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1
Roulet, Nigel T., and T. R. Moore. "The effect of forestry drainage practices on the emission of methane from northern peatlands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-055.
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Methane (CH4) flux was measured from undrained, drained, and ditched portions of treed fen, forested bog, and treed bog sites in the Wally Creek experimental drainage site (near Cochrane, Ontario), from May to October 1991. Drainage for 7 years lowered the water table from between −21 and −49 cm to −41 and −93 cm at the three respective sites. Drainage resulted in a conversion of the peatlands from a CH4 source (0 to 15 mg CH4 •m−2 •d−1) to a small CH4 sink (0 to −0.4 mg CH4 •m−2 •d−1). In contrast, CH4 efflux from the ditches ranged from <5 to >400 mg CH4 m−2 •d−1. The flux data were used to estimate the impact of forest drainage practices on net CH4 emissions from a forest drainage complex. For the treed and forested bogs, there was a net increase in CH4 emissions where ditch spacing was closer than 38 m. Even with very close ditch spacing (>12 m), there was a net decrease in CH4 flux from the treed fen. The results of this study indicate that the combination of low antecedent CH4 fluxes from an undrained peatland, and moderate fluxes from the drainage ditches, will produce a net increase in CH4 emissions from forest drainage.
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Sirin, A. A., G. G. Suvorov, M. V. Chistotin, and M. V. Glagolev. "Values of methane emission from drainage ditches." Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change 3, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/edgcc321-10.
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Methane fluxes were measured from ditches on peatlands drained for different purposes in two testing areas in European part of Russia. We used static chamber method and gas chromatography for CH 4 analysis. In Moscow Oblast CH 4 emissions were measured from ditches on milled peat extraction area and on agricultural drainage area (used for haying) during 2005-2011. Ditch spacing for both sites is 40 m, width on water level – 1.5-2 m. Averaged (median) methane flux for summer period was 28.5 and 12.5 mgС-CH 4∙m –2∙h –1, respectively, at these sites. Averaged (median) methane flux for summer period was 28.5 and 12.5 mgС-CH 4∙m –2∙h –1 for these sites consequently. In 2009-2011 methane fluxes were also measured from the ditch on forest drainage area, upstream and downstream the dam built for mire restoration. Simple average CH 4 emission rate was much higher at tail-bay point with flowing water as compared with back point upstream the dam with stagnant water – 14.4 and 2.4 mgС-CH 4∙m –2∙h –1, consequently. We assume water flow rate supports water degassing and increase of CH 4 emission from ditches. In Tver Oblast methane flux was measured in 2010 from ditches on forested bog and on forested fen, both drained for forestry with ditch spacing approx. 100 m, and ditch width on water level – 1-1.5 m. Flux observed at first nutrient-poor site was much lower – 0.31 mgС-CH 4∙m –2∙h –1, as compared with nutrient-rich one – 3.88 mgС-CH 4∙m –2∙h –1. Using methane emission rates from ditches and fractional area of ditches we calculate emission factors from drained peatlands. The results showed rather high values which need to be considered while assessing GHG emissions from drained peatlands.
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Avilés, Daniel, Ingrid Wesström, and Abraham Joel. "Status Assessment of Agricultural Drainage Ditches." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 1 (2018): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12307.
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Abstract. Poor maintenance, environmental concerns, land use changes, and adaptation to climate change are creating a growing need for better agricultural drainage. The objectives of this study were to identify ditch properties that can be evaluated visually on-site and related soil erosion processes, and to define parameters requiring more intensive study and estimate these using simplified methods. The study included surveys of ditches in various soils using MADRAS (Minnesota Agricultural Ditch Research Assessment for Stability) to classify ditch status. To explain why some ditch segments were in poor condition, additional field and laboratory studies were carried out. Soil samples were taken for analysis of particle size distribution, unsaturated direct shear strength, and critical stress for erosion. The HEC-RAS data model was used for simulation of hydraulic forces acting at different flow rates. Digital maps of land use in the catchment area in different years were used to estimate changes in runoff conditions over time. MADRAS proved to be a suitable tool for rapid assessment of stability problems in ditches. The HEC-RAS simulations were a good complement to MADRAS in assessing how changes in land use affected the hydraulic load and in highlighting bottlenecks in the system. However, the hydraulic load did not adequately explain the degree of degradation in some ditch segments. Measurements of soil shear strength were a good aid to understanding existing degradation. Thus, assessment of soil erodibility and bank stability is essential in anticipating the risk of future erosion processes in ditches. Keywords: Cohesive strength meter, HEC-RAS, MADRAS, Unsaturated direct shear strength.
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Lin, Y. C., D. Bullock, and A. Habib. "MAPPING ROADWAY DRAINAGE DITCHES USING MOBILE LIDAR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B1-2020 (August 6, 2020): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b1-2020-187-2020.
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Abstract. Roadside ditches serve an important role for draining storm water. Over time vegetation growth, natural sediment deposits, and other debris can change grade of ditches. Effectively monitoring and identifying these changes to prioritize ditch maintenance is important from both a pavement preservation perspective and prevention of localized flooding. This study evaluates the performance of two mobile LiDAR systems for mapping the cross-section of roadside ditches in the presence of vegetation. The geometric quality of data collected by two different wheel-based LiDAR systems were investigated. The mapped ditches were reported and visualized in 2D images as well as 3D point clouds. The cross-sections of man-made drainage ditches were extracted and the quality of mapped ditches was assessed against Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (RTK-GNSS) survey. The overall point cloud accuracy was 4 cm for the medium-grade system, and 1 cm for the high-grade system. The mapping accuracy is 2 cm (medium-grade system) and 1 cm (high-grade system) for solid surface. For rough mowed areas and areas with significant vegetation, the vertical accuracy was found to be 7 cm and 11 cm, respectively, for both wheel-based systems.
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Indeykin, Andrey, Olga Kuranova, Andrey Chernykh, and Georgiy Chanturiya. "On the improvement of computational accuracy during the construction of transportation lines." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University, no. 3 (September 20, 2018): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2018-3-391-398.
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Objective: To obtain analytic dependences for profile cubage volume calculation of subgrades (side hill fills), ditch cuts (side hill cuts), as well as borrow pits, soil banks, drainage ditches and other structures. Methods: Integral calculus and stereometry was applied. Results: New analytic dependencies for profile cubage volume calculation of subgrades (side hill fills), ditch cuts (side hill cuts), borrow pits, soil banks and drainage ditches were deducted. Relative errors of calculating the given profile cubage volume were determined in comparison with conventional methods for calculating the values in question. Mathematical demonstration of the given analytic dependencies, as well as the analysis of the latter was carried out. Practical importance: Computational accuracy of profile cubage volume of subgrades (side hill fills), ditch cuts (side hill cuts), borrow pits, soil banks and drainage ditches may be improved based on the examined dependencies. Research results may be applied in the design of information systems. The latter promptly implement the introduced analytic dependencies of more effective calculation indices and test planning of large earthwork volumes.
