Journal articles: 'Drawbar characteristics'

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Šmerda, Tomáš, and František Bauer. "Effect of the load of drive axles and high of the curtain on stress-strain properties of the tractor." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 55, no. 4 (2007): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200755040077.

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The goal of the experimental measurement was determination of relation among weight load of the tractor together, hitch height changes and drawbar characteristic. The measurement was realized on chassis dynamometer at MUAF in Brno. The first step consisted of rated speed characteristics measurement in conformity with OECD demands. The drawbar characteristic was measured under two selected gears. Adding 980 kg to the nominal wight of the tractor brought increasing maximal drawbar power and drawbar force together with decreasing of slip. The highest differences were observed during the mesurement of fifth gear shifted. The drawbar force grew up to 18.9% as well as the maximal drawbar power (15.2%). The maximal drawbar power at ninth gear gave 62.8 kW. The hitch height was setting to 0.54 m; 0.64 m and 0.74 m. When the hitch height was set from 0.54 m to 0.74 m the drawbar force an power on front axle was lower by reason of load reduction. As can be noticed from the final drawbar characteristics, both curves are identical up to border of maximal drawbar power. Small differences in the area of the highest slips can be ascribed to the rolling resistance.

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Pradhan, Piyush, Ajay Verma, Rajesh Naik, and Prabhat Guru. "Traction and drawbar performance characteristics of power tiller attached cage wheel." BIBECHANA 13 (December 3, 2015): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v13i0.13351.

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The study was carried out in the research farm of Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur Chhattisgarh in June 2014. To evaluate drawbar and tractive power of 4.85kW of power tiller cultivator attached with two different types of cage wheel of half width (C1) and angle type wheels (C2) for a small power tiller operated in clay soil of wet land and flood condition. It was found that the maximum draft values of C1 and C2 were 1192N and 1039N in flood condition and 1318N and 1225N in wet condition. The results showed that maximum tractive efficiency was for cage wheel C1 and C2 values were 72.91% and 69.86% in puddle soil. The maximum field capacity was 0.084 ha/h for cage wheel C2 in puddle soil.BIBECHANA 13 (2016) 38-49

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Vykydal, Petr, František Bauer, Pavel Sedlák, and Adam Polcar. "The influence of the undercarriage and tire inflation rating on drawbar characteristics of tractors." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050255.

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The aim of the measurement was to verify the drawbar characteristics of chosen tractors with different undercarriages. The tractors were of the same engine power as well as type of gearbox (PowerShift – gears full shifted while loaded). We were dealing with the wheeled tractor John Deere 8320 and crawler tractor John Deere 8320RT. The measurement was implemented in the land register of Vrbovec (Znojmo region) in an area where green peas were grown as the main product and winter wheat as the preceding crop. The measured and the counterproductive tractors were interconnected by the rope containing strain-gauge force sensors. The wheeled tractor was decelerated by the tractor crawler. The tractor crawler was decelerated by two wheeled tractors. The wheeled tractor’s stress-strain properties were also measured applying two pressure rating alternatives. Variant A presented inflation pressure of 160 kPa on the front axle and of 140 kPa on the rear axle. Variant B applied inflation pressure of 120 kPa on the front axle and of 100 kPa on the rear axle. Measured and calculated findings reveal that the tractor crawler achieved higher drawbar power and lower specific tractive consumption and traction slip than the wheeled tractor with both variants of inflation. Comparing the stress-strain characteristics of the wheeled tractor with a different tire inflation illustrates that using variant B, higher drawbar power and lower specific tractive consumption and traction slip were measured.

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Никифорова, Antonina Nikiforova, Хахина, Anna Khakhina, Хитров, Egor Khitrov, Григорьев, Igor Grigorev, Григорьева, and Olga Grigoreva. "Calculation of wheel forest machines traction characteristics with wes-method." Forestry Engineering Journal 6, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21699.

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The article deals with the calculation the most important indicators to determine the effi-cincy of skidders for certain soil conditions, i.e. – resistance to a skidder wheel interaction; - net thrust of the mover with soil; - drawbar pull coefficient. Calculations are based on WES-models, widely spread among foreign researchers.

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Tian, Guo Liang. "Research on Application of New Concrete Silo Construction Technical System." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 1577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.1577.

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considering the development of concrete silo structure in recent years and engineering characteristics of large reinforced concrete silo, construction processes and structures of concrete silos are classified and general construction technical system is formed through innovation of construction technique and process. The general construction technical system focuses on adjustable drawbar climbing formwork system, inside drawbar-free climbing formwork system and whole lifting and towing integrated climbing formwork system, is featured with integrated construction and has multiple technical units, which could be combined flexibly to adapt to certain requirements of different projects. This method not only has flexible process, but also possesses uniform construction technique and process.

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Chen, Y. S., C. C. Chiu, and Y. D. Cheng. "Dynamic analysis of disc spring effects on the contact pressure of the collet—spindle interface in a high-speed spindle system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1329.

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In a high-speed gas spindle, the drawbar force required to hold the drill bit is produced by the deformation of disc spring stacks. This drawbar force, applied to the collet—spindle interface, generates a contact pressure on the collet to hold the drill bit in position. Thus, the behaviour of the collet—spindle interface is critical to machining quality. Accordingly, this study investigated how disc spring characteristics affect the collet—spindle interface in a high-speed spindle. Typi-cally, the drawbar force will decrease following the deformation of disc springs resulting from the effects of centrifugal force at high rotational speeds. This effect must be considered, especially in high-speed spindle applications. This study first measured the drawbar force experimentally and compared these results with theoretical and finite-element analysis (FEA) data under static conditions (i.e. no rotation). Having obtained satisfactory agreement among these data, the FEA was extended to a further investigation. Properties of the collet—spindle contact interface were analysed, given changes in rotational speed from 0 to 300 000 r/min under various disc spring deflections, various friction coefficients between the disc springs and their support, and distinct taper angles at the collet—spindle interface. All of these conditions are discussed here. These essential parameters are believed to cover much of the design of high-speed gas spindle systems.

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Ge, Xu Kun, Da Wei Liu, and Bin Tian. "Dynamic Analysis of Lifting Mechanism Based on Rigid-Flexible Coupling." Advanced Materials Research 849 (November 2013): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.849.411.

