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Khoo, Guan Soon, and Mary Beth Oliver. "The therapeutic effects of narrative cinema through clarification." Aesthetic Engagement During Moments of Suffering 3, no. 2 (2013): 266–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.3.2.06kho.
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Media psychologists have found no empirical support for catharsis as emotional venting or purgation. However, the concept persists in the humanities and everyday use, particularly in beliefs about the presumed effects of catharsis on well-being. This study adjusts the conceptualization of catharsis to include a cognitive aspect, i.e., the clarification of emotion, and examines the health outcomes of the combination of exposure to drama and drama-induced self-reflection. An experiment (N = 152) was conducted to compare the therapeutic effects of cinematic and reading-based dramas. In a mediation analysis, improvements in general health and lowered levels of depression were found for cinematic drama exposure with self-reflection, compared to reading-based drama exposure with self-reflection; this relationship was mediated by identification and emotional self-efficacy. Our results provide preliminary evidence for the therapeutic benefits of cinematic human drama through an altered conception of catharsis. Implications for using media to facilitate emotional fitness and meaningful entertainment are discussed.
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Atsmon, Amir, and Susana Pendzik. "The clinical use of digital resources in drama therapy: An exploratory study of well-established practitioners." Drama Therapy Review 6, no. 1 (2020): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/dtr_00013_1.
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This exploratory study examines the clinical use of digital resources in contemporary drama therapy by interviewing seven leading practitioners from around the world. The study surveys the digital resources utilized by both therapists and clients; how these resources are used; and how such use relates to drama therapeutic goals, values and techniques. Most notably, interviewees mentioned using Skype for therapy and/or supervision; the use of smartphones to cross the boundaries of the session (introduce or send out material); and the gaze of the camera as a fantasized audience. Interviewees commented on the therapeutic, dramatic, relational and ethical significance and impact of these practices, as well as on the ongoing digitization of society at large and its effects on their practice. The article further delineates the challenges evident in their experiences and proposes theoretical directions for further exploration.
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Harvey, Brian, James Stuart, and Tony Swan. "Evaluation of a Drama-in-Education Programme to Increase AIDS Awareness in South African High Schools: A Randomized Community Intervention Trial." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 2 (2000): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100207.
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A community intervention trial was undertaken in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa to evaluate the effectiveness of a high school drama-in-education programme. Seven pairs of secondary schools were randomized to receive either written information about HIV/AIDS or the drama programme. Questionnaire surveys of knowledge, attitude and behaviour were compared before and 6 months after the interventions. One thousand and eighty students participated in the first survey and 699 in the second. Improvements in knowledge ( P=0.0002) and attitudes ( P<0.00001) about HIV/AIDS were demonstrated in pupils at schools receiving the drama programme when compared to pupils receiving written information alone. These changes were independent of age, gender, school or previous sexual experience. In schools receiving the drama programme, sexually active pupils reported an increase in condom use ( P<0.01). It is important to provide resources to sustain such programmes and to obtain stronger evidence of effect on behaviour by measuring changes in HIV incidence.
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PENTECOST, MICHELLE, and THOMAS COUSINS. "The temporary as the future: Ready-to-use therapeutic food and nutraceuticals in South Africa." Anthropology Today 34, no. 4 (2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12447.
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Hercigonja Salamoni, Darija, and Ana Rendulić. "Drama techniques as part of cluttering therapy according to the verbotonal method." Logopedija 7, no. 1 (2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/log.7.1.4.
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Cluttering is a syndrome characterised by a wide range of symptoms. It always contains one or more key elements such as abnormally fast speech rate, greater than expected number of disfluencies, reduced intelligibility due to over-coarticulation and indistinct articulation, inappropriate brakes in speech pattern, monotone speech, disturbance in language planning, etc. Drama activities and storytelling share a number of features that allow spontaneous use during therapy process and detachment from real-time, concrete place or true identity, and therefore allow unprecedented freedom in choosing and creating speech-language expressions. The use of drama elements and techniques in cluttering therapy enables better focusing of the child during therapeutic process and better integration of acquired speech/language skills and knowledge. During therapy, we should be aware to correct the patient both in speech production and in the perception of his/her own speech. From the aspect of speech pathology, it is important how auditory and visual information during patient’s production influence on his/her overall perception of his/her own speech. For all those reasons, it is especially important to choose the appropriate story or event and to present it in a way that ensures good interaction during therapy. The presentation of dramatisation is the ideal tool for stimulation and development of different speech activities, with focus on fluency, correct articulation and other elements that make up values of spoken language. Drama techniques can be implemented trough drama activities or storytelling. When working with children, storytelling and drama techniques can be integrated and combined in multiple ways in order to provide robust and flexible transition toward a structured language.
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Kruger, Marie. "The Relationship between Theatre and Ritual in the Sogo bò of the Bamana from Mali." New Theatre Quarterly 25, no. 3 (2009): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x09000414.
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The Sogo bò, primarily an animal masquerade, can be distinguished from Western theatre through its use of a fluid space with shifting boundaries between spectator and performer. An oral tradition dictates the characterization, scenario, and content. The resemblance to ritual can be found in structural elements such as its repetitive nature and the use of non-realistic performance objects and motions. As in ritual, there is a clear sense of order, an evocative presentational style, and a strong collective dimension. The functional resemblance lies in the complex metaphorical expression through which relationships and values are symbolized, objectified, and embodied in a highly artistic way. Marie Kruger is an associate professor and the Chair of the Department of Drama at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, where puppetry is offered as a performance and research option. Her research is focused on masquerades in Africa and the various contemporary applications of puppetry in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Price, Neroli, and Laura Garbes. "Radio drama as a tool for activism in South Africa: The case of Plague in the Time of King Kapital and Queen Corona." Radio Journal:International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media 19, no. 1 (2021): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/rjao_00034_1.
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How can sound be utilized as a tool for political conscientization? COVID-19 has disrupted face-to-face organizing tactics for progressive movements globally, making it necessary to branch out to more mediated forms of grassroots political organizing. In this article, we explore how sound might be employed to invoke an imagined working-class community across ethnic, gender and generational divides against a backdrop of crisis and corruption on the structural level. Through a close listening of a South African radio drama, Plague in the Time of King Kapital and Queen Corona (KKQC), we find that the use of sound enables a worldmaking that is both attuned to structural inequities and imagines a utopian, solidaristic working-class community. KKQC offers a case of worldbuilding and political conscientization through radio drama that is relevant to understanding the possibilities of the genre in the contemporary South African context.
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Hougham, Richard. "Track the Deer, Catch it and Then Let it Go." Dramatherapy 27, no. 3 (2005): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630672.2005.9689663.
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The following paper is based on research into a dramatic model of group supervision that was also informed by ideas from Jungian psychology. Postgraduate dramatherapy students were given the opportunity to reflect, embody and dramatise what they considered to be ‘significant moments’ from their placement practice over a period of ten weeks. A semi-structured interview was then carried out with each of the nine participants. Analysis of their responses identified two emerging themes −1) a diversity of perspectives on the same session, where students who participated in the same work had different experiences and 2) working with the drama and the body in supervision offered the chance to reconnect with and investigate body-based experiences from practice. Through continuing to use the art form of drama in supervision (in particular role-playing the client), it seemed that qualities and nuances of the session and the therapeutic relationship could be explored. In particular, some of the unconscious communication between therapist and client seemed to be exposed through working with the body and drama.
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Williams, Britton. "The R-RAP revisited: Current conceptualizations and applications." Drama Therapy Review 6, no. 2 (2020): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/dtr_00027_1.
