Academic literature on the topic 'Drin River'

Fish assemblages and their distributions in the western Balkan rivers have rarely been investigated. This study provides initial insights into the spatial patterns of fish distributions in the main-stem of the White Drin in Kosovo. Sampling primarily utilized back-pack electrofishing at 11 sites along the river's entire main stem, recording 21 species. Identification of most fish species was confirmed through DNA barcode analyses; two yet unnamed species are present and some taxonomic problems were discovered. The abundance of non-native species was low (5.9% of the catch) but seven of the eight non-natives have established populations. A longitudinal fish zonation pattern was described for the first time in this river; fish assemblages in an upstream-to-downstream gradient were characterized by a decrease of cold-water species (salmonids, minnows) and an increase of large-river cyprinids and non-native species. Multivariate ordination and network analyses demarcate preliminary fish assemblage types and specific environmental and anthropogenic pressure attributes are shown to influence assemblage structure. Natural assemblage patterns may be locally disrupted by anthropogenic pressures such as pollution and hydromorphological disturbances, however most sites show semi-natural features and conditions. Recommendations for conservation and further research are provided.

The stygobiotic genus Travunijana Grego & Glöer, 2019 is one of the typical elements of the subterranean freshwater fauna of the Trebišnjica River Basin in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The previous records of the genus suggested that its distribution was limited to the basin of the Trebišnjica River and adjacent parts of the southwestern Neretva Basin. In this paper we describe a new species, Travunijana djokovicisp. nov. from “Vriješko Vrelo” spring in Montenegro. The recent finding of a new species in the Skadar Lake basin (The Drin River system) suggests the possibility of a subterranean route between the Trebišnjica and the Drin drainages, indicating that likely the endemic subterranean fauna in both basins has a lower level of historical isolation than has been considered so far.

River flow alterations, caused by climate variability/change and intense anthropogenic uses (e.g., flow regulation by dams) are considered among the main global challenges of which hydrologists should be dealing with. For the purpose of this study, environmental flow and potential hydrological alterations are made for the extended Drin river basin, with limited historical hydrological information available. To overcome this limitation environmental flow assessment is made using simulated streamflow data from a watershed hydrological model. Descriptive statistics applied to streamflow values indicate that median monthly flows with no anthropogenic uses are consistently greater than those with anthropogenic uses by 0–37.4 m3/s in all subbasins. Moreover, an investigation of potential climate variability/change impact on river flow regime is made using streamflow simulations from a global hydrological model. Results indicate that hydrologic alteration is intense between nonregulated and regulated streamflow conditions. More specifically, for all Global Circulation Models and Regional Climate Models combinations, and both regulated and unregulated streamflow conditions, the minimum discharge values had statistically significant decreasing trends, except one combination (RCP 4.5–RCA4/ECEARTH) for unregulated conditions. Finally, results from this preliminary analysis could enhance the necessary conversations among all relevant stakeholders to discuss and decide on sustainable water resources management issues for the development of a Drin Basin Management Plan in the future.

River flow alterations, caused by climate variability/change and intense anthropogenic uses (e.g., flow regulation by dams) are considered among the main global challenges of which hydrologists should be dealing with. For the purpose of this study, environmental flow and potential hydrological alterations are made for the extended Drin river basin, with limited historical hydrological information available. To overcome this limitation environmental flow assessment is made using simulated streamflow data from a watershed hydrological model. Descriptive statistics applied to streamflow values indicate that median monthly flows with no anthropogenic uses are consistently greater than those with anthropogenic uses by 0–37.4 m3/s in all subbasins. Moreover, an investigation of potential climate variability/change impact on river flow regime is made using streamflow simulations from a global hydrological model. Results indicate that hydrologic alteration is intense between nonregulated and regulated streamflow conditions. More specifically, for all Global Circulation Models and Regional Climate Models combinations, and both regulated and unregulated streamflow conditions, the minimum discharge values had statistically significant decreasing trends, except one combination (RCP 4.5–RCA4/ECEARTH) for unregulated conditions. Finally, results from this preliminary analysis could enhance the necessary conversations among all relevant stakeholders to discuss and decide on sustainable water resources management issues for the development of a Drin Basin Management Plan in the future.

Among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established in the 2030 Agenda, goals 6.3, regarding clean water and improve of water quality, and 6.5, regarding integrated water resources management, highlight the need for the implementation of successful environmental water quality monitoring programs of transboundary river waterbodies. In the present study, the designation of high priority areas for water quality monitoring of Drin transboundary watershed is performed using a suitability model, a GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis (GIS-MCDA) approach that takes into consideration the most important conditioning factors that impose pressures on rivers. Based on the results, the methodological approach used manages to sufficiently delimit the areas with increased need for water quality monitoring in the Drin watershed, and the validation procedure produces a correlation coefficient of 0.454 (statistically significant at a 0.01 level). Limitations arise in the case of a lack of detailed information or inaccurate input data and due to the inconsistency among the input data and the different methodological approaches regarding the information collection of each country involved. These restrictions foreground the need for cooperation between the countries involved regarding the exchange of scientific knowledge and common legislation, so as to achieve integrated, effective, and sustainable management of water resources of the area.

