Wei-Ting Lin, and Chih-Wei Liu. "An Online Parameter Estimation Using Current Injection with Intelligent Current-Loop Control for IPMSM Drives." Energies 14, no. 23 (2021): 8138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238138.

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An online parameter estimation methodology using the d-axis current injection, which can estimate the distorted voltage of the current-controlled voltage source inverter (CCVSI), the varying dq-axis inductances, and the rotor flux, is proposed in this study for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives in the constant torque region. First, a d-axis current injection-based parameter estimation methodology considering the nonlinearity of a CCVSI is proposed. Then, during current injection, a simple linear model is developed to model the cross- and self-saturation of the dq-axis inductances. Since the d-axis unsaturated inductance is difficult to obtain by merely using the recursive least square (RLS) method, a novel tuning method for the d-axis unsaturated inductance is proposed by using the theory of the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) with the combination of the RLS method. Moreover, to improve the bandwidth of the current loop, an intelligent proportional-integral-derivative (PID) neural network controller with improved online learning algorithm is adopted to replace the traditional PI controller. The estimated the dq-axis inductances and the rotor flux are adopted in the decoupled control of the current loops. Finally, the experimental results at various operating conditions of the IPMSM in the constant torque region are given.
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Book chapters on the topic "Dq-theory"

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Singh, Deepak Kumar, Saibal Manna, and Ashok Kumar Akella. "Control of Three-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter Using dq Axis Theory." In Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9239-0_13.

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Lamb, D. Q. "Recent Developments in the Theory of AM Her And DQ Her Stars." In Cataclysmic Variables and Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5319-2_21.

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Daouli, Benhaoua Larbi, and Hassan Mana. "Improving Power Quality by Using Active Power Filter Based on DQ Frame of Reference Theory." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80301-7_30.

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Katta, Pradeep, Arun, D. Atul Kumar Mishra, and H. Vignesh. "PID Control of SAPF for Elimination of Harmonics in Power System Based on DQ Reference Frame Theory." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2119-7_66.

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Lawson, Sheron, and Claretha Hughes. "Proposing a Diversity Intelligence Training Framework for Leaders and Managers to Attract, Maintain, and Balance Mature Workers." In Strategies for Attracting, Maintaining, and Balancing a Mature Workforce. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2277-6.ch001.

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The workforce is becoming more diverse with the increasing number of mature workers delaying retirement and working beyond the legal retirement age. Retaining mature workers in organizations can be challenging. Training leaders and managers in diversity intelligence (DQ) has the potential to lead to better and more effective supervision of diverse employees. Competent and skilled managers and leaders who are trained in DQ will be more able to help in the attracting, retaining, and balancing mature workers. The chapter proposes using the three learning processes of enactive, iconic, and symbolic from Bruner's discovery learning theory to teach leaders and managers DQ. The learning outcome is that managers will become mentors and coaches who are equipped to use goal-oriented and transformative processes to supervise the independent, motivated, and proactive adult workers.
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Lawson, Sheron, and Claretha Hughes. "Proposing a Diversity Intelligence Training Framework for Leaders and Managers to Attract, Maintain, and Balance Mature Workers." In Research Anthology on Changing Dynamics of Diversity and Safety in the Workforce. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-2405-6.ch018.

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The workforce is becoming more diverse with the increasing number of mature workers delaying retirement and working beyond the legal retirement age. Retaining mature workers in organizations can be challenging. Training leaders and managers in diversity intelligence (DQ) has the potential to lead to better and more effective supervision of diverse employees. Competent and skilled managers and leaders who are trained in DQ will be more able to help in the attracting, retaining, and balancing mature workers. The chapter proposes using the three learning processes of enactive, iconic, and symbolic from Bruner's discovery learning theory to teach leaders and managers DQ. The learning outcome is that managers will become mentors and coaches who are equipped to use goal-oriented and transformative processes to supervise the independent, motivated, and proactive adult workers.
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A. Adepoju, Jerome. "Effectiveness of Basic Sets of Goncarov and Related Polynomials." In Recent Advances in Polynomials [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99411.

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The Chapter presents diverse but related results to the theory of the proper and generalized Goncarov polynomials. Couched in the language of basic sets theory, we present effectiveness properties of these polynomials. The results include those relating to simple sets of polynomials whose zeros lie in the closed unit disk U=z:z≤1.. They settle the conjecture of Nassif on the exact value of the Whittaker constant. Results on the proper and generalized Goncarov polynomials which employ the q-analogue of the binomial coefficients and the generalized Goncarov polynomials belonging to the Dq- derivative operator are also given. Effectiveness results of the generalizations of these sets depend on whether q<1 or q>1. The application of these and related sets to the search for the exact value of the Whittaker constant is mentioned.
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Weber Jens H., Price Morgan, and Davies Iryna. "Taming the Data Quality Dragon – A Theory and Method for Data Quality by Design." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-928.

