Journal articles on the topic 'Drift fence data'

AbstractMigration distances of eight species of amphibians were studied at 14 sites in the Czech Republic in the course of the 2007 spring migration season. Drift fences with pit-fall traps were installed at varying distances from the reproduction pond. No substitute breeding ponds were available nearby. 4423 m of drift fence was installed and data from a total of 4823 specimens were collected. The estimate 95th percentile migration distances for the newts Lissotriton vulgaris, Mesotriton alpestris and Triturus cristatus were between 105-866 m, and for the frogs Bombina bombina, Bufo bufo, Rana arvalis and R. temporaria estimates were between 170-2214 m. No adult individuals of R. ridibunda were caught out of water. With two exceptions in B. bufo there were no significant among-site differences in migration distances between L. vulgaris, T. cristatus and B. bufo. There were no significant between-sex differences in migration distances of L. vulgaris, M. alpestris, T. cristatus, B. bufo and R. arvalis. Thanks to a great number of various sites processed simultaneously and by the same methodology, presented data provide information on the overall distribution of migration distances in different habitats. The results could be used for the estimation of the extent of the influence on amphibian populations in cases of transection or other habitat degradation in the vicinity of their reproduction ponds.

Seasonally inundated wetlands contribute to biodiversity support and ecosystem function at the landscape scale. These temporally dynamic ecosystems contain unique assemblages of animals adapted to cyclically wet–dry habitats. As a result of the high variation in environmental conditions, wetlands serve as hotspots for animal movement and potentially hotspots of biogeochemical activity and migratory transport of nutrient subsidies. Most amphibians are semi-aquatic and migrate between isolated wetlands and the surrounding terrestrial system to complete their life cycle, with rainfall and other environmental factors affecting the timing and magnitude of wetland export of juveniles. Here we used a long-term drift fence study coupled with system-specific nutrient content data of amphibians from two small wetlands in southeastern Georgia, USA. We couple environmental data with count data of juveniles exiting wetlands to explore the controls of amphibian diversity, production and export and the amphibian life-history traits associated with export over varying environmental conditions. Our results highlight the high degree of spatial and temporal variability in amphibian flux with hydroperiod length and temperature driving community composition and overall biomass and nutrient fluxes. Additionally, specific life-history traits, such as development time and body size, were associated with longer hydroperiods. Our findings underscore the key role of small, isolated wetlands and their hydroperiod characteristics in maintaining amphibian productivity and community dynamics.

Abstract The Houston toad Bufo (Anaxyrus) houstonensis is a federally endangered amphibian endemic to east central Texas and is primarily found in the Lost Pines ecoregion. In 2010, we became cautiously optimistic regarding the recovery of the species on the Griffith League Ranch, one of the toad's primary recovery sites, after an unusually successful reproductive season. Subsequently, the extreme drought throughout Texas deepened, culminating in the fall 2011 high-severity wildfires throughout the Lost Pines ecoregion. After the drought and wildfires, we continued to intensively monitor Houston toads via anuran call surveys, drift fence arrays, and visual observations of reproduction. Our objective was to investigate the dynamics of the Houston toad population on the Griffith League Ranch during these dramatic impacts to its habitat and to discuss the potential for Houston toad recovery in the ecoregion. In summary, both a simulation model and our field monitoring data suggest the Houston toad population on the Griffith League Ranch is at critically low numbers and may be extirpated in the near future if human-mediated recovery strategies are not continued and refined. We do not discern any evidence to suggest the 2011 wildfires have had any direct detrimental impacts on subsequent Houston toad population dynamics. Still, high-resolution data will be needed in the future to quantify how the wildfires affected Houston toad viability over the medium and long term.

Insular amphibian species are often overlooked, rendering them vulnerable to habitat encroachment and other anthropogenic threats. The aim of this study was to compile a comprehensive list of amphibian species on Ko Pha-ngan in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Data were collected via transect surveys and drift line fence traps in three different habitat types from February 2021 to September 2023. Our efforts detected 12 unique amphibian species in each of the three habitat types. The highest number of detections was observed in the Ko Pha-ngan-Than Sadet National Park protected areas. The common tree frog (Polypedates leucomystax) and the common Asian toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) were the two most abundantly found species on the island, whereas the Koh Tao caecilian (Ichthyophis kohtaoensis) and the newly described false Doria’s fanged frog (Limnonectes pseudodoriae) where the least commonly found species. In addition, Microhyla heymonsi and Fejervarya limnocharis tadpoles were observed developing in high-salinity water bodies. Many species have shown a high tolerance in human-dominated landscapes. This study sheds light on the need for additional monitoring to better understand the dynamics of endemic species in addition to the impact tourism-driven development and habitat destruction has on a species with an insularly finite habitat.

Over the last decades, the worldwide decline of amphibian populations has become a major concern of researchers and conservationists. Studies have reported a diversity of trends, with some species strongly declining, others remaining stable and still others increasing. However, only a few species have been monitored annually for a long period of time by specific monitoring programmes. Instead, there are many heterogeneous datasets that contain observations of amphibians from professional surveys as well as diverse citizen science and other voluntary surveys. The use of these data brings a number of challenges, raising concerns about their validity and use in ecological research and conservation. We assessed to what extent such heterogeneous occurrence data can provide information on the status and trends of amphibians by contrasting different approaches to overcoming challenges with the data, using the German state of Saxony as an example. We assessed the effects of data processing decisions to infer absences, the use of survey method information and the statistical model (generalised linear mixed-effect occurrence model [GLMM] versus occupancy-detection model) and compared the trends with expert opinions (Red Lists). The different data processing decisions mainly led to similar annual occupancy estimates, newts being an exception. Annual occupancy estimates were typically less certain when attempting to account for the effects of survey methods, which could be explained by many missing values on methods. Separate models for drift fence data reduced the uncertainty in the annual occurrence probability estimates of the GLMM models, but uncertainty remained high for occupancy-detection models. For both methods, strong peaks and troughs in the annual occupancy estimates occurred for several species, which were not biologically plausible. Some peaks align with periods of lower sampling effort and were probably caused by shifts in the sampling locations or target species amongst years. Only for three species (<i>Bufotes viridis</i>, <i>Hyla arborea</i> and <i>Pelophylax esculentus</i>) were the trend results consistent amongst approaches and with expert opinions. For most other species, some inconsistencies appeared amongst models or approaches, indicating that trend assessments are sensitive to analytical choices. While heterogeneous data have proved useful for other taxa, our results highlight the complexity of using them for amphibians. We strongly recommend better harmonisation of data collection and metadata documentation, including explicit absence data and, if available, abundance data, to enable more robust trend assessments in the future.

We present observations on Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) gathered during a study of Prairie Rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) in a multiple-use, mixed grass landscape adjacent to the South Saskatchewan River, ~30 km northeast of Medicine Hat, Alberta, in May–October 1997. Hibernacula shared with rattlesnakes were located close to the river. We captured 31 Bullsnakes, either in a drift fence array around a hibernaculum or by hand; three were recaptured once. Emergence from the hibernaculum ended in mid-May, and return to it began in early September. A gap in capture events occurred between early July and late August, possibly attributable to fossorial activity during the height of the summer. The sex ratio of captured adult snakes was 0.64 in favour of males. Males attained the greatest maximum body sizes, but there was no significant size dimorphism by sex. Bullsnakes were assignable to juvenile, subadult, and adult classes by body size. Most captures were made on slopes in the immediate vicinity of the river, in areas classed as “thin breaks”, but four captures, about 7 km east of the river, provide evidence of long-distance movements from hibernacula. Captures were seldom made in the vicinity of anthropogenic features. Gas field development has increased greatly in the years since these data were collected. Our findings provide a baseline for Bullsnake population responses to such changes.

Insular amphibian species are often overlooked, rendering them vulnerable to habitat encroachment and other anthropogenic threats. The aim of this study was to compile a comprehensive list of amphibian species on Ko Pha-ngan in Surat Thani Province, Thailand. Data were collected via transect surveys and drift line fence traps in three different habitat types from February 2021 to September 2023. Our efforts detected 12 unique amphibian species in each of the three habitat types. The highest number of detections was observed in the Ko Pha-ngan-Than Sadet National Park protected areas. The common tree frog (<i>Polypedates leucomystax</i>) and the common Asian toad (<i>Duttaphrynus melanostictus</i>) were the two most abundantly found species on the island, whereas the Koh Tao caecilian (<i>Ichthyophis kohtaoensis</i>) and the newly described false Doria's fanged frog (<i>Limnonectes pseudodoriae</i>) where the least commonly found species. In addition, <i>Microhyla heymonsi</i> and <i>Fejervarya limnocharis</i> tadpoles were observed developing in high-salinity water bodies. Many species have shown a high tolerance in human-dominated landscapes. This study sheds light on the need for additional monitoring to better understand the dynamics of endemic species in addition to the impact tourism-driven development and habitat destruction has on a species with an insularly finite habitat.

Studies on anurans in restinga habitats are few and, as a result, there is little information on which methods are more efficient for sampling them in this environment. Ten methods are usually used for sampling anuran communities in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In this study we evaluate which methods are more appropriate for this purpose in the restinga environment of Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba. We analyzed six methods among those usually used for anuran samplings. For each method, we recorded the total amount of time spent (in min.), the number of researchers involved, and the number of species captured. We calculated a capture efficiency index (time necessary for a researcher to capture an individual frog) in order to make comparable the data obtained. Of the methods analyzed, the species inventory (9.7 min/searcher /ind.- MSI; richness = 6; abundance = 23) and the breeding site survey (9.5 MSI; richness = 4; abundance = 22) were the most efficient. The visual encounter inventory (45.0 MSI) and patch sampling (65.0 MSI) methods were of comparatively lower efficiency restinga, whereas the plot sampling and the pit-fall traps with drift-fence methods resulted in no frog capture. We conclude that there is a considerable difference in efficiency of methods used in the restinga environment and that the complete species inventory method is highly efficient for sampling frogs in the restinga studied and may be so in other restinga environments. Methods that are usually efficient in forested areas seem to be of little value in open restinga habitats.

Over the last decades, the worldwide decline of amphibian populations has become a major concern of researchers and conservationists. Studies have reported a diversity of trends, with some species strongly declining, others remaining stable and still others increasing. However, only a few species have been monitored annually for a long period of time by specific monitoring programmes. Instead, there are many heterogeneous datasets that contain observations of amphibians from professional surveys as well as diverse citizen science and other voluntary surveys. The use of these data brings a number of challenges, raising concerns about their validity and use in ecological research and conservation. We assessed to what extent such heterogeneous occurrence data can provide information on the status and trends of amphibians by contrasting different approaches to overcoming challenges with the data, using the German state of Saxony as an example. We assessed the effects of data processing decisions to infer absences, the use of survey method information and the statistical model (generalised linear mixed-effect occurrence model [GLMM] versus occupancy-detection model) and compared the trends with expert opinions (Red Lists). The different data processing decisions mainly led to similar annual occupancy estimates, newts being an exception. Annual occupancy estimates were typically less certain when attempting to account for the effects of survey methods, which could be explained by many missing values on methods. Separate models for drift fence data reduced the uncertainty in the annual occurrence probability estimates of the GLMM models, but uncertainty remained high for occupancy-detection models. For both methods, strong peaks and troughs in the annual occupancy estimates occurred for several species, which were not biologically plausible. Some peaks align with periods of lower sampling effort and were probably caused by shifts in the sampling locations or target species amongst years. Only for three species (Bufotes viridis, Hyla arborea and Pelophylax esculentus) were the trend results consistent amongst approaches and with expert opinions. For most other species, some inconsistencies appeared amongst models or approaches, indicating that trend assessments are sensitive to analytical choices. While heterogeneous data have proved useful for other taxa, our results highlight the complexity of using them for amphibians. We strongly recommend better harmonisation of data collection and metadata documentation, including explicit absence data and, if available, abundance data, to enable more robust trend assessments in the future.