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Existing research finds that how the client feels towards the therapist and the therapist towards the client will have a direct impact on the therapeutic relationship. Yet little has been written about how to understand and process the therapist‐client relationship in drama therapy. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to illustrate how a relational perspective and use of the Relational-Roles Assessment Protocol (R-RAP) may be implemented in the therapist’s embodied supervision and collaborative therapeutic processes. This article extends the existing R-RAP by providing how-to steps and case illustrations for applying the R-RAP to supervisory settings and in collaboration with clients. The article ends with emergent ideas and considerations for future applications.
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Nwoye, Augustine. "Family Therapy and the Pedagogy of the Oppressed: Therapeutic Use of Songs in Apartheid South Africa." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 39, no. 2 (2018): 200–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1297.
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Schoenbach, Klaus. "Season of birth and media use." Communications 43, no. 4 (2018): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/commun-2017-0049.
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Abstract This study investigates the influence of season of birth on media use and media genre preferences later in life. An impressive body of research in Europe and Japan shows that the month of birth has a significant impact on one’s temperament: People born in the winter of the northern hemisphere, for instance, tend to be less cheerful, lively and self-assured. Reasons seem to be the experience of less light, of coldness and of living mostly inside the home. Mood-management theory suggests that media entertainment may be used to compensate for that lack of cheerfulness and liveliness. In this explorative study, we assume that in countries north of the equator, but with extremely hot temperatures, summer is the season with fewer outdoor activities. So, there, individuals with more summer months in their first half year of life should be comparatively less cheerful – which they may regulate by using more media entertainment. Indeed, a secondary analysis of large-scale surveys in six countries in the Middle East and North Africa in 2016 supports this assumption, albeit conditionally: In the countries with particularly hot summers, but also for younger people in general, the duration of summer directly after birth is correlated significantly with consuming more media entertainment as well as with preferring comedy and drama as genres on TV and online video.
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Massele, Amos, Daniel Afriyie, Johanita Burger, et al. "VP25 African Countries Are Working Together To Enhance Medicine Use." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317003154.
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INTRODUCTION:The socioeconomic burden of diseases is increasing in Africa. For instance in 2011, 70 percent of the world's human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population resided in sub-Sahara Africa. There are also growing rates of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), which necessitates newer more expensive antibiotics adding to costs. There is also a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), three out of four patients with hypertension currently live in low and middle income countries (LMICs), with prevalence rates up to 30 to 45 percent among adults in Africa. Alongside this, up to 70 percent of total healthcare expenditure is spent on medicines in LMICs; much of this out-of-pocket. Consequently, there is an urgent need to strengthen collaborative research to improve medicine use.METHODS:Summary of groups working together in Africa including the Medicines Utilisation Research in Africa (MURIA) group.RESULTS:African Strategies for Health identifies and advocates best practices, as well as works with others to develop sustainable solutions. Pharmacology for Africa (PharfA) organises and promotes pharmacology on the African continent, including research in clinical pharmacology, alongside the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) sub-division. International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Africa co-ordinates activities from the different African country chapters. The South African Health Technology Assessment Society (SAHTAS) is a scientific and professional society for all those who produce, use, or encounter Health Technology Assessment (HTA) in Southern Africa, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International and Regional groups are improving antibiotic drug utilization capabilities in Africa. The MURIA group was established in 2015 (1). Ongoing collaborative research includes (i) initiatives to optimize antibiotic use; (ii) methods to enhance adherence to anti-infective prescribing guidance, (iii) approaches to improve adherence to HIV and NCDs; (iv) researching current anti-hypertensive utilization patterns and knowledge; (v) approaches to enhance Drugs and Therapeutic Committees (DTC) activities, and (vi) strengthening medicine utilization capabilities (2,3). These activities have already strengthened research ties across Africa.CONCLUSIONS:A number of groups are already working across Africa to enhance appropriate medicine use, and should continue. Ongoing MURIA activities include antibiotic point-prevalence studies, ongoing research into infectious diseases, NCDs and DTCs including adherence as well as the third workshop and symposium in Namibia in 2017.
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Townsend, Beverley, and Bonginkosi Shozi. "ALTERING THE HUMAN GENOME: MAPPING THE GENOME EDITING REGULATORY SYSTEM IN SOUTH AFRICA." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 24 (March 29, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2021/v24i0a9179.
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Novel therapeutic strategies using genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, are revolutionising the way in which diseases can be prevented and treated in the future. Consequently, a global debate has emerged around the ethical and legal implications relating to the use of such technology in research, therapy, and human reproduction. This has brought to the forefront questions regarding the extent to which current policies respond to these issues. In this paper, we provide a “map” of South African policy relating to genome editing, and illustrate how current ethical guidelines and law regulate its use. We find that the South African policy framework is marred with inconsistencies and incompleteness, and that an opportunity exists for the normative and regulatory framework governing this field of research and therapeutic application in South Africa, to be reviewed and reformed. In this paper we present certain recommendations – with the goal of informing and supporting health policy and decision-making regarding the regulation of genome editing in South Africa. We suggest that by adopting a pragmatic regulatory approach, such recommendations serve to address public concern, reflect appropriate international perspectives, and provide a firm foundation for the development of genome editing regulation in South Africa.
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Polínek, Martin Dominik, and Igor Vachkov. "Improving the quality of training drama therapy students through the metaphors of experiencing fear." SHS Web of Conferences 98 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219801005.
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The present study is aimed at introducing effective psychological instruments the authors have been using in a therapeutic interaction with people (children, adolescents, and youth) with different problems for a long time in the educational process. The main focus of the study is the metaphors and motivation of fear and anxiety the use of which in the process of providing psychological assistance to students can improve the quality of the educational process and educational influences on them since these tools allow students and teachers to safely (due to the metaphorical distance) address sensitive topics that often present the source of anxiety and fear in students while neglecting these topics often hinders the creation of a safe learning environment. Metaphors are actively used in a variety of psychotherapeutic approaches although very little attention is paid to their implementation in the educational environment. The goal of the present study is to disclose the opportunities of using metaphors of experiencing fear in working with university students. The proposed hypothesis states that the implementation of metaphors of experiencing fear in work with university students will contribute to the improvement of their self-assessment of subjective well-being. The study presents the analysis of the results of focus group studies conducted during experiments with the students of the “Drama Therapy” specialty at the Palacký University of Olomouc in the Czech Republic. With the use of the grounded theory method, it is demonstrated that work with metaphors of experiencing fear leads to becoming aware of self-support mechanisms, processing suppressed emotions, relaxation, inner liberation, and the activation of personal resources. These results open up prospects for the active use of metaphorization of various (including negative) experiences in providing psychological assistance to students.
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Fiaveh, Daniel Yaw. "Masculinity, Male Sexual Virility, and Use of Aphrodisiacs in Ghana." Journal of Men’s Studies 28, no. 2 (2019): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826519887510.
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Indigenous peoples’ knowledge of and expertise in herbal remedies is not new. Although studies have emphasized use of herbal medicine in Africa, it remains unclear how gender impacts the uptake of herbal remedies as aphrodisiac-therapeutic types. Using qualitative data from urban Ghana, this article examines how cultural expectations of male sexuality in intimate heterosexual relationships influence the marketing and patronage of local aphrodisiacs, that is, herbal bitters in the West African context. Analysis reveals links with how men talk about notions of manhood and experiences of herbal bitters, including issues related to insecurities about hegemonic masculine ideals and women’s power. Although dominant masculinity has been associated with practices that allow men’s control over women, it also functions to harm men’s sexuality. Harm reduction requires behavioral modification and sexual and reproductive health and rights education program via media advocacy. A call to scale-up research, policy development, and implementation in regard to the production, advertisements, and patronage of local aphrodisiacs especially in countries in Africa where the phenomenon has risen to problematic levels is sine qua non to this approach.