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A lack of data quality (DQ) is often a significant inhibitor impeding the realization of cost and quality benefits expected from Clinical Information Systems (CIS). Attaining and sustaining DQ in CIS has been a multi-faceted and elusive goal. The current literature on DQ in health informatics mainly consists of empirical studies and practitioners' reports, but often lack a holistic approach to addressing DQ ‘by design’. This paper seeks to present a general framework for clinical DQ, which blends foundational engineering theories with concepts and methods from health informatics. We define an architectural viewpoint for designing and reasoning about DQ. We introduce the notion of DQ Probes for monitoring and assuring DQ during system operation. The concepts presented have been validated in a real-world case study.
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Hughes, Leslie P., Patrick M. J. Szell, Helen Blade, and Steven P. Brown. "NMR Crystallography in Pharmaceutical Development." In Magnetic Resonance and its Applications in Drug Formulation and Delivery. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788019996-00179.

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NMR crystallography is the combined use of experimental solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with density-functional theory (DFT) calculation of NMR parameters for a structure, as obtained, for example, by complementary diffraction or crystal structure prediction (CSP) approaches. We give an overview of how NMR crystallography can be applied to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their formulations, including considering polymorphism, solvates and hydrates, salt and co-crystal formation, and amorphous dispersions. Specifically, the use of the gauge-including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) method, as implemented, for instance, in CASTEP or Quantum Espresso, is widely employed to calculate NMR chemical shifts for nuclei such as 1H, 13C, 14/15N, 19F, and 35Cl, as well as quadrupolar parameters for spin I ≥ 1 nuclei such as 14N and 35Cl, complementing experimental data obtained using magic-angle spinning (MAS). We describe the application of key MAS NMR experiments such as cross-polarisation (CP) MAS, notably for polymorph fingerprinting and determination of the number of distinct molecules in the asymmetric unit cell (Z′), and 1H-based two-dimensional experiments including heteronuclear correlation and double-quantum (DQ) MAS. Experiments probing internuclear dipolar couplings provide structural insight via identifying specific atomic proximities and determining specific distances and characterise dynamic processes via quantitative measurement of dipolar couplings.
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Hughes, L. P., P. M. J. Szell, H. Blade, and S. P. Brown. "NMR Crystallography in Pharmaceutical Development." In Modern NMR Crystallography. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781837673179-00413.

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NMR crystallography is the combined use of experimental solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with density-functional theory (DFT) calculation of NMR parameters for a structure, as obtained, for example, by complementary diffraction or crystal structure prediction (CSP) approaches. We give an overview of how NMR crystallography can be applied to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their formulations, including considering polymorphism, solvates and hydrates, salt and co-crystal formation, and amorphous dispersions. Specifically, the use of the gauge-including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) method, as implemented, e.g., in CASTEP or Quantum Espresso, is widely employed to calculate NMR chemical shifts for nuclei such as 1H, 13C, 14/15N, 19F and 35Cl, as well as quadrupolar parameters for spin I ≥ 1 nuclei such as 14N and 35Cl, complementing experimental data obtained using magic-angle spinning (MAS). We describe the application of key MAS NMR experiments such as cross-polarisation (CP) MAS, notably for polymorph fingerprinting and determination of the number of distinct molecules in the asymmetric unit cell (Z′), and 1H-based two-dimensional experiments including heteronuclear correlation and double-quantum (DQ) MAS. Experiments probing internuclear dipolar couplings provide structural insight via identifying specific atomic proximities and determining specific distances and characterise dynamic processes via quantitative measurement of dipolar couplings.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dq-theory"

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Hejripour, F., A. R. Saidi, and S. H. Mirtalaie. "On Shear Correction Factor in Vibration of Annular Sector Plates." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24106.

