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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Draught animals

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Academic literature on the topic 'Draught animals'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Draught animals"

1

RAMASWAMI, N. S. "Draught animals and welfare." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 13, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.13.1.758.

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2

Chantalakhana, Charan, and Pakapun Bunyavejchewin. "Buffaloes and Draught Power." Outlook on Agriculture 23, no. 2 (June 1994): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709402300204.

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Draught animals still do much of the work on farms in developing countries, as well as being used for transportation. Despite the efforts made by governments to promote mechanization, tractors are not a realistic alternative for the average small farmer. Animals such as the buffalo have been used for centuries without causing any air or water pollution or soil compaction; they are an integral part of a sustainable agriculture, producing milk, meat and manure without any external cash inputs, and they buffer the farmer against crop failure and provide companionship. Draught animal power on small farms is not a backward way of farming but it needs support from research and development agencies if it is to develop its full potential.

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3

Mota-Rojas, Daniel, Ada Braghieri, Adolfo Álvarez-Macías, Francesco Serrapica, Efrén Ramírez-Bribiesca, Rosy Cruz-Monterrosa, Felicia Masucci, Patricia Mora-Medina, and Fabio Napolitano. "The Use of Draught Animals in Rural Labour." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092683.

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This study discusses scientific findings on the use of draught animals such as equids (i.e., horses, mules, and donkeys) and bovids (i.e., cattle and water buffaloes) in rural labours. Relevant peer-reviewed literature published between 1980 and 2021 was retrieved from CAB Abstracts, PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus databases. Although animals were used to produce draught power since their domestication and are still being used for this purpose, mechanisation has markedly reduced animal labour demand in agriculture. However, the process was uneven across continents according to economic constraints, and draught animals are currently concentrated in small production units located on terrains that do not favour agriculture mechanisation in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Generally, equids can work at rates similar to those of bovids or faster but can sustain the work for shorter periods of time. In addition, buffaloes possess tough hooves and resistance to disease that make them suitable for working in wetlands and clay soils. Draught animals allow a marked reduction of both GHG emissions and non-renewable energy consumption as compared with agricultural machinery. In addition, they may allow obtaining profits from otherwise non-usable lands. Therefore, their use should be promoted in rural areas where low investments are usually the only ones feasible, and the energy of the animals can be obtained at a low cost by feeding them harvest residues and by-products. However, more attention should be paid to the quality of human–animal interactions—due to the close contact between animals and humans while working—and to the welfare of draught animals when transported and slaughtered—due to the high prevalence of injuries they suffer when subjected to these practices.

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Matthewman, R. W., and J. T. Dijkman. "The nutrition of ruminant draught animals." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 3 (December 1993): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600085476.

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Pearson, R. Anne, and Jeroen T. Dijkman. "Nutritional implications of work in draught animals." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53, no. 1 (March 1994): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns19940020.

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6

Pearson, R. A., E. Zerbini, and P. R. Lawrence. "Recent advances in research on draught ruminants." Animal Science 68, no. 1 (February 1999): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800050025.

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AbstractA feeding system, draught cows, disease/work interactions and animal power introduction in a farming system, four areas of recent research on draught ruminants which are important to future development of animal power, are reviewed. A new feeding system for draught animals is described which enables food requirements and the effects of work on live weight and milk production to be calculated.Recent data on the energy cost of walking are appraised. Research on working cows, mainly in Ethiopia, has shown that undernutrition has a greater effect on milk yield than work, which has a transient effect. The length of the post-partum anoestrous period increases with decrease in body condition. Body-weight loss increases with increasing work load. It is suggested that dairy cows delay conception by 1 day for every day of work done. Work has little effect on food intake or digestive parameters. Although it is associated with an overall increase in food intake of cows, even of un-supplemented forage diets, the increase is not sufficient to meet all the extra energy needs for work. Food intake of both working and non-working cows increases during lactation.Disease limits the working capacity of draught animals and work can exacerbate disease. These effects were investigated using Trypanosoma evansi in Indonesia and T. congolense in The Gambia. In both studies, infected animals were able to do much less work than non-infected ones and the severity of the effect depended greatly on the strain of trypanosome used. In general, increasing the plane of nutrition did not ameliorate the effects of the disease, nor in the Gambian study did it prevent loss of appetite in infected animals.The technical and agronomic innovations necessary for the introduction of animal power into an inland valley region of central Nigeria are described and some of the sociological implications discussed.