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Graves, Jonathan, Rama Mohapatra, and Nicholas Flatgard. "Drainage Ditch Berm Delineation Using Lidar Data: A Case Study of Waseca County, Minnesota." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 9600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229600.
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Within a drainage system, drainage ditches are designed to improve existing natural drainage. Although drainage ditches are mostly engineered, they can also be part of natural watercourses. For environmental sustainability, in many places there are guidelines to establish vegetative buffer strips along the boundary of drainage ditches. In this landscape planning study, a geospatial modeling framework was established to identify these drainage system landforms and the boundary that separates these landforms from their surrounding areas across Waseca County in south-central Minnesota. By employing almost 2000 GPS spot elevation measurements from five ditch systems and one-meter Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) derived digital elevation model (DEM) data, the drainage ditch berm polygons were delineated. Eight low light angle hillshade rasters at 45-degree azimuth intervals were used to construct the model. These hillshade rasters were combined to form a composite raster so that the effect of multiple azimuths can be captured during ditch berm delineation. The GPS points identified as the top of the berm were used to extract cell values from the combined hillshade. These cell values were modeled further using statistical distribution graphs. The statistical model derived +0.5 and +1 standard deviation values (cell values 812 and 827, respectively) of the combined hillshade raster were utilized to obtain complete berm polygons. In this semi-automated method, between 67.30% to 79.80% of ditch berm lengths were mapped with an average error that is less than the resolution of the DEM. Demarcation of these boundaries are important for local governments in Minnesota and throughout the world, as it could help guide land–water management and aid sustainable agriculture.
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Sato, Atsuko, Takahiro Yamanashi, and Takayuki Adachi. "Incidents of damage to berm drainage ditches in cold region and countermeasures." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 05019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926505019.
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Berm drainage ditches may fail due to frost heave in cold and snowy areas like Hokkaido. Many of these failures are regarded to be caused by damage due to frost heave in the ground or freeze-thaw, but no sufficient measures are being taken, as construction guidelines and procedures do not describe any established countermeasures for the damage. Therefore, it was decided to study countermeasures by utilizing berm drainage ditches that can change form in response to frost heave, rather than by trying to reduce the level of change caused by frost heave. A drainage ditch made of flexible asphalt sheets was constructed on site, and the soil temperature, frost penetration depth, frost heave amount, and other parameters were measured. As a result, it was found that a drainage ditch made of asphalt sheets is more effective when ground conditions including moisture and temperature are severe in relation to frost heave.
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Liu, Chengyi, Fang Wu, Xianyong Gong, Ruixing Xing, and Jiawei Du. "Pattern Recognition of Complex Distributed Ditches." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10070450.
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The ditch pattern reflects the distribution characteristics of an agricultural drainage system and needs to be detected to enrich the data source before map generalization. Due to several breaks, the connectivity of the ditches is destroyed between ditches and rivers in map representation, making its structure complex. Previous studies have primarily focused on extracting parallel ditches, paying less attention to complex ditches with breaks. The pattern recognition of ditches does not merely involve the extraction of parallel relation. It involves the extraction of different level relations, which is a great challenge. Therefore, this study proposes a novel model to describe the complex structure of ditches. Our work consisted of the following three main contributions: (1) the collinear relation was defined to detect the groups of ditch segments separated by breaks, (2) the detection method of parallel relation was improved throughout the multi-parameter combined constraints, and (3) the main-tributary relation was proposed to build a connection between parallel groups and rivers. The experimental results showed that the proposed method was solved effectively in complex ditch pattern recognition.
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Abu-Zreig, Majed M., Haruyuki Fujimaki, and Mohamed Abdel Baset. "Enhancing Groundwater Recharge with Sand Ditches." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 4 (2019): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13163.
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Abstract. Localized and artificial groundwater recharge is an important water management strategy in arid regions. However, artificial recharge is limited by the hydraulic characteristics of surface soil which control downward water percolation to the aquifers. In heavy soils with low infiltration and hydraulic conductivity rate, water percolation can be enhanced by constructing deep ditches filled with highly permeable materials, such as sand. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effect of constructing a deep sand ditch across the slope of a soil box (50 × 20 × 25 cm3) on runoff and deep percolation to the drainage outlet of the soil box. A sandy loam soil packed in two bulk densities (1200 and 1500 kg/m3) was used for the experiments. The experiments were carried out using simulated steady runoff of about 300 mL/min for a duration of 60 min. Experimental results showed that sand ditches greatly enhanced water deep percolation in soils but their relative effect was more profound in compacted high-density soil compared to soil having low-density. The drainage water collected from compacted soil boxes in the presence of sand ditches increased by 10 times compared to control soil without sand ditches. In the case of low-density soil, the presence of sand ditches eliminated the runoff but the increase in drainage water was about 18% compared to control. The experimental results clearly revealed that creating high infiltration zones within the soil matrix, such as sand ditches, significantly increased water deep percolation and herewith groundwater recharge in drylands, especially in heavy soils. Keywords: Arid regions, Groundwater recharge, Percolation, Rapid infiltration.
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Nguyen, H. V., and M. Maeda. "Phosphorus sorption kinetics and sorption capacity in agricultural drainage ditch sediments in reclaimed land, Kasaoka Bay, Japan." Water Quality Research Journal 51, no. 4 (July 20, 2016): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2016.019.
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Equilibrium analysis is essential to evaluate sorption capacity and to determine whether sediment acts as a source or sink of phosphorus (P). This study was carried out to determine whether or not the sediment in drainage ditches acts as a source or sink of P, evaluate phosphorus sorption kinetics, and determine the potential P sorption by using the Langmuir isotherm sorption model. Surface sediment (0–10 cm) and the overlying water were collected from three drainage ditches for the experiments. Results showed that the drainage ditch that was the most contaminated with P had the highest sediment zero-equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC0). Because sediment EPC0 of the three ditches was higher than water P concentration, they acted as a sink of P across the sediment interface. The kinetic sorption of sediments consisted of two stages that were quick and slow, regardless of the sampling sites. The amounts of P sorbed to sediments at equilibrium (Qe) ranged from 50.8 to 77.5 mg kg−1. Phosphorus sorption capacity (Qmax) of sediments ranged from 447.0–493.8 mg kg−1 with the constant related to binding energy (K) (0.140–0.171 L mg−1). The results from this study indicate the importance of ditch sediment in controlling P dynamics in discharge from agricultural farms.
