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Journal articles on the topic 'DR-CAFTA'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Van Roozendaal, Gerda. "The Diffusion of Labour Standards: The Case of the US and Guatemala." Politics and Governance 3, no. 2 (May 7, 2015): 18–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v3i2.182.

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The number of free trade agreements (FTAs) concluded by the United States of America (US) has grown vastly over the past two decades. While FTAs contribute to increased global competition and as such may also contribute to socially-undesirable practices in the area of working conditions and the environment, the proliferation in FTAs has paradoxically also augmented the potential for making free trade more fair as some of these agreements now include labour provisions. However, the question is whether these trade agreements have also actually diffused internationally recognised labour standards. This article studies the FTA the US signed in 2004 with a number of Central American countries and which, at a later stage, also included the Dominican Republic. This FTA is commonly referred to as CAFTA-DR and includes a chapter on labour standards. The article argues that the effects of the inclusion of labour standards in CAFTA-DR have been limited and therefore should be viewed as an unsuccessful attempt at policy transfer. This is illustrated by the case of Guatemala, a country known for its lack of respect for labour standards and which is currently the subject of a complaints procedure under the CAFTA-DR. It is maintained that this lack of effectiveness is the result of many factors. Among these is the weakness of the labour chapter of CAFTA-DR resulting from the fact that the chapter is the outcome of bargaining processes both within the US and between the US and Guatemala, where symbolic results were valued more highly than actual substance.

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2

Lima, Thiago. "A política comercial da administração Bush: o CAFTA-DR e a resistência interior." Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 52, no. 1 (June 2009): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-73292009000100009.

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Argumenta-se que a política comercial da administração Bush é uma importante modificação na tradição norte-americana ao aderir à proliferação de acordos bilaterais. Contudo, a análise do CAFTA-DR demonstra que ela pode encontrar forte resistência doméstica.

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3

Abetti, Pauline. "Congressional voting on DR‐CAFTA: the ineffectiveness of environmental lobbying." Journal of Economic Policy Reform 11, no. 1 (March 2008): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17487870802031437.

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4

Cruz Rodríguez, Alexis, and Rosalía Calvo Clúa. "Implicancias del DR-CAFTA sobre el comercio intraindustrial de la República Dominicana." Ciencia, Economía y Negocios 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22206/ceyn.2017.v1i1.pp11-38.

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Son numerosos los analistas, empresarios y demás agentes económicos que se cuestionan los efectos de los acuerdos de libre comercio sobre la economía de sus países miembros. Tras diez años de la entrada en vigor del acuerdo de libre comercio entre los Estados Unidos, la República Dominicana y los países de Centroamérica (DR-CAFTA), los efectos del mismo todavía no son del todo concluyentes y ello es debido, principalmente, a la dificultad de aislar en el escenario internacional los factores determinantes sobre la evolución del comercio y las estructuras productivas de las economías en general y, en particular, la de la República Dominicana. El análisis del comercio intraindustrial constituye una aproximación al estudio de dichos efectos. Los indicadores de comercio intraindustrial entre la República Dominicana y los miembros del DR-CAFTA utilizados muestran que durante el período 2007-2013 dicho comercio es principalmente relevante en el intercambio bilateral con los Estados Unidos y, específicamente, en los sectores pertenecientes al régimen de las zonas francas, agrupados como manufactura industrial.

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5

Granados, Jaime, and Rafael Cornejo. "Convergence in the Americas: Some Lessons from the DR-CAFTA Process." World Economy 29, no. 7 (July 2006): 857–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00827.x.

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6

López Parra, Elibeth, and Alexis Cruz Rodríguez. "Determinantes macroeconómicos de la remesas en los paises del DR-CAFTA." Ciencia y Sociedad 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22206/cys.2016.v41i2.pp361-388.

