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1

KING, RACHEL, and SAM CHALLIS. "THE ‘INTERIOR WORLD’ OF THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY MALOTI-DRAKENSBERG MOUNTAINS." Journal of African History 58, no. 2 (June 7, 2017): 213–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853716000700.

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AbstractOver the last four decades researchers have cast the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains as a marginal refuge for ‘Bushmen’ amidst constricting nineteenth-century frontiers. Rock art scholarship has expanded on this characterisation of mountains as refugia, focusing on heterogeneous raiding bands forging new cultural identities. Here, we propose another view of the Maloti-Drakensberg: a dynamic political theatre in which polities that engaged in illicit or ‘heterodox’ activities like cattle raiding and hunter-gatherer lifeways set the terms of colonial encounters. We employ the concept of the ‘interior world’ to refigure the region as one fostering subsistence and political behaviours that did not conform to the expectations of colonial authority. Paradoxically, such heterodoxies over time constituted widespread social logics within the Maloti-Drakensberg, and thus became commonplace and meaningful. We synthesise historical and archaeological evidence (new and existing) to illustrate the significance of the nineteenth-century Maloti-Drakensberg, offering a revised southeast-African colonial landscape and directions for future research.
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2

PERKINS, PHILIP D. "A revision of the African hygropetric genus Coelometopon Janssens, and description of Oomtelecopon new genus (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 949, no. 1 (April 20, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.949.1.1.

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The African hygropetric beetle genus Coelometopon Janssens is revised, and Oomtelecopon new genus is described, based on the study of 1,884 specimens. The genus Coelometopon is redescribed, and redescriptions are provided for C. cavifrons Janssens, C. leleupi Janssens, C. madidum Janssens, and C. mussardi Janssens. Eighteen new species of Coelometopon and two new species of Oomtelecopon are described. The two genera are placed in the Coelometoponini, new tribe, of the subfamily Prosthetopinae. A key to the two genera and 24 known species is given. High resolution digital images of all holotypes are presented (online version in color), the male genitalia are illustrated, and geographic distributions are mapped. Structural details of a representative species, C. granulatum, are illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. Members of Coelometopon are restricted to hygropetric microhabitats, being found on vertical or near vertical rock surfaces which have a thin film of flowing water, such as rock seeps and splash zones of waterfalls and cascades. Members of Oomtelecopon have been collected from algae in seeps, from wet cliff faces, and by sifting marsh shore litter. New species of Coelometopon are: C. angulatum (Lesotho: Mamathes, 5 mi. E. Tayateyaneng), C. balfourbrownei (South Africa: Cape Prov., George District, near George), C. blinkwater (South Africa: Cape Prov., Table Mountain, Blinkwater ravine), C. brincki (Lesotho: Mamathes, 5 mi. E. Tayateyaneng), C. clandestinum (South Africa: Natal Prov., Olivershoek Pass), C. coronatum (Lesotho: Mamathes, 5 mi. E. Tayateyaneng), C. costatum (South Africa: Transvaal Prov., Zoutpansberg, 6 mi. NNE Louis Trichardt), C. drakensbergense (South Africa: Natal Prov., Drakensburg, Cathedral Peak, Mikes Pass), C. emarginatum (South Africa: Transvaal Prov., Nelshoogte, Knuckles rocks forest), C. endroedyi (South Africa: Natal Prov., Drakensburg, Loteni Reserve), C. fimbriatum (South Africa: Cape Prov., Swellendam District, Langeberge Mountains, Tradouw Pass), C. granulatum (South Africa: Natal Prov., Mpumalanga, 13 km E Sabie), C. kilimanjaro (Tanzania: Kilimanjaro, Marangu), C. langebergense (South Africa: Cape Prov., Swellendam District, Langeberge Mountains, Tradouw Pass), C. minipunctum (South Africa: Natal Prov., Drakensberg, Cathedral Peak, Rainbow G.), C. natalensis (South Africa: Natal Prov., Mpumalanga, 28 km N Graskop), C. punctipennis (South Africa: Cape Prov., Xalanga District, Cala Pass), and C. zulu (South Africa: Natal Prov., Zulu Drakensberg, 7 km N Nogome Forest Reserve). New species of Oomtelecopon are: O. sebastiani (South Africa: Cape Prov., Cape-Cederberg), and O. setosum (type species) (South Africa: Cape Prov., Table Mountain, Blinkwater Ravine).
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3

Delves, Jess L., V. Ralph Clark, Stefan Schneiderbauer, Nigel P. Barker, Jörg Szarzynski, Stefano Tondini, João de Deus Vidal, and Andrea Membretti. "Scrutinising Multidimensional Challenges in the Maloti-Drakensberg (Lesotho/South Africa)." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 8511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158511.