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In the present study, the shear correction factors are obtained for annular sector plates using Differential Quadrature (DQ) Method. Based on the three-dimensional elasticity theory, the governing equations of motion for an annular sector plate are obtained. These equations together with the boundary conditions are discretized by employing DQ method. Following DQ procedure an eigenvalue problem is obtained that represents the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the plate. This procedure is also investigated for the analysis of the annular sector plates based on FSDT. The frequency of the first asymmetric mode of thickness direction for various shear correction factors are compared with the results of the three-dimensional elasticity theory. Therefore, the appropriate shear correction factor can be found. Some shear correction factors are obtained for various boundary conditions. It is shown that the value of the shear correction factor depends on the plate geometry and the boundary conditions.
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Meier, F., and J. Soulard. "dq theory applied to a permanent magnet synchronous machine with concentrated windings." In 4th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2008). IEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:20080510.

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Suru, Constantin Vlad, Cristina Alexandra Patrascu, and Mihaita Linca. "The synchronous fundamental dq frame theory implementation and adaptation for the active filtering." In 2014 International Conference on Applied and Theoretical Electricity (ICATE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icate.2014.6972654.

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Lira, J., C. Nunez, V. Cardenas, and R. Alvarez. "Voltage Sag Compensation in High-Quality AC/DC Converters Using the Single-Phase DQ Theory." In 2006 IEEE International Power Electronics Congress. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciep.2006.312118.

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BEY, Mohamed, Rabah ARARIA, and Abderrahmane BERKANI. "Self-Tuning STATCOM Controller Design Using dq-Theory and Adaptive Interaction for Reactive Power Compensation." In 2024 2nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Automatic Control (ICEEAC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeac61226.2024.10576401.

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Crosier, Russell, Shuo Wang, and Yongbin Chu. "Modeling of a grid-connected, multifunctional electric vehicle charging station in active filter mode with DQ theory." In 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2012.6342496.

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Andérez González, Jorge, and Riccardo Vescovini. "Fast Methods for Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of Variable Stiffness Panels." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-68933.

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Abstract This paper presents an approach for the nonlinear vibration analysis of Variable Stiffness (VS) plates based on Third-order Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT) along with a mixed variational formulation. The unknowns are expanded using the Ritz method, whilst time dependency is handled by referring to the Differential Quadrature (DQ) and the Harmonic Balance (HB) methods. The proposed framework guarantees reduced computational time, which is of particular interest when exploring the large design space offered by variable stiffness configurations. Validation against reference results is presented, as well as exemplary parametric studies illustrating the potential of the approach.
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Mirtalaie, S. H., and M. A. Hajabasi. "Large Amplitude Free Vibration Analysis of Thin Annular Sector Plates Using Differential Quadrature Method." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-24604.

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In this paper, the Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) is used to study the large amplitude free vibration of thin annular sector plates. The geometrical nonlinear governing equations of motion are derived based on the classical plate theory and using the von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relationships. Following the DQ-procedure and employing the concept of new degrees of freedom a nonlinear eigenvalue problem is obtained which is solved iteratively and nonlinear natural frequencies of the plate are obtained. The results show a very good convergence and they are compared with the available literature for the clamped boundary conditions to demonstrate the validity of the work. The effects of boundary conditions, inner to outer radius ratio and sector angle on the large amplitude free vibration of thin plate are studied.
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Gonzalez, Mario, Victor Cardenas, and Ciro Nunez. "An Optimal Selection of the References Generation Scheme for the DQ Theory to Compensate Unbalance, Reactive Power, Harmonic Distortion and Non Characteristic Harmonics." In 2006 IEEE International Power Electronics Congress. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciep.2006.312125.

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Hu, Tiejun, and Won-Jong Kim. "Modeling and Multivariable Control of a High Precision Multidimensional Positioner." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59536.

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A precision positioner using a novel concentrated-field permanent-magnet matrix is presented in this paper. This integrated multidimensional positioner is actuated by three novel planar motors, which are attached on the bottom of the positioner. It can generate all 6-DOF motions with only a single moving part. The integrated multi-dimensional positioner offers a unique combination of range and precision: a planar traveling range of 160 mm × 160 mm with a position resolution of 30 nm and position noise of 10 nm rms. The repeatability of the positioner is as good as 30 nm. The maximum velocity achieved so far is 0.5 m/s with 5-m/s2 acceleration. With direct-quadrature (DQ) decomposition theory, the positioner is modelled as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) electromagnetic system: it has six inputs (currents) and six outputs (displacements). After the state-space model of the system is derived, multivariable controllers are designed for this high-precision positioner. To eliminate the steady-state error, discrete time integrator combined Linear Quadratic Regulation (LQR) and reduced order Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control methodologies are applied and implemented. Finally, the experimental results are presented in this paper. Several experimental results verified the utility of this positioner in precision applications, such as semiconductor manufacturing.
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