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Atakpama, Wouyo, Komlan Batawila, Marra Dourma, et al. "Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Sterculia setigera Del. in the Sudanian Zone of Togo (West Africa)." ISRN Botany 2012 (November 14, 2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/723157.
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Ethnobotanical knowledge is useful in development of management and conservation of plant genetic resources. In this study, ethnobotanical investigations were conducted in Sudanian zone of Togo to identify use values knowledge of Sterculia setigera tree. Information was obtained with the aid of semistructured interviews. Three (3) ethnic groups: Bassar, Moba, and Konkomba belonging to ten (10) localities were investigated. Use knowledge of Sterculia setigera through these ethnic groups was assessed using four use indices: reported use (RU), plant part value (PPV), specific reported use (SU), and intraspecific use value (IUV). Sixty (60) informants of 43 years old were interviewed. The plant parts values and specific uses are raised more in the Moba's ethnic group. The main quoted uses are medicinal, religious, food, and cosmetic. Thus, fourteen (14) treatments of ailments are assigned to it. Considering the various uses, it is crucial to validate scientifically the therapeutic uses and safety of these plants through phytochemical screening, different biological activity tests, and toxicological studies.
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Chipise, Ever-merry, Douglas Wassenaar, and Abigail Wilkinson. "Towards new ethics guidelines: the ethics of online therapy in South Africa." South African Journal of Psychology 49, no. 3 (2018): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246318811562.
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The burgeoning increase in Internet access and use in South Africa and globally has opened a new doorway for provision of mental health services online. This descriptive study focuses specifically on psychotherapeutic services provided by South African psychologists. Draft guidelines for online therapy were developed and a sample of South African registered psychologists was asked to review, rate, and comment on the draft guidelines via an online survey. The sample also identified key ethical dilemmas arising from the novel use of this modality in South Africa. The draft guidelines were positively appraised by the majority of participants supporting the value of such guidelines in South Africa. Key ethical dilemmas identified included confidentiality, competence, boundaries, technological limitations, emergency situations, nature of therapeutic process, security of records, payment, and verification of identity.
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Olugbenga, Olagunju. "THE USE OF ANOINTING OIL IN MARK 6:13 IN AFRICAN CONTEXT." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES 5, no. 1 (2017): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jah.v5i1.6023.
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The use of oil and saliva was a common therapeutic technique in the ancient world. The ancient people believed that the anointing oil and the saliva of a holy man of God was therapeutic and had healing effect on whomever the oil was placed upon or to whom the saliva was spitted upon. African scholars have been passionately advocating for the use of mystical powers as an alternative therapy to improve the standard of living of the African people. These scholars have concluded that, mystical powers were made to assist human beings and tapping its resources for the benefit of mankind is useful. Mystical practices that utilize materials in form of oil, herbs, roots, animal parts and body wastes are around us. They are affordable and accessible, what do we do with them? African Christian worldview attaches demonism to every mystical techniques because it is incongruous to Christian faith and practices. They believe that mystical practices are occultic and can jeopardize the Christian faith. So, Christians should have nothing to do with them. But is this true? Thus, this paper discusses the use of anointing oil by Jesus' disciples in Mark 6:13 from an African world view. Applying exegetical tools in an intercultural hermeneutics, this study demonstrates that the use of anointing oil as one of the healing techniques of Jesus' disciples in Mark is mystical and is similar to mystical techniques of healing among traditional healers in Africa, the paper thus submit that the use of anointing oil for healing can be adopted as one of the methods for achieving wholeness in Africa.
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Fourie, Elmarie, and Enid Coetzee. "The Use of a Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approach to the Teaching and Learning of Law to a New Generation of Law Students in South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 1 (2017): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i1a2468.
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In rapidly changing social, economic and intellectual environments it is imperative that teaching and learning should be transformed from being primarily concerned with the transmission of knowledge (learning about) to being primarily concerned with the practices of a knowledge domain (learning to be). Law lecturers are faced with a new generation of law students, many of whom may be the first in their families to enter university, and one of the important challenges that we face, when educating law students, is how to enable these students to take their place in a very important profession. To meet this challenge it is necessary to instill skills that will be beneficial to the profession, future clients and the community as a whole. We at the University of Johannesburg are endeavouring to do so through embracing a therapeutic jurisprudence approach that focuses on the well-being of the student, the client and the community. The integration of therapeutic jurisprudence throughout the law student's studies, starting with orientation and continuing through to the final-year clinical experience, will enhance the therapeutic outcomes for all of the parties involved. A therapeutic jurisprudence approach, combined with appropriate teaching and learning methods, will enhance the student's interpersonal skills and writing and reading skills. The teaching methods invoked include role-play to transform formal knowledge into living knowledge, thereby stimulating students' natural practical curiosity and creating a learning environment that supports collaboration and encourages students to act purposefully in such an environment. This article discusses the teaching of first-generation students and how to overcome the existing social, cultural, economic and linguistic barriers by using a therapeutic jurisprudence approach, while upholding the values that should guide legal practice, such as integrity and respect for diversity and human dignity. The constitutional imperative of access to justice for all underlines the importance for law teachers of incorporating therapeutic jurisprudence in their teaching methods. In South Africa, law lecturers face many challenges in teaching law students and first-generation students. Passionate teachers will produce passionate students and realise that they have the power to transform thoughts, policies and lives. Students should be reminded that law is not just about financial rewards, but the ultimate reward of contributing to the betterment of society. The legal profession expects us to produce a well-rounded graduate for entry into the profession. This necessitates that our teaching methods be appropriate to prepare the student for an entry level of competence for the legal profession. Therapeutic jurisprudence creates the opportunity for the lecturer not only to equip the student with the skills required by the profession but to implement teaching methods that will prove to be beneficial for all of the role-players involved. The honing of skills such as legal writing and oral advocacy from the first year of study creates the opportunity for the students to develop to their full potential. In order to support a meaningful, integrated teaching approach, the development of skills is expanded on during each year of study and can prove beneficial to all role-players during clinical education, where the student has the opportunity to apply the acquired skills in real-life situations. The impact of a therapeutic jurisprudence on the development of legal skills can now be measured through the student's ability to focus on the well-being of the client and the community.
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Labuschagne, Quinten, Natalie Schellack, Andries Gous, et al. "COLISTIN: adult and paediatric guideline for South Africa, 2016." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 31, no. 1 (2016): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v31i1.95.
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This document was created to serve as a guideline for colistin prescribing in South Africa. Antimicrobial resistance is threatening the effective prevention and treatment of a wide variety of infections, especially those that are caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria. Colistin is typically used as salvage therapy, or last-line treatment, for MDR gram-negative infections. The dosing regimen should be optimised to be therapeutic and halt the emergence of resistance, whilst minimizing toxicity. This document provides evidence-based recommendations for adult and paediatric dosing, dosing in renal impairment, and the use of combination therapy to increase synergistic effects, as well as guidelines on the reconstitution and administration of colistin. This guideline is specifically aimed at healthcare workers who routinely treat patients with MDR gram-negative infections, especially in the intensive care setting.
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Andrew Selaledi, Letlhogonolo, Zahra Mohammed Hassan, Tlou Grace Manyelo, and Monnye Mabelebele. "The Current Status of the Alternative Use to Antibiotics in Poultry Production: An African Perspective." Antibiotics 9, no. 9 (2020): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090594.