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The Maloti-Drakensberg (MD) is the largest and highest-elevation mountain system in southern Africa. Covering 40,000 km2 and reaching 3500 m, the MD provides a range of ecosystem services (ES) to the entire southern African region—benefitting diverse users and extending well beyond the mountains. Rapid socioecological change threatens the provision of ES and presents multidimensional challenges to sustainable development. However, the continued land degradation and persisting socioeconomic problems indicate that development policy has not been effective in tackling these issues. In this paper, a multidisciplinary literature review forms the basis of a discussion which takes an ES framing to scrutinise the multidimensional social, political, economic and cultural issues in the study area. Three critical management systems are presented, and their associated ES are discussed, namely, water transfer, rangelands and conservation and tourism. In particular, the diversity of ES uses and values in the MD is considered. The results reveal the main drivers of continued unsustainable development and highlight important information gaps.
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4

Blignaut, J., J. Aronson, M. Mander, and C. Marais. "Investing in Natural Capital and Economic Development: South Africa's Drakensberg Mountains." Ecological Restoration 26, no. 2 (May 13, 2008): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.26.2.143.

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5

Francis, Michael. "Contested Histories: A Critique of Rock Art in the Drakensberg Mountains." Visual Anthropology 22, no. 4 (July 13, 2009): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08949460903004995.

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6

Garland, Gerald G. "Rates of soil loss from mountain footpaths: an experimental study in the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa." Applied Geography 7, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-6228(87)90006-3.

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7

Simelane, Felicity Nonsimiso, Themb’alilahlwa A. M. Mahlaba, Julie Teresa Shapiro, Duncan MacFadyen, and Ara Monadjem. "Habitat associations of small mammals in the foothills of the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa." Mammalia 82, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2016-0130.

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Abstract Mountains provide important habitats for many species and often have high levels of biodiversity and endemism. Habitat associations of terrestrial small mammals were investigated at Wakefield Farm at the foothills of the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa from July 2015 to January 2016. Sherman live traps were used to capture small mammals on 35 grids in six different habitats. A total of 472 individuals, from 14 species, were recorded, comprising: 10 rodents, three shrews and one golden mole. Species diversity differed across habitats and seasons. The riparian habitat had the highest species richness, diversity and abundance of small mammals. Species composition also differed across habitats with the indigenous forest and rocky outcrops supporting the most distinct assemblages.
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8

Taylor, Peter John, Teresa Kearney, Desire Lee Dalton, Gamuchirai Chakona, Christopher M. R. Kelly, and Nigel P. Barker. "Biomes, geology and past climate drive speciation of laminate-toothed rats on South African mountains (Murinae: Otomys)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 1046–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz134.

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Abstract Mitochondrial DNA sequences (1137 bp) of the cytochrome b gene and craniodental and craniometric data were used to investigate the evolutionary relationships of six putative rodent taxa of Otomys (family Muridae: subfamily Murinae: tribe Otomyini) co-occurring in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa. Phylogenetic analysis of 20 new sequences together with craniodental and craniometric characters of 94 adult skulls reveal the existence of a unique lineage of Otomys cf. karoensis (named herein Otomys willani sp. nov.) from the Sneeuberg Centre of Floristic Endemism in the southern Drakensberg Mountain Range. Craniometric analysis distinguished O. karoensis from O. willani and identified a further four localities in the range of the latter species. We document southern range extensions of both Sloggett’s ice rat, Otomys sloggetti, and the vlei rat Otomys auratus to the Sneeuberg Mountain Range, in addition to appreciable genetic divergence between Sneeuberg and southern and central Drakensberg populations of O. sloggetti. Our results demonstrate parallel patterns of cryptic speciation in two co-occurring species complexes (Otomys irroratus s.l. and O. karoensis s.l.) associated closely with the boundaries of biomes (fynbos vs. grassland biomes) and geological formations (Cape Fold Belt vs. Great Escarpment).
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9

Perold, S. M. "Studies in the genus Riccia (Marchantiales) from southern Africa. 17. Three new species in section Pilifer: R. elongata, R. ampullacea and R. trachyglossum." Bothalia 20, no. 2 (October 17, 1990): 197–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v20i2.911.

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Species in section Pilifer Volk (1983) are often very difficult to identify (Perold 1990b). Most of them require close examination of the dorsal cell pillars in reasonably fresh collections, as these cells can seldom be reconstituted in long dried material.The three species, R elongata. R ampullacea and R trachyglossum, here described as new, have been maintained in cultures for lengthy periods, during which their dorsal cells were studied. The spore ornamentation was also quite useful in separating these species. R elongata is known from eastern Transvaal, R. ampullacea from the Witteberg Mountains of the eastern Cape Province and the Drakensberg Mountains of Lesotho and Natal, and R. trachyglossum is so far known only from (he highlands of Lesotho.
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10

STEVENS, DUNCAN M., JACQUELINE BISHOP, and MIKE D. PICKER. "Phylogenetic analysis reveals high local endemism and clear biogeographic breaks in southern African stoneflies (Notonemouridae, Plecoptera)." Zootaxa 4483, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.3.2.