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To obtain realistic dynamic characteristics of the lifting mechanism, the liftarm and drawbar were regarded as flexible bodies. The modal neutral file (MNF) of liftarm and drawbar were obtained from modal analysis conducted by finite element analysis (FEA) software MSC.Patran/Nastran . Then the MNF were translated into ADAMS, a rigid-flexible coupling model of the lift mechanism was built by replacing the rigid bodies with MNF. The forces of each hinge points in the rigid-flexible system, which were obtained from dynamic analysis, were compared with the rigid ones. The results showed that forces obtained from the rigid-flexible system were smaller than the rigid ones, which provided a reference for the design and improvement of the lifting mechanism.

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Šmerda, T., and J. Čupera. "Tire inflation and its influence on drawbar characteristics and performance – Energetic indicators of a tractor set." Journal of Terramechanics 47, no. 6 (December 2010): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2010.02.005.

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Ghali, Aleawi A. "Effect of Soil Moisture and Tillage Depth on Some Mechanical Properties for Tillage Machines Type (Moldboard Plow)." JOURNAL OF UNIVERSITY OF BABYLON for Pure and Applied Sciences 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubpas.v27i2.2084.

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The effect of soil moisture and tillage depth was studied based on some mechanical properties for type tillage machine (moldboard plow) and soil physical characteristics wene tested two soil moisture levels of 10-12%and 12-14% and three levels tillage depth of 14,16 and 18 cm. The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the soil moisture 10-12 % was significantly better than the soil moisture 12-14% as while tillage depth at range 14cm was significantly superior to the other two levels 16 and 18 cm in all studied conditions. The results showed fuel consumption of 11.348 and 10.777 L.ha-1 , slippage percentage of 9.291 and 9.111 % power losses due to slippage of 2.689 and 2.414 kW, field efficiency of 68.358 and 68.967 %, drawbar power 12.226 and 12.001kw and specific resistance 9.045 and 8.553 N.cm-2 for soil moisture 10-12% and tillage depth 14 cm , respectively.

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Lu, Nian Li, Ce Chen, and Shi Ming Liu. "The Out-of-Plane Stability Analysis of Crane Jib with Two Symmetric Drawbars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.469.

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The out-of-plane stability of the crane jib with two symmetric drawbars is studied. Differential equation with two non-conservative forces caused by the two symmetric drawbars is established in critical condition. According to the boundary conditions and proper parameter processing, the out-of-plane characteristic equation is obtained for the crane jib. Comparison with the ANSYS results verified the correctness of the method. And special cases are given to show the consistency of the method used in this paper and that with one drawbar given by the Chinese Design Rules for crane (GB3811-2008). The contribution of the angle between two symmetric drawbars to the out-of-plane stability of the crane jib is also discussed. The results show that, the crane jib with two symmetric drawbars has higher out-of-plane stability than that with one drawbar, and the increase of the angle between the two symmetric drawbars will lead to the significant increase of the out-of-plane stability of the crane jib.

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11

Farias, Marcelo Silveira de, José Fernando Schlosser, Leonardo Casali, Mateus Cassol Cella, and Alfran Tellechea Martini. "DEMANDA ENERGÉTICA NA SEMEADURA DA SOJA COM DIFERENTES CONFIGURAÇÕES DE SULCADORES." ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 35, no. 4 (May 21, 2021): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2020v35n4p507-515.

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DEMANDA ENERGÉTICA NA SEMEADURA DA SOJA COM DIFERENTES CONFIGURAÇÕES DE SULCADORES MARCELO SILVEIRA DE FARIAS1, JOSÉ FERNANDO SCHLOSSER2, LEONARDO CASALI2, MATEUS CASSOL CELLA3, ALFRAN TELLECHEA MARTINI4 1 Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, km 40, CEP 98400-000, Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, silveira_farias@hotmail.com. 2 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima n°1000, Bairro Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, josefernandoschlosser@gmail.com; leonardo.casali@yahoo.com.br. 3 Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima n°1000, Bairro Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, mateus996@gmail.com. 4 Coordenadoria Acadêmica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Cachoeira do Sul, Rua Ernesto Barros, n° 1345, Bairro Santo Antônio, CEP 96506-310, Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, alfrantm@gmail.com. RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a demanda energética requerida por uma semeadora-adubadora para plantio direto, com diferentes configurações de sulcadores na implantação da cultura da soja, em áreas de várzea. O experimento foi conduzido em duas áreas agrícolas, tipicamente cultivadas com arroz irrigado, localizadas na região Central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos aleatorizados, em arranjo bifatorial, sendo avaliadas quatro configurações de sulcadores (haste sulcadora, haste sulcadora com sistema tapa-sulco, disco ondulado e disco duplo), em duas áreas de características distintas (área agrícola 1 e área agrícola 2). As variáveis estudadas foram: força na barra de tração, velocidade real de trabalho, patinamento das rodas motrizes do trator e consumo específico de combustível. Com base nas análises dos resultados obtidos neste estudo pode-se afirmar que, os mecanismos sulcadores influenciam na demanda energética do conjunto mecanizado, independentemente da área agrícola. O consumo específico de combustível com o uso de hastes sulcadoras quando comparado aos discos foi 0,7 vezes menor, para ambas as áreas. Palavras-chave: mecanização agrícola, força de tração, consumo de combustível, eficiência. ENERGY DEMAND OF IN SOYBEAN SOWING WITH DIFFERENT FURROWER CONFIGURATIONS ABSTRACT: This research aimed to evaluate the energy demand required by a seeder-fertilizer for direct planting, with different configurations of furrowers in the implantation of soybean culture, in lowland areas. The experiment was conducted in two agricultural areas, typically cultivated with irrigated rice, located in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A randomized block design was used, in a bifactorial arrangement, and four furrow configurations (shank, shank with furrow-groove system, corrugated disc and double disc) were evaluated in two areas with different characteristics (agricultural area 1 and agricultural area 2). The variables studied were drawbar pull, real travel speed, the slippage of the driving wheels of the tractor and specific fuel consumption. Based on the analysis of the results obtained in this study, it can be said that the furrow mechanisms influence the energy demand of the mechanized set, regardless of the agricultural area. Specific fuel consumption with the use of shanks instead of disks was 0.7 times lower, for both areas. Keywords: Agricultural mechanization, drawbar pull, fuel consumption, efficiency

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Lobachevsky, Yakov P., Sergey E. Lonin, Ilya S. Alekseev, Nikolay T. Goncharov, Irina I. Afonina, and Ekaterina N. Il'chenko. "Development of Algorithms and Software Systems for Motion Control of a Robotic Tillage Unit." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 13, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-12-6-48-52.