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Over the years the growth and health of food-producing animals have been enhanced by the use of antibiotics. These have helped reduce on-farm mortalities, lower incidences of diseases and more importantly improve productivity. Generally, the utilization of antibiotics in feed has been reevaluated since bacterial pathogens have established and shared a variety of antibiotic resistance mechanisms that can easily be spread within microbial communities. Multiple countries have introduced bans or severe restrictions on the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics. This has therefore warranted the urgent need for alternatives. Africa is facing its own challenges as it has been reported to be one of the continents with the highest number of foodborne diseases with approximately 91 million related diseases and 137,000 death per annum. Stakeholder and policy direction has been put in place to curb this escalation; however, the problem persists. The use of alternatives has been recommended and some successfully used in other countries as well as Africa, including pro- and prebiotics and phytochemicals. This then leads to the core aim of this review which is to (1) determine the extent to which antimicrobial-resistant pathogens have affected Africa, (2) assess the current measures put in place by Africa to reduces antimicrobial resistance and finally (3) explore the alternative use of antibiotics in poultry production. Improved sanitary conditions and farm biosecurity are important alternatives that could be adopted by farmers instead of depending on antibiotic drugs for disease control and prevention.
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Chigome, Audrey K., Moliehi Matlala, Brian Godman, and Johanna C. Meyer. "Availability and Use of Therapeutic Interchange Policies in Managing Antimicrobial Shortages among South African Public Sector Hospitals; Findings and Implications." Antibiotics 9, no. 1 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9010004.
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Background: Therapeutic interchange policies in hospitals are useful in dealing with antimicrobial shortages and minimising resistance rates. The extent of antimicrobial shortages and availability of therapeutic interchange policies is unknown among public sector hospitals in South Africa. This study aimed to ascertain the extent of and rationale for dealing with antimicrobial shortages, describe policies or guidelines available, and the role of pharmacists in the process. Methods: A quantitative and descriptive study was conducted with a target population of 403 public sector hospitals. Data were collected from hospital pharmacists using an electronic questionnaire via SurveyMonkeyTM. Results: The response rate was 33.5% and most (83.3%) hospitals had experienced shortages in the previous six months. Antimicrobials commonly reported as out of stock included cloxacillin (54.3%), benzathine benzylpenicillin (54.2%), and erythromycin (39.6%). Reasons for shortages included pharmaceutical companies with supply constraints (85.3%) and an inefficient supply system. Only 42.4% had therapeutic interchange policies, and 88.9% contacted the prescriber, when present, for substitution. Conclusions: Antimicrobial shortages are prevalent in South African public sector hospitals with the most affected being penicillins and cephalosporins. Therapeutic interchange policies are not available at most hospitals. Effective strategies are required to improve communication between pharmacists and prescribers to ensure that safe, appropriate, and therapeutically equivalent alternatives are available.
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Osafo, Newman, Kwesi Boadu Mensah, and Oduro Kofi Yeboah. "Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter." Advances in Pharmacological Sciences 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3026370.
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Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta is a scrambling thin-stemmed shrub found in Africa. Traditionally in West Africa, it is employed in the treatment of malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory conditions. This review discusses the traditional importance as well as the phytochemical, ethnomedical, pharmacological, and toxicological importance of this plant. Materials and Methods. Excerpta Medica Database, Google Scholar, Springer, and PubMed Central were the electronic databases used to search for and filter primary studies on Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. Results. The detailed review of various studies conducted on C. sanguinolenta and some of its constituents gives an important body of proof of its potential therapeutic benefits and also of its use as a source of lead compounds with therapeutic potentials. Conclusion. The review on C. sanguinolenta is important in identifying grey areas in the research on this medicinal plant and also provides comprehensive data thus far to continue research on this plant.
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Ahoua, Laurence, Chantal Umutoni, Helena Huerga, et al. "Nutrition outcomes of HIV-infected malnourished adults treated with ready-to-use therapeutic food in sub-Saharan Africa: a longitudinal study." Journal of the International AIDS Society 14, no. 1 (2011): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-14-2.
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Okaiyeto, Kunle, and Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju. "African Herbal Medicines: Adverse Effects and Cytotoxic Potentials with Different Therapeutic Applications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (2021): 5988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115988.
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The African continent is naturally endowed with various plant species with nutritional and medicinal benefits. About 80% of the people in developing countries rely on folk medicines to treat different diseases because of indigenous knowledge, availability, and cost-effectiveness. Extensive research studies have been conducted on the medicinal uses of African plants, however, the therapeutic potentials of some of these plants has remained unexploited. Over the years, several studies have revealed that some of these African floras are promising candidates for the development of novel drugs. Despite the plethora of studies on medicinal plant research in Africa, there is still little scientific data supporting the folkloric claims of these plants. Besides, safety in the use of folk medicines has been a major public health concern over the year. Therefore, it has become mandatory that relevant authority should take measures in safeguarding the populace on the use of herbal mixtures. Thus, the present review extracted relevant information from different scientific databases and highlighted some problems associated with folk medicines, adverse effects on reproductive systems, issue about safety due to the toxicity of some plants and their toxicity effects with potential therapeutic benefits are discussed.
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Kulshreshtha, Mayank, Pragati Srivastava, and Dharamveer Panjwani. "Endocrine and Therapeutic Basis of Diabetes Mellitus Therapy." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 12, no. 2 (2019): 4441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2019.12.2.2.
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 This review article describes the role of hormones, microvascular complications, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and precautions of diabetes therapy. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects ability to use the energy found in food. According to World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated 422 million adults are suffered with DM up to latest 2016 data. It occurs throughout the world but is more common in the more developed countries. Increase in prevalence is occurring in low- and middle-income countries including in Asia and Africa, where most patients will probably be found by 2030. The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012, making it the 8th leading cause of death. We summarized the published scientific data and new development in the field of diabetes with a search of PubMed, Google scholar, med know and other online resources. Various hormones play an important role in which insulin has a more importance in DM. Pharmacological treatment included various side effects while herbal drugs are found to be safe. Diet and exercise are the excellent key points to cure the disease. Avoid high sugar diet and various foods whose sugar levels are high should be avoided at the age 40. Overall, better knowledge, balanced life style, and daily exercise are the excellent treatment of diabetes and effective glucose control.
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Jayaram, Mahesh, Ranga Rattehalli, Lindsay Moran, John Mwanza, Paul Banda, and Clive Adams. "Rapid tranquillisation: practice in Zambia, before and after training." International Psychiatry 10, no. 4 (2013): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004070.
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The evidence base for rapid tranquillisation is small in higher-income countries but is even smaller in sub-Saharan Africa. We initiated the first ever survey on the use of rapid tranquillisation in Zambia in 2009; a further survey was then done in 2010, after a programme of teaching and training. It demonstrated an overall improvement in clinical practice, safety, awareness and use of medications within therapeutic doses. It also led to a reduction in inappropriate use of medications. These improvements in practice occurred within a short time span and with minimal effort. Further international collaborative partnerships are required to build stronger mental health infrastructure in Zambia.
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Moosa, M. Y. H., and F. Y. Jeenah. "The use of restraints in psychiatric patients." South African Journal of Psychiatry 15, no. 3 (2009): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v15i3.226.
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Restraints are usually used for the protection of patients and others when medication and verbal therapies are insufficient to control potentially violent patients. Many fear the abuse of restraints as well as their psychological, physical and emotional consequences. In South Africa, according to the Mental Health Care Act No. 17 of 2002, the use of restraints is permissible but subject to certain regulations. Restraint may not be used any longer than is necessary to prevent serious bodily harm to the patient or others. When restraint has the desired effect of settling the patient’s behaviour to the point where control is regained, its further imposition is illegal. Restraints may be classified into three main categories: ( i ) environmental restraints; ( ii ) physical restraints; and ( iii ) chemical restraints. There is much debate over what types of restraint are superior. There may be differences in cost, risk of serious staff injury, requirements of staff time for monitoring and implementation, and impacts on staff and patient attitudes. It is hoped that the use of environmental and physical restraint will be rendered obsolete by advances in the field of psychiatry such psychopharmacology and the therapeutic milieu. In order to reach this goal more research needs to be done on restraint practices across a wide range of psychiatric treatment settings.