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7

Gefu, J. O., A. H. Ndubuisi, and E. O. Ptechere. "DRAUGHT ANIMAL POWER UTILIZATION ON SMALLHOLDER FARMS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 22, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v22i2.2441.

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Asurvey on draught animal power (DAP) use on small holder farms in Giwa Local Government Area of Kaduna State was conducted during the 1988/89 farming season. A purposive sampling technique was utilized where all the 25 household heads who owned and used draught animals were sample. Structured questionnaire schedule was developed and used for data collection. The findings revealed that majority (88%) of the respondents were between the 20 and 29 years of age. While majority (92%) of the respondents started with a pair of work animals, only 4% started with two pairs. White Fulani (Bunaji) cattle was the popular breed among the respondents. The animal were used for achieving three different agricultural tasks. The constraints associated with animal power utilization include unavailability and high cost of implements, scarcity of feed during the dry season and animal disease.

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Mohan, Govind, P. Satheesh Kumar, Sushil Kumar, T. K. Bhattacharya, G. Anandasekaran, and S. Karthiga. "Knockdown Therapy for Treatment of Neoplasia in Draught Animals." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 7 (July 10, 2017): 4372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.455.

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9

Tielkes, E., B. Cisse, and I. Yossi. "The importance of animal traction and defoliation of pearl millet in a Sahelian agro-pastoral system in the Seno-Bankass, Mali." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 46, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v46i1.499.

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In the pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) based agro-pastoral systems in the south-eastern part of Mali weeding is either done by hand or using animal (donkeys, cattle) traction. To feed the draught animals farmers are harvesting fodder. One of these comprise stripped millet leaves. To evaluate these millet production systems including draught animals, and defoliation, qualitative interviews were conducted in eight villages in the Seno-Bankass area (1991) and day-to-day activities were monitored in one village (1992). The existing defoliation practice was compared with results obtained from on-station defoliation trials. These showed that the farmers practice of leaving the upper leaves from stalks with grains in milk stage, and defoliating only plants on manured fields, results in an optimal balance between grain yield reduction and fodder quality of the harvested biomass. It is concluded that the use of animal traction for weeding increases efficiency on manured fields only. Furthermore, a reduction in millet grain yield through partial defoliation can be compensated in at least average rainfall years by the benefits of the obtained good quality fodder by either selling the fodder or feeding it to selected animals.

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10

Esin, Y. N. "An Eastern Tibetan Tool for Managing Draught Cattle." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 48, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.3.107-116.

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This study, based on a trip to the Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Region of Qinghai Province, China in August 2018, focuses on the tradition of using wooden nose-rings for managing draught yaks and yak-cow hybrids, still practiced in Tibet. The materials and technology for manufacturing this tool are described, and measurements are provided. I describe variants of the traditional yoke and plow (ard) system used in conjunction with a nose-ring and identify several variants of nose-ring, distinguished by the style of terminus. I investigate seasonality of use, method of piercing, age of animals at piercing, techniques for managing single animals and draught teams, as well as nose-ring durability and advantages of wooden vs. rope forms. Based on a comprehensive comparative historical analysis of materials from Yushu, I suggest that Tibetan ancestors, who had moved there from the northeast in the second half of the 1st millennium BC, introduced wooden nose-ring technology.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Draught animals"

1

Bobobee, Emmanuel Y. H. "Performance analysis of draught animal-implement system to improve productivity and welfare /." Uppsala : Dept. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200770.pdf.

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2

Barton, D. "Draught animal power in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378609.

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3

Nengomasha, Edward Musiwa. "The donkey (Equus asinus) as a draught animal in smallholder farming areas of the semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30568.