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The low vagility of the southern African Notonemouridae (stoneflies, Plecoptera), and their restriction to temperate montane refugia, make them a useful model for examining the evolution and biogeography of the rich palaeogenic fauna of the region. Here we use maximum parsimony tree reconstruction based on morphological characters and a partial COI mtDNA sequence to explore the evolutionary history and biogeography of the family in southern Africa. Morphological and molecular parsimony cladograms were largely in agreement, and supported monophyly of all six genera in the region. Previously undocumented morphological features in Plecoptera are identified: the first record of paraproct glands, and the presence of paired spermathecae in Aphanicercopsis Barnard females (all other Plecoptera have a single or a divided spermatheca). Some phylogenetically useful characters were the degree of fusion of the ventral abdominal nerve cord ganglia, male paraproct glands (presence and shape), and accessory glands of the male seminal vesicle. Two main biogeographic zones were defined: Eastern Highlands and the Cape Fold Mountains, with an additional outlying zone, the Namaqualand Highlands. Almost 41% of species were endemic to a single mountain range group. The most species-rich region was the intersection of the Southern and Western Cape Fold Mountains. It is hypothesized that, after the separation of Gondwanaland, the common ancestor of the region’s six genera dispersed from a Cape Fold Mountain origin to the Amatola and Drakensberg montane areas of the southern tip of the African continent. The high number of species within the Cape Fold Mountains compared to other mountain ranges in the region is likely a reflection of the topographic complexity of this mountain system and its influence on vicariant events.
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11

Appleton, C. C., S. P. Henzi, A. Whiten, and R. Byrne. "The gastrointestinal parasites ofPapio ursinus from the Drakensberg Mountains, Republic of South Africa." International Journal of Primatology 7, no. 5 (October 1986): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02693656.

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12

King, Rachel. "Living on Edge: New Perspectives on Anxiety, Refuge and Colonialism in Southern Africa." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27, no. 3 (May 23, 2017): 533–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774317000312.

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Archaeologies of colonialism have have called for exploring the culturally dynamic entanglements of people and objects while acknowledging the violence that accompanied these entanglements. Heeding these calls requires attention to how the state and state power were materialized, particularly in settler colonies where state apparatuses advanced unevenly, insidiously and clumsily. Here, I explore how the (mis)understandings and (mis)apprehensions of people and places that accompanied the halting expansion of colonial frontiers were materialized. Focusing on southern Africa's Highveld and Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains, I offer anxiety as a framework for conceiving of colonialisms as epistemic encounters: processes of ‘making sense’ of new people, things and places based on material practices, empirical experience and desire. Through a narrative of the nineteenth-century Maloti-Drakensberg told with archival, archaeological and ethnographic materials, I revisit a longstanding trope of southern African archaeology and historiography: refugia from social distress. I argue that refuge can be taken as a sense-making practice rather than as reaction to stress. I close with thoughts on what an anxiety framework can offer the still-developing field of African historical archaeology.
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13

Henzi, S. P., R. W. Byrne, and A. Whiten. "Patterns of movement by baboons in the Drakensberg mountains: Primary responses to the environment." International Journal of Primatology 13, no. 6 (December 1992): 601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02551256.

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14

Johnson, S. D., and K. E. Steiner. "Long-proboscid fly pollination of two orchids in the Cape Drakensberg mountains, South Africa." Plant Systematics and Evolution 195, no. 3-4 (1995): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00989293.

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15

de Meillon, Botha, and J. Antony Downes. "SUBSAHARAN CERATOPOGONIDAE (DIPTERA).X. REPORT ON SPECIES COLLECTED IN THE DRAKENSBERG, SOUTH AFRICA." Canadian Entomologist 118, no. 2 (February 1986): 141–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent118141-2.

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AbstractStudy of a collection of biting midges made by Stewart and Jarmila Peck in the Drakensberg Mountains, Natal, South Africa, yielded records of 42 species of Ceratopogonidae, of which the following 21 species are described as new: Forcipomyia aenigma, F. arcis, F. campanula, F. montana, F. stewarti, F. brunnea, Dasyhelea salta, D. falcata, Notoceratopogon minutus, N. vockerothi, Fanthamia aniculae, F. draconis, F. forsteri, F. montana, F. sani, Alluaudomyia rudolfi, Kolenohelea jarmilae, K. monticola, Serromyia silvatica, Stilobezzia fulva, and Palpomyia armigera. The genus Notoceratopogon with 4 species, all from southern Africa, is described as new with N. minutus n.sp. as the type species. A key is given for the separation of the 12 known species of Fanthamia, all from Subsaharan Africa.
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16

Ngwenya, S. J., E. Torquebiau, and J. W. H. Ferguson. "Mountains as a critical source of ecosystem services: the case of the Drakensberg, South Africa." Environment, Development and Sustainability 21, no. 2 (January 3, 2018): 1035–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0071-1.

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17

Mutana, Sarudzai, and Geoffrey Mukwada. "An Exploratory Assessment of Significant Tourism Sustainability Indicators for a Montane-Based Route in the Drakensberg Mountains." Sustainability 9, no. 7 (July 14, 2017): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9071202.

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18

Bishop, Tom R., Mark P. Robertson, Berndt J. van Rensburg, and Catherine L. Parr. "Elevation-diversity patterns through space and time: ant communities of the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa." Journal of Biogeography 41, no. 12 (June 24, 2014): 2256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12368.