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El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar los factores macroeconómicos que influyen en el flujo de remesas desde los Estados Unidos y hacia los países signatarios del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos, Centroamérica y la República Dominicana (DR-CAFTA). La metodología empleada analiza los datos de panel; los resultados muestran que un aumento porcentual en el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto real per cápita de los Estados Unidos aumenta en aproximadamente ocho puntos porcentuales el flujo de remesas hacia Centroamérica y la República Dominicana, luego de transcurrir un año. Es decir, mientras más oportunidades económicas tengan los migrantes en los Estados Unidos, mayor es la disponibilidad económica de enviar remesas hacia Centroamérica y la República Dominicana. Se concluye que las remesas son determinadas por variables que afectan directamente a los ingresos de los emigrantes (crecimiento del PIB del país anfitrión y del salario real de los migrantes). Queda establecido que las variables macroeconómicas pertenecientes al país anfitrión o emisor tienen mayor efecto sobre el flujo de remesas que las variables del país de origen del emigrante.

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7

Bendaña-Guerrero, Guy José. "Reformas y adiciones a la ley de marcas y otros signos distintivos. Incidencia del CAFTA-DR." Revista de Derecho, no. 15 (April 28, 2013): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i15.1031.

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El presente artículo investigativo brinda al lector un estudio de las reformas y adiciones realizadas a la ley de marcas y otros signos distintivos de Nicaragua por la incidencia del CAFTA-DR, especialmente en lo que refiere a la equiparación de la indicación geográfica con la denominación de origen, la inclusión de los signos sonoros y olfativos como signos que pueden constituir marcas, entre otros cambios trascendentales en esta materia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/derecho.v0i15.1031 Revista de Derecho No.15 2011 pp.125-144

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8

Hsing, Yu. "Test of the J-curve for the DR-CAFTA countries and policy implications." Research in International Business and Finance 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2008.11.005.

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9

Clark, Mary A. "The DR-CAFTA and the Costa Rican Health Sector: A Push Toward Privatization?" Latin Americanist 55, no. 3 (September 2011): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-203x.2011.01112.x.

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10

Frutos-Bencze, Dina, Kanix Bukkavesa, and Nat Kulvanich. "Impact of FDI and trade on environmental quality in the CAFTA-DR region." Applied Economics Letters 24, no. 19 (January 31, 2017): 1393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2017.1282112.

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11

Reyes Peguero, Maria Ivanova, and Asger Hansen. "Did DR-CAFTA Affect the Exports of the Dominican Republic to the United States?" International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies 14, no. 3 (2019): 19–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2324-755x/cgp/v14i03/19-49.

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12

Bai, Shuming, Kai S. Koong, Lai C. Liu, and Binshan Lin. "The informational efficiency of the black and official exchange markets of DR-CAFTA nations." International Journal of Electronic Finance 2, no. 3 (2008): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijef.2008.020600.

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13

Clark, Don P., and Kathleen Rees. "Intra-Industry Specialization in Textiles and Apparel." Global Economy Journal 6, no. 4 (November 23, 2006): 1850098. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1202.

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This paper examines changes in intra-industry specialization indicators over the 1992-2004 period to assess potential for structural adjustment problems that may arise in U.S. textile and apparel products with growth in trade. Separate analyses are conducted for U.S. bilateral trade with China, Mexico, and DR-CAFTA members. Seven of the sixteen three-digit Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) product groups are expected to experience significant structural adjustment problems. With the exception of one group, all fall within the apparel and clothing (SITC 84) category. Results suggest substantial increases in U.S. imports from China are influencing these findings.

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14

Naranjo Chacón, Gustavo. "Presencia de la Campaña Nacional 1856-1857 en la prensa costarricense durante la celebración de su Sesquicentenario." Revista Espiga 7, no. 14 (December 1, 2007): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/re.v7i14.1062.

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En el siguiente artículo se analizan algunas de las tendencias más comunes en los manejos discursivos en torno a la Campaña Nacional 1856-°©‐‑1857, publicados en diferentes medios de prensa costarricenses (periódicos, tele noticieros y medios basados en Internet), con motivo de la celebración de su Sesquicentenario. Entre estos, podemos identificar líneas rememorativas que tratan de la Campaña como una totalidad, así como con acontecimientos y personajes específicos; igualmente, se encuentran textos de “denuncia” y carácter nacionalista por el olvido general de los hechos. Finalmente, se descubre una tendencia a la manipulación discursiva de la Campaña como trasfondo a favor o en contra de la política económica exterior costarricense a la luz del DR-CAFTA.