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Cooper, C. M., M. T. Moore, E. R. Bennett, S. Smith, J. L. Farris, C. D. Milam, and F. D. Shields. "Innovative uses of vegetated drainage ditches for reducing agricultural runoff." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 3 (February 1, 2004): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0176.
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Vegetated agricultural ditches play an important role in mitigation of pesticides following irrigation and storm runoff events. In a simulated runoff event in the Mississippi (USA) Delta, the mitigation capacity of a drainage ditch using the pyrethroid esfenvalerate (Asana XLTM) was evaluated. The pesticide was amended to soil prior to the runoff event to simulate actual runoff, ensuring the presence of esfenvalerate in both water and suspended particulate phases. Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected temporally and spatially along the drainage ditch. Even with mixing of the pesticide with soil before application, approximately 99% of measured esfenvalerate was associated with ditch vegetation (Ludwigia peploides, Polygonum amphibium, and Leersia oryzoides) three hours following event initiation. This trend continued for the 112 d study duration. Simple modeling results also suggest that aqueous concentrations of esfenvalerate could be mitigated to 0.1% of the initial exposure concentration within 510 m of a vegetated ditch. Observed field half-lives in water, sediment, and plant were 0.12 d, 9 d, and 1.3 d, respectively. These results validate the role vegetation plays in the mitigation of pesticides, and that ditches are an indispensable component of the agricultural production landscape.
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Silins, U., and R. L. Rothwell. "Spatial patterns of aerobic limit depth and oxygen diffusion rate at two peatlands drained for forestry in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-179.
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The spatial variability of soil aeration (aerobic limit depth and oxygen diffusion rate (ODR)) among different drainage ditch spacings and at various distances from drainage ditches was examined at two peatlands drained for forestry in north-central Alberta. Drainage lowered mean water table levels (p < 0.001) at both peatlands. Lower water table levels within drained areas were associated with greater aerobic limit depths (p < 0.001) and greater ODR (p < 0.001 at Saulteaux River; p < 0.027 at Wolf Creek) compared with undrained areas of both peatlands. Spatial patterns of aerobic limit depth and ODR indicated strong spatial variability of soil aeration in the immediate vicinity of drainage ditches. However, little sensitivity of soil aeration to different ditch spacings was evident. Potential effects of post-drainage subsidence on soil aeration was evident as increased distance of both the aerobic limit, and near-zero oxygen diffusion rates above the water table surface at both peatlands. One effect of post-drainage peatland subsidence may be to increase the thickness of the capillary zone above the water table. However, reduction of aeration within the rooting zone of peatland trees due to subsidence was not observed because of low water tables within the drained areas of both peatlands.
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Xiong, Han Feng. "Removal Effect of Ditch Pond Wetlands on Non-Point Source Pollutants from Agricultural Drainage." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 2513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2513.
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Ditch pond wetland systems have the capacity to remove and purify non-point pollutants of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural drainage. This paper measured the changes of nitrogen and phosphorus content in ditches, ponds of runoff water, aquatic plants and sediment. The results show that ditch, pond has the very good intercept and removing effect for nitrogen and phosphorus. The total removal rate of TN and TP were 61.13% and 63.08% in ditch pond wetlands. Phragmites communis, Zizania latifolia, reed nitrogen absorption per unit area respectively were 2.468 g/m2, 1.795 g/m2, 2.174 g/m2. Phragmites communis, Zizania latifolia, reed absorb phosphorus amount per unit area respectively were 0.643 g/m2, 0.351 g/m2, 0.338 g/m2. The TN content and TP content of sediment is increase from ditches1to ditches3. TN content of sediment at pond import is higher than at pond export. TP content changed little in the pond sediment.
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Song, Youngseok, and Moojong Park. "Development of Driftwood Capture Trellis for Capturing Driftwood in Agricultural Drainage Ditches." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 5805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175805.
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The flow of driftwood and soil into drainage from agricultural areas accelerates sedimentation and inflicts overflow damage after rainfall events due to insufficient discharge capacity, causing flooding on agricultural land. However, there have been few efforts to develop a driftwood capture trellis for agricultural drainage ditches, except for some suggested design criteria. In this study, we developed a driftwood capture trellis to capture driftwood in agricultural drainage ditches and evaluated its performance based on hydraulic characteristics. The facility was designed considering criteria for drainage and driftwood control barriers, as well as the properties of driftwood found near agricultural drainage ditches. Performance evaluation was conducted through hydraulic experiments. Driftwood capture trellises were installed in 400 mm drainage pipes and a total of 216 experimental runs were conducted: six runs each in six different velocity variations and six water depth variations. The results showed that the driftwood capture efficiency of the facility exceeded 60% at a velocity of 0.144 m³/s. Limited conditions for hydraulic experiments should be considered. The driftwood capture trellis for agricultural drainage ditches developed in this study could contribute to a reduction in overflow damage caused by driftwood sedimentation.
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Шебеко, Юрий Николаевич, Владимир Леонидович Малкин, Владимир Александрович Угорелов, and Петр Алексеевич Леончук. "Influence of territory slope and drainage systems on the value of fire risk during transportation of flammable liquids by road transport." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 1(102) (March 24, 2021): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2021.98.11.003.
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В работе осуществлена оценка величины потенциального риска при перевозке пожароопасных грузов автомобильным транспортом с учетом возможного стекания горючей жидкости по уклонам. Проведено сравнение величины пожарного риска для случаев открытых и закрытых дренажных канав. It is not possible to calculate the fire risk that takes into account slopes on roads within the existing methodology for determining the calculated fire risk values at production facilities. The article suggests the elaboration of methodology considering the above-mentioned factors. The paper provides comparative assessment of the fire risk when transporting gasoline by automobile tanks with a capacity of 28 m, both considering one of the factors (road slope, the presence of drainage ditches) and without it. It is shown that these factors can have a significant impact on the fire risk value for objects near which there is an accident with a fire of vehicles with significant amount of flammable liquid. The potential risk increases approaching the lowest point of the road section. At the same time, depending on the total length of the section with a slope, this value may be an order higher than the fire risk in the areas located above. Technical measures such as drainage ditches can significantly affect the fire risk value. When open drainage ditches are installed, the risk of fire escalation increases when the burning liquid flows down. When installing closed drainage ditches, the risk of escalation due to the spread of fire is minimized and is possible mainly in the locations of drainage ditch hatches. At the same time, such technical solution increases the potential risk in the area of liquid discharge to the terrain.