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19

SINEV, ARTEM YU. "Cladocerans of the Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860) group from South Africa." Zootaxa 1990, no. 1 (January 30, 2009): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1990.1.3.

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Study of South African populations of chydorid cladocerans in the Alona affinis-group (Anomopoda: Chydoridae) revealed two closely related species, Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860) and a second, previously unknown, species A. martensi sp. n. No significant differences were seen between South African and Eurasian populations of A. affinis sensu stricto. A. martensi sp. n. differs from other species of the affinis-group by a shorter spine on the basal segment of antennal exopodite, and can be distinguished from A. affinis by a number of additional morphological characters. A. affinis is distributed mainly in the East and South regions of the Republic of South Africa, and is less frequented in this region. Confined mainly to artificial water bodies its presence may be human-mediated. A. martensi sp. n. sems to be endemic to the Drakensberg mountains within the borders of the KwaZulu-Natal Province and Lesotho.
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20

Samways, M. J. "Farm dams as nature reserves for dragonflies (Odonata) at various altitudes in the Natal Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa." Biological Conservation 48, no. 3 (1989): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90117-1.

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21

Kohout, Petr, and Leho Tedersoo. "Effect of soil moisture on root-associated fungal communities of Erica dominans in Drakensberg mountains in South Africa." Mycorrhiza 27, no. 4 (January 12, 2017): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-017-0760-5.

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22

Riley, Julia L., James H. Baxter‐Gilbert, and Martin J. Whiting. "Social and spatial patterns of two Afromontane crag lizards ( Pseudocordylus spp.) in the Maloti‐Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa." Austral Ecology 46, no. 5 (April 12, 2021): 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.13030.

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23

Smith, Benjamin W. "Envisioning San History: Problems in the Reading of History in the Rock Art of the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa." African Studies 69, no. 2 (July 27, 2010): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2010.499205.

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24

Walters, D. J. J., D. C. Kotze, and T. G. O’Connor. "Impact of land use on vegetation composition, diversity, and selected soil properties of wetlands in the southern Drakensberg mountains, South Africa." Wetlands Ecology and Management 14, no. 4 (August 2006): 329–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-005-4990-5.

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25

Mbiriri, M., G. Mukwada, and D. Manatsa. "Influence of Altitude on the Spatiotemporal Variations of Meteorological Droughts in Mountain Regions of the Free State Province, South Africa (1960–2013)." Advances in Meteorology 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5206151.

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The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was computed for October to December (OND) and January to March (JFM) summer subseasons for Free State Province, South Africa, to assess the influence of altitude on drought severity and frequency. The observed spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the SPI variability revealed that factors governing drought interannual variability varied markedly within the region for the two subseasons. Strong correlations between r=0.76 and 0.93 across the clusters in both subseasons were observed. Significant shift in average SPI, towards the high during the OND subseason, was detected for the far western low-lying and central regions of the province around the 1990s. An ANOVA test revealed a significant relationship between drought severity and altitude during the OND subseason only. The impact of altitude is partly manifested in the strong relationship between meridional winds and SPI extremes. When the winds are largely northerly, Free State lies predominantly in the windward side of the Drakensberg Mountains but lies in the rain shadow when the winds are mostly southerly. The relationship between ENSO and SPI indicates stronger correlations for the early summer subseason than for the late summer subseason while overall presenting a diminishing intensity with height over the province.
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26

Galley, Chloé, Benny Bytebier, Dirk U. Bellstedt, and H. Peter Linder. "The Cape element in the Afrotemperate flora: from Cape to Cairo?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1609 (November 29, 2006): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0046.

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The build-up of biodiversity is the result of immigration and in situ speciation. We investigate these two processes for four lineages ( Disa , Irideae p.p., the Pentaschistis clade and Restionaceae) that are widespread in the Afrotemperate flora. These four lineages may be representative of the numerous clades which are species rich in the Cape and also occur in the highlands of tropical Africa. It is as yet unclear in which direction the lineages spread. Three hypotheses have been proposed: (i) a tropical origin with a southward migration towards the Cape, (ii) a Cape origin with a northward migration into tropical Africa, and (iii) vicariance. None of these hypotheses has been thoroughly tested. We reconstruct the historical biogeography of the four lineages using likelihood optimization onto molecular phylogenies. We find that tropical taxa are nested within a predominantly Cape clade. There is unidirectional migration from the Cape into the Drakensberg and from there northwards into tropical Africa. The amount of in situ diversification differs between areas and clades. Dating estimates show that the migration into tropical East Africa has occurred in the last 17 Myr, consistent with the Mio-Pliocene formation of the mountains in this area.
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27

DANIELS, SAVEL R., GAVIN GOUWS, BARBARA A. STEWART, and MICHAEL COKE. "Molecular and morphometric data demonstrate the presence of cryptic lineages among freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Potamonautidae: Potamonautes) from the Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78, no. 1 (January 7, 2003): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00143.x.