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Akinyede, Kolajo Adedamola, Okobi Eko Ekpo, and Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju. "Ethnopharmacology, Therapeutic Properties and Nutritional Potentials of Carpobrotus edulis: A Comprehensive Review." Scientia Pharmaceutica 88, no. 3 (2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm88030039.
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Carpobrotus edulis, formerly known as Mesembryanthemum edule L, belongs to the Aizoaceae family of plants. It is a facultative halophytic invasive medicinal and edible succulent plant that is native to South Africa and is distributed worldwide. Hitherto, this plant appears to be mainly known for its ornamental use in decorations, soil stabilization, and erosion control, and not for its many potential medicinal and nutritional benefits, thus suggesting its underutilization. This review presents cogent and comprehensive information on the distribution, ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and nutritional value of Carpobrotus edulis and provides the rationale for further pharmacognostic research that will validate its many folkloric medicinal and nutraceutical claims, and promote its standardization into a commercially available product. The reported traditional use of this plant for the treatment of sinusitis, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, infantile eczema, fungal and bacterial infections, oral and vaginal thrush, high blood pressure, diabetes, wound infections, spider and tick bites, sore throat as well as mouth infections are well documented. Its therapeutic activities such as anti-proliferative, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and nutritional value have also been reported to be attributable to the array of phytoconstituents present in the plant. These have promoted renewed research interests into this valuable medicinal plant with a view to repositioning and expanding its uses from the current predominantly ornamental and environmental management role to include phytotherapeutical applications through scientific validation studies that will improve its value for the drug discovery process as well as its contribution to food security.
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Al-Roubaie, Zanab, Elena Guadagno, Agnihotram V. Ramanakumar, Afsheen Q. Khan, and Kenneth A. Myers. "Clinical utility of therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs." Neurology: Clinical Practice 10, no. 4 (2019): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000722.
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ObjectiveTo systematically review and evaluate the available evidence supporting or refuting clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with epilepsy.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS, Cochrane, PubMed, Africa-Wide Information, Web of Science, and grey literature. Randomized controlled studies and observational studies that compared the clinical outcomes of TDM vs non-TDM were included. Two reviewers independently extracted the data. The primary outcome was seizure control; adverse effects were considered as secondary outcomes. The PROSPERO ID of this systematic review's protocol is CRD42018089925.ResultsSixteen studies were identified meeting eligibility requirements. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 meta-analysis, and 11 quasiexperimental (QE) studies were included in the systematic review. Results from the analysis of RCTs showed no significant positive effect of TDM on seizure outcome (only 25% positive effect of phenytoin). However, some of the QE studies found that TDM was associated with better seizure control or lower rates of adverse effects. The existing evidence from various designs has shown various methodological implications, which warrants inconclusive results and highlights the requirement of more number of studies in this line.ConclusionsIf optimally implemented, TDM may enhance clinical care, particularly for phenytoin and other AEDs with complex pharmacokinetics. However, the ideal method for implementation is unclear, and serum drug levels should be considered in context with patient-reported clinical data regarding seizure control and adverse events.
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Van Hout, Marie Claire, Ian Norman, Eileen Rich, and Michael Bergin. "Experiences of Codeine Use, Misuse and Dependence: Application of Liese and Franz's Cognitive Developmental Model of Substance Abuse." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 3 (2017): 238–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465817000030.
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Background: Misuse of codeine-containing medicines is an emerging public health issue.Aims: We present the application of Liese and Franz's (1996) cognitive developmental model of substance abuse to the trajectory from legitimate codeine use for pain, towards that of therapeutic and other forms of misuse, and physical and psychological dependence. It illustrates a cognitive behavioural analysis of the experiences of codeine misusers – which ‘surfaces’ the specific beliefs, thoughts, emotions and behaviours of this group of hidden codeine dependent individuals, who are distinct and unique from other opioid-dependent cohorts.Method: In-depth one-to-one interviews with codeine misusers and dependent individuals in Ireland (n= 21) and South Africa (n= 25) are analysed and applied to Liese and Franz's (1996) cognitive developmental model of substance abuse.Results: Misuse and dependence pathways are maintained by the interplay between physiological determinants relating to pain, withdrawal and tolerance, and psychological influences such as therapeutic need, pre-empting of anticipated physical pain, pleasure from the dreamy sedative opiate effect of codeine and relief of emotional distress. Progression towards habitual use and misuse for therapeutic and intoxication purposes appears to be mediated by external environmental triggers pertaining to availability, internal meta-cognitions around physical pain and emotional distress, and increasing importance of codeine in the life of the user.Conclusion: The concept mapping of codeine misuse and dependence presented here could provide psychological therapists working with individuals experiencing problems with codeine, misusing codeine and those with iatrogenic dependence, with an enhanced understanding of the key concepts involved in misuse and recovery pathways.
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Brooke, Roger. "Jung’s Fantasies of Africa and Africa’s Healing of Analytical Psychology." International Journal of Jungian Studies 11, no. 2 (2019): 140–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19409060-01101003.
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Abstract Jung’s dreams about Africa reveal the Whiteness and colonialist assumptions typical of the twentieth century educated European. Jung’s visits to Africa and New Mexico, and his dreams are critically discussed, showing how, even decades later, Jung failed to use his own theory of dreaming with regard to his own dreams. The compensatory function of his dreams was never effected, and his transference fantasies of Africa and blackness were reinforced rather than analyzed. There were unfortunate consequences for the development of his thinking and his understanding of the individuation process, since his oppositional thinking in terms of White and Black remained as a concrete transference fantasy as well as a colonialist attitude towards his internal world. The Nguni term ubuntu, will be used to reimagine individuation in more explicitly ethical and socially embedded ways. With regard to the development of consciousness, a distinction is developed between the withdrawal of projections and as a helpful therapeutic issue and as an epistemological approach to the place of meaning. If Jung’s dreams of Africa had managed to “heal” him, Jungian psychology would look rather like it does today, because the way out of Jung’s Colonialism is to be found in Jung’s life and work, especially in his alchemical studies.
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Patel, Moosa, Vinitha Philip, and Fatima Fazel. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Hodgkin's Lymphoma in South Africa: An Emerging Problem." Advances in Hematology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/578163.
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Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) occurs with increasing frequency in human-immunodeficiency-virus-(HIV-) infected individuals. The natural history and behaviour of HIV-HL is different, being more atypical and aggressive. The association between HIV and HL appears to be primarily EBV driven. HAART use does not significantly impact on the incidence of HL. Indeed, the risk of HL has increased in the post-HAART era. However, the advent of HAART has brought renewed hope, allowing standard therapeutic options to be used more optimally, with better treatment outcomes. Despite the renewed optimism, the overall survival of HIV-HL patients remains less favourable than that in HIV-seronegative patients. This is particularly true in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is a significant burden of HIV/AIDS and where more than half the patients are HAART naive at diagnosis of HL. The similarities and differences of a South African cohort of HIV-HL are presented in this paper.
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Asamoah-Gyadu, J. Kwabena. "Therapeutic Strategies in African Religions: Health, Herbal Medicines and Indigenous Christian Spirituality." Studies in World Christianity 20, no. 1 (2014): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2014.0072.