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Janse, Jan H., and Peter J. T. M. Van Puijenbroek. "Effects of eutrophication in drainage ditches." Environmental Pollution 102, no. 1 (1998): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(98)80082-1.
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Prévost, Marcel, Daniel Dumais, and André P. Plamondon. "Effets du drainage sur la croissance et le statut nutritif dun peuplement dépinette noire de structure inéquienne : résultats de 10 ans." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81516-4.
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We present the 10-year results of a forest drainage experiment conducted in a pre-mature uneven-aged black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP) stand, in Bas-Saint-Laurent, Québec, Canada. The set up included 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 m ditch spacings, and the data were pooled in three diameter classes, ≤ 4 cm (small stems), 610 cm (medium-size stems) and ≥ 12 cm (large stems), in order to take into account stand structure in the analysis. The diameter growth of large stems (dominant cover, height ~ 812 m) was not improved by drainage. Medium-size stems (intermediate story, ~ 48 m) showed a better growth at a 510 m distance from the ditches, while small stems (understory ~ 14 m) reacted well to drainage, proportionally to ditch closeness. Generally, growth and gain attributable to drainage increased with the live crown ratio, from one third of the total tree height. We did not detect any effect of drainage or distance from the nearest ditch on the nutrient content of the current year foliage of the large stems. For small stems, even the individuals located at 2530 m from the ditches showed a growth increase compared to the control, although the understory did not benefit from full light conditions. Results suggest that drainage aiming at correcting watering-up following harvesting could permit a rapid growth increase of advance growth. Key words: diameter growth, foliar analysis, forest drainage, black spruce, Picea mariana, forested peatland
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Banach, Barbara. "Vascular flora of drainage ditches in forest areas of the Polesie National Park." Acta Agrobotanica 62, no. 1 (2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2009.014.
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This paper presents the results of floristic studies conducted in the years 2003 - 2005 within the area of the Polesie National Park. The aim of the research was to compare the flora of initial succession stages in drainage ditches with the flora of neighbouring forest areas undergoing transformation as a result of drainage. Floristic lists were made in four designated study areas as well as in forest phytocoenoses. The results of field investigations were subjected to analysis with regard to the systematic affinity of the flora and proportions of plant life-forms as well as of historical-geographical groups and range groups. In the species composition of the studied drainage ditches hemicryptophytes were the dominant group of plant higher life-forms, whereas in the neighbouring communities the flora was represented by both hemicryptophytes and megaphanerophytes. In historical and geographical terms, the flora of drainage ditches and neighbouring communities represents definitely the group of spontaneophytes. Anthropogenic habitats, which developed within the drainage ditches, were colonised by native flora species characteristic for the Polesie National Park area.
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Li, Zhiwei, Peng Gao, and Yuchi You. "Characterizing Hydrological Connectivity of Artificial Ditches in Zoige Peatlands of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Water 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 1364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101364.
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Peats have the unique ability of effectively storing water and carbon. Unfortunately, this ability has been undermined by worldwide peatland degradation. In the Zoige Basin, located in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, peatland degradation is particularly severe. Although climate change and (natural and artificial) drainage systems have been well-recognized as the main factors catalyzing this problem, little is known about the impact of the latter on peatland hydrology at larger spatial scales. To fill this gap, we examined the hydrological connectivity of artificial ditch networks using Google Earth imagery and recorded hydrological data in the Zoige Basin. After delineating from the images of 1392 ditches and 160 peatland patches in which these ditches were clustered, we calculated their lengths, widths, areas, and slopes, as well as two morphological parameters, ditch density (Dd) and drainage ability (Pa). The subsequent statistical analysis and examination of an index defined as the product Dd and Pa showed that structural hydrological connectivity, which was quantitatively represented by the value of this index, decreased when peatland patch areas increased, suggesting that ditches in small patches have higher degrees of hydrological connectivity. Using daily discharge data from three local gauging stations and Manning’s equation, we back-calculated the mean ditch water depths (Dm) during raining days of a year and estimated based on Dm the total water volume drained from ditches in each patch (V) during annual raining days. We then demonstrated that functional hydrological connectivity, which may be represented by V, generally decreased when patch areas increased, more sensitive to changes of ditch number and length in larger peatland patches. Furthermore, we found that the total water volume drained from all ditches during annual raining days only took a very small proportion of the total volume of stream flow out of the entire watershed (0.0012%) and this nature remained similar for the past 30 years, suggesting that during annual rainfall events, water drained from connected ditches is negligible. This revealed that the role of connected artificial ditches in draining peatland water mainly takes effect during the prolonged dry season of a year in the Zoige Basin.
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Lv, Xue Dong, Hai Bo Li, Hong Wang, Xin Wang, Ying Hua Li, Xian Chao Ji, and Yan Yan Yu. "Effect of Matrixes and Plants on the Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Paddy Fields Drainage Ditch." Applied Mechanics and Materials 675-677 (October 2014): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.675-677.516.
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Under the laboratory condition, use the mixture of coal cinder and soil, the mixture of fine sand and soil , and simple soil as the matrixes; use the Acorus calamus, the Typha angustata Bory et Chaub, and the Scirpus validus Vahl as the plants. Three groups of ditch systems are built to study the effect of different group of ditches in removing nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of paddy fields drainage ditch. The results show that the plants significantly improve the purification performance of ditches, the removal rate to TN of the ditch system based on the mixture of fine sand and soil and the Acorus calamus is 50.9% which is higher than other groups; the removal rate to TP of the ditch system based on the mixture of coal cinder and soil and the Acorus calamus is 48.1% which is higher than other groups.
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Gething, Kieran J., Matthew C. Ripley, Kate L. Mathers, Richard P. Chadd, and Paul J. Wood. "The influence of substrate type on macroinvertebrate assemblages within agricultural drainage ditches." Hydrobiologia 847, no. 20 (October 6, 2020): 4273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-020-04416-6.
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Abstract Artificial drainage ditches are common features in lowland agricultural catchments that support a wide range of ecosystem services at the landscape scale. Current paradigms in river management suggest activities that increase habitat heterogeneity and complexity resulting in more diverse floral and faunal assemblages; however, it is not known if the same principles apply to artificial drainage ditch systems. We examined the effects of four artificial substrates, representing increasing habitat complexity and heterogeneity (bricks, gravel, netting and vegetation), on macroinvertebrate community structure within artificial drainage ditches. Each substrate type supported a distinct macroinvertebrate community highlighting the importance of habitat heterogeneity in maintaining macroinvertebrate assemblages. Each substrate type also displayed differing degrees of community heterogeneity, with gravel communities being most variable and artificial vegetation being the least. In addition, several macroinvertebrate diversity metrics increased along the gradient of artificial substrate complexity, although these differences were not statistically significant. We conclude that habitat management practices that increase habitat complexity are likely to enhance macroinvertebrate community heterogeneity within artificial drainage channels regardless of previous management activities.