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28

KRÜGER, SONJA C., DAVID G. ALLAN, ANDREW R. JENKINS, and ARJUN AMAR. "Trends in territory occupancy, distribution and density of the Bearded VultureGypaetus barbatus meridionalisin southern Africa." Bird Conservation International 24, no. 2 (October 29, 2013): 162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270913000440.

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SummaryTerritory occupancy, distribution and density of the isolated Bearded VultureGypaetus barbatus meridionalispopulation in the Maloti-Drakensberg mountains of southern Africa were assessed between two time periods - former (1960–1999) and current (2000–2012) - to identify population trends. Overall, 190 territories were recorded of which 109 are currently occupied. The number of occupied breeding territories decreased by a minimum of 32% and a maximum of 51% over the past five decades. Territories located on the periphery of the breeding range were more likely to be abandoned than those in the core. The current population is estimated at a minimum of 352 and a maximum of 390 individuals. The breeding range decreased by 27%, restricting the birds to an estimated area of occupancy of 28,125 km2. Breeding densities also decreased by 20%, declining from 4.9 to 3.9 pairs/1,000 km2. In both periods, higher densities were recorded in the core of the range. Nests were located about 9.0 km apart, a slight increase from the 7.7 km recorded formerly. Inter-nest distances increased with distance from the core range. Further studies are required to ascertain whether productivity or survival is limiting population growth, and whether anthropogenic influences are resulting in the abandonment of territories in the periphery of the range and the subsequent decline in numbers.
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29

Challis, William. "The impact of the horse on the AmaTola ‘bushmen’: new identity in the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of Southern Africa, University of Oxford, 2008." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 44, no. 1 (April 2009): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00671990902796226.

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30

Djan, Mihajla, Gunilla Ståhls, Nevena Veličković, Jelena Ačanski, Dragana Obreht Vidaković, Santos Rojo, Celeste Pérez-Bañón, Snežana Radenković, and Ante Vujić. "The Merodon planifacies subgroup (Diptera, Syrphidae): Congruence of molecular and morphometric evidences reveal new taxa in Drakensberg mountains valleys (Republic of South Africa)." Zoologischer Anzeiger 287 (July 2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.05.010.

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31

CHANNING, ALAN. "The Maluti Mystery revisited: Taxonomy of African River Frogs (Pyxicephalidae, Amietia) on the Drakensberg Mountains in southern Africa." Zootaxa 3925, no. 2 (February 27, 2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3925.2.8.

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32

Henzi, S. Peter, Russell Hill, Louise Barrett, John Lycett, and Tony Weingrill. "Male consortship behaviour in chacma baboons: the role of demographic factors and female conceptive probabilities." Behaviour 140, no. 3 (2003): 405–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853903321826701.

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AbstractThere is evidence for a general relationship between male dominance rank and mating success in primates, although the strength of this relationship differs among species. In chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) male rank is found to be of more importance than in the other savannah baboon subspecies. However, even though the priority-of-access model explains the proportion of time spent in consortship for males of different rank in chacmas, highest-ranking males usually consort less often than expected. In this study, conducted in the Drakensberg Mountains of Natal and at De Hoop in the Western Cape, we investigated why dominant males in four study troops consorted only between 50% and 75% of days that they were expected to consort according to the priority-of-access model. Consortship success of highest-ranking males was primarily dependant on the number of available oestrous females in a troop. This was likely due to costs involved in consorting which limit the amount of days that a male could spend in consortship. Females pass through several cycles before conceiving and highest-ranking males were observed to consort more often on the conceptive cycle compared to the nearest nonconceptive cycle, but this was only true for males that were already resident for several months. Recently immigrated males that became highest-ranking often consorted during nonconceptive female cycles, while older, lower-ranking males consorted during the conceptive cycles. We propose that males with longer residency have more information about reproductive state of females and thus higher reproductive success than recently immigrated males.
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33

Manning, J. C., M. Martínez-Azorín, and M. B. Crespo. "A revision of Ornithogalum subgenus Aspasia section Aspasia, the chincherinchees (Hyacinthaceae)." Bothalia 37, no. 2 (August 18, 2007): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v37i2.310.