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15

TOVAR, PATRICIA. "Preferential Trade Agreements and Unilateral Liberalization: Evidence from CAFTA." World Trade Review 11, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 591–619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745612000250.

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AbstractThere is no consensus in the literature on whether preferential trade agreements help or hinder trade liberalization toward non-members. We examine the link between preferential trade liberalization and tariffs imposed against non-member countries for the case of CAFTA-DR. Using product data at the 6-digit HS level, we find that products with larger reductions in preferential tariffs experienced larger increases (or smaller decreases) in most-favored nation tariffs applied against non-members. However, we also uncover some interesting dynamics regarding the relationship between preferential liberalization and tariffs imposed against non-members. When we split the sample period into two sub-periods, we find an initial negative relationship between changes in preferential and most-favored nation tariffs during the first half of the sample period, followed by a positive relationship during the second half, although the evidence on the latter is not as strong. The results thus provide the first evidence of an initial stumbling block effect of preferential trade liberalization on unilateral liberalization, as well as (weaker) evidence of a subsequent building block effect.

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16

Carballo Chaves, Pablo. "La sociedad civil como concepto deficiente: lectura del debate político del DR-CAFTA en Costa Rica." Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos 41, no. 1 (November 13, 2015): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/aeca.v41i1.21851.

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El concepto de sociedad civil involucra tanto criterios históricos como presupuestos teóricos basados en ideas liberales ubicadas en el contexto del surgimiento de la modernidad y de los Estados modernos. Esto posiciona al concepto bajo prerrogativas de ubicación y lecturas que pese a querer superarlas para darle a la categoría un estatus analítico superior, no logra del todo subsanarlo, particularmente en el contexto de debate del DR-CAFTA en Costa Rica. A partir de las ideas base del concepto, así como ideas empleadas para resemantizarlo, se analizan las dificultades y las confusiones sugeridas que dejó utilizar el concepto durante la confrontación política previo y durante el proceso de referéndum en el 2007. La idea que articula todo el documento está en que la categoría de sociedad civil no deja ver las paradojas sociopolíticas e históricas de Costa Rica, ni tampoco permite valorar de manera consistente los elementos que estaban articulando la querella social. Es decir, permite una lectura parcial del entorno analizado y omite una reflexión fuerte de lo que está aconteciendo.

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17

Hicks, Raymond, Helen V. Milner, and Dustin Tingley. "Trade Policy, Economic Interests, and Party Politics in a Developing Country: The Political Economy of CAFTA-DR." International Studies Quarterly 58, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12057.

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18

Marte, Winston E., Teruaki Nanseki, and Shigeyoshi Takeuchi. "Towards Farm Management Strategies on Dominican Rice Farming under DR–CAFTA : A Case Study of Monte Cristi Province." Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 57, no. 1 (February 2012): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/22080.

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19

Frutos, Dinorah, Pard Teekasap, and Massood Samii. "CAFTA-DR Effects on FDI Inflows, Growth, and Distribution of the Workforce in Costa Rica: A System Dynamics Approach." International Trade Journal 25, no. 3 (July 2011): 372–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2011.581612.

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20

Breuer, Anita. "COSTA RICA’S 2007 REFERENDUM ON THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC–CENTRAL AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (CAFTA–DR): CITIZEN PARTICIPATION OR CITIZEN MANIPULATION?" Representation 45, no. 4 (November 2009): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00344890903257524.

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21

Mercier, Stephanie. "Adding a new perspective to US agricultural trade policy." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 35, no. 4 (September 14, 2018): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051800042x.

