Journal articles: 'Dracunculus Nematode'

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Diekmann, Irina, Alaa Aldin Alnassan, Majda Globokar, Nikola Pantchev, Lina Kurzrock, Leticia Hernandez, Javier Lopez, et al. "Canine Dracunculus Nematode Infection, Toledo, Spain." Emerging Infectious Diseases 26, no. 8 (August 2020): 1860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201661.

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Foster, Jeremy M., Frédéric Landmann, Louise Ford, Kelly L. Johnston, Sarah C. Elsasser, Albrecht I. Schulte-Hostedde, Mark J. Taylor, and Barton E. Slatko. "Absence of Wolbachia endobacteria in the human parasitic nematode Dracunculus medinensis and two related Dracunculus species infecting wildlife." Parasites & Vectors 7, no. 1 (2014): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-7-140.

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Jones, Hugh I. "Nematodes from the water dragon, Physignathus lesueurii (Reptilia:Agamidae) in Australia, with a description of Spinicauda fluviatica, sp. nov. (Nematoda:Heterakoidea)." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 3 (2007): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06079.

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Abbreviata physignathi and Spinicauda fluviatica, sp. nov., were the predominant species of nematode recovered from the gastrointestinal tracts of 65 Physignathus lesueurii examined from eastern Australia. S. fluviatica, sp. nov., is distinguished from other known species by the large well sclerotised excretory sinuses in both sexes and by the relative lengths of the spicules and gubernaculum in males. This is the first species of Spinicauda to be described from an agamid lizard. Both these nematode species occur mainly or entirely in New South Wales within 100 km of the coast; P. lesueurii is the only known host of both species. The persistence of generalised apical dentition in A. physignathi and its high host-specificity suggests a long association with this lizard, which diverged early from the main agamid stock. The significant association of these two unrelated nematode species is attributed to the high density of P. lesueurii hosts along suitable rivers. Other nematode species identified in low numbers in one or two hosts only were Abbreviata antarctica, A. confusa, Maxvachonia brygooi and immature Dracunculus sp. in the gastrointestinal tract, encysted subserosal physalopterid larvae on two stomachs, and Oswaldofilaria samfordensis in the body cavity.

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Coker, Sarah M., Erin K. Box, Natalie Stilwell, Elizabeth A. Thiele, James A. Cotton, Ellen Haynes, Michael J. Yabsley, and Christopher A. Cleveland. "Development and validation of a quantitative PCR for the detection of Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis)." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): e0010830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010830.

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Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm) is a parasitic nematode that can cause the debilitating disease dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) in humans. The global Guinea Worm Eradication Program has led intervention and eradication efforts since the 1980s, and Guinea worm infections in people have decreased >99.99%. With the final goal of eradication drawing nearer, reports of animal infections from some remaining endemic countries pose unique challenges. Currently, confirmation of suspected Guinea worm infection relies on conventional molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is not specific to Guinea worm and, therefore, requires sequencing of the PCR products to confirm the identity of suspect samples, a process that often takes a few weeks. To decrease the time required for species confirmation, we developed a quantitative PCR assay targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene of Guinea worm. Our assay has a limit of detection of 10 copies per reaction. The mean analytical parameters (± SE) were as follows: efficiency = 93.4 ± 7.7%, y-intercept = 40.93 ± 1.11, slope = -3.4896 ± 0.12, and the R2 = 0.999 ± 0.004. The assay did not amplify other nematodes found in Guinea worm-endemic regions and demonstrated 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Implementation of this quantitative PCR assay for Guinea worm identification could eliminate the need for DNA sequencing to confirm species. Thus, this approach can be implemented to provide more rapid confirmation of Guinea worm infections, leading to faster execution of Guinea worm interventions while increasing our understanding of infection patterns.

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Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller, and Nevio Zagaria. "Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 2 (April 2002): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.2.223-246.2002.