The eastern narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophome carollnensis, is a common inhabitant of sandhill uplands in north-central Florida. From 1986 through 1990, I monitored a population of this species at a 0.16 ha wetland on the Katharine Ordway Preserve-Swisher Memorial Sanctuary, Putnam County, Florida. The pond held water only 14 mo during the 60-mo study. A drift fence-pitfall trap system encircled the pond basin to capture eastern narrow-mouthed toads as they entered and exited. A total of 5740 eastern narrow-mouthed toads (including recaptures) were captured despite a severe drought during the latter years of the study. In 1986 and 1988, approximately 900 eastern narrow-mouthed toads entered the pond, but the numbers fluctuated substantially in the other years. Few multi-year recaptures were recorded, although two eastern narrow-mouthed toads were captured four years after initial marking. Although eastern narrow-mouthed toads were active during all months of the year, peak activity occurred from June through September. Reproduction was successful only during the summer of 1985, and juveniles exited the pond basin through the spring of 1986. The adult population size-class structure remained consistent throughout the study, although the population size decreased. The adult sex ratio was male-biased in all years except 1990. Males were smaller than females in both snout-urostyle length (SUL) and weight, and differences were significant among years and between sexes. Drought eliminated reproduction for five years and seemed to reduce overall population size, but direct correlations between drought effects and natural stochastic variation are not yet possible. My data suggest that G. carohnensis survives long-term droughts by maintaining large populations scattered across a variety of habitats and because at least some individuals are opportunistic, rather than philopatric, in their choice of breeding sites. Long-term studies and manipulative field experiments will assist in answering some of the many questions raised by these results.

The aim of the current study was to provide a description of the species composition and habitat association of anuran species found in the Keffa area of southwest Ethiopia, among the least studied natural areas in Ethiopia. Data were gathered in both the rainy and dry seasons. Opportunistic observations, audio, and visual encounters were used to perform the survey. To capture different frog species, drift fence and pitfall trap techniques were used. Three habitat types—wetlands, agricultural land, and riverine forests—were explored for the frog species. A total of 3672-person field hours were spent and 5678 individuals of 26 different anuran species from eight different families were recorded. Of these, six species were new records for the Keffa area. Species determination was assessed using morphology and validated with genetic barcoding. The mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI gene sequence analysis have been used in molecular systematic analyses of the frog species. The Leptopelis ragazzii that was discovered to be present in the earlier study was actually Leptopelis vannutellii, as evidenced by DNA sequencing. The Hyperolius individuals were initially categorized as H. nasutus, but after conducting DNA barcoding, they were found to be H. microps. At least three potential new candidate species (Leptopelis sp. 1, Leptopelis sp. 2, and Phrynobatrachus sp. 1) were discovered. Hyperoliidae was the most abundant family from the recorded anurans, followed by Phrynobatrachidae, while Conrauidae was the least abundant. Most species were found in the wetland habitat, followed by riverine forest, while agricultural land had the least. Wetlands had the highest values for the Shannon diversity index (2.131), followed by agricultural land (1.58) and riverine forests (1.459). The environmental variables revealed that temperature had a considerable negative impact, while precipitation had a non-significantly positive relationship with anuran abundance. The Keffa area is rich in frog species, accounting for 35% of the country’s batrachofauna. However, the habitats have been fragmented and ruined by agricultural expansion, water drainage from the wetlands, and the conversion of horticulture to field crops. We recommend that non-governmental organizations, districts, regional officials, and local people in and around Keffa actively engage in wetland and forest conservation and protection.

Study This to study draft fence sea and ownership of sea areas through ecological interpretation perspective based on interpretation of the Qur'an, with referring to the interpretations of Al-Munir and Al- Maraghi . Approach interdisciplinary between knowledge ecology and religious studies are applied For evaluate role sharia principles in marine biota conservation endemic in Indonesian waters . Methodology analysis content with thematic coding techniques structured used For processing primary and secondary data collected from 2018 to 2023. Case studies that become focus is implementation draft fence sea in several coastal areas of Indonesia, accompanied by analysis legal aspects of ownership sea based on UNCLOS regulations and laws maritime international . Research results show that the ecological interpretation capable give framework philosophical and normative support​ effort conservation , at the same time offer recommendation policy strategic use support marine area management in a way sustainable . Implications results study This expected can encourage constructive dialogue between practitioner law , scholars, and researchers ecology in frame optimization management source Power marine .

Summary Objective: The objectives of epidemiological surveillance and research of infectious diseases are to address disease prevention, identify outbreaks and monitor and evaluate control strategies. In this paper, we report on the development of a Geographical Information System (GIS) based on a novel Digital Ring Fence (DRiF) strategy for the containment of acute infectious diseases. Method: Data from probable cases are captured in a secure database. Postal codes of addresses facilitate precise mapping of the location of each probable case on a multi-layered GIS system. A digital ring fence is constructed around each location (hot-spot) using Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP) modeling based on data of individuals coming into contact with each probable case. The radius of the DRiF gives the overall risk of infection from its epicenter, the probable case. By annotating the DRiF to a GIS, areas of population concentrations could be readily identified to direct outbreak containment efforts. Results: Simulation studies have demonstrated that the DRiF strategy could provide a novel approach to containment of acute disease outbreaks. Conclusion: SARS has provided convincing evidence that the key to tackling acute infectious disease outbreaks lies in containment and making disease containment one step ahead of its spread. The DRiF strategy achieves this by providing a zone to corral the spread of infection through person-to-person transmission. Other useful applications of the DRiF technique include demarcating culling zone for the containment of bird flu infection and containment of person-to-person transmission should it occur.

A herpetofaunal inventory was conducted on Bidong Island, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. It incorporates data from a recent herpetological survey conducted from 1 to 3 April 2019 with reptile records from previous publications. Specimens were collected with drift-fenced pitfall traps and taxa were recorded with visual encounter surveys (VES). In total, 18 species of reptiles and amphibians were recorded, including three species of frogs, 12 species of lizards, and three species of snakes. Six species from the present survey are new records for the island.

A herpetofaunal inventory was conducted on Bidong Island, Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. It incorporates data from a recent herpetological survey conducted from 1 to 3 April 2019 with reptile records from previous publications. Specimens were collected with drift-fenced pitfall traps and taxa were recorded with visual encounter surveys (VES). In total, 18 species of reptiles and amphibians were recorded, including three species of frogs, 12 species of lizards, and three species of snakes. Six species from the present survey are new records for the island.

We present the first lizard species list for the municipality of Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and from inventories conducted in 2008-2011. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individuals on the road. We recorded 33 species, 26 genera and ten families. Norops tandai was the most abundant species. Compared with the other regions of Amazonia, the region of Juruti presented a large number of lizards. However, further studies with an increase in the sampling effort, could prove this area to be richer in lizards than that observed so far.

ABSTRACT The present study encompasses the species composition and ecological characteristics of the snake community in a Cerrado-Amazon transition zone in Midwest of Brazil (state of Mato Grosso). The data were collected during six excursions to the "Tanguro" (study area) by visual encounter survey, pitfall traps with drift fences and non-systematic sampling. We collected 194 specimens, distributed in 34 species, 26 genera, and eight families. The most abundant species were Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758 (n = 50), Philodryas olfersii (Lichtenstein, 1823) (n = 15), Philodryas nattereri Steindachner, 1870 (n = 13), Xenodon rabdocephalus (Wied, 1824) (n = 12), Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766) (n = 10) and Erythrolamprus almadensis (Wagler, 1824) (n = 10). The composition of species found here represents a combination of Cerrado and Amazonian savanna fauna.

We present the first lizard species list for the municipality of Juruti, state of Pará, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and from inventories conducted in 2008-2011. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individuals on the road. We recorded 33 species, 26 genera and ten families. <em>Norops tandai </em>was the most abundant species. Compared with the other regions of Amazonia, the region of Juruti presented a large number of lizards. However, further studies with an increase in the sampling effort, could prove this area to be richer in lizards than that observed so far.

Abstract: Residential activities on the banks of the river produce a lot of garbage that floats in the river overflow. These settlements lack waste management systems and infrastructure and littering behavior. The results of this study recommend building and environmental modifications related to these problems. The modification takes into account the geographical conditions and the resident behavior. The research location is in a densely populated residential area on the banks of the Musi River, Palembang. Data was collected through a survey by observing the function and physical structure of the building as well as interviews that recorded the behavior and perceptions of the local community. Observations show that the most waste accumulates under stilt houses and yards on land that is flooded by a river overflow. Piles of garbage were also found at small rivers stream. Garbage drifts between houses on stilts without fences carried by the water flow. Most residents always litter on land without owners or in the streams. Making a net fence as a barrier between the yard and the under a building, as well as structuring the landscape with wetland vegetation, can prevent the drifting away garbage for facilitating disposal. can also be modified with wire netting as a barrier for littering.Abstrak: Aktivitas pemukiman di bantaran sungai banyak menghasilkan sampah yang mengapung di luapan sungai. Permukiman ini tidak memiliki sistem dan infrastruktur pengelolaan sampah dan perilaku membuang sampah sembarangan. Hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan modifikasi bangunan dan lingkungan terkait dengan permasalahan tersebut. Modifikasi memperhitungkan kondisi geografis dan perilaku penduduk. Lokasi penelitian berada di kawasan pemukiman padat penduduk di bantaran Sungai Musi, Palembang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei dengan mengamati fungsi dan struktur fisik bangunan serta wawancara yang merekam perilaku dan persepsi masyarakat setempat. Pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sampah paling banyak menumpuk di bawah rumah panggung dan pekarangan di lahan yang tergenang luapan sungai. Tumpukan sampah juga ditemukan di aliran sungai-sungai kecil. Sampah hanyut antar rumah panggung tanpa pagar terbawa aliran air. Sebagian besar penduduk selalu membuang sampah sembarangan di tanah tanpa pemilik atau di sungai. Pembuatan pagar jaring sebagai pembatas antara halaman dan kolong bangunan, serta penataan lanskap dengan vegetasi lahan basah, dapat mencegah hanyutnya sampah untuk memudahkan pembuangan. Aliran juga dapat dimodifikasi dengan jaring kawat sebagai penghalang untuk membuang sampah sembarangan.

Abstract:The directional orientation of pre- and post-reproductive migration was studied in the Brazilian red-bellied toad Melanophryniscus cambaraensis, a species that forms explosive-breeding aggregations at irregular intervals throughout the entire year. Migrating toads were captured by enclosing the breeding site in dual drift fences with inward- and outward-facing funnel traps. Data were collected over 5 mo and totalled 333 captures. The observed directional orientation was significantly different from expected under a uniform distribution for both pre- and post-reproductive migration, regardless of gender. Males and females did not differ significantly from each other in the orientation of entry or exit, and the directional orientation of pre-reproductive migration was not significantly different from post-reproductive migration. It is suggested that the observed directional bias may be due to a dirt road next to the breeding site that could restrict juvenile dispersal to the adjacent forest.

We present the first species amphibian list for municipality of Coari, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and inventories conducted in the Urucu Petrol Base, in 2003-2004 and 2007-2009. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individual on the road. Fifty four species were recorded. Rhinella gr. margaritifera (n= 68), Adenomera gr. marmorata (n= 59), and Osteocephalus leprieurii (n= 20) were the most collected, while ten species were less collected. Compared with other studies in eastern Amazonia, the region of Urucu presented a large number of anurans. Nonetheless, it ́s not possible to confirm this because the data collected were not standardized among studies. However, further studies by, increasing the sampling effort, could prove this area to be richer in anurans than that observed so far.