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Abstract. Automation of agricultural machinery is aimed at solving specific practical tasks: control and maintenance of the technological process quality, increasing labor productivity as well as crop yields. The method of "precision farming" is economically expedient, since it is a direct saving of technological material, as well as it helps reducing the negative impact on the environment and farm produce. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to review and analyze the main aspects required to develop the algorithms and software for motion control systems for a robotic tillage unit. (Materials and methods) To implement process control, it is necessary to control the direction of travel along a specified path, change the speed of movement depending on the engine load, switching the transmission gears. Physical-and-mechanical characteristics of the unit are rather heterogeneous and depend on weather conditions. Therefore, the algorithm for controlling the power of the robotic mobile unit must take into account, as much as possible, variations in the external effects of drawbar properties and the motion resistance, as a random factor. (Results and discussion) The authors have developed an imitation model representing the movement of a robotic unit. For the simulation, use has been made of a cyclic trajectory of the unit movement, consisting of two types of sections: the rectilinear ones reflecting the soil tillage pattern, and the turn areas where the unit makes a turn along a curvilinear trajectory around a certain center. (Conclusions) The implementation of robotic technologies in agricultural production result in increased technical, technological, production and economic indicators of agricultural units in field work, increased labor productivity, reduced time required for fieldworks, more rational use of bioenergy resources, increased yields of agricultural crops and reduced environmental impacts.

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Firat, Mehmet. "An analysis of sheet drawing characteristics with drawbead elements." Computational Materials Science 41, no. 3 (January 2008): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2007.04.014.

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Gao, Xiangsheng, Zeyun Qin, Min Wang, Yuming Hao, and Ziyu Liu. "Theoretical investigation on nonlinear dynamic characteristic of spindle system." Advanced Composites Letters 29 (January 1, 2020): 2633366X2091166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2633366x20911665.

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Radial gap will occur at the spindle–tool holder interface when the spindle rotates at high speed. Therefore, the radial gap will lead to the nonlinear stiffness at the spindle–tool holder connection, and it will have effects on dynamic characteristic of spindle system. In this research, classic elastic theory is adopted to evaluate the nonlinear stiffness at spindle–tool holder interface. Dynamic model of spindle system is established considering the nonlinear stiffness at spindle–tool holder interface. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is applied to solve dynamic response of the spindle system. On that basis, effects of drawbar force on dynamic characteristic of the system are investigated. Considering the cutting force, effects of rotational speed on dynamic response of cutter tip are also discussed. The numerical results show that the drawbar force has effects on vibration mode of cutter tip. Chaotic motion will not occur within the range concerned in engineering practice. Considering the cutting force, the motion of cutter tip turns to be chaotic. The proper rotational speed and drawbar force should be chosen to ensure a stable cutting according to the response of cutter tip.

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Kim, Hongjong, Youngmoo Heo, Naksoo Kim, Heon Young Kim, and Daegyo Seo. "Forming and drawing characteristics of tailor welded sheets in a circular drawbead." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 105, no. 3 (September 2000): 294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(00)00647-6.

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Tiryaki, A. E., R. Kozan, and N. G. Adar. "Prediction of Sheet Drawing Characteristics with Square Drawbead Elements Using Response Surface Methodology." Acta Physica Polonica A 128, no. 2B (August 2015): B—344—B—347. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.128.b-344.

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Livatyali, Haydar, Mehmet Firat, Burak Gurler, and Murat Ozsoy. "An experimental analysis of drawing characteristics of a dual-phase steel through a round drawbead." Materials & Design 31, no. 3 (March 2010): 1639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.08.030.

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Colla, Wandivaldi Antonio, Antonio Ludovico Beraldo, and José Otávio Brito. "Effects of thermal treatment on the physicochemical characteristics of giant bamboo." CERNE 17, no. 3 (September 2011): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602011000300010.

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Despite countless use possibilities for bamboo, this material has two major disadvantages. One drawback is the low natural durability of most bamboo species due to presence of starch in their parenchyma cells. The other equally important drawback is the tendency bamboo has to present dimensional variations if subjected to environmental change conditions. In an attempt to minimize these inconveniences, strips (laths) of Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro were taken from different portions of the culm and subjected to several temperatures, namely 140 ºC, 180 ºC, 220 ºC, 260 ºC and 300 ºC under laboratory conditions, at the ESALQ-USP college of agriculture. The thermal treatment process was conducted in noninert and inert atmospheres (with nitrogen), depending on temperature Specimens were then subjected to physicomechanical characterization tests in order to determine optimum thermal treatment conditions in which to preserve to the extent possible the original bamboo properties. Results revealed that there is an optimum temperature range, between 140 º and 220 ºC, whereby thermally treated bamboo does not significantly lose its mechanical properties while at the same time showing greater dimensional stability in the presence of moisture.

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Schreiber, M., and H. D. Kutzbach. "Influence of soil and tire parameters on traction." Research in Agricultural Engineering 54, No. 2 (June 24, 2008): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3105-rae.

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The drawbar pull, travel reduction (slip), and rolling resistance are the main criteria to describe the traction behaviour of off road vehicles. Besides the engine performance, the drawbar pull is influenced by the traction conditions such as soil and the tire parameters. These traction conditions have to be described by a limited number of parameters which can be easily determined. Empirical equations were used to analyse roughly 850 traction curves measured and published by Steinkampf. As a result, the important parameters to describe the traction conditions are three tire parameters (radius, width, inflation pressure) and five soil parameters (soil cover, upper soil strength, lower soil strength, clay content, moisture content). These parameters with relative values between 0 and 100% are used to establish the equations for the traction prediction. Main steps to achieve this goal are the extension of the traction slip equation by a linear term of slip, and the description of this curve by 4 meaningful characteristic coefficients: the x- and y-coordinates of the κ-maximum (σ κmax, κmax), the y-axis intercept ρe, and the gradient of κ at zero slip (κ’(0)).