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AbstractUS farmers and ranchers have actively pursued markets in foreign countries for their products since the 1970s. This priority was reflected by the US Congress in 1978 enacting the first set of laws establishing programs aimed at promoting US agricultural exports. In 1986, the US government initiated its first trade negotiations, with the government of Canada, with the express goal of liberalizing access in that market to all US food and agricultural exports. Since that time, the US government has completed free trade agreements with 20 countries, six in DR-CAFTA, 13 in bilateral agreements and adding Mexico to create NAFTA. The US government also devotes considerable resources to detecting and combatting unfair barriers to trade, through informal channels as well as through WTO dispute settlements. However, these tools primarily focus on capturing larger slices of existing markets. To generate better returns, we need to focus more energy on efforts to generate increased demand in developing countries, by helping their agricultural economies prosper. Once those economies are growing, the other tools can be utilized.

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22

Calderon, Miguel, and Lauren Benavidez. "MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS OVER WORLD TRADE: THE CASE OF DR-CAFTA AND BEEF EXPORTS FROM NICARAGUA TO UNITED STATES." International Journal of Business Strategy 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/ijbs-16-2.2.

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23

Chacón Rodríguez, Leonardo. "Costa Rica en el Doing Business: Un trámite pendiente (Doing Business in Costa Rica: a pending issue)." TEC Empresarial 7, no. 3 (December 5, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v7i3.1574.

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<p>Las regulaciones para la apertura de una empresa<br />constituyen un aspecto fundamental en el “clima para<br />hacer negocios” de un país, lo cual ha sido incluido en<br />forma sistemática por el Banco Mundial en su Informe<br />del Doing Business desde el año 2004, que establece un<br />ranking de los países. Costa Rica ha ocupado una posición<br />desfavorable en el ámbito mundial y regional, incluso<br />inferior a países con menor nivel de desarrollo humano<br />relativo. El presente artículo ofrece una valoración de<br />Costa Rica en el tema de apertura de una empresa, a fin<br />de mostrar los avances o retrocesos del país en la materia<br />y particularizando las valoraciones desde una perspectiva<br />comparada con países de igual nivel de desarrollo humano<br />y la región CAFTA-DR, para describir los Estados que<br />ratificaron el Tratado de Libre Comercio con los Estados<br />Unidos. Para contextualizar estas valoraciones, se incluye<br />un recuento de las políticas públicas en materia de trámites<br />propuestas en varias administraciones, lo cual devela la<br />agenda pendiente, así como la importancia de continuar<br />con los esfuerzos orientados hacia la consolidación de<br />un entorno o ecosistema de negocios que promueva la<br />competitividad sostenible del parque empresarial del país,<br />en particular las MiPymes.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Necessary regulations for opening a company<br />constitute a basic step in a country’s “business climate”<br />and have been systematically included since 2004 in<br />country rankings by the World Bank in their Doing<br />Business Report. The Costa Rican ranking has been<br />systematically unfavorable in the regional and global<br />scopes, even lower than countries with an inferior human<br />development level. This article offers an assessment of<br />the requirements for establishing a company in Costa<br />Rica, that show both the progresses and set backs that<br />have occurred, and compares them to other countries<br />of the CAFTA-DR Treaty, and with countries with a<br />similar human development level that have ratified Free<br />Trade Agreements with the United States of America. A<br />summary is included listing public governmental policies<br />proposed during several administrations, which reveal a<br />still pending agenda and the importance of continuing<br />efforts towards the solidification of a business friendly<br />environment promoting the sustainable competitiveness<br />of SMEs and larger sized companies in the country.</p>

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24

Calderon, Miguel, and Lauren Benavidez. "DO THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS HAVE A NEGATIVE EFFECT OVER THE CONSUMERS IN THE EXPORTING COUNTRY? THE CASE OF DR-CAFTA, NICARAGUA AND BEEF EXPORTS TO U.S." International Journal of Business Strategy 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2015): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/ijbs-15-3.1.

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25

Kulinich, T. "US IN LATIN AMERICA: KEY CURRENT INTERESTS AND METHODS OF THEIR ADVANCEMENT." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 132 (2017): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.132.0.52-66.