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Rothwell, R. L., U. Silins, and G. R. Hillman. "The effects of drainage on substrate water content at several forested Alberta peatlands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-006.
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Hydrologic drainage criteria that describe the position of the water table between adjacent ditches are commonly used to assess the initial effectiveness of peatland drainage projects for tree growth improvement. However, these criteria do not reflect the soil conditions that regulate tree growth and performance after drainage. The effect of three drainage ditch spacings (30, 40, and 50 m) on the spatial variability of soil water conditions at three drained boreal Alberta peatlands was studied. Soil water content (0–30 cm depth) was found to be insensitive (p = 0.686) to drainage ditch spacing several years after drainage. Greater variation was observed between different sampling locations (p = 0.024) relative to the position of the ditch edge within similar ditch spacings. Spatial distribution of soil water in the unsaturated zone was found to be inversely related to the degree of water table lowering. Spatial patterns of soil water content were strongly associated with changes to substrate bulk density resulting from post-drainage peatland subsidence.
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Yücel, Ayhan, Ali Atahan, Turan Arslan, and Umur Sevim. "Traffic Safety at Median Ditches: Steel vs. Concrete Barrier Performance Comparison Using Computer Simulation." Safety 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety4040050.
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In Turkey, concrete V-shaped ditches are formed at the median section of divided highways to provide drainage. Recent accidents show that these ditches actually present safety risks to vehicles entering the medians. Vehicles either cross over the ditch, roll over, or become trapped in the ditch, depending upon the mass, size, speed, and angle of the entering vehicle. To overcome this safety risk and reduce the severity of these accidents, longitudinal barriers are installed along these ditches. Currently, in Turkey, steel barriers are extensively used to improve traffic safety at median ditches. In this paper, the crash performances of steel and concrete barriers used at medians with ditches are compared. A model of a standard steel EDSP-1.33 barrier and a model of a newly developed concrete C470 barrier were constructed, and impact simulations were performed for when they are installed at a ditch slope break point. A nonlinear finite element program, LS-DYNA, was used for the analysis. A 13,000 kg bus model was used to impact both barriers in accordance with European standard requirements for crash tests. Simulation results show that when the steel EDSP-1.33 barrier is used, the bus has the potential for excessive penetration of the ditch, with significant barrier deformation. Moreover, the barrier damage is extensive, resulting in increased maintenance costs. On the other hand, the concrete C470 barrier successfully contains and redirects the 13,000 kg bus impact, with minimal barrier deformation and safety risk. Even though the concrete barrier slides toward the inside of the ditch, the bus does not enter the ditch area and exits the barrier in a stable manner. Therefore, to increase traffic safety at ditches located at the median section of divided highways in Turkey, utilization of the newly developed concrete barrier C470 is recommended.
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Armstrong, A., and S. Rose. "Ditch water levels manages for environmental aims: effects on field soil water regimes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 3 (September 30, 1999): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-385-1999.
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Abstract. The effects of ditch water management regimes on water tables are examined for two test sites in England, Halvergate in the Broads and Southlake Moor in the Somerset Levels and Moors Environmentally Sensitive Areas. It is observed that in some fields the effects of water management are only poorly transferred from the ditch to the field centre, especially where the hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil is small. Where there are large variations in the ditch water levels, reflecting the influence of major ditches subject to pump drainage, field soil water regimes differ significantly. Nevertheless, the effects of even quite small changes in the ditch regime cam be noticeable. Simple modelling studies show that much greater effects can be achieved by increasing the frequency of ditches within wetlands.
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Cooper, Charles M., Matthew T. Moore, Erin R. Bennett, Sammie Smith, and Jerry L. Farris. "Alternative environmental benefits of agricultural drainage ditches." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 28, no. 4 (December 2002): 1678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2001.11901907.
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Zhao, Hua, Mao Jin Lei, and Shui Gen Peng. "Research on Red Sandstone Area Expressway Subgrade Drainage System Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.49.
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Aimed at the feature of expressway subgrade drainage facilities in typical red sandstone areas in Jiangxi province and based on the importance of the structure, damage conditions, service requirements and the current specification requirements related to various types of ditches, the designed repetition period of rainfall and proposed safety depth values for drainage facilities were put forward by considering reasonably the key design parameters to regional drainage facilities. The relationship between prerequisite of discharging sediment in ditches or conduits and minimum longitudinal gradient was discussed. Combined with the characteristics of red sandstone subgrade drainage with high requirements, the design elements of red sandstone area expressway subgrade drainage system were obtained, which can provide beneficial references for the subgrade drainage design in red sandstone areas.
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Banach, Barbara. "Rare and protected species in the drainage ditches and adjacent phytocoenoses in the Polesie National Park." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 2 (2012): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.038.
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This paper presents the results of a floristic study conducted in the years 2003 - 2005 within the area of the Polesie National Park and its protective zone. Floristic inventories were carried out in twelve 100-metre-long sections of the drainage ditches and adjacent phytocoenoses and based on them office analyses of the flora were performed. The aim of the study was to determine the share of species with special natural values in the drainage ditches, taking into account the occurrence of legally protected, rare and endangered taxa at the regional level, in Poland and in Europe. The share of these species was also compared with the richness of special concern plants noted in the phytocoenoses adjacent to the investigated ditches. Based on the floristic composition, an analysis was made of the occurrence of taxa whose number of stands shows a declining trend compared to the Polish flora. The number of vascular plant species found in the ditches and in their vicinity was similar, but the low values of the similarity index suggest differences in the species composition of these habitats, which results in greater species diversity. The presence of special concern plants in the drainage ditches suggests that they are valuable habitats for the Polesie National Park. They create niches for rare, protected and endangered species.
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McLeay, M. J., and K. J. Hall. "Monitoring Agricultural Drainage Ditches and the Receiving Water (Nicomekl River, Surrey, B.C.) for Toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Probable Cause Due to Organophosphate Contamination." Water Quality Research Journal 34, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 423–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1999.020.