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The use of herbs has been the main means of curing diseases in traditional Africa and this continued through the colonial period to present times. Widely held traditional views that interpreted certain diseases as caused by supernatural agents meant that, although some ailments could be naturally caused, in most cases, shrine priests and diviners were needed to dispense herbal preparations for clients. Christian missionaries mostly – though by no means all – denounced herbal medicines as evil, looking on them as pagan because of the close relationship between herbs and agents of local divinities. At the emergence of the African independent church movement at the beginning of the twentieth century, herbal medicines acquired a sacramental value, and today they are obtained from churches and local prophets as therapeutic substances infused with spiritual power for healing. The sacramental interpretation of herbs has been extended to those obtained from prayer places and grottoes under the supervision of historic mission denominations, a phenomenon that has virtually transformed the image of herbs and herbal medicines in African therapeutic systems.
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Zahara, Kulsoom, Sujogya Kumar Panda, Shasank Sekhar Swain, and Walter Luyten. "Metabolic Diversity and Therapeutic Potential of Holarrhena pubescens: An Important Ethnomedicinal Plant." Biomolecules 10, no. 9 (2020): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10091341.
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Holarrhena pubescens is an important medicinal plant of the Apocynaceae family that is widely distributed over the Indian subcontinent. The plant is extensively used in Ayurveda and other traditional medicinal systems without obvious adverse effects. Beside notable progress in the biological and phytochemical evaluation of this plant over the past few years, comprehensive reviews of H. pubescens are limited in scope. It has economic importance due to the extensive use of seeds as an antidiabetic. Furthermore, the plant is extensively reported in traditional uses among the natives of Asia and Africa, while scientifical validation for various ailments has not been studied either in vitro or in vivo. This review aims to summarize information on the pharmacology, traditional uses, active constituents, safety and toxicity of H. pubescens. Chemical analysis of H. pubescens extracts revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds, such as conessine, isoconnessine, conessimine, conimine, conessidine, conkurchicine, holarrhimine, conarrhimine, mokluangin A-D and antidysentericine. Overall, this review covers the ethnopharmacology, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological potential of H. pubescens, with a critical discussion of its toxicity, biological activities (in vitro and in vivo), the mechanism of action, as well as suggestions for further basic and clinical research.
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Neuman, Manuela G., Michelle Schneider, Radu M. Nanau, and Charles Parry. "Alcohol Consumption, Progression of Disease and Other Comorbidities, and Responses to Antiretroviral Medication in People Living with HIV." AIDS Research and Treatment 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/751827.
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The present paper describes the possible connection between alcohol consumption and adherence to medicine used to treat human deficiency viral (HIV) infection. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has a positive influence on longevity in patients with HIV, substantially reducing morbidity and mortality, including resource-poor settings such as South Africa. However, in a systematic comparison of HAART outcomes between low-income and high-income countries in the treatment of HIV-patients, mortality was higher in resource-poor settings. Specifically, in South Africa, patients often suffer from concomitant tuberculosis and other infections that may contribute to these results. Alcohol influences the use of medicine for opportunistic infections (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis), or coinfections HIV-hepatitis viruses-B (HBV) and C (HCV), cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex virus. Furthermore, alcohol use may negatively impact on medication adherence contributing to HIV progression. The materials used provide a data-supported approach. They are based on analysis of published (2006–2011) world literature and the experience of the authors in the specified topic. Intended for use by health care professionals, these recommendations suggest approaches to the therapeutic and preventive aspects of care. Our intention was to fully characterize the quality of evidence supporting recommendations, which are reflecting benefit versus risk, and assessing strength or certainty.
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Lanberg, O. A., L. G. Khayet, and T. V. Kadinskaya. "Systemic Puppet Therapy in Rehabilitation Practice." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 99, no. 5 (2020): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2020-99-5-88-93.
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The concept of systemic puppet therapy proposed by the authors is described. Therapeutic work with puppets is a promising method of psychological assistance as part of rehabilitation processes. Its insufficient use is due to its low structurality. The phased application of morphological analysis and synthesis made it possible to streamline the known and develop new effective methods of puppet therapy. The proposed systemic puppet therapy is an ordered polymodal set of static (lining on the table or on the floor of a puppet arranged set) and dynamic (presenting history on behalf of the puppet or staging a performance) methods, individual and group methods, face-to-face and remote forms of work, algorithms for their choice.The size, material and design of puppets, quantitative and qualitative composition of their therapeutic set are justified. Methods of puppet therapy of different degree of structuring and depth of exposure for patients with different level of intelligence are described, including category and scope of application of the technique, instructions to the patient, plan of results discussion,transformation procedure providing therapeutic effect. Implementing a polymodal approach, after working with puppets, patients painted, composed and analysed works of literature andart. The field of puppet therapy intersected with the fields of drama-, mask- and art therapy, body-oriented and verbal therapy, psychodrama and system arrangements. Puppet therapy content included work with feelings and emotions, with the process of communication and social roles, with verbal and non-verbal diagnostics and self-diagnostics, with personal features and a system of relationships,with values and needs, with existential problems of patients. Systemic puppet therapy is applicable to a wide range of nosological categories, therapeutic situations, physical condition, intellectual level, gender and age characteristics of patients.The conditions and examples of application of techniques in the National Medical Research Centre of Rehabilitation and Balneology with the tasks of correcting unproductive attitudes and the system of patient relations, correcting perceptions of oneself; capacity-building and resource search; development of a compliance installation and active participation in rehabilitation are given.
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Kaye, Paul, Ahmed Musa, Joseph Olobo, et al. "OC 8489 CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF A THERAPEUTIC VACCINE FOR PREVENTION OF POST KALA AZAR DERMAL LEISHMANIASIS." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (2019): A9.2—A9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.22.
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BackgroundThe leishmaniases represent a complex of human diseases, with 350 million people at risk of infection worldwide. Although the potential benefits of vaccination have been well-recognised, no human vaccine is registered. Post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a chronic skin disease often following treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In addition to affecting quality of life, evidence suggests that PKDL patients may also act as reservoirs for VL transmission. Hence, PKDL vaccines may have a significant impact on disease burden. We recently developed a third-generation adenoviral vaccine for leishmaniasis (ChAd63-KH) that has been evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in healthy volunteers (Osman et al,2017). ChAd63-KH is currently being evaluated for safety as a therapeutic in Sudanese PKDL patients, with a phase IIb RCT starting in late 2018. With EDCTP funding, we are initiating a new phase IIa/IIb study (PREV_PKDL) todetermine whether ChAd63-KH can prevent PKDL development.MethodsIn PREV_PKDL, we will conduct an open-label phase IIa safety study, followed by a placebo blinded, phase IIb RCT. Safety and clinical response represent primary outcome measures, and immunogenicity is a secondary outcome measure. In addition, working across the four countries of Leishmaniasis East Africa Platform (LEAP), we will use deep phenotyping methods to study the immune status of patients before and after treatment for VL to understand why PKDL development is limited to specific geographic regions. This work, and other research in the region, will be supported by the creation of a new flow cytometry ‘centre of excellence’ within LEAP.ResultsAn update on the progress of our current therapeutic trial in PKDL patients will be provided.ConclusionPREV_PKDL represents an important step in the clinical development of ChAd63-KH and will help develop capacity to support future vaccine and drug trials for leishmaniasis in the East Africa Region.
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Nkonki, Lungiswa, LL, Lumbwe, L. Chola, Aviva, A. Tugendhaft, and Karen, K. Hofman. "Modelling the cost of community interventions to reduce child mortality in South Africa using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST)." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (2017): e011425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011425.