We present the first species amphibian list for municipality of Coari, state of Amazonas, Brazil. The list was drawn up as a result of data obtained from specimens deposited in the Herpetological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi and inventories conducted in the Urucu Petrol Base, in 2003-2004 and 2007-2009. Sampling methods included pitfall traps with drift fences and time constrained searches. We considered the data collected by other researchers, incidental encounters and records of dead individual on the road. Fifty four species were recorded. <em>Rhinella </em>gr. <em>margaritifera </em>(n= 68), <em>Adenomera </em>gr. <em>marmorata </em>(n= 59), and <em>Osteocephalus leprieurii </em>(n= 20) were the most collected, while ten species were less collected. Compared with other studies in eastern Amazonia, the region of Urucu presented a large number of anurans. Nonetheless, it ́s not possible to confirm this because the data collected were not standardized among studies. However, further studies by, increasing the sampling effort, could prove this area to be richer in anurans than that observed so far.

The vector hydrophone is playing a more and more prominent role in underwater acoustic engineering, and it is a research hotspot in many countries; however, it also has some shortcomings. For the mixed problem involving received signals in micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) vector hydrophones in the presence of a large amount of external environment noise, noise and drift inevitably occur. The distortion phenomenon makes further signal detection and recognition difficult. In this study, a new method for denoising MEMS vector hydrophones by combining ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is proposed to improve the utilization of received signals. First, the main frequency of the noise signal is transformed using a Fourier transform. Then, the noise signal is decomposed by EEMD to obtain the intrinsic mode function (IMF) component. The frequency of each IMF component in the center further determines that the IMF component belongs to the noise IMF component, invalid IMF component, or pure IMF component. Then, there are pure IMF reserved components, removing noisy IMF components and invalid IMF components. Finally, the desalinated IMF reconstructs the signal through SSA to obtain the denoised signal, which realizes the denoising processing of the signal, extracting the useful signal and removing the drift. The role of SSA is to effectively separate the trend noise and the periodic vibration noise. Compared to EEMD and SSA separately, the proposed EEMD-SSA algorithm has a better denoising effect and can achieve the removal of drift. Following that, EEMD-SSA is used to process the data measured by Fenhe. The experiment is carried out by the North University of China. The simulation and lake test results show that the proposed EEMD-SSA has certain practical research value.

AbstractTurbophoresis occurs in wall-bounded turbulent flows where it induces a preferential accumulation of inertial particles towards the wall and is related to the spatial gradients of the turbulent velocity fluctuations. In this work, we address the effects of drag-reducing polymer additives on turbophoresis in a channel flow. The analysis is based on data from a direct numerical simulation of the turbulent flow of a viscoelastic fluid modelled with the FENE-P closure and laden with particles of different inertia. We show that polymer additives decrease the particle preferential wall accumulation and demonstrate with an analytical model that the turbophoretic drift is reduced because the wall-normal variation of the wall-normal fluid velocity fluctuations decreases. As this is a typical feature of drag reduction in turbulent flows, an attenuation of turbophoresis and a corresponding increase in the particle streamwise flux are expected to be observed in all of these flows, e.g. fibre or bubble suspensions and magnetohydrodynamics.

We studied the species composition of the snake community of Serra do Mendanha, in Rio de Janeiro state, Southeastern Brazil, with an effort of 800 hours/man in different habitats, including undisturbed forest, secondary forest, areas under regeneration, and banana plantation. We sampled snakes monthly in the area using a combination of methods including intensive visual searching and pitfall traps with drift-fences. We found a total of 191 individuals of 27 snake species, belonging to four families: Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae. In terms of species richness, the most speciose snake family in the area was Colubridae (85.2%; n = 23), followed by Viperidae (7.4%; n = 2), Boidae (3.7%; n = 1) and Elapidae (3.7%; n = 1) (Table 1). Quantitatively, the family Colubridae represented 81.7% (n = 156) of the total of individuals captured throughout the study, followed by Elapidae (13.1% of the individuals; n = 25), Viperidae (4.7%; n = 9) and Boidae (0.5%; n = 1). The data obtained in the study allowed a first approximation of the richness and composition of the snake fauna from Serra do Mendanha, including the records obtained during fieldwork in the present study and those of specimens deposited in Institutional Collections and detailed field data for each voucher specimen. All records are novel data for the area.

Island ecosystem is a fragile ecosystem affected by an ocean climate, which resulting different microclimates, floristic composition and unique habitats. The island’s insularity resulted in the unique composition of animal species, especially reptiles which depend most on the microclimate. Hence, a study on reptile diversity was carried out in Pulau Tinggi, Mersing, Johor from February to October 2019. A previous survey of reptile diversity in Pulau Tinggi was conducted in 2003 and 2006, which recorded 13 and 17 species, respectively and there is an urgent need to update these data. This study used the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and drift-fenced pitfall traps as the primary sampling methods. 21 species were recorded, which comprise eight families. The Scincidae family recorded the highest number of species, which is five. Meanwhile, Viperidae and Varanidae reported the lowest number of species recorded, one species, respectively. 13 species were reported as new records for Pulau Tinggi, resulting in updated reptile diversity in Pulau Tinggi currently to 32 species based on a comparative literature review with previous studies. These new records indicate that extensive and intensive studies are needed to determine the reptilian diversity in Pulau Tinggi for conservation and management purposes.

Leptodactylus(Lithodytes) lineatus (Schneider, 1799) is an Amazonian leaf litter frog considered rare or uncommon in several studies on anuran communities. Despite being a widely distributed frog in Amazonian forests, knowledge of the biology and ecology of this species is relatively scarce. This species has been reported to live in association with leaf-cutter ant nests (Atta spp.) during the breeding period. In this paper we present data on the seasonality of this species and some reproductive information gathered at a locality of Rondônia state, northwestern Brazil. Field work was carried out between April 2001 and March 2002, with the use of pitfall traps with drift fences as a survey method. Leptodactylus (L.) lineatus had a higher capture frequency in this locality compared to that of other studies carried out in other Amazonian localities, possibly because this species has secretive habits, such as calling and breeding from nests of leaf-cutting ants, and are difficult to find during visual encounter surveys. The breeding period occurs between October and March. Calling males and egg-bearing females were found between September and February and juvenile recruitment occurred mainly from the end of the rainy season to the beginning of the dry season (February to June). Males and females show sexual dimorphism in SVL, females being significantly larger than males. The number of ovarian eggs per female varies from 110 to 328 and analyses indicate that there is a significant correlation with SVL.

Abstract. Viability and sensitivity of the great crested newt Triturus cristatus were simulated under different scenarios with a demographically and spatially structured stochastic model in an area of 144 km2 in southeastern Sweden. Eighteen ponds were monitored using drift fences with pitfall traps, funnel traps, visual observation and netting during the spring and summer of 2004. Estimated adult population sizes ranged between 0 and 620 individuals and the mean (±SD) local population size was 297 ± 233 individuals. Due to uncertainty of the data, the model was simulated with parameter ranges to estimate upper and lower bounds of viability. Estimated quasi-extinction risk (the risk of each population in the study area falling below 10 females) within a 50-yr period ranged from 100% to 0%, with a “best” estimate of 19.2%. The parameter most sensitive for the model outcome was fecundity, followed by juvenile survival, adult survival and transition from juvenile to adult. When these parameters were set at their lower bound, the quasi-extinction risk increased to 80–100%, while simulating these parameters at their higher bound inferred no or nearly no risk of quasi-extinction. This highlights the importance of focusing conservation efforts and research on the early life cycle stages. Management measures such as restoration of ponds and increased pond density decreased the risk for the great crested newt to end up quasi-extinct in the study area after 50 yr. The results may have implications on management measures of great crested newts throughout its distribution area.

Being one of the most characteristic types of plant communities found within settlements, the synanthropic communities of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) have been studied since the end of the XX century (Ishbirdin et al., 1988; Ishbirdinа, Anischenko, 1989; Sachapov et al., 1990; Anischenko, 1995; Ryabova, 1996, etc.). At the beginning of the XXI century geobotanical research was actively continued, while significant attention was paid to phytocenoses located within the towns and villages of the republic (Govorov, 2004; Edrenkina, 2005; Yamalov et al., 2008; Yamalov, Suyundukova, 2008; Usmanova et al., 2013, 2014). Urban vegetation is most fully presented in the series of publications on the classification of vegetation of towns of the Southern industrial zone (Golovanov, Abramova, 2012, 2013; Golovanov et al., 2017). The given article presents results of the long-term (2005-2018) research of vegetation of the towns of Bashkir Pre-Urals, as well as rural settlements of Trans-Urals. 63 complete relevés of new communities for RB included in the geobotanical base of synantropic vegetation of the Southern Urals were used. The geobotanical database was implemented using the TURBOVEG software (Hennekens, Schaminée, 2001). The area of relevé depended on the community size and homogeneity. Classification is carried out according to Braun-Blanquet method using the JUICE software (Tichý, 2002). The identification of new syntaxa was carried out in accordance with the “International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 4th edition” (Theurillat et al., 2021). The names of the higher syntaxa are given by “Vegetation of Europe...” (Mucina et al., 2016). The ecological conditions were assessed with use of average values of E. Landolt (1977) ecological scales and processed by IBIS software (Zverev, 2007). Average values are calculated on the following scales: humidification (M), acidity (R), soil richness with mineral nutrition elements (N), humus (H) content, mechanical composition and soil structure (D), illumination (L). At the beginning of the 2010s prodrome of synanthropic communities of RB, included 7 classes, 12 orders, 17 alliances and 61 associations (Yamalov et al., 2012). Currently, the synthaxonomy of the synanthropic vegetation of the study area requires adjustment in accordance with the modern state of European synthaxonomy. Special geobotanical studies of recent years have allowed expanding the synthaxonomic scheme of synanthropic vegetation of the region. Earlier, data have already been published on new associations for the region of the classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Galio-Urticetea (Golovanov, 2017). This article extends our research. This article considers the synanthropic vegetation of two synanthropic classes — Sisymbrietea and Digitario sanguinalis–Eragrostietea minoris. These classes are first given for the territory of the RB. The article contains their regional diagnostic species. Previously, they were a part of the wider class — Stellarietea mediae, combining annual weed and ruderal vegetation. For the class Sisymbrietea, three synthaxa are given: the associations Descurainietum sophiae and Poo annuae–Stellarietum mediae and the subass. Malvetum pusillae urticetosum urentis. The last two synthaxa are new. They unite nitrophilic communities of low-growth annuals along the house walls, fences, shoulders and other disturbed habitats both in rural settlements and in towns. Association Descurainietum sophiae unites communities found in various disturbed habitats: landfills, deposits, as well as near buildings. They occur mainly within the small settlements of the Bashkir Trans-Urals, less often in the Bashkir Cis-Urals. A comparison of the coenoflora of communities described in territory of RB and in other regions of Europe (Table 2) showed that the composition of diagnostic species groups is quite similar. The greatest similarity is with the communities located in the Czech Republic. Association Malvetum pusillae, subass M. p. urticetosum urentis (Table 3). holotypus: Table 3, relevé 2, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Khaibullinsky district, Stepnoe, along the wall of the building, 51.81988° N, 58.15081° E, 14.06.2005, author — G. Ya. Suyundukova. We compared communities dominated by Urtica urens described in territory of RB with the closest associations of the Malvion neglectae alliance of Eastern Europe (Table 4). Significant differences are visible both in the almost complete absence of main diagnostic species, and in the features of coenoflora. The cenoses described in the Czech Republic are characterized by the high constancy of Malva neglecta, completely absent in the Southern Urals, as well as the significant presence of species resistant to trampling. This indicates the different nature of environmental conditions in the compared syntaxa. Comparison with other syntaxa of the Malvion neglectae alliance in RB (Table 6) showed that the floristic composition and ecology of the Urtica urens dominated communities and the ass. Malvetum pusillae cenoses are very similar. Thus, we consider the specific subass. M. p. urticetosum urentis as part of the above association. Its physiognomy is characterized by the dominance of Urtica urens. Basically, communities are found within the rural settlements of the Bashkir Trans-Urals in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. Association Poo annuae–Stellarietum mediae (табл. 3; Fig. 1). holotypus: Table 5, relevé 1, Republic of Bashkortostan, town district Salavat, boulevard Salavat Yulaev, d. 17, house plot, 10.08.2008, 53.34177° N, 55.93038° E, author — Ya. M. Golovanov. Communities dominated by Stellaria media in Eurasia were described as a rule within the framework of weed vegetation. The closest in ecology are the cenoses of the Euphorbia peplus–Stellaria media community described within the alliance Malvion neglectae in Poland (Ratynska et al., 2010). In the ruderal communities described by us, species of the alliance Malvion neglectae and other classes of synanthropic vegetation occur with high constancy. Association communities are found near the building walls of shadow expositions, along the edges of abandoned palisades in the towns of the Bashkir Cis-Urals. Compare to other syntaxa of the Malvion neglectae alliance in the territory of RB (Table 6), the ass. Poo annuae–Stellarietum mediae occupies the most humidified habitats on slightly less rich substrates. At the same time, such communities have the richest coenoflora due to the presence of species of the classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Epilobietea angustifolii. Communities of subassociation Malvetum pusillae urticetosum urentis are similar in coenofloras and occupy similar habitats. The ass. Eragrostio–Amaranthetum albi within the class Digitario sanguinalis–Eragrostietea minoris is firstly identified. It combines specific synanthropic communities of railway embankments with predominance of annual species. Associations with the dominance of Eragrostis minor of the Digitario sanguinalis–Eragrostietea minoris class in different regions were compared (Table 8, Fig. 2). Significant similarity of the cenoses described in the republic with the communities of the ass. Eragrostio–Amaranthetum albi located in Kursk was revealed. Differences are probably due to the nature of the use of railway embankments within stations, as well as the accidental drift of certain species.