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Abstract The use of organophosphate insecticides on commercial vegetable and blueberry farmlands bordering the Nicomekl River, Surrey, B.C., creates the potential for toxic effects on the biota within the drainage ditches and the river itself. To investigate the frequency and magnitude of the toxicity of drainage ditch water and the river water in the vicinity of ditch discharge points, together with the probable cause, water samples were collected from six drainage ditches, and four river locations, at 3-week intervals between June and November 1997. For each of the water samples collected, chronic (7 ± 1 day) survival and reproduction of the cladoceran test organism Ceriodaphnia dubia were compared to that of Nicomekl River headland waters beyond the influence of commercial growing operations. Portions of samples proving to be lethally toxic to the toxicity-test organism were analyzed for organophosphate insecticides (OPs) and subjected to treatment with piperonyl butoxide to ascertain if OPs were the likely contributing cause of the toxicity. Throughout the 6-month monitoring period, a total of 50 ditch water samples and 35 Nicomekl river water samples were collected. None of the river water samples tested produced statistically significant mortality. Two (4%) of the ditch water samples were lethally toxic, with 6- and 7-day median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 39.9 and 36.5%, respectively. Seven (14%) of the ditch water samples and three (9%) of the river water samples inhibited C. dubia reproduction. A biological toxicity identification evaluation using piperonyl butoxide determined that the toxicant(s) in each of the two ditch water samples which proved lethal to C. dubia were likely metabolically active OP insecti-cide(s). Later chemical analyses on stored portions of the samples revealed trace quantities of chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon. These and other non-measured OPs are believed to have been responsible for the observed lethality. The cause of the inhibited reproduction is for the most part unknown. Providing the 1997 growing season is a typical growing season in terms of OP insecticide use and rainfall, the C. dubia toxicity test results suggest that during the growing season the Nicomekl River and its drainage ditches may periodically be contaminated with OP insecticides at concentrations high enough to sublethally or lethally impact sensitive ditch and river invertebrate fish-food organisms.
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Li, James, Robert Orland, and Tom Hogenbirk. "Environmental road and lot drainage designs: alternatives to the curb-gutter-sewer system." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-044.
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Traditionally, road and lot drainage systems have been designed to convey storm runoff away as quickly as possible to reduce localized ponding. This drainage concept, using curb-gutter-sewer systems, has led to downstream flooding, erosion, water-quality degradation, reduced groundwater recharge and stream baseflow, and aquatic habitat destruction. This paper examines the pros and cons of curb-gutter-sewer systems and qualitatively compares various forms of open ditch - swale drainage alternatives with the conventional curb-gutter-sewer drainage system. These open ditch - swale drainage alternatives not only provide drainage functions but also promote infiltration, trap sediments, and reduce flow velocity along the drainage path. Thus, they can reduce erosion, enhance runoff quality, and increase groundwater recharge. However, they usually require a wider right-of-way than the conventional curb-gutter-sewer systems and may not be suitable for sites with steep topography or erosive soils. For sites that are suitable for the application of these alternative drainage systems, their environment functions make them more attractive than the conventional curb-gutter-sewer system.Key words: drainage systems, storm water, curbs, gutters, sewers, ditches, swales.
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Chahar, B. R., and G. P. Vadodaria. "Steady subsurface drainage of homogeneous soils by ditches." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 161, no. 6 (December 2008): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.2008.161.6.303.
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Herzon, Irina, and Juha Helenius. "Agricultural drainage ditches, their biological importance and functioning." Biological Conservation 141, no. 5 (May 2008): 1171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.03.005.
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Schneider, Rebecca, David Orr, and Anthony Johnson. "Understanding Ditch Maintenance Decisions of Local Highway Agencies for Improved Water Resources across New York State." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (June 10, 2019): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119854092.
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Networks of roadside ditches criss-cross the landscape, and have played a significant but previously unrecognized role in flooding and water pollution. This study surveyed town and county highway professionals across New York State (NYS) to determine their ditch management practices. There was a 41% response rate from the 999 highway staff surveyed, representing 54 of the 57 counties statewide. 36.8% of the agencies reported using full scraping or reshaping without reseeding as their primary method of ditch management and half scraped their ditches on average once every 1 to 4 years. It is estimated that one-third to one-half of the roadside ditches across upstate NYS are therefore in fair to poor condition. This translates to thousands of miles of exposed substrate vulnerable to storms, acting as a source of sediment and pollution. Limited resources including time, labor, equipment, and money were the primary reasons given for the practices used. Additional challenges identified included interactions with landowners over rights-of-way, farm-field drainage, and increasing frequency of downpours. A comprehensive, state-wide program will be necessary to actualize ditch improvement. It will require a complete toolbox of strategies, from financial support and training to regulatory mandates and penalties, and needs to include a ditch inventory system. Incentives in the form of grants and shared services should be offered by state agencies working collaboratively with local governments. Valuing highway department managers as water stewards and supporting the improved management of roadside ditches can provide an important new mechanism for protecting NYS’s water resources.
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Guo, Y. D., C. C. Song, Y. Z. Lu, Y. Y. Song, and Z. M. Wan. "Impact of mire reclamation on export potential and characteristics of dissolved carbons in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 5 (May 7, 2012): 5347–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-5347-2012.
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Abstract. As an important dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir, the mires in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China, have been suffering from large scale of reclamation, and thus elevated loss and degradation since the 1960s. This study compares the export dynamics of the dissolved carbons, as well as the chemical characteristics of DOC, in the natural mire, degraded mire and drainage ditches during the growing seasons from 2008 to 2010 with the aim to clarify the final effects of the longterm reclamation on the export dynamics of the dissolved carbons. Results show that the average concentrations of total dissolved carbon (TC) and DOC are much higher in natural mires than that in degraded mire and drainage ditches. The DOC concentration for natural mires, about 35.53 ± 5.15 mg l−1 on average, is nearly 2.39 times of that in degraded mire (14.84 ± 4.21 mg l−1) and 2.77 times of the average value in ditches (12.84 ± 4.49 mg l−1). Similarly, the hydrophobic fraction and SUVA254 of DOC also represent lower values in the degraded mire and ditches, which suggests that mire reclamation has resulted not only in the reduced DOC concentrations but also in the reduced chemical stability. Whereas the inorganic dissolved carbons (DIC) exhibits obvious increased trends in drainage ditches in comparison to natural mires. Analyses of exitation-emission fluorescence spectra reveal that the reclamation has greatly altered the DOC composition with more biological organic substances exporting from the Sanjiang Plain. The presence of protein- and tryptophan-like substances in the ditches indicates there has been extensive agricultural pollution in the surface waters. Changes in the hydrological regime of the mire landscapes by sustained agriculture activities are deemed the prodominant reason, and the trends in the export dynamics of dissolved carbons will keep on if mire reclamation continues in the future.