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SUMMARY Dracunculiasis, also known as guinea worm disease, is caused by the large female of the nematode Dracunculus medinensis, which emerges painfully and slowly from the skin, usually on the lower limbs. The disease can infect animals, and sustainable animal cycles occur in North America and Central Asia but do not act as reservoirs of human infection. The disease is endemic across the Sahel belt of Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia, having been eliminated from Asia and some African countries. It has a significant socioeconomic impact because of the temporary disability that it causes. Dracunculiasis is exclusively caught from drinking water, usually from ponds. A campaign to eradicate the disease was launched in the 1980s and has made significant progress. The strategy of the campaign is discussed, including water supply, health education, case management, and vector control. Current issues including the integration of the campaign into primary health care and the mapping of cases by using geographic information systems are also considered. Finally, some lessons for other disease control and eradication programs are outlined.

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Noonan, Jennifer D., and Robin N. Beech. "Reconstitution of an N-AChR from Brugia malayi an evolved change in acetylcholine receptor accessory protein requirements in filarial parasites." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): e1010962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010962.

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Neurotransmission is an important target for anthelmintic drugs, where receptor characteristics and response can be examined through reconstitution ex vivo in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The homomeric ACR-16 nicotine sensitive acetylcholine receptors (N-AChRs) of several helminth species have been characterized in this way. Our efforts to reconstitute the N-AChR from the clade III filarial parasite, Brugia malayi using similar conditions, initially produced no detectable response. A robust response to acetylcholine is obtained from the closely related clade III parasite Ascaris suum, suggesting that specific changes have occurred between Ascaris and Brugia. N-AChRs from three species intermediate between A. suum and B. malayi were characterized to provide information on the cause. Maximal response to acetylcholine did not change abruptly, consistent with a discrete event, but rather decreased progressively from A. suum through Dracunculus medinensis, Gonglylonema pulchrum and Thelazia callipaeda. Receptor responses to the characteristic nicotine, and other agonists were generally similar. The decrease in maximal current did correlate with a delayed time to reach larger response. Together, this suggested that the failure to reconstitute the B. malayi N-AChR was one extreme of a progressive decrease and that an issue with synthesis of the receptor in oocytes was responsible. Addition of accessory proteins EMC-6, NRA-2 and NRA-4, in addition to RIC-3, produced a small, but measurable B. malayi N-AChR response. Pharmacological properties of a chimeric B. malayi N-AChR were equivalent to the other species, confirming the receptor response remains unchanged while its production is increasingly dependent on accessory proteins. One possibility is that loss of many subunits for acetylcholine receptors from the filarial nematode genome is linked to new subunit combinations that lead to such a dependence. This novel phylogenetic approach allowed the first characterization of a B. malayi AChR ex vivo and in doing so, provides a framework for the successful characterization of other receptors that have yet to be reconstituted.

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Moravec, F., and D. Gibson. "The first record of Dracunculus mulbus (Nematoda: Dracunculidae) in the Papuan olive python Apodora papuana (Ophidia: Boidae)." Helminthologia 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-007-0017-5.

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AbstractA male specimen of Dracunculus (Nematoda: Dracunculidae), collected in 1973 from the lung of the Papuan olive python Apodora papuana (Peters et Doria) and now deposited in the helminthological collection of the Natural History Museum in London, is identified as Dracunculus mulbus Jones et Mulder, 2007, a species recently described from the water python Liasis fuscus Peters in northern Australia. Apodora papuana is a new host record for D. mulbus and Papua New Guinea is apparently a new geographical record.

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Barding, Erin E., and Michael J. Lacki. "Occurrence of Nematodes (Dracunculus spp.) in Reintroduced River Otters in Kentucky." Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science 75, no. 1-2 (September 2014): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3101/kyac-75-01-94-96.1.

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Quirino, T. F., A. J. M. G. Ferreira, M. C. Silva, R. J. Silva, D. H. Morais, and R. W. Ávila. "New records of Helminths in Reptiles from five states of Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 78, no. 4 (February 22, 2018): 750–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.175745.