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ObjectiveTo estimate the costs and impact on reducing child mortality of scaling up interventions that can be delivered by community health workers at community level from a provider’s perspective.SettingIn this study, we used the Lives Saved Tool (LiST), a module in the spectrum software. Within the spectrum software, LiST interacts with other modules, the AIDS Impact Module, Family Planning Module and Demography Projections Module (Dem Proj), to model the impact of more than 60 interventions that affect cause-specific mortality.ParticipantsDemProj Based on National South African Data.InterventionsA total of nine interventions namely, breastfeeding promotion, complementary feeding, vitamin supplementation, hand washing with soap, hygienic disposal of children’s stools, oral rehydration solution, oral antibiotics for the treatment of pneumonia, therapeutic feeding for wasting and treatment for moderate malnutrition.Primary and secondary outcome measuresReducing child mortality.ResultsA total of 9 interventions can prevent 8891 deaths by 2030. Hand washing with soap (21%) accounts for the highest number of deaths prevented, followed by therapeutic feeding (19%) and oral rehydration therapy (16%). The top 5 interventions account for 77% of all deaths prevented. At scale, an estimated cost of US$169.5 million (US$3 per capita) per year will be required in community health worker costs.ConclusionThe use of community health workers offers enormous opportunities for saving lives. These programmes require appropriate financial investments. Findings from this study show what can be achieved if concerted effort is channelled towards the identified set of life-saving interventions.
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Espirito Santo, Bruna Larissa Spontoni do, Lidiani Figueiredo Santana, Wilson Hino Kato Junior, et al. "Medicinal Potential of Garcinia Species and Their Compounds." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194513.
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Garcinia is a genus of Clusiaceae, distributed throughout tropical Asia, Africa, New Caledonia, Polynesia, and Brazil. Garcinia plants contain a broad range of biologically active metabolites which, in the last few decades, have received considerable attention due to the chemical compositions of their extracts, with compounds which have been shown to have beneficial effects in several diseases. Our work had the objective of reviewing the benefits of five Garcinia species (G. brasiliensis, G. gardneriana, G. pedunculata, G. cambogia, and G. mangstana). These species provide a rich natural source of bioactive compounds with relevant therapeutic properties and anti-inflammatory effects, such as for the treatment of skin disorders, wounds, pain, and infections, having demonstrated antinociceptive, antioxidant, antitumoral, antifungal, anticancer, antihistaminic, antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial, antiviral, vasodilator, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and cardioprotective properties. This demonstrates the relevance of the genus as a rich source of compounds with valuable therapeutic properties, with potential use in the prevention and treatment of nontransmissible chronic diseases.
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Johnston, Emma R. "South African clinical psychologists’ multicultural clinical and supervisory experience." South African Journal of Psychology 49, no. 2 (2018): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246318801122.
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The study documents some of the multicultural challenges experienced by South African clinical psychologists and how these are addressed within the context of clinical practice, supervision, and training. This mail survey of 241 clinical psychologists registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa during the year 2015, explored everyday clinical and supervisory practices. Multicultural training experiences were also studied. Findings indicated that multicultural challenges were experienced by 74.3% of respondents in clinical practice and by 34.3% of participants involved in supervision of clinicians and/or interns. Difficulties were related to cultural belief systems, language, specific therapeutic and supervisory obstacles, as well as socio-political and economic issues. Approaches employed to address these challenges primarily involved the use of therapeutic processes, positioning, and paradigms. An emphasis on lifelong learning processes was also present. Although evidence for multicultural competency and orientation was apparent in addressing these difficulties, findings suggest a need for more awareness and in-depth training in these areas.
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Odeyemi, Samuel, and Graeme Bradley. "Medicinal Plants Used for the Traditional Management of Diabetes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Pharmacology and Toxicology." Molecules 23, no. 11 (2018): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112759.
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The use of medicinal plants for the management of diabetes mellitus is on the rise in the developing countries, including South Africa. There is increasing scientific evidence that supports the claims by the traditional healers. In this review, we compare the families of previously reported anti-diabetic plants in the Eastern Cape by rating the anti-diabetic activity, mode of action and also highlight their therapeutic potentials based on the available evidence on their pharmacology and toxicity. Forty-five plants mentioned in ethnobotanical surveys were subjected to a comprehensive literature search in the available electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Elsevier, by using “plant name” and “family” as the keywords for the primary searches to determine the plants that have been scientifically investigated for anti-diabetic activity. The search returned 25 families with Asteraceae highly reported, followed by Asphodelaceae and Alliaceae. Most of the plants have been studied for their anti-diabetic potentials in vivo and/or in vitro, with most of the plants having a higher percentage of insulin release and inhibition against carbohydrate digesting enzymes as compared with insulin mimetic and peripheral glucose uptake. Almost all the investigated plants also inhibit oxidative stress as part of their hypoglycemic activity with less toxicity. However, the isolation of their bioactive molecules is still lacking. This review provides a resource to enable thorough assessments of the therapeutic profiles of available medicinal plants used for the management of diabetes in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Further studies such as the identification of the active ingredients of potent plants still need to be carried out; this may lead to new molecules in drug discovery and development.
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Oguntibeju, Oluwafemi Omoniyi, and Kunle Okaiyeto. "Therapeutic potentials and pharmacological properties of Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus and other conditions." Plant Science Today 8, no. 4 (2021): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.4.1181.
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There is a growing interest in the use of medicinal plants. Previously, the assumption was that the use of medicinal plants is peculiar to developing and poor nations. However, due to advances in technology, innovative and scientific research on medicinal plants, the trend has changed. The number of people using medicinal plants for various reasons has increased significantly in developed countries. Research studies have shown that several plants display antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer and antiulcer activities and that these plants and their bioactive molecules play important role in retarding the progression of acute and chronic disease conditions such as bacterial infections, diabetes, hypertension and cancer. These and other factors have stimulated interest in documenting and investigating medicinal plants for their nutritional and therapeutic benefits. In addition, vegetables such as Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. are cheap and affordable sources of protein, vital amino acids, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Used as supplements, vegetables provide tangible and correct proportions of nutrients and therapeutic ingredients. As part of the documentation of medicinal plants in Africa and contributing to the pool of knowledge in the field, this review examines the various potentials of T. triangulare. It is envisaged that it would stimulate further interest and research in the plant and medicinal plants in general.
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Leung, Lawrence, Richard Birtwhistle, Jyoti Kotecha, Susan Hannah, and Sharon Cuthbertson. "Anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon): a mini review." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 12 (2009): 1703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509992054.
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It has been estimated that up to one-third of patients with diabetes mellitus use some form of complementary and alternative medicine. Momordica charantia (bitter melon) is a popular fruit used for the treatment of diabetes and related conditions amongst the indigenous populations of Asia, South America, India and East Africa. Abundant pre-clinical studies have documented the anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects of M. charantia through various postulated mechanisms. However, clinical trial data with human subjects are limited and flawed by poor study design and low statistical power. The present article reviews the clinical data regarding the anti-diabetic potentials of M. charantia and calls for better-designed clinical trials to further elucidate its possible therapeutic effects.
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Balogun, Fatai, and Anofi Ashafa. "A Review of Plants Used in South African Traditional Medicine for the Management and Treatment of Hypertension." Planta Medica 85, no. 04 (2018): 312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0801-8771.