While habitat loss is a major driver of amphibian and reptile declines globally, a subset of post-industrial landscapes, reclaimed and restored, are creating habitat for these animals. In a previous work, we showed that amphibians and reptiles use reclaimed and restored grasslands. In the present work we quantify captures at drift-fence/pitfall trap arrays over two consecutive years and show that several species of amphibians are not only successfully reproducing but that juveniles are being recruited into the population. In particular, 15,844 amphibians and 334 reptiles representing 25 species (14 amphibians, 11 reptiles) were captured at drift fences in 2009 and 2010. Nine additional reptile species were found opportunistically while conducting other research activities at the study site. Out of a total of 8,064 metamorphosing juveniles we detected 126 malformations, a 1.6% rate. The major malformation types were limbs missing (amelia) or foreshortened (ectromely), eye discolorations, and digits foreshortened (ectrodactyly) or small (brachydactyly). Our data show that reclaimed, restored, and properly managed landscapes can support reproducing populations of amphibians and reptiles with low malformation rates, including species in decline across other portions of their range.

The study is diversity of amphibians in campus area of sriwijaya university indralaya, ogan ilir, south sumatra was aimed to determine the diversity of amphibian species present in this area. The research has been done in March until May 2015, in the campus of the Sriwijaya University, Indralaya. The method in this study is use the transect method by placing seventh transect line on line with the direction of cutting contour lines. Data collection techniques using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and Pit-Fall Trap method in combination with the Straight Line Method and Fence (Drift Fence). Results from this study recorded 11 species of amphibians from five families of the Anura. Average diversity index at Sriwijaya University Indralaya region is 1.70 which fall into the medium category. Keywords : Sriwijaya university, amphibians, transect,diversity

The Diversity of Reptiles on Several Habitat Types in Campus Area of Sriwijaya University Indralaya, Ogan Ilir was aimed to determine the diversity of amphibian species present in this area. The research has been done in March until May 2015, in the campus of the Sriwijaya University, Indralaya. The method in this study is use the transect method by placing seventh transect line on line with the direction of cutting contour lines. Data collection techniques using the Visual Encounter Survey (VES) and Pit-Fall Trap method in combination with the Straight Line Method and Fence (Drift Fence). Results from this study recorded 11 species of amphibians from five families of the Anura Order. Average diversity index at Sriwijaya University Indralaya region is 1.70 which fall into the medium category. Keywords : Sriwijaya university, amphibians, transect,diversity

Morphological abnormalities in amphibians are commonly associated with anthropogenic activity, although little baseline information on the prevalence of abnormalities in uncontaminated environments exist. Here, we leverage a 12-year study of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum Shaw, 1802) in an uncontaminated ecosystem in Algonquin Provincial Park, Canada, to estimate abnormality rates and explore how abnormalities affect fitness-related traits. Annual abnormality rates estimated from drift fence data, ranged from 4.3% to 5.8% of individuals sampled. Abnormality rates from aquatic trapping between 2008–2019 varied from 1.2% to 16.7%, where temporal increases in abnormality rate were observed. We also performed a targeted but systematic literature survey and found that Caudata exhibited a slightly higher abnormality prevalence than Anura, and that the baseline frequency of abnormalities described at our drift fence site is slightly lower than rates reported in the literature (8.1%, 95% CI, 4.76–13.3%). Salamanders with abnormalities exhibited a slightly, but not significantly, higher body condition and a significantly earlier arrival date at the breeding site, both of which are traits typically associated with high-fitness individuals. Our study suggests that abnormalities have detectable phenotypic consequences and underlines the need for temporal sampling efforts to provide ranges of baseline abnormality rates, rather than a point estimate.

Numerous studies have documented high numbers of amphibians killed by vehicular strikes on roads. This direct mortality can cause population declines and extirpations, but in some cases the declines might be masked, initially, by large population sizes. Population viability analysis can help discern population trajectories and identify incipient declines. We applied this tool to a situation in Santa Clara County, California where a dead-on-the-road carcass survey in 2017 demonstrated that a large number of newts in the genus Taricha were being killed by vehicles using a small two-lane road (Alma Bridge Road) most likely during annual breeding migrations to a local reservoir (Lexington Reservoir). To help determine the effect of this road-based mortality on the California newt (T. torosa) population, we conducted a drift fence/pitfall trap array study on the road during the 2020–2021 breeding season. Drift fence/pitfall trap arrays were installed at six locations along a 6.6-km stretch of the road and daily surveys were conducted at these arrays over a 148-day period from mid-November to end of March. Daily traffic and precipitation data were also recorded to help inform timing of proposed mitigation efforts. Concurrently, a group of community scientists conducted a dead-on-the-road carcass survey over the entire 6.6-km study area. We calculated the number of adult newts attempting to cross Alma Bridge Road at the arrays and the associated road-based mortality rates. Then, we combined our array results with road mortality data provided by the community scientists to estimate the number of adult California newts attempting to cross the road and their mortality rates over the entire study area during the survey period. We then incorporated this data into a population viability model to determine whether this road-based mortality rate might, if left unabated, lead to a reduction in, and possibly the eventual extirpation of, the local population of T. torosa breeding in Lexington Reservoir. The model indicated that this population would be extirpated in approximately 92 years. Because the road has been in use for approximately 67 years, we discussed the possible reasons why this population is currently extant and experiencing this high level of road-based mortality.

AbstractMany organisms with complex life cycles rely on both terrestrial and aquatic habitats to survive, which increases their susceptibility to habitat fragmentation as they require access to sufficient amounts of both habitat types as well as connectivity between them. Amphibian species are often very susceptible to these anthropogenic disturbances and are declining across the globe. We conducted the first range‐wide geospatial analysis for the federally endangered Santa Cruz long‐toed salamander (SCLTS; Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum) to address the impacts of land use change and habitat fragmentation as barriers to recovery. First, we used data from an extensive drift fence array to determine the mean, 95%, and 99% migration distances of SCLTS. We then used these calculated distances to determine the amount of suitable and accessible upland habitat around all current breeding ponds as well as those being considered as potential release sites. Land use changes (especially urban and agricultural development) have reduced the amount of suitable upland habitat within migration distance of SCLTS breeding ponds by 35.5% across the range. Habitat fragmentation due to roads has further reduced uplands both suitable and accessible to SCLTS by another 11.8%, and sea level rise projected by 2100 reduces it another 16.2%, leaving only 36.5% of potential terrestrial habitat suitable, accessible, and unflooded. This result raises substantial concerns about the long‐term viability of the majority of SCLTS populations. This range‐wide assessment also provides guidance on which breeding populations should be targeted for land use restoration and experimental road crossing structures and which potential breeding sites should be prioritized for release of captive‐bred animals.

Class amphibian comprises of bi-phasic life mode organisms sensitive to environmental changes. Anurans being among the class, are considered good indicators of functioning and non-functioning ecosystems (habitat quality). Globally, there has been a decline in anuran populations due to anthropogenic and abiotic factors, which include agricultural activities, wetland degradation, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Wetlands are considered the most preferable microhabitats as breeding sites for anurans, therefore surveys in tropical wetlands to understand anuran diversity and distribution patterns are desirable and justified for implementation of effective conservation actions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biodiversity and functional concordance of anuran species in Kingwal Swamp, one of Kenya’s least studied swamps. Through the use of visual encounters and pitfall traps with an x-drift fence, data was gathered in the wet season, morning and evening sampling between April and June 2023 from six sites along the swamp. A total of 664 individuals were recorded, from 15 different anurans belonging to seven different genera and seven families. Ptychadena was the most abundant family, while Hoplobatrachus was the least. The swamp is diverse (H’= 2.271, D = 0.8626) in anuran species with low dominance (0.1374), but evenly distributed (E = 0.6457). Most species encountered preferred insects and frogs in their diet, terrestrial and aquatic microhabitats, specifically stagnant water, and were predominately ground/wet terrestrial dwellers breeding during wet season, and of least concern. The structural complexity of microhabitats along the swamp provided diverse niches and varieties of ways to explore environmental resources, thus species biodiversity is a function of habitat quality and diversity. However, due to increased disturbances, the study recommends nature-based non-governmental organizations and conservationists to engage local people in wetland protection to curb threats for the survival of anurans in Kenya.

AbstractAnuran species are some of the good environmental indicators of habitat quality and condition in ecosystems. This is due to their amphibious life modes and sensitivity to environmental change caused by rapid expansion of agricultural activities, advancement of forest destruction, climate change and emerging infectious diseases. Understanding their diversity and distribution patterns is crucial for the development and implementation of effective species and habitat conservation strategies. The study aimed at assessing and comparing anuran biodiversity and distribution patterns between a protected (North Nandi Forest Reserve) and a non‐protected area (Kingwal swamp) to provide additional baseline information, both being among the underexplored areas in Kenya. Data were gathered in both dry and wet seasons, between October 2022 and June 2023 by employing standard sampling techniques for anurans(Visual encounter and pitfall traps with a drift fence) to maximise detection. Three habitat types‐ farmland, intermediate land and forest were exploited. A total of 1649 individuals from 21 different species, belonging to nine different genera and nine different families were recorded. Ptychadenidae was the most abundant family from the recorded anurans, while Dicroglossidae, Arthroleptidae, Pyxicephalidae and Ranidae were the least. High biodiversity was observed in the forest habitat (Protected) and least in the farmland (non‐protected). The wet season had high species abundance, diversity and richness compared to the dry season. There was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in diversity between the habitats in wet season, but no significance difference during dry season (p &gt; 0.05) except for forest and farmland (p &lt; 0.05). There was a significant difference in species abundance between seasons (p &lt; 0.05), and between habitats (p &lt; 0.05) in all seasons except for farmland and intermediate (p &gt; 0.05), as well as farmland and forest (p &gt; 0.05) during the wet season. Habitat type and season had no influence (p &gt; 0.05) on species richness. Anuran biodiversity is a function of habitat diversity and season, with the associated differences in microhabitat structure providing diverse niches and ways of exploring resources. The modest sampling indicates that Kingwal Swamp and North Nandi Forest Reserve are rich and support anuran species, and the differences in anuran biodiversity between the 3 habitats demonstrates that conservation efforts continue to be a priority.