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Nifong, Rachel L., and Jason M. Taylor. "Vegetation and Residence Time Interact to Influence Metabolism and Net Nutrient Uptake in Experimental Agricultural Drainage Systems." Water 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101416.
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Agricultural drainage networks within the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) have potential to attenuate nutrient loading to downstream aquatic ecosystems through best management practices. Nutrient uptake (nitrogen, phosphorus), gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and denitrification rates were estimated using a combination of sensor measurements and hourly discrete samples for dissolved nutrients and gases at three hydraulic residence times (2, 4, and 6 h) in three vegetated and three unvegetated ditches. We also measured vegetation and soil nutrient content. GPP and ER were significantly higher in vegetated drainages and increasing hydraulic residence time increased respiration rates. Shorter hydraulic residence times were associated with increased uptake rates for both N and P, and vegetation increased N uptake rates in all hydraulic residence time (HRT) treatments. Vegetation and sediment assimilated N and P over the course of the experiment. Overall, our experimental results demonstrate the strong role of emergent vegetation in nutrient retention and removal processes in agricultural drainage ditch networks.
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Pratt Anzaldua, Sharon. "Hotspot of tadpole abnormality in suburban south-west Florida." Herpetological Journal, Volume 29, Number 2 (April 1, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/hj29.2.115124.
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A high concentration of Cuban treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) tadpoles displaying morphological abnormalities was discovered in an untreated swimming pool in Bonita Springs, Florida. This find initiated a 4-year survey (2012-2015) of surrounding roadside drainage ditches that had been treated with insecticide for mosquito control. The study was extended to the populations of Ave Maria, Florida, and Everglades National Park. The core data set of 36,550 tadpoles from the swimming pool and ditches contained 25,136 abnormal tadpoles, an abnormality average of 68.8 %, well above the 5 % minimum definition for a hotspot. The frogs from Ave Maria and the Everglades National park were 0 % abnormal. The type of tadpole abnormality differed between the suburban treated roadside drainage ditches versus the untreated swimming pool, although the same abnormalities were found in both the suburban treated and untreated water. In the untreated swimming pool, 70.1 % of tadpoles displayed abnormalities such as bent tails, abnormal limbs, and disfigured or absent mouthparts. Larvae in the untreated swimming pool metamorphosed en masse despite abnormalities. The high frequency of abnormal metamorph abnormalities found were: kyphosis, scoliosis, microcephaly, and forelimb abnormalities. In the treated roadside drainage ditches, Gosner stage 16-25 tadpoles could not undergo metamorphosis and experienced mass mortality. The abnormalities found at Gosner stage 16 of the embryo were in the head and body. Tadpoles at Gosner stages 19-25 failed to develop gills, were bloated, had growth retardation, and mouthpart abnormalities. The older Gosner stage 25-41 tadpole populations in the ditches showed bloating, lumps, emaciation, and growth retardation. A brief synopsis of O. septentrionalis treefrog biology is also given, including breeding congregations, average 8 hour time to hatching, and 19 days metamorphosis.
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Podverbnyy, V. A., and A. A. Perelygina. "Decision-making on choosing the type of strengthening of drains and upholstery ducts based on the ideal point method." Transport of the Urals, no. 2 (2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2021-2-57-62.
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Modern materials and technologies for strengthening drainage and upland ditches, their advantages and disadvantages are considered. When choosing the type of reinforcement, the railway design engineer must compare the options for the types of reinforcement of ditches in terms of various criteria: reducing labour and resource intensity, duration of construction work, increasing durability, improving environmental friendliness, the need for special equipment, and others. An ideal point method is proposed for solving a multicriteria deterministic problem of choosing the type of ditch reinforcement. A prototype program of the decision support system for choosing the type of reinforcement using the ideal point method has been developed. The program contains four areas: the source data area; the calculation area; the guide to the types of ditch reinforcement, which separately identifies innovative types of ditch reinforcement; the area of calculation results and recommendations. With the help of the program, the test problem of choosing the type of reinforcement is solved. Of the three alternatives, a concrete roadbed is recommended-an innovative strengthening of the ditch.
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Aviles, Daniel, Ingrid Wesström, and Abraham Joel. "Effect of Vegetation Removal on Soil Erosion and Bank Stability in Agricultural Drainage Ditches." Land 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110441.
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Maintenance of agricultural drainage ditches can be difficult to optimize if farmers have no guidelines on where to target their maintenance efforts. A main concern is whether ditch banks will experience soil erosion or mass movement (failure). In order to help identify sites that are more likely to experience soil erosion and/or mass movement, soil susceptibility to detachment was assessed in this study using a cohesive strength meter (CSM) and measurements of shear strength in unsaturated direct shear tests. The results showed that soil roots play an important role in stabilizing ditch banks against mass movement and in reducing the rate of soil detachment. A positive stabilizing effect was detected by CSM and confirmed by shear strength measurements. The conclusion is that native vegetation should be maintained on ditch banks, instead of being removed during maintenance work as is currently the case.
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Janse, Jan H. "A model of ditch vegetation in relation to eutrophication." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 3 (February 1, 1998): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0194.
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A functional model of a ditch ecosystem has been developed, aimed at describing the relation between nutrient input and water quality and dominant vegetation in drainage ditches. Its aim is the derivation of the ‘critical nutrient loading’ for a shift from submerged vegetation to duckweed dominance. The model, called PCDitch, describes the competition between several functional groups of macrophytes, as well as algae. The macrophyte groups were defined according to the layer(s) in which they grow: submerged, floating or emergent, rooted or non-rooted. The model also includes the cycling of nutrients within the water, the sediment top layer and the vegetation. The model has been applied to the data of 8 experimental ditches located at Renkum (The Netherlands), which received different levels of nutrient loading during 4 years. The controls and the low- and medium-loaded ditches remained dominated by submerged plants, while in the high-loaded ones a dense cover of duckweed developed. In the sand ditches, submerged biomasses were lower than in the respective clay ditches. An optimization study has been performed for a number of sensitive parameters, minimizing the total sum of squared differences between simulated and measured values for all ditches, resulting in a set of parameter values that gives the best overall fit. The parameters included the maximum growth rates, the minimum phosphorus contents and the overwintering fraction of the plant groups. The model simulations by PCDitch were grossly comparable to the field observations, with duckweed in the high-loaded ditches and submerged plants in the other ones. The fit for algae and charophytes remained poor. Further calibration as well as testing the model in field situations are recommended to improve the model's predictive value.
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Chahar, Bhagu R., and Ghanshyam P. Vadodaria. "Drainage of Ponded Surface by an Array of Ditches." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 134, no. 6 (December 2008): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2008)134:6(815).