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Abstract Forty five specimens representing nine species of reptile (Salvator merianae, Enyalius bilineatus, Amphisbaena alba, Xenopholis undulatus, Chironius fuscus, Helicops angulatus, Chironius flavolineatus, Erythrolamprus viridis and Crotalus durissus) collected in five Brazilian states were examined for helminths. Twelve helminth species were found as follow: nine Nematoda (Physaloptera tupinambae, Strongyluris oscari, Paracapillaria sp., Dracunculus brasiliensis, Physaloptera liophis, Serpentirhabias sp. 1, Serpentirhabias sp. 2, Serpentirhabias sp. 3 and Aplectana sp.), one Cestoda (Semenoviella amphisbaenia), one Trematoda (Paracotyletrema sp.), and one Acantocephala (Centrorhynchus sp.). Ten new host records and seven new locality records were reported.

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10

Wijová, Martina, František Moravec, Aleš Horák, David Modrý, and Julius Lukeš. "Phylogenetic position of Dracunculus medinensis and some related nematodes inferred from 18S rRNA." Parasitology Research 96, no. 2 (April 6, 2005): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-005-1330-x.

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Moravec, F., and C. P. Santos. "Dracunculus brasiliensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Dracunculidae) from the anaconda, Eunectes murinus (Ophidia: Boidae)." Parasitology Research 104, no. 3 (October 30, 2008): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1234-7.

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12

Dennis, Michelle M., Jun Wei Alric Yeow, Brittani Nicolaci, Saundra H. Sample, and Mark A. Freeman. "Meningitis associated with dracunculid nematodes in a spotted eagle ray ( Aetobatus narinari )." Journal of Fish Diseases 43, no. 6 (April 16, 2020): 711–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13160.

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13

Moravec, Frantisek, and M. D. Little. "Redescription of Dracunculus globocephalus Mackin, 1927 (Nematoda: Dracunculidae), a parasite of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina." Folia Parasitologica 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2004.043.

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14

Jones, Hugh I., and Eridani Mulder. "Dracunculus mulbus n. sp. (Nematoda: Spirurida) from the water python Liasis fuscus (Serpentes: Boidae) in northern Australia." Systematic Parasitology 66, no. 3 (September 14, 2006): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-006-9058-2.

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15

Eberhard, Mark L., and Floy H. Brandt. "The Role of Tadpoles and Frogs as Paratenic Hosts in the Life Cycle of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea)." Journal of Parasitology 81, no. 5 (October 1995): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3283979.

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May-Tec, A. L., A. Martínez-Aquino, M. L. Aguirre-Macedo, and V. M. Vidal-Martínez. "Molecular evidence linking the larval and adult stages of Mexiconema cichlasomae (Dracunculoidea: Daniconematidae) from Mexico, with notes on its phylogenetic position among Dracunculoidea." Journal of Helminthology 93, no. 05 (July 10, 2018): 580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x18000524.

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AbstractWe describe the larval developmental stages and life cycle of the dracunculid nematodeMexiconema cichlasomaein both the intermediate,Argulus yucatanus(Crustacea: Branchiura), and definitive hosts,Cichlasoma urophthalmus(Perciformes: Cichlidae), from the Celestun tropical coastal lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico. The morphological analyses showed significant differences between the total length of L1 found inM. cichlasomaegravid female and L2–L3 inA. yucatanus.This result indicates that theM. cichlasomaelarval development occurs in the intermediate host. We obtained sequences from the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal marker from larval stages ofM. cichlasomaeinA. yucatanusand adult nematodes inC. urophthalmus. Our morphological and molecular results support conspecificity betweenM. cichlasomaelarvae inA. yucatanusand the adult stages inC. urophthalmus. We briefly discuss the phylogenetic position ofM. cichlasomaeamong the Daniconematidae, and provide evidence of the monophyly of the daniconematids associated with branchiurid intermediate hosts. Based on the phylogenetic results, we support the transfer of theMexiconemagenus to the family Skrjabillanidae and do not support the lowering of family Daniconematidae to subfamily.