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The present article reviews the current set of interests of the United States of America in respect of Latin American countries. The author believes that the key groups of interests pursued by the US in Latin America are as follows: political and security interests, economic interests, and combined interests, the most important of the latter being the interests relating to combating drug trafficking. The author believes that the economic interest, albeit being a secondary one in terms of formal hierarchy of interests, is in fact one of the core US interests in the region at present. The US is interested to preserve its influence upon the Latin American market, and further engage the Latin American workforce and industrial capacities to the benefit of the US economy. The US pursues its interests in Latin America, inter alia, through various integration projects, including NAFTA, CAFTA-DR, FTAA, and a range of free trade areas. The article also addresses the interest of the US in the field of prevention of drug trafficking, which constitutes an important area of cooperation between the US and the Latin American countries concerned. The author argues that, despite the fact that the current outcomes of the ongoing war on drugs may be perceived as controversial, the issue in question serves as a strong factor contributing to the growth of the US influence over, and its presence within, the region. The article also reviews key methods used by the US to further its interests in Latin America, including the classical methods and those relating to soft power.

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26

Baraya, Arístides R., Michael C. Budden, and Lizette Brenes Bonilla. "Strategic Role, Challenges And Opportunities For Small And Medium Enterprises Facing DR-CAFTA: The Case Of Costa Rica." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 6, no. 7 (February 16, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v6i7.3391.

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The development of regional business treaties and the subsequent removal of trade barriers has created new paradigms and challenges for companies in Latin America, especially in fast-growing Central America. This paper examines the role, challenges, and opportunities for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Costa Rica relative to the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA, or CAFTA in the US). Opportunities and challenges facing SMEs and the potential impact of DR-CAFTA on industry performances in Costa Rica are discerned. Central American nations and Costa Rica in particular, are facing new challenges, threats and opportunities that arise from trade agreements. Such is the case with DR-CAFTA. These paradigms and competitive pressures will directly impact external trade and sustainable economic development. Opportunities are associated with new laws and regulations, incentives to reinforce and improve business practices especially with regard to human capital, as well as new scenarios for international cooperation, commercial agreements and the growing use of outsourcing. The implications of DR-CAFTA are far-reaching and directly impact the development of small and medium enterprises in Costa Rica.

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Sarkar, Shyamalendu. "A Study of the Environmental Issues Associated with the Dominican RepublicCentral American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA)." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 8, no. 1 (February 14, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v8i1.3095.

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The Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) with the United States was passed on July 28, 2005. The main goal of DR-CAFTA is to create a free trade zone for economic development. The Agreement is highly controversial with many contentious issues including concern about the environment, which is the focus of this study. The concern is that the environmental objectives are expected to be subservient to trade and other economic incentives which will lead to further deterioration of the environment in countries where the environmental standards are already low. The effects on the U.S. environment are expected to be minimal. However, it is feared that the U.S. manufacturing facilities may relocate to Central American countries to take advantage of low wages and low environmental requirements, which may result in loss of jobs and capital investment in the U.S. However, overall DR-CAFTA is expected to be beneficial in many ways, including an increase in trade and economic growth in all participating countries.

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Coad, Patrick R. "DR-CAFTA: An Impact Analysis Thus Far." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2178578.

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29

Menjivar, José S., and José Luis Martínez. "Impacto del DR-CAFTA en las exportaciones del sector agrícola y su contribución al crecimiento económico de Honduras, periodo 2000-2011." Portal de la Ciencia, September 4, 2015, 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pc.v7i0.2135.