<strong>INTRODUCTION</strong> The present study focuses on the Miano and Kadanwari blocks, that lie between latitude 27&deg; 10&#39; 0&quot; - 27&deg; 24&#39; 42&quot; N and longitude 69&deg; 19&#39; 0&quot; - 69&deg; 19&#39; 16&quot; E, in the Sukkur and Khairpur districts of Sindh Province, Pakistan (Fig. 1). Tectonically, the area is located in the Central Indus Basin (CIB) along the western margin of the Indian Plate, bounded between two regional highs i.e. the Mari-Kandhkot High to the northeast and the Jacobabad-Khairpur High to the southwest. The CIB is a gas prone province containing 70% of Pakistan&rsquo;s known gas reserves. Proven reserves are trapped dominantly in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs. The discoveries of Kadanwari, Miano, Mari Deep and Sawan fields have confirmed the potential Lower Cretaceous sandstone play in CIB. These fields mainly produce from Lower Goru sands. The reservoirs of the Miano and Kadanwari Fields are charged by the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation, which is a proven hydrocarbon source rock in Pakistan. The principal qualities of the good source rocks are; organic richness, gas prone kerogen, and thermal maturity. Sembar Formation has all these qualities which is the main reason for discoveries in the Indus Basin (Viqar-un-nisa Quadri, 1986; Kadri, 1995). &nbsp; Fig. 1 Generalized regional tectonic map with location of major oil and gas fields in the study area. Modified &nbsp;after Ahmed et al. (2013). Beginning of Cretaceous marks the worldwide rising of the sea level which made the organic life flourish. Furthermore, basin wide anoxia caused the preservation of organic matter. Time and temperature were favorable to turn this preserved organic matter into hydrocarbons. CIB was an area of extensional tectonics during Lower to Middle Cretaceous associated with slightly restricted circulation of the sea waters at the north western margin of Indian plate. Lower Cretaceous source rocks (Sembar Formation) were deposited while the basin was opening up and anoxia was prevailing. Similarly Middle to Upper Cretaceous clastics were deposited in a setting favorable for preservation of organic matter. Geochemical analyses of the rock samples from the Indus Basin have shown that the bulk of the hydrocarbons produced are derived from the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation and equivalent rocks. Sembar Formation is composed of shale&rsquo;s of mixed type-II and type-III kerogen with total organic carbon (TOC) content ranging from &lt;0.5 percent to &gt;3.5 percent. In addition, the average TOC of the Sembar Formation is ~1.4 percent with vitrinite reflectance (R˳) values range from immature (&lt; 0.6 percent R˳) to over mature (&gt;1.35 percent R˳) (Wandrey et al., 2004). Thermal generation of hydrocarbons in the Sembar Formation began during Paleocene to Oligocene (65- 40Ma). Hydrocarbon expulsion, migration and entrapment are interpreted to have occurred mainly during Eocene to Miocene (50 to 15 Ma), prior to and contemporaneously with the development of structural traps in Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs (Wandrey et al., 2004).The intra-shales of Lower Goru Formation combined with marl, and shale sequence of the Upper Goru Formation of Early to Middle Cretaceous act as the cap rock to the Lower Goru sands (Viqar-un-nisa Quadri, 1986). <strong>REGIONAL GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC SETTINGS</strong> Miano and Kadanwari are located in the CIB between two regional extensive highs i.e. the Mari-Kandhkot High to the northeast and Jacobabad-Khairpur High to the southwest (Fig. 2). The development of structural highs i.e Jacobabad-Khairpur and Mari-Kandhkot may be attributed with the development of a Cretaceous and Cenozoic passive margin along southwestern part of the Indian plate during its northwards drift from Africa. Miano and Kadanwari fields have been subject to intense episodic deformation since the beginning of Indian Plate drift towards north with the presence of numerous normal faults perpendicular to the drift plane. The anti-clock wise motion of the Indian plate around 55-50 Ma 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(Powell, 1979; Ding et al., 2005; Ding et al., 2016; Baral et al., 2018; Qasim et al., 2018) may have led to the development of strike-slip faults with complex structures in the present study area. As a result of the Early Cretaceous uplift, Early Eocene wrenching, and Late Tertiary compression the area has developed structural/stratigraphic traps exhibiting negative flowers structures, sand bed pinchout, and vertical to sub-vertical normal fault (Ahmad et al., 2011). &nbsp; Fig. 2 Generalized tectonic map of the study area and adjoining regions in the CIB. Study area is located on the Pano-Aqil Graben, and Kadanwari High in between Mari-Kandhkot Horst and Jacoababad-Khairpur Horst. Modified from Raza et al. (1990). The CIB can be classified into three broad tectonic units: (1) Sulaiman fold belt, (2) Sulaiman foredeep, and (3) Punjab platform (Figs. 1-2). It is bounded by Indian Shield to the east and highly folded mountain belts to the west. A gentle arc of northwest-southeast oriented Jacobabad-Khairpur High acts as a barrier between two foredeep basins, (Kaachhu and Sulaiman Foredeep) and is interpreted as a basement induced structure that interrupts the westward dipping of the Sindh platform (Krois et al., 1998). Jacobabad-Khairpur High was most likely active between Mesozoic and Lower Tertiary period, evidenced by the base Tertiary unconformity (Fig. 3). From Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, the area of present Khairpur High has occupied a basinal position. The depo-center during the Lower Cretaceous is situated to the east of the high. During Early Tertiary, either extensional or wrench tectonics induced uplift leading to the development of structural highs, and erosion of Upper Cretaceous Mughal Kot and Pab Formations. Normal faulting with a dominant NW-SE trend has taken place(Ahmed et al., 2013; Jadoon et al., 2016). The final development Khairpur High started in the Oligocene along the western and northern margins, and continued into the Late Cenozoic time. The reservoir in the Miano-02 well is configured with a structural trap developed as a result of &nbsp; Fig. 3 Generalized tectono-stratigraphy and distribution of the source and reservoir rocks along an EW cross-section in the region. &nbsp; Fig. 4 Interpreted seismic line P2092-113 showing the presence of high angle planar normal faults in Cretaceous section. Marker horizons from top to bottom are: Top Habib Rahi Limestone (dark blue), top Ghazij shale&rsquo;s (Orange), top Sui Main Limestone (light blue), top Ranikot (aqua blue), top Upper Goru (light green), top Lower Goru (pink), top Chiltan (purple), and base Chiltan (mint). extension with the presence of horst and graben, half graben, and roll-over anticlinal structures. The well Miano-02 was drilled in a horst which is bounded by two normal faults (Jadoon et al., 2016) (Fig. 4). <strong>WELL DATA SET</strong> Data of five wells (Miano-02, Miano-03, Miano-09, Kadanwari-05, Kadawanri-10) was acquired from Landmark Resources (LMKR), Pakistan with prior permission from Directorate General of Petroleum Concession (DGPC). <strong>POST, SYN AND PRE-RIFT SEQUENCES</strong> The Indian Plate has experienced episodic rifting throughout the Mesozoic, as a result of its separation from Africa, and other micro continents. The rapid (~15 cm/year) northwards drift of the Indian plate decreased to ~5 cm/yr after docking with the Eurasian Plate in the Eocene at ~ 55 to 47 Ma, leading to the development of the spectacular Himalayan orogeny 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(Powell, 1979; Ding et al., 2005; Ding et al., 2016; Baral et al., 2018; Qasim et al., 2018). A fence diagram was constructed for understanding the rift related sequences (Figs. 5 and6). It shows that the post-rift sequence of the post-Eocene strata is uniformly distributed in all the wells with minor changes towards the west (Miano-03), the Siwaliks thin out but increase gradually towards the south noticed in Kadanwari-10 and 05 These results can be attributed to the fact that Siwaliks are recent deposits, deposited from the movement of the clasts towards the basin, located south of the Himalayan orogeny, and east of Sulaiman fold-and-thrust belt. All the four members (Drazinda, Pirkoh, Sirki, Habib Rahi Limestone) of the Eocene Kirthar Formation are uniformly distributed, and are getting shallower towards the west (Miano-03) possibly due to the presence of the Jacobabad-Khairpur High. The thickness of the Laki Formation (Ghazij shale and Sui Main Limestone) is uniform throughout the section while the great thickness of the Ghazij shale points to the fact that during the Early Eocene deep marine conditions prevailed for a long period of time giving Ghazij shale an ample time to deposit. Such a thick sequence of shale can act as a good source rock for the formations above and can also serve as a seal rock for the formations beneath, especially for Sui Main Limestone which is a proven reservoir to the west in the Sulaiman fold-and-thrust belt. Ranikot Formation is deposited on top of the Tertiary unconformity showing a gradual increase in thickness towards the west with an exponential increase in its thickness towards the south, the thick sequence to the south can also be related to the accommodation space created due to the uplift and erosion during Late Cretaceous. &nbsp; Fig. 5 Map view of the wells used for constructing the fence diagram. Cretaceous to Early Eocene syn-rift sequence is characterized by thick sequences, and growth strata as a result of accommodation space created due to normal faulting. The Late Cretaceous Parh Formation was only encountered in two wells (Miano-09 and Miano-03). The thickness of Parh Limestone decreases to the west from 69 m encountered in Miano-09 to 6 m in Miano-03 before pinching out against an unconformity. The uplift of the Jacobabad-Khairpur High during Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary may have led to the erosion of the Late Cretaceous sequence, which is evidenced by the base Tertiary unconformity (Krois et al., 1998). The thickness of Upper Goru Formation is constant in the east-west cross-section (Miano-02, Miano-09 and Miano-03) with an abrupt increase to the south (Kadanwari-10) before decreasing farther south (Kadanwari-05). The thickness of Lower Goru Formation varies from well to well; it is increasing towards the west due to the westward transportation of the sediments during the Cretaceous as a result of rifting. Due to the absence of well data of Chiltan Limestone and older formations, we did not incorporate it in the fence diagram. <strong>INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS OF MIANO-02 AND KADANWARI-10</strong> To evaluate the potential of each formation for producing hydrocarbons, we carried out the petrophysical analysis of two wells (Miano-02 and Kadanwari-10) by using the common log curves (caliper, GR, SP, resistivity, density, neutron and sonic) to analyze formation characteristics, and fluid presence (Fig. 7a&ndash;7b). The horizon of interest i.e. Lower Goru Formation in Miano-02 having thickness of 1324 m was divided into two zones (zone-1 &amp; zone-2) due to data variations which were difficult to track or interpret as a single zone. On the basis of the above mentioned zones &nbsp; Fig. 6 Fence diagram depicting the well to well variations of the different lithological units petrophysical parameters were calculated, which include volume of shale, sonic porosity, effective porosity, water saturation, and hydrocarbon saturation (Fig. 8). Zone-1 (Fig. 8a) ranges from 3000 m to 3250 m, having a thickness of ~250 m. Two potential hydrocarbon zones (1A and 1B) can be identified. Zone-1A has all the characteristics required of a good reservoir, the volume of shale fluctuates between 0 and 45 % from 3000 m to 3076 m with a thickness of 76 m. Sonic and effective porosity show positive results ranging from 12% to 30%, and 9% to 18% indicating interconnected pore spaces in this zone. It is worth mentioning that water saturation (8% to 28%) is on the lower side, most of the pore spaces are filled with hydrocarbons confirmed by the low P-wave values in the zone (Fig. 7a). After crossing the 3076 m mark a spike in GR log is noticed (Fig. 7a) indicating an increase in the volume of shale, which is also confirmed by the decrease in the values of sonic and effective porosity. This zone from 3076 m to 3135 m marks an increase in water saturation which ultimately leads to a decrease in the presence of hydrocarbons. Zone-1B yielded a thickness of 114 m, volume of shale fluctuates between 0 and 60%. The values of effective porosity range from 10% to 24% before decreasing significantly at a depth of 3180 m with an increase in the volume of shale, indicating that the formation has changed from dominant sand to dominant shale and vice versa. The hydrocarbon percentage in this interval is good but the cross-over of neutron and density log is very less, on the basis of this finding we draw the conclusion that zone-1A probably has a much better hydrocarbon potential than zone-1B. The change in the lithology from sand to shale and vice versa also gives an insight into constant fluctuations in sea level and environment of deposition of the Lower Goru Formation. &nbsp; Fig.7a Basic log curves of Miano-02 The zone-2 (Fig. 8b) yielded a thickness of 300 m, the volume of shale varies from 0 &gt; 60% at some points with an average of 37.62%. Negligible crossovers of neutron and density log of minimal thickness 20 m and 5 m in the upper portion can be noticed. The values of effective porosity, sonic porosity, hydrocarbon saturation encountered are encouraging but the drawback is the thickness of the crossover. The only favorable zone encountered with an appropriate thickness starts from 3436 m to 3498 m having a thickness of 62 m; the volume of shale is on a higher side above 45 %. The values of sonic and effective porosity observed are also good which range from 5% to 24%, and 4% to 12% respectively. The hydrocarbon saturation starts on the lower side but gradually increases at a depth of 3456 m to about above 75%. Below the depth of 3498 m the pore spaces are largely saturated with water. In the Kadanwari-10 well the horizon of interest i.e. Lower Goru Formation was divided into two potential zones based on the response of the well logs, and the calculated petrophysical parameters: zone 1 (3140 m &ndash; 3328 m), and zone 2 (3384 m- 3496 m) (Fig. 9). Zone-1 (3140 m- 3328 m) has a thickness of 188 m, volume of shale calculated in this zone ranges between &nbsp; Fig.7b Basic log curves of Kadanwari-10. &nbsp; Fig.8a Petrophysical parameter curves for zone-1, Miano-02. &nbsp; Fig.8b Petrophysical parameter curves for zone-2, Miano-02. 25% - 50% with an average of about 35%. Volume of shale calculated shows that the formation is mostly clean and can be classified as predominantly argillaceous sand deposit. High sonic (2% - 60%) and effective porosity (2% - 60%) values are encountered to a depth of 3184 m, which then slightly decrease as the volume of shale increases slightly. The pore spaces are well connected with a very good overall porosity. Hydrocarbon saturation encountered is excellent (65% - 80%) with slight fluctuation at some levels. Neutron and density log cross-over can be noticed in the whole column which is a good indication of the presence of gas in the region. Zone-2 (3384 m - 3496 m) has a thickness of 112 m, a clear cross-over of the neutron and density log can be noticed. Volume of shale is constant throughout with an average of 32%. Sonic and effective porosity values also lie in a good range of 12% - 28%, and 8% - 20% respectively. The only problem is that the pores are mostly water saturated, values of sonic log vary from 25% to &gt;75% with a decrease in the concentration of hydrocarbon potential (Fig.7b). &nbsp; &nbsp; Fig. 9 Petrophysical parameter curves of Kadanwari-10 <strong>HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND PROSPECTS</strong> CIB is a potential hydrocarbon province in the Indus Basin. In the region between the Jacobabad-Khairpur and Mari-Kandhkot High a number of prolific gas fields have been discovered by OMV such as: Miano, Sawan, Latif, and Tajjal. Eni Pakistan is producing from the Kadanwari block, and Mari Petroleum Company Limited (MPCL) from Mari and Mari deep fields located at the Mari-Kandhkot High. The reserves of Miano and Kadanwari fields as of June 30, 2011 (Petroleum exploration and production activities in Pakistan annual report 2010-2011) are displayed in the form of a bar chart (Fig.10). Miano and Kadanwari fields show a significant amount of original recoverable gas reserves of 552 bcf, and 1110 bcf equivalent to 90 mmboe and 190 mmboe respectively. Out of these original recoverable gas reserves, 438 bcf, and 420 bcf have been extracted from the Miano/Kadanwari fields. The balance recoverable gas reserves as of June 30, 2011 were 114 bcf and 690 bcf equivalent to 19 mmboe and 110 mmboe for the Miano/Kadanwari fields. Increased amount of gas reserves in the Kadanwari field as compared to the Miano field may be attributed to the up dip migration of the hydrocarbons as the Kadanwari field lies on a structural high known as the Kadanwari High. Cumulative reserves of these two fields is 280 mmboe which is minutely less to the 300 mmboe calculated in Salt Range/Potwar Plateau (Jadoon et al., 2015). &nbsp; Figure 10a Gas reserves of Kadanwari and Miano Fields as of June 30, 2011. &nbsp; Fig. 10b Bar graph representation of gas reserves in the Kadanwari and Miano Fields as of June 30, 2011. <strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong> 1. &nbsp; The petroleum system sedimentary strata are divided into three (03) tectono-stratigraphic units: post-rift (Jurassic and older), syn-rift (Cretaceous and Paleocene), and post-rift (Eocene and younger) sequence. 2.&nbsp;&nbsp; The cross-correlation between wells shows a thick syn-rift sequence consisting of Lower Goru Formation (reservoir) and the Upper Goru Formation providing seal for the thick sequence of Lower Goru Formation. The post rift sequence is uniformly distributed throughout the area, an increase in its thickness is noticed towards the west. 3.&nbsp;&nbsp; Petrophysical analysis of Miano area shows that both the zones (1 and 2) have a good hydrocarbon potential. Two Potential zones (1A-1B) were identified in the zone 1 ranging in depth from 3000 m &ndash; 3250 m, having a thickness of 76 m and 114 m respectively. In the zone-2, a few small crossovers of neutron and density logs could be seen but on the basis of thickness only one potential zone was identified having a thickness of 62 m. 4.&nbsp;&nbsp; Petrophysical analysis of Kadanwari-10 shows two favorable zones having a good a hydrocarbon potential. The depth of the reservoir zone ranges between 3080 m - 3480 m. The zone-1 has a greater thickness of 188 m as compared to the zone-2 having a thickness of 112 m. The hydrocarbon potential in the zone- 1 is greater than that of zone-2. 5.&nbsp;&nbsp; Collective original recoverable reserves of 280 (mmboe) of the Miano and Kadanwari fields are now limited to 129 (mmboe). Thus significant amount of hydrocarbon reserves are present in Miano and Kadanwari Fields. <strong>ACNOWLEDGEMENTS</strong> Department of Earth Sciences in COMSATS Institute of Information Technology is acknowledged for MS report that serves as foundation for this work.&nbsp; The Directorate General of Petroleum Concession Pakistan is acknowledgement for the well data. This work has been completed at Petroleum Geosciences Laboratory at the Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology. It is financially supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, NRPU project 20-2062, Pakistan Science Foundation project PSF/NSFC-Earth/KP-COMSATS-Abt (09), and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research for which they are dully acknowledged.