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Adroher, Francisco Javier. "La lucha contra el gusano de Guinea o la recompensa del esfuerzo solidario." Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) 57, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/ars.v57i4.5564.

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Introducción: Dracunculus medinensis o gusano de Guinea es el mayor nematodo parásito del hombre y causa unas úlceras que generan una importante incapacidad durante 2-4 meses, generalmente, que coincide con los periodos de siembra o recogida de las cosechas. Por ello, esta enfermedad, denominada dracunculosis, provoca importantes pérdidas económicas. En sociedades pobres, las más afectadas, estas pérdidas las mantienen en un círculo vicioso de pobreza del que no pueden salir sin ayuda. La dracunculosis forma parte del grupo de enfermedades tropicales olvidadas que, según la OMS, afecta a más de 1000 millones de pobres del mundo. Objetivo: Dar a conocer a la sociedad científica hispanohablante el estado actual de la enfermedad y de su lucha contra ella. Material y métodos: Se ha llevado a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos científicas, especialmente PubMed (Medline) de la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina (NML) de Estados Unidos, y se han revisado los informes publicados por los principales organismos e instituciones implicados en la lucha contra la dracunculosis, especialmente The Carter Center, la Organización Mundial de la Salud y Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) de EE.UU. Resultados: En 1986 se inició una campaña de erradicación basada en las características epidemiológicas de la enfermedad y en la implicación de los países endémicos, lo que permitía plantear ese objetivo, aprobado por la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud en 1981. Este parásito se distribuía por 18 países de África y 3 de Asia, afectando a 5-10 millones de pobres, según la OMS. El esfuerzo solidario de instituciones, fundaciones, empresas y personal, sobre todo voluntario, ha permitido reducir el número de casos en más del 99,99% tras 30 años de campaña. En 2015 se han contabilizado sólo 22 casos limitados a 4 países de África: Malí, Etiopía, Sudán del Sur y Chad. En 2016 se han detectado 25 casos: 16 en Chad, 3 en Etiopía, 6 en Sudán del Sur y ninguno en Malí (datos provisionales1). Conclusión: Se trabaja con la esperanza de que en 2020 la enfermedad esté erradicada del planeta, siendo así la primera de un parásito, mostrándose además que el trabajo de educación sanitaria de la población afectada ha resultado vital para el éxito de la campaña de erradicación.

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Bittirov, Anatoly M. "PARASITIC ZOONOSES AS A GLOBAL AND LOCAL PROBLEM OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE OVER THE WORLD AND IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Hygiene and sanitation 97, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-3-208-212.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of parasitic zoonoses as a global and local problem of sanitation and hygiene over the world and in the Russian Federation. Parasitic zoonoses in the world and in the Russian Federation are a complex multilevel biologically protected in terms of ecosystem, epidemiologically significant and sanitary and hygienic problem of modern medicine and veterinary medicine, which includes a number of widespread human invasions, caused by representatives of 17 species of the Protozoa class; 20 species of the Trematoda class; 12 species of the Cestoda class; 29 species of the Nematoda class; 64 species of the Acantocephalus class; 6 species of the Pentastoma class and others (total more than 500 species). To forecast in connection with climate warming, in the future it will be possible to consider the probable expansion of the area and the gain in the incidence of human and many animal species (more than 100 macro and micromammal species) with parasitic zoonoses on a global scale, where the main argument is the incomplete scale of special antiparasitic measures, poor hygienic culture of the population and the implementation of pedagogical technologies in the field of sanitary and hygienic education. As a sanitary and hygienic problem, parasitic zoonoses with complex cycles and invasion transfer mechanisms that actively circulate between various vertebrate animals and humans directly and indirectly through eggs and larvae of pathogens with the tendency of total contamination of the habitat of animals and humans are presented in frameworks of the global and local scale. Violations and non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements and regulations (to the point without the countries of the world with irreproachably developed by the medical and veterinary services of the world and WHO at the UN) cause a 3-6 level biological protection of parasitic systems of bio- and geogelmintoses, protozoans of zoonotic nature (parasites of this type, Diphyllobothriidae, Opisthorchidae, Anisakidae, Trichinella, etc., Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichostrongylus, Trichocephalus, Fasciola, Dicrocoelium, Echinococcus, Dracunculus, Fasciolopsis, Moniliformis, Toxoplasma, Entamoeba and many others), which postponed their devaluation even in the regional scale. Therefore, health education should take an important place in the politics of each state, and it must be globally comprehensive. All medical and veterinary requirements to the quality of meat, fish, and plants must be strictly observed, which reduces the risk of parasitoses of the population and animals.