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Mustafa, F. H. W., S. N. Azemi, M. F. Jamlos, A. A. Al-Hadi, and P. J. Soh. "Passive sensor frequency selective surface for structural health monitoring." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v14.i2.pp744-750.

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Structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies have attained attention to monitor civil structures. SHM sensor systems have been used in various civil structures such as bridges, buildings, tunnels and so on. However the previous sensor for SHM is wired and encounter with problem to cover large areas. Therefore, wireless sensor was introduced for SHM to reduce network connecting problem. Wireless sensors for Structural Health monitoring are new technology and have many advantages to overcome the drawback of conventional and wired sensor. This project proposed passive wireless SHM sensor using frequency selective surface (FSS) as an alternative to conventional sensors. The electromagnetic wave characteristic of FSS will change by geometrical changes of FSS due to mechanical strain or structural failure. The changes feature is used as a sensing function without any connecting wires. Two type of design which are circular ring and square loop along with the transmission and reflection characteristics of SHM using FSS were discussed in this project. A simulation process has shown that incident angle characteristics can be use as a data for SHM application.

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Bartnicki, Adam, Tomasz Muszyński, and Arkadiusz Rubiec. "Hydropneumatic Suspension Efficiency in Terms of Teleoperated UGV Research." Solid State Phenomena 237 (August 2015): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.237.195.

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More often Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) support or replace human in dangerous tasks performing. Usually this operations are realizing in hard conditions in rough terrain. UGVs effectively use determines its ability to obstacle negotiating, to reach high adhesion force, drawbar pull and extra longitudinal and lateral stability of UGV. Variety missions determining of use in UGVs reconfigurable and control suspension system. It is able to meet this requirement thanks to use hydropneumatic components in them suspension system. However currently it is very hard to developed characteristic of such a suspension systems. In literature there is no clear guidelines for suspension systems of teleoperated UGVs. This paper presents results of hydropneumatic suspension system research on heavy UGV.

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Zhang, Qian, Hai Shen, and Yuanyuan Huo. "An Evaluation Model of Green Coal Supplier for Thermal Power Supply Chain Based on PCA-SVM." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (September 20, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8827273.

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A thermal power supply chain differs from other supply chains in terms of supplier selection, materials transportation, products marketing, and so on. Therefore, the green coal supplier evaluation model has its own characteristics. Although many methods have been developed to solve the green supplier evaluation problem, little is known about how to evaluate the green coal supplier in the thermal power supply chain. To overcome this drawback, an evaluation index system for the green coal supplier is established, and new indexes such as price based on calorific value, quality indexes based on the designed coal type, and transportation indexes such as transportation carbon footprint and environment indexes are created according to the characteristic of the thermal power supply chain. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) is used to create the main evaluation indexes, and the support vector machine (SVM) is adopted for the evaluation model. Finally, a practical example is applied to show that the model established in this paper outperforms others in evaluation accuracy.

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Сливинский, Евгений, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Валентин киселев, and Valentin kiselev. "IMPROVEMENT OF VALVE TIMING GEAR OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIESEL ENGINE 14D40 OF LOCOMOTIVE 62M." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2019, no. 4 (May 14, 2019): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5cb58f5029eab1.34794271.

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It is well-known that any internal combustion engine consists of some simplest gears connected be-tween each other. In this way, a connecting rod gear, distributing gear and auxiliaries are constituents. One of significant drawbacks is an imperfection of a valve timing gear decreasing considerably diesel engine per-formance. To eliminate this drawback in Bunin SU of Yelets there is developed at the invention level a prom-ising design of a valve timing gear having an increased operating reliability at the expense of the application of exhaust valves manufactured according to Patent 2390638 RU.

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Chuvychin, Vladimir, and Roman Petrichenko. "Development of Smart Underfrequency Load Shedding System." Journal of Electrical Engineering 64, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2013-0018.

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The paper describes possibility to apply innovation technology of Smart Grid for power system emergency automation. Operational characteristics of existing emergency automation and new suggested one are compared in the paper. The method for liquidation of drawback of existing automation is suggested. The paper describes the developed mathematical model of intellectual underfrequency load shedding system and its operational algorithms.

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Радин, Сергей, Sergey Radin, Евгений Сливинский, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Татьяна Митина, and Tatyana Mitina. "ROD OSCILLATION INVESTIGATION OF ADAPTIVE TORSION SPRING FOR SPRING SUSPENSION OF SIX-WHEEL LOCOMOTIVE BOGIES." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2016, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20250.

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In modern locomotive design to reduce a dynamic effect upon a track there are widely used jaw and lawless six-wheel bogies supplied with a spring suspension using laminated springs, cylindrical spiral springs of compression and pneumatic springs. A considerable drawback of all known designs of spring suspension for rolling-stock is that all of them apart from a pneumatic one have no possibility for self-regulation in an automatic mode of their rigid characteristics de-pending on external dynamic impacts of track unevenness upon the latter. There is developed in Bunin State University of Yelets a promising inventionleveled structure of an adaptive torsion spring suspension excluding such a drawback and a number of computa-tions was carried out for the substantiation its rational design values.

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Nowicka-Krawczyk, Paulina B., and Joanna Żelazna-Wieczorek. "The Genus Woronichinia (Cyanobacteria) in Natural Lakes of Drawa National Park (Poland)." Polish Botanical Journal 62, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pbj-2017-0020.

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Abstract Woronichinia Elenkin is a cyanobacteria genus characteristic of lentic ecosystems. The type species, W. naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin, often blooms in the plankton of eutrophic reservoirs but this genus also contains species sensitive to high nutrient concentrations. The study analyzed the diversity and biomass of Woronichinia in lakes in a national park, isolated from the direct impact of human activity. The lakes were in various trophic states resulting from gradual and natural changes of trophy. Trophy was assessed with the use of the trophic diatom index, according to the classification we proposed for natural lakes. The relationship between the biomass and the trophic state of lakes was investigated with the use of multivariate unconstrained analysis with supplementary variables. Five species of Woronichinia were identified in all trophic types of lakes except for two oligotrophic ones: W. compacta (Lemmerm.) Komárek & Hindák, W. delicatula (Skuja) Komárek & Hindák, W. karelica Komárek & Komárk.-Legn., W. obtusa Joosten and W. naegeliana (Unger) Elenkin. The occurrence and biomass of the species were related to the trophic state of the lakes. The absence of Woronichinia in two oligotrophic lakes could be due to the high concentration of humic compounds in the sediments. The low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio characteristic of the oligo-mesotrophic lakes resulted in increased species diversity. The lakes’ isolation from human activity fostered the development of rare and sensitive species such as W. delicatula and W. karelica.