Abstract: Among amphibian species from high elevation areas in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest there is a high percentage of threatened and endemic species, but there is still a relative scarcity of local inventories for these organisms. Here, we present data on anuran composition, relative abundance and estimated densities for leaf-litter frogs from an Atlantic Forest area within the APA Serra da Mantiqueira, in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, based on results of a short-term survey carried out at altitudes of 1,350-1,750 m, in November 2005 (with additional records from surveys made in 2010 and 2011). Three sampling methods were used during the 2005 survey: plot sampling, visual encounter surveys (VES; performed during the day, at the dusk, and at night), and pitfall traps with drift fences; only non-standardized visual searches were employed during the 2010 and 2011 surveys. We recorded 24 species, with the direct-developer Ischnocnema sp. (gr. lactea) being the most abundant. Most anurans (90% of all individuals) sampled by VES were captured during the crepuscular and nocturnal periods. The estimated density of the local leaf-litter frog assemblage based on plot sampling was 18.4 ind/100 m2, which is one of the highest values currently reported for Atlantic Rainforest areas. This is the first study analyzing the anuran fauna composition of an Atlantic Forest area within the APA Serra da Mantiqueira and adds to the body of knowledge on the fauna of the southern region of Rio de Janeiro state.

Abstract: Data on the composition of local reptile assemblages in several Brazilian ecosystems can still be considered relatively restricted in scope in most cases. In this study, we conducted surveys in the Serra das Torres Natural Monument, located in the municipalities of Atílio Vivacqua, Muqui, and Mimoso do Sul, using the Rapid Assessments method (RAP) during 30 days in the rainy season of 2018. We sampled actively for approximately 1320 hours with a 6-10 person crew, supplemented by 720 hours of passive sampling (30 bucket-days) using pitfall traps with drift fences. We recorded 34 reptile species during our sampling method (2 amphisbaenid, 11 lizards, and 21 snakes) and an occasional encounter, after the end of sampling, that added a chelonian species to the list, Hydromedusa maximiliani, totaling 35 reptile species. The Dipsadidae was the family with the greatest snake species richness and, the Gymnophtalmidae had the greatest lizard species richness. The species richness recorded in the Serra das Torres Natural Monument (Ntotal = 35) represents ca. 27% of all reptile species found in the state of Espírito Santo (N = 130). The most abundant lizard species was Leposoma scincoides followed by Ecpleopus gaudichaudii and, the most abundant snake species was Bothrops jararaca being markedly higher than that recorded in similar studies. Twenty-seven percent of the reptile species recorded in our study are endemic to the Atlantic Forest and 30% (N = 10) have been recorded less than five times previously in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. Our study reinforces the need for the conservation of the Serra das Torres Natural Monument because of its importance as a reservoir of a considerable portion of the reptile biodiversity of Espírito Santo state, and of the Atlantic Forest biome as a whole.

Abstract The Brazilian Atlantic Forest holds a major part of the country’s amphibian species richness and high rates of endemism. In this study, we conducted surveys using the Rapid Assessment (RA) method to sample the amphibian fauna of the Serra das Torres Natural Monument (MONAST), an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil. We sampled actively with a 6-10-person team to collect standard samples from 09:00 to 12:00 hours for the daytime period, and from 18:00 to 22:00 hours for the crepuscular/nighttime period, with a total of approximately 1,320 hours of sampling effort. We supplemented these data with 720 hours of passive sampling, using pitfall traps with drift fences (30 bucket-days). We recorded 54 amphibian species (two gymnophionans and 52 anurans), and the species richness estimated by the Bootstrap method indicates that a slightly larger number of species (n = 60) may occur in the study area. The most speciose family was Hylidae (n = 21), followed by Brachycephalidae (n = 8). Overall, 25% of the species (n = 13) were recorded only once (singletons) and 15% (n = 8) only twice (doubletons). Most amphibians recorded in this study (71%, n = 37 species) were restricted to the Atlantic Forest biome, two species (Euparkerella robusta and Luetkenotyphlus fredi) are endemic to the Espírito Santo state, and one of them, the leaf litter species E. robusta, is endemic to the MONAST. Euparkerella robusta is currently listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN and is classified as Critically Endangered in the Espírito Santo State red list, while L. fredi has yet to be evaluated due to its recent description. Thoropa lutzi is currently listed as Endangered (EN) by both the IUCN and in the State list. Nine species are listed as Data Deficient (DD) and populations of 13 species are considered to be declining by the IUCN. We extend the geographical distribution of two anuran species (Hylodes babax and Phasmahyla lisbella) and fill an important gap in the distribution of Siphonops hardyi. Amphibians associated with the forest floor represented 42% of the species richness from MONAST, and 43% of these species inhabit the leaf litter exclusively. Our study revealed that Serra das Torres preserves a considerable diversity of Atlantic Forest amphibians, which reinforces the need for the conservation of this forest remnant.