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The species of Ornithogalum L. subgenus Aspasia section Aspasia are revised. Section Aspasia is defined by a rosette of lanceolate to oblong leaves; large, boat-shaped, ± petaloid bracts; moderately-sized white, yellow or orange flowers, sometimes with dark central markings; thin-textured, ellipsoid capsules that are enclosed by and concealed within the persistent, papery perianth; and angular, colliculate to echinulate seeds. Twelve species are recognized in the section, separable into three series based on seed morphology. O. conicum is redefined to exclude specimens from the Eastern Cape, which are recognized as O. synanthifolium, and O. conicum subsp. strictum is raised to species status as O. strictum. The circumscription of O. duhium is expanded to include O.fimbrimarginatum and O. subcoriaceum, previously distinguished on account of their longer styles.Collections from the Roggeveld Escarpment and Klein Roggeveld that were previously included in O. fimbrimaiginatum are recognized as the new species O. corticatum Mart.-Azarin, on the basis of their unusual, thick, cartilaginous outer tunics and puberulous adaxial leaf surface. O. ceresianum is removed from the synonomy of O. thyrsoides and recognized as a distinct species on account of its extensive glossy black tepal markings, winged inner filaments, and glossy black ovary. The poorly known O. puberuhim is more ftilly described based on several recent collections, and O. leeupoortense is neotypified in the absence of any original type material. O. rupestre and O. multifolium are regarded as colour forms of the same species, for which O. rupestre is the older name. Similarly, O. roussouwii is a depauperate, pale form of O. maculatum and is thus included in the synonomy of that species. The circumscription of O. pruinosum remains unchanged. The species O. haurii, O. diphyllum and O. sephtonii from the Drakensberg Mountains of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal are excluded from section Aspasia on the basis of their turbinate capsules that are exposed by the reflexed tepals. Each species is fully described, with accompanying discussion of variation and relationships, a distribution map, and an illustration.
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STRÜMPHER, WERNER P., and CLARKE H. SCHOLTZ. "A new Phoberus MacLeay species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae) from the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of southern Africa and the Phoberus caffer species group reviewed." Zootaxa 4674, no. 5 (September 27, 2019): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4674.5.4.

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Phoberus ntlenyanae Strümpher, new species is described from Lesotho and South Africa and is placed in the southern African Phoberus caffer group of species. The P. caffer species group is redefined to include the new species. One taxonomic status change is proposed: Phoberus lilianae (Scholtz, 1980) from the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe and the eastern escarpment of South Africa is elevated to species level. Phoberus caffer (Harold, 1872) is recorded for the first time from Eastern Cape and North West Province of South Africa. A key is provided for the identification of the members of the group. Photographs illustrate the species, and a map shows their geographical distributions. [Zoobank URL: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0CB1BAD0-F9C2-4303-B746-487BCADF0D07]
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CARBUTT, C., and T. J. EDWARDS. "THE FLORA OF THE DRAKENSBERG ALPINE CENTRE." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60, no. 3 (November 2003): 581–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428603000428.

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The Drakensberg Alpine Centre (DAC) comprises the 40,000km2 high-altitude range of hills, mountain peaks and escarpment plateau bordering the eastern interior of southern Africa. Renowned for its species-rich flora and high levels of endemism, the DAC is here shown to support over 2800 specific and infraspecific native taxa, with c.16% of the angiosperm taxa being endemic, the latter equalling the flora of KwaZulu-Natal. Comparisons of the DAC's largest families and genera are made with those of the Cape Floral Region and KwaZulu-Natal, and the largest families are also compared with those of the Afromontane and Pondoland regions. In addition, comparisons are made between the high-altitude floras of southern and south-central Africa on the basis of their Cape element.
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36

Sylvester, Steven P., Robert J. Soreng, Mitsy D. P. V. Sylvester, and Vincent Ralph Clark. "Festuca drakensbergensis (Poaceae): A common new species in the F. caprina complex from the Drakensberg Mountain Centre of Floristic Endemism, southern Africa, with key and notes on taxa in the complex including the overlooked F. exaristata." PhytoKeys 162 (October 7, 2020): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.55550.

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We present taxonomic notes on the Festuca caprina complex from southern Africa that includes description and illustration of the new species F. drakensbergensis from the Drakensberg Mountain Centre of Floristic Endemism of South Africa and Lesotho. Festuca drakensbergensis can be differentiated from F. caprina s.l. by forming lax short tufts with extravaginally-branching tillers and lateral-tending cataphyllous shoots or rhizomes present, basal foliage reaching < ½ the length of the culms, with generally shorter leaves and shorter anthers, 0.8−1.6(−1.8) mm long. The species also differs from the overlooked species F. exaristata – currently known from two collections from Lesotho − by its fibrous basal sheaths, usually sharp, keel-like leaf blade midrib, drooping panicle with lightly to densely scabrous pendent panicle branches, longer lemmas, 4.5−5.8 mm long, with awns usually present, 0.5–3 mm long, ovary apices sparsely to densely hairy and anthers 0.8−1.6(−1.8) mm long. Taxonomic notes on the different taxa of the F. caprina complex in southern Africa are also provided, including images, key, and lectotypification of F. caprina var. curvula. This research adds a further two endemic species (F. drakensbergensis and F. exaristata) and two endemic varieties (F. caprina var. irrasa and F. caprina var. macra) to the Drakensberg Mountain Centre of Floristic Endemism.
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Meter, E. B., and T. J. Edwards. "A checklist of the plants of Mahwaqa Mountain, KwaZulu-Natal." Bothalia 32, no. 1 (September 11, 2002): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v32i1.473.