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Darkase, Bhushan Amol, Tejaswini Ratnaprkhi, Kalpana Bhatt, and Uday Khopkar. "Unusual cutaneous manifestations of dracunculiasis: Two rare case reports." Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, April 23, 2021, 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijdvl_909_20.

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A nematode parasite, Dracunculus medinensis, causes dracunculiasis. Despite being non-fatal, this condition causes significant morbidity. Dracunculiasis is considered an eradicated disease in India since 1999. We report two cases that document the unusual linear morphea-like morphology of the calcified D. medinensis and the rare periorbital location of the worm. The cases presented here are rare and a diagnostic challenge, considering the eradicated status of dracunculiasis.

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Sharma, Radhika, Mariel Priven, and Karen Kosinski. "The Eradication of Guinea Worm Disease: A Push for Community Engagement." Columbia University Journal of Global Health 12, no. 1 (June 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cujgh.v12i1.9159.

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Guinea Worm Disease (GWD) is a neglected tropical disease caused by the nematode Dracunculus medinensis; it has been targeted for eradication since 1980. With only 14 human cases in 2021, GWD may be the first human parasitic disease to be eradicated, even without a vaccine. Current efforts to eradicate GWD face multiple challenges, the largest of which is the lack of access to safe drinking water. Other challenges include the discovery of animal hosts for D. medinensis and the seasonality of transmission. Interventions to address GWD have included water filtration systems, clean water initiatives, and health education programs, among others. Here, we argue that although enormous progress has been made, many studies fail to include a substantive discussion about community engagement. Past GWD eradication efforts have focused heavily on a vertical approach to health, which does not fully encapsulate the needs of affected communities. After reviewing literature on GWD control between 1985 and 2021, we conclude that a final push towards eradication should involve active community engagement.

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Cleveland, Christopher A., Kayla B. Garrett, Erin K. Box, Alec T. Thompson, Ellen K. Haynes, Deborah L. Elder, Robert L. Richards, et al. "Investigating Flubendazole as an Anthelmintic Treatment for Guinea Worm (Dracunculus medinensis): Clinical Trials in Laboratory-Reared Ferrets and Domestic Dogs in Chad." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, February 28, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1222.

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Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm [GW]), a zoonotic nematode targeted for eradication, has been managed using interventions aimed at humans; however, increases in domestic dog GW infections highlight the need for novel approaches. We conducted two clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of subcutaneously injected flubendazole (FBZ) as a treatment of GW infection. The first trial was conducted administering FBZ to experimentally infected ferrets; the second trial involved administering FBZ or a placebo to domestic dogs in the Republic of Tchad (Chad). We found contrasting results between the two trials. When adult gravid female GW were recovered from ferrets treated with FBZ, larvae presented in poor condition, with low to no motility, and an inability to infect copepods. Histopathology results indicated a disruption to morulae development within uteri of worms from treated animals. Results from the trial in Chadian dogs failed to indicate significant treatment of or prevention against GW infection. However, the difference in treatment intervals (1 month for ferrets and 6 months for dogs) or the timing of treatment (ferrets were treated later in the GW life-cycle than dogs) could explain different responses to the subcutaneous FBZ injections. Both trials provided valuable data guiding the use of FBZ in future trials (such as decreasing treatment intervals or increasing the dose of FBZ in dogs to increase exposure), and highlighted important lessons learned during the implementation of a field-based, double-blinded randomized control trial in Chadian dogs.