Abstract Several herpetofaunal inventories have been conducted in the Neotropical region. However, many areas remain to be investigated, and this is particularly true of transition zones between distinct ecoregions. Herein we describe the richness, species composition, and abundance of herpetofauna from a scarcely known portion of the Brazilian Cerrado and assess the taxonomic similarities of the assemblages among the sampled habitats and between neighbouring ecoregions. A mid-term herpetological inventory was conducted from May 2009 to January 2011 at Serra das Araras Ecological Station (SAES) using pitfall traps with drift fences in five distinct forested and open habitats. In these and in additional habitats, visual and acoustic searches and occasional encounters were also used to access the local composition of the herpetofauna, together with literature data and examination of specimens deposited in collections. We also compared the species composition at SAES on a regional scale with those of other 29 localities previously studied in nine South American ecoregions. We documented 123 species at the SAES (39 amphibians and 84 reptiles), 112 of which were recorded during the field inventory. Richness was highest in riparian forests and lowest in semi-deciduous dry forest and cerrado woodland. Riparian forests also presented the highest number of exclusive species, while only one exclusive species was found in cerrado woodland. Cerrado sensu stricto and cerrado parkland contained 53 and 40 species, including seven and 10 exclusive species, respectively, and showed greater similarity than the sampled forested habitats. In comparison to other localities in the Cerrado (including transition zones), SAES is home to one of the most diverse assemblages of herpetofauna. This may be attributed to continued sampling efforts and to the marked environmental heterogeneity resulting from the topographic profile and confluence of several ecoregions. Amphibian species composition at SAES is more similar to a nearby locality also studied in the Cerrado and to Chiquitano Dry Forest assemblages, while the reptile species composition is nested among the assemblages studied in the Cerrado. Our findings indicate that the herpetofauna of SAES is rich and representative of the regional biodiversity, with species composition evidencing its transitional character.