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D. R. Smith and C. Huang. "Assessing Nutrient Transport Following Dredging of Agricultural Drainage Ditches." Transactions of the ASABE 53, no. 2 (2010): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29583.
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Lamsodis, Romanas, and Alius Ulevičius. "Geomorphological effects of beaver activities in lowland drainage ditches." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0087.
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Frimpong, Emmanuel A., Steve E. Lochmann, Melinda J. Bodary, and Nathan M. Stone. "Suspended Solids from Baitfish Pond Effluents in Drainage Ditches." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 35, no. 2 (June 2004): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01071.x.
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Mazerolle, Marc J. "Drainage Ditches Facilitate Frog Movements in a Hostile Landscape." Landscape Ecology 20, no. 5 (July 2005): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-004-3977-6.
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Hill, M. J., R. P. Chadd, N. Morris, J. D. Swaine, and P. J. Wood. "Aquatic macroinvertebrate biodiversity associated with artificial agricultural drainage ditches." Hydrobiologia 776, no. 1 (April 16, 2016): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2757-z.
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Ahmadi, Mirkhalegh Z. "Field estimation of the spacing of parallel drainage ditches." Agricultural Water Management 20, no. 3 (December 1991): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(91)90017-d.
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Moore, M. T., R. Kröger, M. A. Locke, R. F. Cullum, R. W. Steinriede, S. Testa, R. E. Lizotte, C. T. Bryant, and C. M. Cooper. "Nutrient mitigation capacity in Mississippi Delta, USA drainage ditches." Environmental Pollution 158, no. 1 (January 2010): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.07.024.
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Hunting, Ellard R., S. Henrik Barmentlo, Maarten Schrama, Peter M. van Bodegom, Yujia Zhai, and Martina G. Vijver. "Agricultural constraints on microbial resource use and niche breadth in drainage ditches." PeerJ 5 (December 22, 2017): e4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4175.
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BackgroundMicroorganisms govern important ecosystems processes, in particular the degradation of organic matter (OM). However, microorganisms are rarely considered in efforts to monitor ecosystem health and functioning. Evidence suggests that environmental perturbations can adversely affect microbial communities and their ability to use available substrates. However, whether impacted microbial efficiencies in extracting and utilizing the available resources (resource niche breadth) translate to changes in OM degradation in natural systems remains poorly understood.MethodsHere we evaluated effects of differences in OM related to agricultural land use (OM derived from ditches adjacent to grasslands, bulb fields and a pristine dune area) on microbial functioning. We specifically assessed (1) resource niche breadths of microbial communities during initial community assembly in laboratory microcosms and already established natural communities, and (2) how changes in community resource niche breadth translates to the degradation of natural OM.ResultsA disparity existed between microbial resource niche breadth in laboratory incubations and natural microbial communities. Resource utilization and niche breadth of natural microbial communities was observed to be constrained in drainage ditches adjacent to agricultural fields. This outcome coincides with retarded degradation of natural OM collected from ditches adjacent to hyacinth bulb fields. Microbial communities in bulb field ditches further showed functional redundancy when offered grassland OM of seemingly higher substrate quality.DiscussionResults presented in this study suggest that agricultural practices can impose constraints on microbial functional diversity by reducing OM resource quality, which can subsequently translate to confined microbial resource niche differentiation and reduced organic matter degradation rates. This hints that assessments of actual microbial resource utilization and niche differentiation could potentially be used to assess the ecological health and functioning of natural communities.
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Yu, Yanmei, Junzeng Xu, Pingcang Zhang, Yan Meng, and Yujiang Xiong. "Controlled Irrigation and Drainage Reduce Rainfall Runoff and Nitrogen Loss in Paddy Fields." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073348.
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In southern China, the growing period of rice is synchronized with the rainy period, and the loss of nutrients (such as nitrogen) due to unreasonable irrigation and drainage, along with rainfall and runoff, has become the main source of agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The laws of runoff and nitrogen loss in paddy fields under different irrigation and drainage modes are not clear. In this study, field experiments were adopted to observe the runoff and nitrogen loss under typical rainfall and throughout the whole growth period. The results showed that, compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the controlled irrigation and drainage mode reduced the drainage of two typical rainfall processes by 47.5% and 31.3% and the peak drainage by 38.9% and 14.4%. Compared with those under the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the average concentrations of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 22.2%, 22.7%, and 27.8%, respectively, during the whole rainfall process on July 21 and were decreased by 27.1%, 11.4%, and 25.6%, respectively, on August 25. In irrigated rice areas, under the controlled irrigation and drainage mode, drainage was reduced after two intercepts through paddy fields and drainage ditches. The nitrogen concentration in the drainage ditch decreased due to the increase in retention time and the effect of the ditch and field wetland. Compared with the traditional irrigation and drainage mode, the total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen loads of the controlled irrigation and drainage mode were reduced by 69.8%, 65.3%, and 69.7%, respectively.
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Černohous, V., V. Švihla, F. Šach, and D. Kacálek. "Influence of drainage system maintenance on storm runoff from a reforested, waterlogged mountain catchment." Soil and Water Research 9, No. 2 (April 25, 2014): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/54/2013-swr.
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The maintenance of a drainage system in a waterlogged mountain catchment impacted by earlier harvesting operations was assessed on the basis of a hydrological analysis (hydrological balance, three linear reservoirs method). To restore pre-harvest hydrological conditions, the water-saturated localities were experimentally drained both by restoration of existing ditches and digging of additional open ditches. The rainwater retention of the soil was illustrated by two comparable storm flow events occurring before and after the draining treatment. Pedohydrological analysis revealed the important involvement of static retention in capillary pores in the rainfall-runoff process during rainstorm events. Restoration and addition of the drainage system yield more favourable generation and better proportioned distribution of storm flow discharge. There would be no danger of water depletion in the catchment during dry periods in connection with the draining treatment. In comparison with the state before drainage system maintenance, the static retention after draining treatment became greater than zero. Both the dynamic retention (detention) and static retention helped balancing storm flows in terms of flood and drought control. The successive drop of the raised water table level following drainage system maintenance resulted in changes of actual retention and subsequent runoff. The drainage procedure proved its positive influence on reforestation and the environment, as no negative impact on soil and stream hydrology was found.
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Tyler, Heather L., Sheza Khalid, Colin R. Jackson, and Matthew T. Moore. "Determining Potential for Microbial Atrazine Degradation in Agricultural Drainage Ditches." Journal of Environmental Quality 42, no. 3 (May 2013): 828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0388.
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