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El desarrollo de la política comercial en las economías pequeñas y en vías de desarrollo juega un rol importante en el dinamismo de la actividad económica. A raíz de ello, esta investigación se centra en analizar el impacto generado por la entrada en vigencia del DR-CAFTA en las exportaciones del sector agrícola y su contribución al crecimiento económico de Honduras. En este sentido, dadas las incertidumbres sobre el impacto del DR-CAFTA en la economía hondureña, esta investigación se realizó basándose en el enfoque cuantitativo de carácter explicativo y retrospectivo en el marco de las ganancias o pérdidas del mismo. Asimismo, se fundamentó en fuentes secundarias, utilizando como principal técnica de análisis la estadística inferencial a través de la aplicación de modelos de regresión lineal múltiple de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) en el software estadístico denominado STATA (por sus siglas en inglés).De acuerdo a los diferentes escenarios realizados econométricamente, se encontró que la entrada en vigencia del DR-CAFTA ha generado un impacto positivo en las exportaciones del sector agrícola, el mayor impacto del acuerdo recae en las exportaciones agrícolas hacia República Dominicana, en donde ha contribuido en un 80.8 % en el crecimiento anual de las exportaciones, comparado con un escenario sin la apertura del acuerdo; en un segundo lugar se encuentra Guatemala con una contribución del 78.4 %, en un tercer lugar Costa Rica con 62.9 %, cuarto lugar Nicaragua con 51.1 %, quinto lugar El Salvador con 44.3 % y en último lugar EE.UU. con 43.5 %.Revista Portal de la Ciencia, No. 7, diciembre 2014; 89-106

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30

"United States Initiates CAFTA-DR Labor Law Arbitration Against Guatemala." American Journal of International Law 105, no. 4 (October 2011): 812–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000761975.

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31

Evans, Edward A. "Central American Free Trade Agreement-Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR): What's in It for Florida Agriculture?" EDIS 2005, no. 7 (May 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-fe564-2005.

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The purpose of this article is to summarize the main elements of the Central American Free Trade Agreement-Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR), and to take a closer look at the Agreement to see what is in it for Florida producers. This is EDIS document FE564, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published June 2005.

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32

"U.S. and Colombia Sign Free Trade Agreement; Bush Signs CAFTA-DR Into Law." Foreign Policy Bulletin 16, no. 04 (October 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1052703606000463.

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33

Reyes, M. Ivanova, and Asger Hansen. "Did the DR-CAFTA Trade Agreement Affect the Exports of the Dominican Republic to the United States?" SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3389008.

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34

Pusceddu, Piergiuseppe. "Access to Medicines in Developing Countries and Free Trade Agreements: The Case of the US-DR-CAFTA with Focus on Costa Rica." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3392605.

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35

Ávila Vallecillo, José Alexander. "Marcas olfativas: ¿un derecho evolutivo o restrictivo? Perspectiva del derecho comparado (Honduras-Colombia)." Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, November 8, 2015, 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i16.2184.

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El artículo describe, analiza y sintetiza los escritos vinculados al tema de marcas olfativas desde una perspectiva nacional e internacional, tomando como referente jurídico las normas, doctrina y jurisprudencia que rigen a estos signos distintivos, dilucidando a su vez la problemática que enfrentan al solicitar su inscripción ante las oficinas registrales correspondientes. En cuanto a su reconocimiento jurídico, la doctrina internacional se encuentra totalmente dividida, algunos autores consideran que las marcas olfativas deberían ser reconocidas y protegidas como tal, otros se resisten a concebir tal idea. De igual forma, los requerimientos jurídicos que restringen la inscripción de marcas no visibles alrededor del mundo gira en torno a tres requerimientos básicos: distintividad, perceptibilidad y representación gráfica. En ese orden de ideas y con relación a la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Libre Comercio suscrito entre la República Dominicana, Centroamérica y los Estados Unidos (DR-CAFTA), Honduras incorporó a su compendio jurídico la inscripción de signos olfativos a su legislación, por tanto, resulta necesario conocer los requerimientos y razonamientos jurídicos con los cuales la Dirección General de Propiedad Intelectual (DIGEPIH) y la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio de Colombia se encuentran atendiendo dicha problemática. De hecho, ambas entidades gubernamentales podrían estar amparando sus pronunciamientos denegatorios bajo el umbral de los requisitos básicos inherentes a toda marca y que se evidencian en la sentencia Sieckman, pese al expreso reconocimiento de los olores como signos distintivos a lo interno de sus compendios jurídicos. En síntesis, la investigación pretende establecer un análisis comparado entre Colombia y Honduras con relación a dichas marcas, tomando como referentes jurídicos la ley, la doctrina y jurisprudencia internacional.Revista Ciencia y Tecnologia No. 16, Junio 2015: 133-149

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Habed Blandon, Victor Manuel. "FORTALEZAS Y DEBILIDADES DE LA LEY DE SEGUROS (733) EN NICARAGUA." Revista Humanismo y Cambio Social, October 9, 2017, 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/hcs.v0i2.4829.