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Nagalashmi, P. "Solution for optimal power flow problem in wind energy system using hybrid multi objective artificial physical optimization algorithm." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i1.pp486-503.

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Normally, the character of the wind energy as a renewable energy sources has uncertainty in generation. To resolve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) drawback, this paper proposed a replacement Hybrid Multi Objective Artificial Physical Optimization (HMOAPO) algorithmic rule, which does not require any management parameters compared to different meta-heuristic algorithms within the literature. Artificial Physical Optimization (APO), a moderately new population-based intelligence algorithm, shows fine performance on improvement issues. Moreover, this paper presents hybrid variety of Animal Migration Optimization (AMO) algorithmic rule to express the convergence characteristic of APO. The OPF drawback is taken into account with six totally different check cases, the effectiveness of the proposed HMOAPO technique is tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and IEEE 300-bus check system. The obtained results from the HMOAPO algorithm is compared with the other improvement techniques within the literature. The obtained comparison results indicate that proposed technique is effective to succeed in best resolution for the OPF drawback.

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Hao, G. "Towards the design of monolithic decoupled XYZ compliant parallel mechanisms for multi-function applications." Mechanical Sciences 4, no. 2 (August 15, 2013): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-291-2013.

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Abstract. This paper deals with the monolithic decoupled XYZ compliant parallel mechanisms (CPMs) for multi-function applications, which can be fabricated monolithically without assembly and has the capability of kinetostatic decoupling. At first, the conceptual design of monolithic decoupled XYZ CPMs is presented using identical spatial compliant multi-beam modules based on a decoupled 3-PPPR parallel kinematic mechanism. Three types of applications: motion/positioning stages, force/acceleration sensors and energy harvesting devices are described in principle. The kinetostatic and dynamic modelling is then conducted to capture the displacements of any stage under loads acting at any stage and the natural frequency with the comparisons with FEA results. Finally, performance characteristics analysis for motion stage applications is detailed investigated to show how the change of the geometrical parameters can affect the performance characteristics, which provides initial optimal estimations. Results show that the smaller thickness of beams and larger dimension of cubic stages can improve the performance characteristics excluding natural frequency under allowable conditions. In order to improve the natural frequency characteristic, a monolithic decoupled configuration that is achieved through employing more beams in the spatial modules or reducing the mass of each cubic stage mass can be adopted. In addition, an isotropic variation with different motion range along each axis and same payload in each leg is proposed. The redundant design for monolithic fabrication is introduced in this paper, which can overcome the drawback of monolithic fabrication that the failed compliant beam is difficult to replace, and extend the CPM's life.

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Liu, Haipeng, Ling Zhang, Yi Long, and Yi Zheng. "Real-Time Displacement of Point Symbols Based on Spatial Distribution Characteristics." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8100426.

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Maps at different scales have different emphases on the information representation of point data. With a focus on large scales, this paper proposes an improved sequential displacement method. While existing approaches mostly use a fixed order to place points during displacement, the proposed method takes into consideration the spatial distribution characteristics, including the spatial structure and the holistic distance relations of a point group. This method first rapidly extracts feature points through a quadtree index to capture the spatial structure of a point group. Then, it uses map information content to determine the points to be processed. Finally, a global distance matrix for the above two sets of points is established. Overlapping of symbols is resolved by processing the global distance matrix. The algorithm is estimated by comparing with the latest strategy, which has overcome the position drift drawback of traditional sequential displacement methods and the results show that the proposed method can improve the effects of map expression and meet the requirements of real-time processing.

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Shabbak, Ashkan, and Habshah Midi. "An Improvement of the HotellingT2Statistic in Monitoring Multivariate Quality Characteristics." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/531864.

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The HotellingT2statistic is the most popular statistic used in multivariate control charts to monitor multiple qualities. However, this statistic is easily affected by the existence of more than one outlier in the data set. To rectify this problem, robust control charts, which are based on the minimum volume ellipsoid and the minimum covariance determinant, have been proposed. Most researchers assess the performance of multivariate control charts based on the number of signals without paying much attention to whether those signals are really outliers. With due respect, we propose to evaluate control charts not only based on the number of detected outliers but also with respect to their correct positions. In this paper, an Upper Control Limit based on the median and the median absolute deviation is also proposed. The results of this study signify that the proposed Upper Control Limit improves the detection of correct outliers but that it suffers from a swamping effect when the positions of outliers are not taken into consideration. Finally, a robust control chart based on the diagnostic robust generalised potential procedure is introduced to remedy this drawback.

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Huang, Xian De, Heng Chu, and Ru Yan Wang. "Object-Based Multi-Feature Classification of High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Image." Applied Mechanics and Materials 733 (February 2015): 935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.733.935.

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This paper analysis the characteristics of High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Image (HSRRSI), consider the drawback of pixel-wise Classification, an Object-based method was taken to classify the image. The paper firstly preprocess and coarsely segment the image, secondly optimize the segmented results for deeply processing, then extracting the image feature from the original image and segmented results, finally classify the image and assess the results.

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Ma, Su Chang, Hai Li Jia, and Xue Bin Liu. "Innovative Design of Honeycomb Paperboard Production Process." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1389.

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The TRIZ theory and technology is applied to solv the problems of pasted honeycomb paperboard production process. Aiming at the drawback of pasted honeycomb paperboard production process the analysis of technology contradiction is carried out. Applying technology contradiction solve matrix, through the innovation principles of the Spheroidality and Asymmetry and combined with the characteristics of the production process, innovative design of the spiral forming process has been made.

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Kim, Hwikang, Dongsun Shin, Jaehyun Kang, Seewoon Kim, Hunjun Lim, Jun Lee, and Bongchul Kim. "Anatomical Characteristics of the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle in Mandibular Prognathism." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 7970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177970.