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Donkeys are becoming increasingly important for draught animal power (DAP) in Zimbabwe and the sub-Saharan region mainly because cattle, the traditional DAP source, have suffered high mortalities in recent droughts. However, there is limited information on the extent of use and potential of donkeys for DAP in Zimbabwe. To rectify the deficiency, two surveys and a series of studies were undertaken. In the first survey, a rapid rural appraisal (RRA) was undertaken to assess the status, role and management practices of DAP in smallholder farming areas in the semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. The second survey assessed the morphological attributes of 335 working donkeys, the relationships between live weight and body measurements and the effect of seasonal fluctuations of herbage availability on live weight and body condition of the donkeys. This was followed by experiments to measure the draught performance at ploughing and to investigate the effects of water and work on dry matter intake (DMI) by donkeys. The results of the RRA showed that large numbers of cattle died during the 1991-92 drought (up to 75 per cent in some areas) and that this had increased the farmers' dependency on donkeys for DAP. The management of donkeys was generally inadequate. For example, there was widespread use of the inappropriate neck yokes on donkeys in some of the areas. The survey on morphological attributes indicated that the typical "Zimbabwean" donkey weighed 142 kg, had a heart girth of 115 cm, a withers height of 105 cm and was normally light grey in colour. Male and female donkeys were similar in size. The single best predictor of live weight was heart girth (r² = 0.864) followed by umbilical girth (r² = 0.753). Donkeys lost weight and body condition during the late dry season. When used for ploughing in the wet season, donkey and cattle teams of similar total team weights exerted a similar draught force (863 N (±49.6) and 912 N (±98.2), P>0.05), generated similar power output (743 W (±68.8) and 938 W (± 140), P>0.05), worked at similar speeds (862 m/s (±69.5) and 1012 m/s (±64.3), P>0.05) and had similar effective field capacities (14.9 hours/ha (± 1.30) and 13.6 hours/ha (± 1.46), P>0.05), respectively.

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4

Maake, Matome Simeon. "Profitability and social acceptability of tractor and animal draught enterprises operating on selected smallholder canal schemes in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." 2015. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001744.

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M. Tech. Agriculture
Shortly after World War two (WWII), the South African government responded to the mounting food production crisis in the homelands by introducing public tractor services. Establishment of irrigation schemes and provision of public tractor services for use by smallholders were two important government-initiated modernisation projects in the homelands. It was in line with the idea of modernisation that smallholder irrigation schemes were the prime target for public tractor services, and this lead to the rapid abandonment of the use of animal draught for cultivation on these schemes. By the time public tractor services were completely dismantled, cultivation on smallholder irrigation schemes had become almost entirely dependent on tractor draught. Thereafter, hiring the services of privately owned tractor enterprises became the principal way in which farmers on smallholder irrigation schemes in Limpopo Province cultivated their plots. The rising cost of hiring private tractors placed financial stress on the cropping enterprises of smallholder irrigators, generating interest in alternatives that were more affordable. Animal draught represents an attractive alternative to tractor draught. Whereas prevailing economic circumstances on smallholder irrigation schemes favour the adoption of cultivation systems that are cheaper than those offered by private tractor enterprises, it is not known whether animal draught land preparation enterprises are an appropriate alternative to the existing tractor enterprises from an economic and social perspective. In order to resolve this knowledge problem, the current study was done with the following two main objectives: to determine the profitability of the different types of land preparation enterprises operating on smallholder canal irrigation schemes in Vhembe District Municipality; and to determine the social acceptability of these different types of land preparation enterprises by measuring the perceptions of the quality of the cultivation services provided by these enterprises among plot holders on these schemes.

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Books on the topic "Draught animals"

1

Srivastava, N. S. L. Bibliography on draught animal power. Bhopal, India: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, 1987.

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2

Bartosiewicz, L. Draught cattle: Their osteological identification and history. Tervuren, Belgique: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, 1997.

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3

Bartlett, Jane. Animal draught technology: An annotated bibliography. London: Overseas Development Group of the University of East Anglia in associationwith IT Publications, 1986.

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4

Petheram, R. J. Approaches to research on draught animal power in Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Australia. Townsville, Australia: ACIAR Draught Animal Power Project, James Cook University, 1989.

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5

Ndlovu, L. R. Performance and nutritional management of draught cattle in smallholder farming in Zimbabwe. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, 1997.