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AbstractSouth Africa contains 9% of the worldʼs higher plants, and despite its rich biodiversity, it has one of the highest prevalence of hypertension in Africa. This review provides information on medicinal plants embraced in South Africa for hypertension management, with the aim of reporting pharmacological information on the indigenous use of these plants as antihypertensives. This review not only focuses on the activity of antihypertensive medicinal plants but also reports some of its phytochemical constituents and other ethnopharmacological and therapeutic properties. Information obtained from scientific and or unpublished databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, SciFinder, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and various books revealed 117 documented antihypertensive plant species from 50 families. Interestingly, Asteraceae topped the list with 16 species, followed by Fabaceae with 8 species; however, only 25% of all plant species have demonstrated antihypertensive effects originating from both in vitro and in vivo studies, lending credence to their folkloric use. Only 11 plant species reportedly possess antihypertensive properties in animal models, with very few species subjected to analytical processes to reveal the identity of their bioactive antihypertensive compounds. In this review, we hope to encourage researchers and global research institutions (universities, agricultural research councils, and medical research councils), particularly those showing an interest in natural products, for the need for concerted efforts to undertake more studies aimed at revealing the untapped potential of these plants. These studies are very important for the development of new pharmaceuticals of natural origin useful for the management of hypertension.
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Maitland, Kathryn, Sarah Kiguli, Robert O. Opoka, et al. "Children’s Oxygen Administration Strategies Trial (COAST): A randomised controlled trial of high flow versus oxygen versus control in African children with severe pneumonia." Wellcome Open Research 2 (October 11, 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12747.1.
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Background: In Africa, the clinical syndrome of pneumonia remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in the post-neonatal period. This represents a significant burden on in-patient services. The targeted use of oxygen and simple, non-invasive methods of respiratory support may be a highly cost-effective means of improving outcome, but the optimal oxygen saturation threshold that results in benefit and the best strategy for delivery are yet to be tested in adequately powered randomised controlled trials. There is, however, an accumulating literature about the harms of oxygen therapy across a range of acute and emergency situations that have stimulated a number of trials investigating permissive hypoxia. Methods: In 4200 African children, aged 2 months to 12 years, presenting to 5 hospitals in East Africa with respiratory distress and hypoxia (oxygen saturation < 92%), the COAST trial will simultaneously evaluate two related interventions (targeted use of oxygen with respect to the optimal oxygen saturation threshold for treatment and mode of delivery) to reduce shorter-term mortality at 48-hours (primary endpoint), and longer-term morbidity and mortality to 28 days in a fractional factorial design, that compares: Liberal oxygenation (recommended care) compared with a strategy that permits hypoxia to SpO2 > or = 80% (permissive hypoxia); andHigh flow using AIrVO2TM compared with low flow delivery (routine care). Discussion: The overarching objective is to address the key research gaps in the therapeutic use of oxygen in resource-limited setting in order to provide a better evidence base for future management guidelines. The trial has been designed to address the poor outcomes of children in sub-Saharan Africa, which are associated with high rates of in-hospital mortality, 9-10% (for those with oxygen saturations of 80-92%) and 26-30% case fatality for those with oxygen saturations <80%. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN15622505 Trial status: Recruiting
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Maitland, Kathryn, Sarah Kiguli, Robert O. Opoka, et al. "Children’s Oxygen Administration Strategies Trial (COAST): A randomised controlled trial of high flow versus oxygen versus control in African children with severe pneumonia." Wellcome Open Research 2 (January 9, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12747.2.
Full textAbstract:
Background: In Africa, the clinical syndrome of pneumonia remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children in the post-neonatal period. This represents a significant burden on in-patient services. The targeted use of oxygen and simple, non-invasive methods of respiratory support may be a highly cost-effective means of improving outcome, but the optimal oxygen saturation threshold that results in benefit and the best strategy for delivery are yet to be tested in adequately powered randomised controlled trials. There is, however, an accumulating literature about the harms of oxygen therapy across a range of acute and emergency situations that have stimulated a number of trials investigating permissive hypoxia. Methods: In 4200 African children, aged 2 months to 12 years, presenting to 5 hospitals in East Africa with respiratory distress and hypoxia (oxygen saturation < 92%), the COAST trial will simultaneously evaluate two related interventions (targeted use of oxygen with respect to the optimal oxygen saturation threshold for treatment and mode of delivery) to reduce shorter-term mortality at 48-hours (primary endpoint), and longer-term morbidity and mortality to 28 days in a fractional factorial design, that compares: Liberal oxygenation (recommended care) compared with a strategy that permits hypoxia to SpO2 > or = 80% (permissive hypoxia); andHigh flow using AIrVO2TM compared with low flow delivery (routine care). Discussion: The overarching objective is to address the key research gaps in the therapeutic use of oxygen in resource-limited setting in order to provide a better evidence base for future management guidelines. The trial has been designed to address the poor outcomes of children in sub-Saharan Africa, which are associated with high rates of in-hospital mortality, 9-10% (for those with oxygen saturations of 80-92%) and 26-30% case fatality for those with oxygen saturations <80%. Clinical trial registration: ISRCTN15622505 Trial status: Recruiting
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Maitland, Kathryn. "Symposium 5: Joint BAPEN and Nutrition Society Symposium on ‘Feeding size 0: the science of starvation’ Severe malnutrition: therapeutic challenges and treatment of hypovolaemic shock." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 68, no. 3 (2009): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665109001359.
Full textAbstract:
The systematic failure to recognise and appropriately treat children with severe malnutrition has been attributed to the elevated case-fatality rates, often as high as 50%, that still prevail in many hospitals in Africa. Children admitted to Kilifi District Hospital, on the coast of Kenya, with severe malnutrition frequently have life-threatening features and complications, many of which are not adequately identified or treated by WHO guidelines. Four main areas have been identified for research: early identification and better supportive care of sepsis; evidence-based fluid management strategies; improved antimicrobial treatment; rational use of nutritional strategies. The present paper focuses on the identification of children with sepsis and on fluid management strategies.
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Breitinger, Eckhard. "Popular Urban Theatre in Uganda: between Self-Help and Self-Enrichment." New Theatre Quarterly 8, no. 31 (1992): 270–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00006904.
Full textAbstract:
In this article Eckhard Breitinger traces the sources of present-day popular theatre in Uganda back to the situation shortly before and after independence, when Europeans, Indians, Goans, and Ugandans each had their own separate cultural and theatrical traditions. Theatrical activity came to a virtual standstill under the repressive regimes of Obote and Amin, when many prominent theatre people were killed or exiled, but quickly began to flourish again after 1986: in downtown Kampala semi-professional groups thus produce commercial comedies, while in the suburbs amateur companies use theatre to supplement their meagre incomes. Meanwhile, government and aid organizations involve themselves mainly in theatre for education, particularly health education, and the campaign against Aids has generated new needs – met by a new style of ‘morality play’, here illustrated and analyzed in detail. Eckhard Breitinger teaches American, African, and Caribbean literature at the University of Bayreuth, and has also taught in Jamaica, Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and France. He is a translator of radio plays, author of monographs on the gothic novel and American radio drama, and editor of several books on African and new English literature. Presently he is editor of Bayreuth African Studies, and directing a research project on cultural communication in Africa.
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Beteck, Richard M., Lesetje J. Legoabe, Michelle Isaacs, and Heinrich C. Hoppe. "In vitro Anti-Trypanosomal Activities of Indanone-Based Chalcones." Drug Research 69, no. 06 (2018): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0775-0737.
Full textAbstract:
Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected infectious disease that affects mostly people living in the rural areas of Africa. Current treatment options are limited to just four drugs that have been in use of four to nine decades. The life-threatening toxic side-effects associated with the use of these drugs are disconcerting. Poor efficacy, low oral bioavailability, and high cost are other shortcomings of current HAT treatments. Evaluating the potentials of known hits for other therapeutic areas may be a fast and convenient method to discover new hit compounds against alternative targets. A library of 34 known indanone based chalcones was screened against T.b. brucei and nine potent hits, having IC50 values between 0.5–8.9 µM, were found. The SAR studies of this series could provide useful information in guiding future exploration of this class of compounds in search of more potent, safe, and low cost anti-trypanosomal agents. Graphical Abstract