There is, in our sense of place, little cognisance of what lies underground. Yet our sense of place, instinctive, unconscious, primeval, has its own underground: the secret spaces which mirror our insides; the world beneath the skin. Our roots lie beneath the ground, with the minerals and the dead. (Hughes 83) The-Home-and-Away-Game Imagine the earth-grounded, “diagrammatological” trajectory of a footballer who as one member of a team is psyching himself up before the start of a game. The siren blasts its trumpet call. The footballer bursts out of the pavilion (where this psyching up has taken place) to engage in the opening bounce or kick of the game. And then: running, leaping, limping after injury, marking, sliding, kicking, and possibly even passing out from concussion. Finally, the elation accompanying the final siren, after which hugs, handshakes and raised fists conclude the actual match on the football oval. This exit from the pavilion, the course the player takes during the game itself, and return to the pavilion, forms a combination of stasis and movement, and a return to exhausted stasis again, that every player engages with regardless of the game code. Examined from a “diagrammatological” perspective, a perspective Rowan Wilken (following in the path of Gilles Deleuze and W. J. T. Mitchell) understands as “a generative process: a ‘metaphor’ or way of thinking — diagrammatic, diagrammatological thinking — which in turn, is linked to poetic thinking” (48), this footballer’s scenario arises out of an aerial perspective that depicts the actual spatial trajectory the player takes during the course of a game. It is a diagram that is digitally encoded via a sensor on the footballer’s body, and being an electronically encoded diagram it can also make available multiple sets of data such as speed, heartbeat, blood pressure, maybe even brain-wave patterns. From this limited point of view there is only one footballer’s playing trajectory to consider; various groupings within the team, the whole team itself, and the diagrammatological depiction of its games with various other teams might also be possible. This singular imagining though is itself an actuality: as a diagram it is encoded as a graphic image by a satellite hovering around the earth with a Global Positioning System (GPS) reading the sensor attached to the footballer which then digitally encodes this diagrammatological trajectory for appraisal later by the player, coach, team and management. In one respect, this practice is another example of a willing self-surveillance critical to explaining the reflexive subject and its attribute of continuous self-improvement. According to Docker, Official Magazine of the Fremantle Football Club, this is a technique the club uses as a part of game/play assessment, a system that can provide a “running map” for each player equipped with such a tracking device during a game. As the Fremantle Club’s Strength and Conditioning Coach Ben Tarbox says of this tactic, “We’re getting a physiological profile that has started to build a really good picture of how individual players react during a game” (21). With a little extra effort (and some sizeable computer processing grunt) this two dimensional linear graphic diagram of a footballer working the football ground could also form the raw material for a three-dimensional animation, maybe a virtual reality game, even a hologram. It could also be used to sideline a non-performing player. Now try another related but different imagining: what if this diagrammatological trajectory could be enlarged a little to include the possibility that this same player’s movements could be mapped out by the idea of home-and-away games; say over the course of a season, maybe even a whole career, for instance? No doubt, a wide range of differing diagrammatological perspectives might suggest themselves. My own particular refinement of this movement/stasis on the footballer’s part suggests my own distinctive comings and goings to and from my own specific piece of home country. And in this incessantly domestic/real world reciprocity, in this diurnally repetitive leaving and coming back to home country, might it be plausible to think of “Home as Capital of the Region”? If, as Walter Benjamin suggests in the prelude to his monumental Arcades Project, “Paris — the Capital of the Nineteenth Century,” could it be that both in and through my comings and goings to and from this selfsame home country, my own burgeoning sense of regionality is constituted in every minute-by-minutiae of lived experience? Could it be that this feeling about home is manifested in my every day-to-night manoeuvre of home-and-away-and-away-and-home-making, of every singular instance of exit, play/engage, and the return home? “Home, Capital of the Region” then examines the idea that my home is that part of the country which is the still-point of eternal return, the bedrock to which I retreat after the daily grind, and the point from which I start out and do it all again the next day. It employs, firstly, this ‘diagrammatological’ perspective to illustrate the point that this stasis/movement across country can make an electronic record of my own psychic self-surveillance and actualisation in-situ. And secondly, the architectural plan of the domestic home (examined through the perspective of critical regionalism) is used as a conduit to illustrate how I am physically embedded in country. Lastly, intermingling these digressive threads is chora, Plato’s notion of embodied place and itself an ancient regional rendering of this eternal return to the beginning, the place where the essential diversity of country decisively enters the soul. Chora: Core of Regionality Kevin Lynch writes that, “Our senses are local, while our experience is regional” (10), a combination that suggests this regional emphasis on home-and-away-making might be a useful frame of reference (simultaneously spatiotemporal, both a visceral and encoded communication) for me to include as a crucial vector in my own life-long learning package. Regionality (as, variously, a sub-generic categorisation and an extension/concentration of nationality, as well as a recently re-emerged friend/antagonist to a global understanding) infuses my world of home with a grounded footing in country, one that is a site of an Eternal Return to the Beginning in the micro-world of the everyday. This is a point John Sallis discusses at length in his analysis of Plato’s Timaeus and its founding notion of regionality: chora. More extended absences away from home-base are of course possible but one’s return to home on most days and for most nights is a given of post/modern, maybe even of ancient everyday experience. Even for the continually shifting nomad, nightfall in some part of the country brings the rest and recreation necessary for the next day’s wanderings. This fundamental question of an Eternal Return to the Beginning arises as a crucial element of the method in Plato’s Timaeus, a seemingly “unstructured” mythic/scientific dialogue about the origins and structure of both the psychically and the physically implaced world. In the Timaeus, “incoherence is especially obvious in the way the natural sequence in which a narrative would usually unfold is interrupted by regressions, corrections, repetitions, and abrupt new beginnings” (Gadamer 160). Right in the middle of the Timaeus, in between its sections on the “Work of Reason” and the “Work of Necessity”, sits chora, both an actual spatial and bodily site where my being intersects with my becoming, and where my lived life criss-crosses the various arts necessary to articulating a recorded version of that life. Every home is a grounded chora-logical timespace harness guiding its occupant’s thoughts, feelings and actions. My own regionally implaced chora (an example of which is the diagrammatological trajectory already outlined above as my various everyday comings and goings, of me acting in and projecting myself into context) could in part be understood as a graphical realisation of the extent of my movements and stationary rests in my own particular timespace trajectory. The shorthand for this process is ‘embedded’. Gregory Ulmer writes of chora that, “While chorography as a term is close to choreography, it duplicates a term that already exists in the discipline of geography, thus establishing a valuable resonance for a rhetoric of invention concerned with the history of ‘place’ in relation to memory” (Heuretics 39, original italics). Chorography is the geographic discipline for the systematic study and analysis of regions. Chora, home, country and regionality thus form an important multi-dimensional zone of interplay in memorialising the game of everyday life. In light of these observations I might even go so far as to suggest that this diagrammatological trajectory (being both digital and GPS originated) is part of the increasingly electrate condition that guides the production of knowledge in any global/regional context. This last point is a contextual connection usefully examined in Alan J. Scott’s Regions and the World Economy: The Coming Shape of Global Production, Competition, and Political Order and Michael Storper’s The Regional World: Territorial Development in a Global Economy. Their analyses explicitly suggest that the symbiosis between globalisation and regionalisation has been gathering pace since at least the end of World War Two and the Bretton Woods agreement. Our emerging understanding of electracy also happens to be Gregory Ulmer’s part-remedy for shifting the ground under the intense debates surrounding il/literacy in the current era (see, in particular, Internet Invention). And, for Tony Bennett, Michael Emmison and John Frow’s analysis of “Australian Everyday Cultures” (“Media Culture and the Home” 57–86), it is within the home that our un.conscious understanding of electronic media is at its most intense, a pattern that emerges in the longer term through receiving telegrams, compiling photo albums, listening to the radio, home- and video-movies, watching the evening news on television, and logging onto the computer in the home-office, media-room or home-studio. These various generalisations (along with this diagrammatological view of my comings and goings to and from the built space of home), all point indiscriminately to a productive confusion surrounding the sedentary and nomadic opposition/conjunction. If natural spaces are constituted in nouns like oceans, forests, plains, grasslands, steppes, deserts, rivers, tidal interstices, farmland etc. (and each categorisation here relies on the others for its existence and demarcation) then built space is often seen as constituting its human sedentary equivalent. For Deleuze and Guatteri (in A Thousand Plateaus, “1227: Treatise on Nomadology — The War Machine”) these natural spaces help instigate a nomadic movement across localities and regions. From a nomadology perspective, these smooth spaces unsettle a scientific, numerical calculation, sometimes even aesthetic demarcation and order. If they are marked at all, it is by heterogenous and differential forces, energised through constantly oscillating intensities. A Thousand Plateaus is careful though not to elevate these smooth nomadic spaces over the more sedentary spaces of culture and power (372–373). Nonetheless, as Edward S. Casey warns, “In their insistence on becoming and movement, however, the authors of A Thousand Plateaus overlook the placial potential of settled dwelling — of […] ‘built places’” (309, original italics). Sedentary, settled dwelling centred on home country may have a crust of easy legibility and order about it but it also formats a locally/regionally specific nomadic quality, a point underscored above in the diagrammatological perspective. The sedentary tendency also emerges once again in relation to home in the architectural drafting of the domestic domicile. The Real Estate Revolution When Captain Cook planted the British flag in the sand at Botany Bay in 1770 and declared the country it spiked as Crown Land and henceforth will come under the ownership of an English sovereign, it was also the moment when white Australia’s current fascination with real estate was conceived. In the wake of this spiking came the intense anxiety over Native Title that surfaced in late twentieth century Australia when claims of Indigenous land grabs would repossess suburban homes. While easily dismissed as hyperbole, a rhetorical gesture intended to arouse this very anxiety, its emergence is nonetheless an indication of the potential for political and psychic unsettling at the heart of the ownership and control of built place, or ‘settled dwelling’ in the Australian context. And here it would be wise to include not just the gridded, architectural quality of home-building and home-making, but also the home as the site of the family romance, another source of unsettling as much as a peaceful calming. Spreading out from the boundaries of the home are the built spaces of fences, bridges, roads, railways, airport terminals (along with their interconnecting pathways), which of course brings us back to the communications infrastructure which have so often followed alongside the development of transport infrastructure. These and other elements represent this conglomerate of built space, possibly the most significant transformation of natural space that humanity has brought about. For the purposes of this meditation though it is the more personal aspect of built space — my home and regional embeddedness, along with their connections into the global electrosphere — that constitutes the primary concern here. For a sedentary, striated space to settle into an unchallenged existence though requires a repression of the highest order, primarily because of the home’s proximity to everyday life, of the latter’s now fading ability to sometimes leave its presuppositions well enough alone. In settled, regionally experienced space, repressions are more difficult to abstract away, they are lived with on a daily basis, which also helps to explain the extra intensity brought to their sometimes-unsettling quality. Inversely, and encased in this globalised electro-spherical ambience, home cannot merely be a place where one dwells within avoiding those presuppositions, I take them with me when I travel and they come back with me from afar. This is a point obliquely reflected in Pico Iyer’s comment that “Australians have so flexible a sense of home, perhaps, that they can make themselves at home anywhere” (185). While our sense of home may well be, according to J. Douglas Porteous, “the territorial core” of our being, when other arrangements of space and knowledge shift it must inevitably do so as well. In these shifts of spatial affiliation (aided and abetted by regionalisation, globalisation and electronic knowledge), the built place of home can no longer be considered exclusively under the illusion of an autonomous sanctuary wholly guaranteed by capitalist property relations, one of the key factors in its attraction. These shifts in the cultural, economic and psychic relation of home to country are important to a sense of local and regional implacement. The “feeling” of autonomy and security involved in home occupation and/or ownership designates a component of this implacement, a point leading to Eric Leed’s comment that, “By the sixteenth century, literacy had become one of the definitive signs — along with the possession of property and a permanent residence — of an independent social status” (53). Globalising and regionalising forces make this feeling of autonomy and security dynamic, shifting the ground of home, work-place practices and citizenship allegiances in the process. Gathering these wide-ranging forces impacting on psychic and built space together is the emergence of critical regionalism as a branch of architectonics, considered here as a theory of domestic architecture. Critical Regionality Critical regionalism emerged out of the collective thinking of Liane Lefaivre and Alexander Tzonis (Tropical Architecture; Critical Regionalism), and as these authors themselves acknowledge, was itself deeply influenced by the work of Lewis Mumford during the first part of the twentieth century when he was arguing against the authority of the international style in architecture, a style epitomised by the Bauhaus movement. It is Kenneth Frampton’s essay, “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance” that deliberately takes this question of critical regionalism and makes it a part of a domestic architectonic project. In many ways the ideas critical regionalism espouses can themselves be a microcosm of this concomitantly emerging global/regional polis. With public examples of built-form the power of the centre is on display by virtue of a building’s enormous size and frequently high-cultural aesthetic power. This is a fact restated again and again from the ancient world’s agora to Australia’s own political bunker — its Houses of Parliament in Canberra. While Frampton discusses a range of aspects dealing with the universal/implaced axis across his discussion, it is points five and six that deserve attention from a domestically implaced perspective. Under the sub-heading, “Culture Versus Nature: Topography, Context, Climate, Light and Tectonic Form” is where he writes that, Here again, one touches in concrete terms this fundamental opposition between universal civilization and autochthonous culture. The bulldozing of an irregular topography into a flat site is clearly a technocratic gesture which aspires to a condition of absolute placelessness, whereas the terracing of the same site to receive the stepped form of a building is an engagement in the act of “cultivating” the site. (26, original italics) The “totally flat datum” that the universalising tendency sometimes presupposes is, within the critical regionalist perspective, an erroneous assumption. The “cultivation” of a site for the design of a building illustrates the point that built space emerges out of an interaction between parallel phenomena as they contrast and/or converge in a particular set of timespace co-ordinates. These are phenomena that could include (but are not limited to) geomorphic data like soil and rock formations, seismic activity, inclination and declension; climatic considerations in the form of wind patterns, temperature variations, rainfall patterns, available light and dark, humidity and the like; the building context in relation to the cardinal points of north, south, east, and west, along with their intermediary positions. There are also architectural considerations in the form of available building materials and personnel to consider. The social, psychological and cultural requirements of the building’s prospective in-dwellers are intermingled with all these phenomena. This is not so much a question of where to place the air conditioning system but the actuality of the way the building itself is placed on its site, or indeed if that site should be built on at all. A critical regionalist building practice, then, is autochthonous to the degree that a full consideration of this wide range of in-situ interactions is taken into consideration in the development of its design plan. And given this autochthonous quality of the critical regionalist project, it also suggests that the architectural design plan itself (especially when it utilised in conjunction with CAD and virtual reality simulations), might be the better model for designing electrate-centred projects rather than writing or even the script. The proliferation of ‘McMansions’ across many Australian suburbs during the 1990s (generally, oversized domestic buildings designed in the abstract with little or no thought to the above mentioned elements, on bulldozed sites, with powerful air-conditioning systems, and no verandas or roof eves to speak of) demonstrates the continuing influence of a universal, centralising dogma in the realm of built place. As summer temperatures start to climb into the 40°C range all these air-conditioners start to hum in unison, which in turn raises the susceptibility of the supporting infrastructure to collapse under the weight of an overbearing electrical load. The McMansion is a clear example of a built form that is envisioned more so in a drafting room, a space where the architect is remote-sensing the locational specificities. In this envisioning (driven more by a direct line-of-sight idiom dominant in “flat datum” and economic considerations rather than architectural or experiential ones), the tactile is subordinated, which is the subject of Frampton’s sixth point: It is symptomatic of the priority given to sight that we find it necessary to remind ourselves that the tactile is an important dimension in the perception of built form. One has in mind a whole range of complementary sensory perceptions which are registered by the labile body: the intensity of light, darkness, heat and cold; the feeling of humidity; the aroma of material; the almost palpable presence of masonry as the body senses it own confinement; the momentum of an induced gait and the relative inertia of the body as it traverses the floor; the echoing resonance of our own footfall. (28) The point here is clear: in its wider recognition of, and the foregrounding of my body’s full range of sensate capacities in relation to both natural and built space, the critical regionalist approach to built form spreads its meaning-making capacities across a broader range of knowledge modalities. This tactility is further elaborated in more thoroughly personal ways by Margaret Morse in her illuminating essay, “Home: Smell, Taste, Posture, Gleam”. Paradoxically, this synaesthetic, syncretic approach to bodily meaning-making in a built place, regional milieu intensely concentrates the site-centred locus of everyday life, while simultaneously, the electronic knowledge that increasingly underpins it expands both my body’s and its region’s knowledge-making possibilities into a global gestalt, sometimes even a cosmological one. It is a paradoxical transformation that makes us look anew at social, cultural and political givens, even objective and empirical understandings, especially as they are articulated through national frames of reference. Domestic built space then is a kind of micro-version of the multi-function polis where work, pleasure, family, rest, public display and privacy intermingle. So in both this reduction and expansion in the constitution of domestic home life, one that increasingly represents the location of the production of knowledge, built place represents a concentration of energy that forces us to re-imagine border-making, order, and the dynamic interplay of nomadic movement and sedentary return, a point that echoes Nicolas Rothwell’s comment that “every exile has in it a homecoming” (80). Albeit, this is a knowledge-making milieu with an expanded range of modalities incorporated and expressed through a wide range of bodily intensities not simply cognitive ones. Much of the ambiguous discontent manifested in McMansion style domiciles across many Western countries might be traced to the fact that their occupants have had little or no say in the way those domiciles have been designed and/or constructed. In Heidegger’s terms, they have not thought deeply enough about “dwelling” in that building, although with the advent of the media room the question of whether a “building” securely borders both “dwelling” and “thinking” is now open to question. As anxieties over border-making at all scales intensifies, the complexities and un/sureties of natural and built space take ever greater hold of the psyche, sometimes through the advance of a “high level of critical self-consciousness”, a process Frampton describes as a “double mediation” of world culture and local conditions (21). Nearly all commentators warn of a nostalgic, romantic or a sentimental regionalism, the sum total of which is aimed at privileging the local/regional and is sometimes utilised as a means of excluding the global or universal, sometimes even the national (Berry 67). Critical regionalism is itself a mediating factor between these dispositions, working its methods and practices through my own psyche into the local, the regional, the national and the global, rejecting and/or accepting elements of these domains, as my own specific context, in its multiplicity, demands it. If the politico-economic and cultural dimensions of this global/regional world have tended to undermine the process of border-making across a range of scales, we can see in domestic forms of built place the intense residue of both their continuing importance and an increased dependency on this electro-mediated world. This is especially apparent in those domiciles whose media rooms (with their satellite dishes, telephone lines, computers, television sets, games consuls, and music stereos) are connecting them to it in virtuality if not in reality. Indeed, the thought emerges (once again keeping in mind Eric Leed’s remark on the literate-configured sense of autonomy that is further enhanced by a separate physical address and residence) that the intense importance attached to domestically orientated built place by globally/regionally orientated peoples will figure as possibly the most viable means via which this sense of autonomy will transfer to electronic forms of knowledge. If, however, this here domestic habitué turns his gaze away from the screen that transports me into this global/regional milieu and I focus my attention on the physicality of the building in which I dwell, I once again stand in the presence of another beginning. This other beginning is framed diagrammatologically by the building’s architectural plans (usually conceived in either an in-situ, autochthonous, or a universal manner), and is a graphical conception that anchors my body in country long after the architects and builders have packed up their tools and left. This is so regardless of whether a home is built, bought, rented or squatted in. Ihab Hassan writes that, “Home is not where one is pushed into the light, but where one gathers it into oneself to become light” (417), an aphorism that might be rephrased as follows: “Home is not where one is pushed into the country, but where one gathers it into oneself to become country.” For the in-and-out-and-around-and-about domestic dweller of the twenty-first century, then, home is where both regional and global forms of country decisively enter the soul via the conduits of the virtuality of digital flows and the reality of architectural footings. Acknowledgements I’m indebted to both David Fosdick and Phil Roe for alerting me to the importance to the Fremantle Dockers Football Club. The research and an original draft of this essay were carried out under the auspices of a PhD scholarship from Central Queensland University, and from whom I would also like to thank Denis Cryle and Geoff Danaher for their advice. References Benjamin, Walter. “Paris — the Capital of the Nineteenth Century.” Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism. Trans. Quintin Hoare. London: New Left Books, 1973. 155–176. Bennett, Tony, Michael Emmison and John Frow. Accounting for Tastes: Australian Everyday Cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999. Berry, Wendell. “The Regional Motive.” A Continuous Harmony: Essays Cultural and Agricultural. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. 63–70. Casey, Edward S. The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History. Berkeley: U of California P, 1997. Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. 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