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6

Singh, Vir. Draught animal power in mountain agriculture: A study of perspectives and issues in the Central Himalayas, India. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 1998.

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7

John, Langdon. Horses, oxen and technological innovation: The use of draught animals in English farming from 1066 to 1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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Horses, oxen, and technological innovation: The use of draught animals in English farming from 1066 to 1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

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9

Misra, Rajalakshmi. Draught animals, other means of transport, and agriculture in rural India: All India material trait survey : additional data. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Culture, Govt. of India, 1996.

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10

National Seminar on Status of Animal Energy Utilisation (1987 Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering). Utilisation and economics of draught animal power: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Status of Animal Energy Utilisation held at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, Jan. 24-25, 1987. Bhopal, India: The Institute, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Draught animals"

1

Kristoferson, L. A., and V. Bokalders. "8. Draught Animal Power." In Renewable Energy Technologies, 119–32. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445762.008.

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2

Cullis, Adrian, and Arnold Pacey. "4. Gardens and animal draught, 1985." In Development Dialogue, 56–76. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442006.004.

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3

Dedehouanou, Houinsou, and Paul Quarles van Ufford. "Comparing Liberalisation in Agricultural Input and Draught Animal Markets in Benin." In Agricultural Markets Beyond Liberalization, 173–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4523-1_9.

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4

Noble, Duncan. "The Mesopotamian onager as a draught animal." In The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, 485–88. 2nd ed. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315131825-45.

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KRISTOFERSON, L. A., and V. BOKALDERS. "DRAUGHT ANIMAL POWER." In Renewable Energy Technologies, 114–27. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034061-6.50016-0.

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6

"In any case, covering may be impracticable for other reasons. Many processes as they are currently designed depend upon at least visual access by operators for process control, and in other instances the production of odorous chemicals such as hydrogen sulphide can be accompanied by the formation of methane, giving a potential fire or explosion hazard. 1.1.1. Odours .from the Spreading of Sludge and Slurries on Land The chimney, originally devised to increase draught through fires and to provide smoke extraction, has found extensive use in many industries to aid the dispersion of odour. The extra height gained by the point of emission is frequently enough to give the extra dilution required to reduce the risk of odour nuisance at even relatively nearby properties. This is an option that is not open to the farmer or the sewage works operator. The cost and practicability of enclosing the processes used in sewage treatment varies considerably, but in the disposal of sludge or animal slurries to land there is never a realistic option that the dispersion of odours once transferred to the gas phase might be effectively controlled. For the prevention of nuisance therefore there are two possibili ties. First, the formation or release of odorous chemical species can be discouraged. In practice this usually means the prevention of reducing conditions (negative redox potential) and possibly the prior removal of certain key compounds. Second, the time of contact between the sludge/ slurry and the air can be reduced, for example by ploughing in or sub-surface injection, and the act of spreading can be timed to coincide with favourable atmospheric conditions. These two approaches can of course be used in combination. Both approaches naturally add to the cost of sludge disposal, and for the sewage works manager add to the risk that farmers might be less willing to accept sludge to land, causing a greater problem still. For the fanner, sewage sludge can be a useful source of cheap nitrogen, though of unspecified strength, and also of much needed soil structure, but the imposition of no-grazing periods after application can add to the cost taken as a whole. A further problem, especially for farmers with arable crops is that the demand for soil nutrients and the practicability of spreading and ploughing in are seasonal, whereas a sludge and slurry are produced at a more or less constant rate. In the case of slurries, seme form of storage is inevitable, and commonly takes place in open pits. Scxne digestion and therefore stabilisation takes place during storage, reducing the capacity of the slurry to cause odour nuisance, and as long as the surface crust is not disturbed, little odour results. It is the emptying of slurry pits that gives rise to the release of odour. 2. P rin ciple, Sources, of Odour at .^ weg e .lreatment Works." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 146. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Draught animals"

1

"CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering, Volume II Animal Production & Aquacultural Engineering, Part I Livestock Housing and Environment, Chapter 7 Draught Animals." In CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering Volume II Animal Production & Aquacultural Engineering. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.36332.

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