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Box, Erin K., Michael J. Yabsley, Kayla B. Garrett, Alec T. Thompson, Seth T. Wyckoff, and Christopher A. Cleveland. "Susceptibility of anurans, lizards, and fish to infection with Dracunculus species larvae and implications for their roles as paratenic hosts." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (June 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91122-5.

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AbstractDracunculus spp. are parasitic nematodes that infect numerous species of mammals and reptiles. The life cycles of Dracunculus species are complex, and unknowns remain regarding the role of paratenic and transport hosts in transmission to definitive hosts. We had two primary objectives: to assess the susceptibility of several species of anurans, lizards, and fish as paratenic hosts for Dracunculus species, and to determine the long-term persistence of Dracunculus infections in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Animals were orally exposed to copepods infected with infectious third-stage larvae (L3s) of either Dracunculus insignis or D. medinensis. Dracunculus L3s were recovered from four anuran species, two lizard species, and one fish species, demonstrating that Dracunculus can infect tissues of a diversity of species. In long-term persistence trials, D. medinensis L3s were recovered from African clawed frogs tissues up to 58 days post-infection, and D. insignis L3s were recovered up to 244 days post-infection. Our findings regarding the susceptibility of novel species of frogs, lizards, and fish to infection with Dracunculus nematodes, and long-term persistence of L3s in paratenic hosts, address pressing knowledge gaps regarding Dracunculus infection in paratenic hosts and may guide future research regarding the transmission of Dracunculus to definitive mammalian hosts.

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Bilong, Rosy Aurèle Olive, Hamit Mahamat Alio, Kemba Samafou, and Brahim Boy Otchom. "Epidemiological Analysis of the 2019 Dracunculiasis Outbreak in the Liwi Area, Salamat Province (Chad): Evidence of the Role of Pets." International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, January 5, 2023, 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i11380.

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Aims: Dracunculiasis is a neglected disease caused by a parasitic nematode, Dracunculus medinensis, also called the filaria of Medina. An outbreak of this disease occurred in the Salamat province in Chad in 2019, while the eradication of this disease worldwide was in its final stage. The outbreak occurred in the Bogam village (Liwi area), where this disease has never been reported in the past. The present work is aimed at identifying the factors that would have favored that outbreak, and the constraints that delay the eradication of dracunculiasis in Chad. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and Duration of Study: The data retrospectively analyzed are those recorded during the census of patients by the Chadian National Guinea Worm Eradication Program (PEVG), from 2019 to 2020, and supplemented by those contained in the registers of previous years. The analyzes were carried out in N'Djamena, between July and November 2021, within the Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine. Methodology: The census of patients was carried out during a survey from 2019 to 2020 by PEVG. These data have been supplemented by those contained in the registers of previous years. Data were first stored in a Microsoft (Excel 2007 Software) spreadsheet, then transferred to the SPSS version 20.0 Software, after removal of outliers and input errors. The Chi-Square test (χ2) made it possible to compare the percentages at the threshold of p<0.005. Results: In summary it appeared that 52.4% of the patients were 5 to 20 years old, 62% were female, 90.48% lived in Bogam, 95.2% used dirty water from ponds and traditional wells, 33% were farmers, and 33% were breeders. In addition, most of the patients became infected between March and November 2018. The following risk factors combined could explain the Bogam 2019 dracunculiasis outbreak namely: cohabitation with infested pets coming into contact with water, the behavior of young and active people with respect to water, consumption of unhygienic water, gender, lack of containment of some patients that could enter water barefoot, period extending from April to September. Conclusion: This work highlighted the obvious role of pets as a reservoir on the one hand, and the effectiveness of the PEVG in the fight against dracunculiasis through a treatment protocol combining a wet bandage associated with oral diclofenac + amoxicillin + paracetamol.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dracunculus Nematode'

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