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Mandibular prognathism is one of the most concerning subjects in the oral and maxillofacial fields. In our previous studies, we attempted to clarify the etiology of mandibular prognathism. They revealed that one of the major characteristics of mandibular prognathism was the lower volume/length ratio of the mandibular condyle and body compared to normal, and the masseter muscle showed parallelism with this. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between mandibular prognathism and the lateral pterygoid muscle by measuring the orientation and volume/length ratio of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Computed tomography was used to calculate the volume/length ratio of the lateral pterygoid muscle in 60 Korean individuals. Mimics 10.0 and Maya version 2018 were used to reconstruct the surface area and surface planes. The results showed that the prognathic group showed smaller lateral pterygoid volume/length ratios compared to the normal group (p < 0.05). In addition, the normal group displayed a larger horizontal angle (p < 0.05) to the mandibular and palatal planes than the prognathic group. This demonstrated that the mechanical drawback of the lateral pterygoid in the prognathic group is associated with mandibular prognathism.

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Ito, K., R. Yokoyama, and M. Shimoda. "Optimal Planning of a Super Waste Incineration Cogeneration Plant." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817072.

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This paper is concerned with the evaluation of economic and energy-saving characteristics of a super waste incineration cogeneration plant, which is equipped with gas turbines as topping cycle to overcome the drawback of low power generating efficiency of conventional waste incineration cogeneration plants only with steam turbines. Economic and energy-saving characteristics are evaluated using an optimal planning method, which determines capacities and operational strategies of constituent equipment from their many alternatives so as to minimize the annual total cost. Through a case study, advantages of a super waste incineration cogeneration plant are shown in comparison with a conventional one. A parametric study is also carried out with respect to the amounts of waste collected and energy distributed.

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Fu, Qing Qing, and Zheng Bin Liang. "The Design of Textile Image Processing System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.250.

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According to the drawback of high cost and complicated circuit and inadequate use of resources in DSP and FPGA structure of textile image processing, an image processing system based on Nios II in FPGA is designed. FPGA is the core of the system.Nios II processor is created in FPGA.Video image is acquired by CCD and processed in FPGA. The result shows that the system has some characteristics of small size, low cost, high integration, high stability and flexibility.

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Niu, Shi Qin, Maxime Berthou, and Dominique Tournier. "Design Impact on the Static and Short-Circuit Characteristics of SiC-SIT with Non-Uniformly Doped Channel." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.925.

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The static characteristics and short-circuit capabilities of SIT (Static Induction Transistor) depend strongly on its channel design. Analysis show that the doping concentration and the width of the channel are crucial parameters in determining the specific on-resistance, threshold voltage and saturation capabilities of the device. Classically SIT is designed with a uniformly doped channel. Improving the saturation capability of such a device comes along with increasing its on resistance. This drawback can be overcome by using non-uniformly doped channel. This paper shows that this technique achieves a 12.3% decrease in saturation current without changing its on-resistance compared to uniformly doped channel case. This result allows a significant increase of 31% in terms of short-circuit withstanding time of SIT.

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37

Wassertheurer, Bernd, and Frank Gauterin. "Investigations on Winter Tire Characteristics on Different Track Surfaces Using a Statistical Approach." Tire Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.15.430304.

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ABSTRACT The availability of reliable tire simulation models is necessary for performing accurate vehicle-handling simulations. Parameterizing of tire models, such as the Magic Formula (MF) tire model, means extensive measurement and complex fitting procedures. In addition, a general problem is that parameterized MF models are not simply adaptable to other track surfaces (e.g., dry, wet, or snowy tracks), which is a problem, especially for winter tire modeling. To face this drawback, a research project in cooperation between BMW and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology, has been initiated. The institute's internal drum test bench provides the opportunity to perform measurements on different track surfaces and various operating conditions. To identify main effects on tire performance and tire characteristics, comprehensive measurements on snow, ice, wet asphalt, and dry Safety-Walk surfaces have been carried out using three different winter tires. Experimental designs have been worked out using the method of design of experiments (DoE) to reduce the number of measurements and to decrease measuring expenditure, especially on snow track surfaces. By using DoE, all statistic effects can be analyzed despite reducing the number of measurements. Measurement data have been analyzed using extensive statistical methods. Thereby, effects on the tire characteristics have been empirically identified, and general predications will be presented in the article. We show identified main effects of track and ambient conditions on tire performance and tire characteristics. Furthermore, this article demonstrates the approach of using DoE to perform lean measurements as well as illustrates the realization of executing the measurements on different track surfaces on the test bench. These results will also be a starting basis for establishing a novel empirical model for adopting tire characteristic curves and MF tire models on alternative road and ambient conditions.

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Lopez, Guiomar, and Daniel C. Conley. "Comparison of HF Radar Fields of Directional Wave Spectra Against In Situ Measurements at Multiple Locations." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080271.

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The coastal zone hosts a great number of activities that require knowledge of the spatial characteristics of the wave field, which in coastal seas can be highly heterogeneous. Information of this type can be obtained from HF radars, which offer attractive performance characteristics in terms of temporal and spatial resolution. This paper presents the validation of radar-derived fields of directional wave spectra. These were retrieved from measurements collected with an HF radar system specifically deployed for wave measurement, using an established inversion algorithm. Overall, the algorithm reported accurate estimates of directional spectra, whose main distinctive characteristic was that the spectral energy was typically spread over a slightly broader range of frequencies and directions than in their in situ-measured counterparts. Two errors commonly reported in previous studies, namely the overestimation of wave heights and noise related to short measurement periods, were not observed in our results. The maximum wave height recorded by two in situ devices differed by 30 cm on average from the radar-measured values, and with the exception of the wave spreading, the standard deviations of the radar wave parameters were between 3% and 20% of those obtained with the in situ datasets, indicating the two were similarly grouped around their means. At present, the main drawback of the method is the high quality signal required to perform the inversion. This is in part responsible for a reduced data return, which did not exceed 55% at any grid cell over the eight-month period studied here.

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39

Brovkina, Julija, Galija Shulga, Jurijs Ozolins, Zilgma Irbe, Maris Turks, and Vitalijs Rjabovs. "Characteristics of the Coagulate Obtained During the Process of Model Wastewater Treatment." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (August 6, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2013vol1.799.