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Es indiscutible la importancia que tienen los seguros en Nicaragua y en el mundo. Importancia que se materializa a nivel personal, ya que otorga seguridad y satisfacción a las personas; a nivel familiar ya que concede estabilidad en el hogar y a nivel nacional ya que los seguros operan corno impulsores de la economía nacional tal como lo hace la banca.Sin embargo en Nicaragua no poseemos, aún, una legislación especializada aplicable a los seguros (ni al derecho de seguro, ni al contrato de seguro), salvo unas disposiciones obsoletas contenidas en el Código de Comercio y en algunas resoluciones de la Superintendencia de Bancos, ahora bien, se aprobó una Ley General de Seguros, Reaseguros y Fianzas, que en lugar de dinamizar y regular la actividad asegurativa en Nicaragua, lo que hace es estar enteramente encaminada a responder a las exigencias establecidas por organismos internacionales y por el Tratado Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos Centroamérica como parte signataria del TLC (DR-CAFTA), aprobado y ratificado por nuestra Asamblea Nacional, asumiendo entre otros compromisos, el contenido en el Anexo 12.9.2, sección F, numeral 7; quedando así por fuera, lo relativo a la regulación de los contratos de seguros y a la solución de posibles situaciones jurídicas que puedan nacer entre el asegurado y el asegurador-, entre los Intermediarios de Seguros y entre los beneficiarios, en su caso.Al aprobar esta Ley, quedaron muchos vacíos y deficiencias que serán expuestas, de manera técnica y objetiva, en este artículo investigativo. Desde luego no expondré todos aquellos títulos ni capítulos ni artículos de la Ley, sino aquellos que sean de mayor relevancia para la actividad del Intermediario de Seguro, de las Empresas Aseguradoras y del Contrato de Seguro.

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Gantz, David A. "Resolution of Investor-State Controversies in Developing Countries." Law and Development Review 5, no. 2 (January 17, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1943-3867.1153.

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AbstractThe large volume of literature and commentary on resolution of investor-state disputes tends to focus primarily on the rights of the foreign investor and the process through which the investor may protect her interest through investor-state arbitration, either at the World Bank’s ICSID or in some other forum. Where issues relating to governments-as-respondents have been addressed, the emphasis has often been on nations such as the three NAFTA Parties and other relatively large and affluent nations such as Argentina. Until relatively recently, much less attention has been paid to challenges facing small developing respondents, such as the member nations of CAFTA-DR, Chile, Colombia or Ecuador. How, for example, should such governments respond to and manage claims, some of which in magnitude may represent a significant portion of the annual budget of the respondent government, when there is relatively limited in-house legal expertise and experience in such dispute resolution? Fortunately, UNCTAD and others have begun to take such challenges into account and to provide training for respondent government officials. Still, further actions are needed, including educating policy makers and the public as to the risks that arise in the investor-state dispute context and how best to address them. Changes in BITs and FTA investment provisions are also warranted. This article identifies the nature of the challenges presented to such governments and suggests practical means of dealing with them more effectively. It addresses, inter alia, coordination issues for the national administering authority; means of identifying and resolving such disputes before they reach the arbitration stage; effective use of outside legal advisers at various stages of the process; factors relating to the selection of arbitrators; administration of the arbitral process; and making current and future bilateral investment treaties more responsive to the procedural needs of respondent government. The article also draws on the history of a number of nations with experience in responding to and/or litigating investor state disputes.

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