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A checklist o f the plants of Mahwaqa Mountain. KwaZulu-Natal, is presented. The list includes 1 030 indigenous and naturalized flowering plants and ferns. Comparisons are made with the floras of KwaZulu-Natal (Ross 1972). the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, Cape Point (Taylor 1985). the southern Natal Drakensberg (Hilliard Burtt 1987). the Amatolas (Phillipson 1987). the Langeberg (McDonald 19991 and Umtamvuna Nature Reserve (Abbott et al. 2000). It is hoped that the publication of this list w ill contribute towards the recognition of the area as a natural heritage site.
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Linde, Jonathan, and Stefan Grab. "Regional Contrasts in Mountain Tourism Development in the Drakensberg, South Africa." Mountain Research and Development 28, no. 1 (February 2008): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0937.

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39

Walker, R. S. "A gradient analysis of grassed mountain catchments in the natal Drakensberg." Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 5, no. 4 (January 1988): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02566702.1988.9648137.

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40

PERKINS, PHILIP D. "New species and new collection records of Prosthetopine water beetles from southern Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 1864, no. 1 (September 3, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1864.1.1.

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New species of Hydraenidae are described in the genera Prosthetops Waterhouse (1), Pterosthetops Perkins (1), Parasthetops Perkins & Balfour-Browne (13), and Mesoceration Janssens (24). New collecting locality data are given for the following species described by Perkins & Balfour-Browne (1994): Parasthetops aeneus, P. nigritus, P. spinipes, P. curidius, Mesoceration distinctum, M. rivulare, M. jucundum, M. splendorum, M. rubidum, M. fusciceps, M. languidum, M. dissonum, M. rufescens, and M. brevigranum. High resolution digital images of the holotypes of new species are presented (online version in color), and male genitalia are illustrated. Distribution maps are provided for all prosthetopine species in the genera Prosthetops, Pterosthetops, Parasthetops, and Mesoceration. The following 39 new species are described (type locality in South Africa unless otherwise given): Prosthetops gladiator (Eastern Cape Province, summit of Prentjiesberg); Pterosthetops hawequas (Western Cape Province, Hawaquas radio tower); Parasthetops benefossus(Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm), P. buunicornus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. confluentus (Eastern Cape Province, Little Karroo, Baviaanskloof N valley), P. lemniscus (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. namibiensis (Namibia: Windhoek, Eros Mt.), P. pampinus (Western Cape Province, Dorps River into Prins Albert, Swartbergpas), P. parallelus (Northern Cape Province, Richtersveld, Oemsberg), P. propitius (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. retinaculus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. sebastiani (Lesotho: Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), P. semiplanus (Eastern Cape Province, Sundays River system, Letskraal), P. striatus (Northern Cape Province, Namaqualand, Kamieskroon), P. unicornus (Eastern Cape Province, Naudes Nek, 12 miles ENE Rhodes); Mesoceration barriotum (Western Cape Province, Cape-Swartberg, Seweweekspoort Kloof), M. bicurvum (Eastern Cape Province, Wildebees River), M. bispinum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Weza, Impetyene Forest), M. compressum (Eastern Cape Province, S. coast, Dwesa forest reserve), M. concavum (Mpumalanga Province, Blyderiver Canyon), M. curvosum (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umtamvuna River), M. disjunctum (Eastern Cape Province, Nature's Valley Reserve), M. drakensbergensis (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. durabilis (Western Cape Province, 2 miles SW of Citrusdal), M. granulovestum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. incarinum (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. integer (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Busheladi Stream on Lundy's Hill near Deepdale), M. littlekarroo (Western Cape Province, Little Karroo, Rus-en-vredewaterf), M. longipennis (Western Cape Province, W. Wiedouw farm), M. maluti (Lesotho, Drakensberg, Sani Pass Valley), M. natalensis (KwaZulu-Natal Province, Umkomaas River, where crossed by Himeville to Impendhle road), M. periscopum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. piceum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. rapidensis (Western Cape Province, S. W. Cape Mts., Hawequas SE), M. repandum (Western Cape Province, Cederberg, Eikenboom), M. reticulatum (Western Cape Province, Nuweberg Forest Station), M. semicarinulum (Western Cape Province, Groot Toren farm), M. tabulare (Western Cape Province, Platteklip Gorge, north face of Table Mountain), M. umbrosum (Western Cape Province, Wiedouw farm).
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41

Kopij, Grzegorz. "Avian assemblages in Afro-mountain and Alti-mountain Grasslands in the endemic Maloti/Drakensberg region of Lesotho." Zoology and Ecology 25, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21658005.2015.1095854.

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42

Mutana, Sarudzai, and Geoffrey Mukwada. "Are policies and guidelines shaping tourism sustainability in South Africa? Critical Success Factors for tourism sustainability governance in the Drakensberg Region." Tourism and Hospitality Research 20, no. 2 (April 16, 2019): 198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358419841100.