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In the process of wastewater treatment by coagulation a large amount of sediment is being produced, which is the main drawback of this method. Therefore, the development of utilization or recirculation technology of the waste obtained, the research of the obtained by-products should be conducted. Within the scope of this work, the sediment, that is being formed during the coagulation of the model wastewater containing the wood originated pollutants, was studied. Using the aluminium-containing composition coagulant on a base of polyaluminium chloride, coagulates characterized by the low sludge volume index within 30 minutes (89 ml g-1), and the optimal time of sedimentation is 20-30 minutes. The coagulate particles have an average size of 45.8 μm. The derived coagulate is composed primarily of carbon (27.9%), oxygen (49.4%) and aluminum (10.9%). Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen belong to an organic part of coagulate-the wood pollutants, which, in turn, has a high content of hemicellulose. It is concluded that the existing hemicellulose in the obtained coagulate is characterized by O-acetyl-4-O-methyl-D-glucuron-β-D-xylan with β-(1-4)-glucomannose.

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40

Vedernikov, Alexander S., and Dmitry I. Dunaev. "Correction of the static characteristic of a frequency converter to reduce the amplitudes of resonance vibrations of the vibrating table." Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Technical Sciences Series 29, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14498/tech.2021.2.8.

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It is known that vibration systems of directional vibrations based on asynchronous vibration motors are currently widely used in practice, but at the same time they have a significant drawback - a sharp increase in vibration amplitudes when passing through the resonance zone at the time of acceleration and deceleration of vibration motors, which negatively affects their operation. The article discusses a vibration table with two unbalanced asynchronous vibration motors. The calculation scheme and equations of motion of such a vibration system are presented. It is shown that the vibration table as a control object is an oscillatory link with a pronounced resonant frequency. The equations of motion of asynchronous vibration motors with scalar frequency control are given. A structural diagram of a vibration table with unbalanced exciters has been developed, the modeling of which made it possible to determine the amplitudes of resonant oscillations. It is proposed to apply correction of the static characteristics of the frequency converter, which connects the effective value of the output voltage with the frequency, to reduce the resonance amplitudes. Equations of the desired static characteristics of the inverter and analytical dependences for calculating the necessary coefficients for its implementation are given. A computational model has been developed that makes it possible to take into account the effect of the corrected static characteristic of the frequency converter on the operation of the vibrating table at the stages of acceleration and deceleration. The results of computer simulation are given, convincingly showing that the correction of the static characteristics of the inverter is an effective means of reducing the amplitudes of resonant oscillations. It is shown that modern frequency converters have functionality that makes it easy to correct the dependence of the effective value of the output voltage on the frequency. The need to adjust the static characteristics of the inverter for a specific type of product tested on the vibration table is noted.

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41

Uzunonat, Yagiz, Sinem Cevik Uzgur, S. Fehmi Diltemiz, and Melih Cemal Kushan. "Cyclic Oxidation Behaviour of MoSi₂ and MoSi₂-Si₃N₄ Composites for Aircraft Gas Turbine Elements." Advanced Materials Research 214 (February 2011): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.349.

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Pest oxidation phenomena is the major drawback of MoSi2 for the applications of this material over gas turbine elements. Therefore, addition of Si3N4 does not only eliminate the structural disintegration behaviour which can only be observed between relatively low temperatures (673-873 K) but also improves the fracture toughness at elevated temperatures. In this study, after giving some significant properties of MoSi2, effect of processing conditions to microstructural morphology and oxidation characteristics at gas turbine operating temperatures will be discussed within a composit approach.

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42

Whig, Pawan, and Syed Naseem Ahmad. "A Novel Pseudo NMOS Integrated CC -ISFET Device for Water Quality Monitoring." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 8, no. 2 (December 28, 2013): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v8i2.379.

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The paper presents a performance analysis of Novel CMOS Integrated Pseudo NMOS CC –ISFET (PNCC-ISFET) having zero static power dissipation. The main focus is on simulation of power and performance analysis along with the comparison with existing devices, which are used for water quality monitoring. This approach can improve calibration of device to a fairly wide range without the use of a high speed digital processor. The conventional devices generally used, consume high power and are not stable for long term monitoring. The conventional devices have a drawback of low value of slew rate, high power consumption, and non linear characteristics. In the proposed design(PNCC-ISFET) due to zero static power, low value of load capacitance on input signals, faster switching, use of fewer transistors and higher circuit density the device exhibits a better slew rate, piece-wise linear characteristic, and is seen consuming low power of the order of 30mW. The functionality of the circuit is tested using Tanner simulator version 15 for a 70nm CMOS process model. The proposed circuit reduces total power consumption per cycle, increases speed of operation, is fairly linear and simple to implement. This device has a simple architecture, and hence is very suitable for water quality monitoring applications.

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43

Li, Feng, Haihong Zhu, Zhenwei Luo, Hang Shen, and Lin Li. "An Adaptive Surface Interpolation Filter Using Cloth Simulation and Relief Amplitude for Airborne Laser Scanning Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 2938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152938.

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Separating point clouds into ground and nonground points is an essential step in the processing of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data for various applications. Interpolation-based filtering algorithms have been commonly used for filtering ALS point cloud data. However, most conventional interpolation-based algorithms have exhibited a drawback in terms of retaining abrupt terrain characteristics, resulting in poor algorithmic precision in these regions. To overcome this drawback, this paper proposes an improved adaptive surface interpolation filter with a multilevel hierarchy by using a cloth simulation and relief amplitude. This method uses three hierarchy levels of provisional digital elevation model (DEM) raster surfaces with thin plate spline (TPS) interpolation to separate ground points from unclassified points based on adaptive residual thresholds. A cloth simulation algorithm is adopted to generate sufficient effective initial ground seeds for constructing topographic surfaces with high quality. Residual thresholds are adaptively constructed by the relief amplitude of the examined area to capture complex landscape characteristics during the classification process. Fifteen samples from the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) commission are used to assess the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can produce satisfying results in both flat areas and steep areas. In a comparison with other approaches, this method demonstrates its superior performance in terms of filtering results with the lowest omission error rate; in particular, the proposed approach retains discontinuous terrain features with steep slopes and terraces.

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44

Maamoun, I., O. Eljamal, O. Falyouna, R. Eljamal, and Y. Sugihara. "Stimulating effect of magnesium hydroxide on aqueous characteristics of iron nanocomposites." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 10 (November 15, 2019): 1996–2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.027.