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This paper employs the Critical Success Factor Framework to investigate the level to which current tourism business practices reflect the existing responsible tourism policies and regulations in the Drakensberg Mountain Region of South Africa. A survey was carried out among 80 tourism business operators, in conjunction with in-depth interviews with key informants from the local government departments. The findings of the study suggest that, although current policies and regulations amply cover all the important issues related to sustainable mountain route tourism, they are fragmented, left to the discretion of tourism and hospitality operators in the region and have not been sufficiently enforced among these operators. The policies and regulations governing tourism in the region are also not specific enough to guide tourism development in fragile mountain environments. This has left tourism sustainability in destinations within the region at the mercy and creativity of the tourism business operators, resulting in uneven practices. In conclusion, this paper adopts the Critical Success Factors Framework in developing possible steps towards improving the adoption of sustainable tourism in the region.
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43

Perold, S. M. "Studies in the genus Riccia (Marchantiales) from southern Africa. 11. Riccia montana and R. alboporosa, a further two new white-scaled species of the group ‘Squamatae’." Bothalia 19, no. 1 (October 18, 1989): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v19i1.934.

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Another two new endemic species of the subgenus Riccia. section Riccia. group ‘Squamatae , are described: R. montana and R alboporosa. The distribution of R montana is apparently restricted to high altitudes in the Drakensberg and Witteberg Mountain ranges. The species is characterized by ligulate branches, finely spongy dorsal surface and hyaline to white, calcium-encrusted scales. R alboporosa is found in Namaqualand. but it is rare It can be recognized by the distinctly porous appearance of the dorsal surface due to the presence of large. ± regularly spaced air pores, which are encircled by six or seven radially arranged, wedge-shaped cells that become white on drying, hence the specific epithet.
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44

Garland, Gerald G., Christine Hudson, and Jane Blackshaw. "An Approach to the Study of Path Erosion in the Natal Drakensberg, a Mountain Wilderness Area." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 4 (1985): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900034457.

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Footpath erosion in mountain wilderness areas is generally undesirable, and maintenance and rehabilitation of eroded paths are costly. Although path erosion results from a complex interactioin between recreational and geomorphological forces and each path's resistance, the processes involved are not well understood.
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45

Knight, Jasper, Stefan W. Grab, and Clinton Carbutt. "Influence of mountain geomorphology on alpine ecosystems in the Drakensberg Alpine Centre, Southern Africa." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 100, no. 2 (January 12, 2018): 140–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04353676.2017.1418628.

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46

Kopij, Grzegorz. "Nesting Sites Of Sympatrically Breeding Weavers: Ploceus Capensis And P. Velatus In Mountain Grasslands Of Southern Africa." International Studies on Sparrows 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/isspar-2015-0008.

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Abstract Studies were conducted from 1998-2002 in the Moloti/Drakensberg area, Lesotho, southern Africa. A total of 155 nesting sites of the Cape Waever and 75 nesting sites of the Southern Masked Weaver were found. Almost all nesting sites of both weaver species were situated along river courses vegetated with willows, poplars and other tree species. They often nested in sympatry. Although most nesting sites of both Cape and Southern Masked Weaver were located in the indigenous Salix suberecta, they occupied other tree species with different frequency, so that, on overall they differed significantly in nest site choice. Also the mean number of nests per breeding site was different: 8.4 in the Cape Weaver and 3.3 in the Southern Masked Weaver.
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47

Springer, T. J., T. Van der Niet, and G. V. Cron. "Pollinators as likely drivers of diversification in the Drakensberg Mountain Region endemic genus Glumicalyx (Scrophulariaceae)." South African Journal of Botany 115 (March 2018): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.02.125.

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48

Mutana, Sarudzai, and Geoffrey Mukwada. "Can mountain route tourism work for the poor? Exploring worldviews from Maluti Route in the Drakensberg Region of South Africa." Tourism and Hospitality Research 20, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358418791312.

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Poverty reduction is necessary for the attainment of sustainable tourism development. Ironically, in many mountain regions, tourism destinations are concomitant with extreme poverty. Route tourism is regarded as one of the few poverty reduction options available to mountain communities. This study used the worldviews theory to compare the perceptions of the three distinct groups, namely local communities, tourism business operators and local government officials, regarding the contribution of route tourism to poverty reduction along the Maluti Route, in the Drakensberg Mountain Region of South Africa. A survey was carried out among 80 tourism business operators and 250 community members, and complimented with in-depth interviews held with local government officials and observations that were made in tourism business organisations. The results indicate diametrically opposed viewpoints between tourism business operators and local communities. While business organisations believe that they are significantly contributing to poverty reduction in the region, local communities acknowledge only a limited number of benefits from tourism. The study concludes that tourism can work for the poor if they are adequately equipped with skills to contribute in tourism investment and if the tourism cake is deliberately ‘tilted’ towards them. We conclude by highlighting the need for communication among stakeholders about current efforts and options available to reduce poverty through tourism, including the training of locals in tourism related skills, as well as improving linkages among industry, government and tourism industry as a measure for enhancing the role of tourism in poverty reduction.
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Du Preez, P. J. "Korannaberg–Viervoetberg mountain range (Ladybrand, Eastern Free State) — A floristic hub of the north-western Drakensberg." South African Journal of Botany 98 (May 2015): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2015.03.038.

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Carbutt, Clinton. "The Drakensberg Mountain Centre: A necessary revision of southern Africa's high-elevation centre of plant endemism." South African Journal of Botany 124 (August 2019): 508–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.05.032.

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