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Abstract Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nFe0) tends to aggregate, which dramatically affects its aqueous characteristics and thereby its potential in water treatment applications. Hence, the main aim of this study is to overcome such drawback of nFe0 by a new modification approach. Iron nanoparticles were modified by magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) addition with different mass ratios in order to form a nanocomposite with superior aqueous characteristics. The optimization process of the iron–magnesium nanocomposite (nFe0-Mg) was conducted through different approaches including settlement tests, morphology and crystallinity investigations and particle size estimation. The addition of Mg(OH)2 to nFe0 with a Mg/Fe coating ratio of 100% resulted in stimulated stability of the particles in aqueous suspension with around 95% enhancement in the suspension efficiency compared to that of nFe0. Results showed that the average particle size and degree of crystallinity of nFe0-Mg(Mg/Fe:100%) decreased by 46.7% and increased by 16.8%, respectively, comparing with that of nFe0. Additionally, the iron core of the synthesized nFe0 was adequately protected from aqueous corrosion with lower iron oxides leachates after the optimal modification with Mg(OH)2. Furthermore, Mg(OH)2 coating resulted in a stimulated adsorption reactivity of the composite towards phosphorus (P) with around 3.13% promotion in the removal efficiency comparing to that of nFe0.

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Yang, In Young, Young Jea Cho, Young Nam Kim, Uk Heo, Sang Guk Park, Kwang Hee Im, Ji Hoon Kim, and Jae Ki Sim. "The Penetration Characteristics of CF/Epoxy Curved Sheller According to Stacking Sequence." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.885.

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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics, among the advanced composite material watched with keen interests today, is widely used as structural components requiring light weight property because of its high specific strength as well as high specific rigidity. However, this material has a drawback of weakness against a transverse impact loading acting toward the direction of its stacked thickness, which requires different design parameters other than those used for general metal products in actual application. In connection with this point of view, this study utilized specimen of laminated composite material shell having certain radius of curvature considering actual structural component made of laminated CFRP composite material. Penetration experiment was conducted by measuring time of penetration of steel ball between two points where ballistic-screen sensors were attached on front and reverse side of the specimen with the air gun under air pressure that is adjusted by the pressure gauge attached to. Critical penetration energy was found by measuring kinetic energies of the steel ball before and after the penetration. In order to identify crack pattern and penetration mode generated inside the specimen after the experimental penetration, this study used digitalized optical microscope. Through this study, therefore, penetration characteristics by changes in number of layers, by different stacking sequences as well as penetration mode have been observed.

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46

Tao, Zhong Nan, Lian Fa Yang, and Ze Qiu Wu. "Research on the Devices of Waste Heat Recovery in Tea Dryer." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 2161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.2161.

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The waste heat is a great part of energy loss in tea processing. The status of waste heat recovery in tea drying has been reviewed. The characteristics and the application of the devices used to recover the waste heat in tea drying have been introduced, such as the circulating type, the storage type and the exchange type. The drawback of the waste heat recovery devices which exists in tea drying process has been analyzed. And the new device of waste heat recovery in tea dryer has been mentioned.

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Bao, Song Jian. "An Adaptive Intra-Frame Refresh Algorithm Based on Rate Distortion Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 346 (August 2013): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.346.123.

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The biggest drawback of compressed video code flow is very sensitive to the transmission error. Put forward the motion vector-adaptive intra refresh (MV-AIR) and the rate distortion optimization-adaptive intra refresh (RDO-AIR). The main idea of RDO-AIR is that using the rate-distortion function calculations expense determines whether a macro-block refreshed, it considers the rate distortion estimation for macro-block models selection effect, each frame is dynamically intra-frame refreshed. These two kinds of algorithm by considering the changes of the video itself content characteristics and channel error rate characteristics can be adaptively determine macro-blocks number and macro-block position. Simulation found that the two algorithms effectively enhanced the video stream resistance error performance, at the same time, and the both didnt significantly increase the output bit rate.

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48

El Mahallawy, Nahed. "Surface Treatment of Magnesium Alloys by Electroless Ni –P Plating Technique with Emphasis on Zinc Pre-Treatment: A Review." Key Engineering Materials 384 (June 2008): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.384.241.

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Magnesium alloys are attractive alloys in industrial applications , where light weight and good strength structures are required. Magnesium alloys are versatile and include both cast and wrought alloys. However, they have a drawback as they are prone to corrosion especially in harsh environments. For this reason, surface treatment of magnesium alloys is of prime importance for improving their corrosion characteristics. In the present paper, a survey of the different methods for surface treatment of magnesium alloys is presented and discussed. This is followed by a review of the recent work on electroless Ni plating technique with zinc pre-treatment applied on several magnesium alloys and the effect of pretreatment and post heat treatment on the coat characteristics. The surface morphology, surface roughness, thickness of the layer, EDX analysis, adhesion, hardness and corrosion resistance are covered in this review.

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Bensaber, Abdelhaq Amar, Mustapha Benghanem, Mohammed Amar Bensaber, and Abdelmadjid Guerouad. "Nonlinear Adaptive Control for Wind Turbine Under Wind Speed Variation." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v7i2.pp87-95.

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Wind turbines components work as nonlinear systems where electromechanical parameters change frequently [1], which makes nonlinear control an interesting solution to prevail good efficiency. SMC has been largely used in electrical power applications because it offers interesting features like robustness to parametric uncertainties and external disturbances, to conquer the biggest drawback of the SMC, adaptation strategy consists on updating the sliding gain and the turbine torque to contribute with some important characteristics such as chatter-free performance, heftiness, robustness and secure power system operation. Matlab tests are introduced and compared.

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Bensaber, Abdelhaq Amar, Mustapha Benghanem, Mohammed Amar Bensaber, and Abdelmadjid Guerouad. "Nonlinear Adaptive Control for Wind Turbine Under Wind Speed Variation." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v7i2.pp89-95.

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Wind turbines components work as nonlinear systems where electromechanical parameters change frequently [1], which makes nonlinear control an interesting solution to prevail good efficiency. SMC has been largely used in electrical power applications because it offers interesting features like robustness to parametric uncertainties and external disturbances, to conquer the biggest drawback of the SMC, adaptation strategy consists on updating the sliding gain and the turbine torque to contribute with some important characteristics such as chatter-free performance, heftiness, robustness and secure power system operation. Matlab tests are introduced and compared.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drawbar characteristics'

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