One of the most dangerous natural disasters facing many countries in the world including Albania are floods. Albania is quite exposed to this danger as the river and stream system is a major threat to the floods that are generally originating from rainy rabes.Floods in the lower flow cause great damage as they are more frequent and catch larger surfaces. These are formed by heavy rainfall and high intensity rainfall, which fill the soils with water and cause leakage out of the riverbed.The hydrographic basin includes an area of 43 305 km², in which 14 557 km² belong to the Drin River catchment and the River Vjosa, which surrounds parts of Greece, Macedonia and Kosovo. The eight main rivers of Albania (Drini, Buna, Mati, Ishmi, Erzeni, Shkumbini, Vjosa and Semani) are grouped in 6 watersheds that cross the country from East to West.47Albania has been hit on average by one flood per year. The Repeat Period (also known as the repetition interval) is an estimate of the time interval between events such as flooding, and that are important in terms of intensity and size.The period of theoretical Repeatability is the inverse of the number of events expected to occur within a year, ie a 10-year-old earthquake 1/10 = 0.1 or 10% chance to occur more than once in 10 years. A 50-year flood is 0:02 or 2% likely to happen more often in any year. This does not mean that a 100-year flood will be repeated regularly every 100 years, despite the determination of the name "repetition period". A 100-year event could happen once, twice, more or any time during this period of 100 years.The article will analyze the period of flood repetition as well as the risk map of floods from the recovery period, 100 years expressed by the PPS standard (peak flow rates).

Phlebotomine sand flies are generalist vectors with significant implications for public health. They are able to transmit phleboviruses that cause sand fly fever, headaches, or meningitis in humans. Albania is a country in Southeast Europe with a typical Mediterranean climate which provides convenient conditions for the presence of sand flies. Hence, the circulation of phleboviruses, such as the Toscana and Balkan viruses, has been recently described in the country. We followed a virus discovery approach on sand fly samples collected in 2015 and 2016 in seven regions of Albania, with the aim to investigate and characterize potentially circulating phleboviruses in phlebotomine sand flies. A presumed novel phlebovirus was detected in a pool consisting of 24 Phlebotomus neglectus males. The virus was provisionally named the Drin virus after a river near the locality of Kukës, where the infected sand flies were trapped. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Drin virus is closely related to the Corfou (CFUV) virus, isolated in the 1980s from Phlebotomus major sand flies on the eponymous island of Greece, and may also be involved in human infections because of its similarity to the sand fly fever Sicilian virus. The latter justifies further studies to specifically address this concern. Together with recent findings, this study confirms that Albania and the Balkan peninsula are hot spots for phleboviruses.

Squalius platyceps, new species, is described from the Drin River drainage including the Skadar Lake and its tributaries. The new taxon is distinguished from other species of the genus Squalius in the eastern Adriatic Sea basin by a combination of the following character states: body depth 24-29% SL; head length 25-30% SL; a wide head (head width 52-59% HL, and interorbital width 37-42% HL); a moderately pointed conical snout; a subterminal mouth, with a projecting upper lip; a straight mouth cleft; lower jaw length (38-43% HL) about equal to caudal peduncle depth and only slightly larger than interorbital width; 43-47 (commonly 44-45) total lateral line scales; commonly 8½ branched anal fin rays; anal fin margin straight (in specimens up to about 180 mm SL) or convex; commonly 43 total vertebrae (24+19 or 25+18); a row of dense black pigment dots along the outer margin of scales on back and flanks forming a regular reticulate pattern, and intense black pigmentation on pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins.

The stone artefacts from Sirmium, held at the Museum of Srem, were sampled and analyzed in order to establish an archaeological database connected with Roman quarries and possible transport routes along the Sava and Danube Rivers. Of the artefacts made of Neogene limestone three lithotypes were identified. Two of them were determined as originating from the known Roman quarry in the Drina Valley (NE Bosnia). For the third lithotype and its subtypes a model of the hypothetical quarry is proposed, the location of which is suggested to be outside the Drina river basin. Beside limestone, the sampled artefacts also revealed two types of porous volcanoclastic rocks of andesitic composition, which supposedly originate from two different microlocations in the Drina river basin.

The preservation of freshwater aquifers is one important task of managing natural resources today. Intrusion of saltwater from the sea into the groundwater might occur in coastal-near areas and can affect the freshwater quality negatively. One such risk area is the Adriatic coast line of Albania, a country predominantly rich in freshwater resources due to the numerous rivers flowing from the mountains in the east towards the sea. The coastal areas are mainly used for agricultural activities were groundwater is an important resource for irrigation purposes. This study was therefore partly conducted in Albania where samples of groundwater and river waters were collected from the river deltas of Drin and Vjosa in order to investigate the origin of the salt and to assess the bioavailable metal concentrations of nickel and zinc. Both on-site tests and off-site tests, in laboratories, were conducted. In the laboratory, the samples were analysed for oxygen and deuterium isotope data. The results were used to assess the origin of the oxygen content as the method of investigating the origin of the salt uses the oxygen isotope as a tracer. Anion and cation concentrations were analysed as well as the concentrations of metals. These were used as input data to Visual Minteq, a model used to calculate the metal speciation of waters, and a Biotic Ligand Model used to calculate the bioavailable concentrations and the HC5 concentrations. The isotope analysis yielded results similar to previous studies conducted in the nearby area indicating that the salt does not have oceanic origin but meteorological. The bioavailable concentrations were in most sample sites lower than the calculated HC5 concentrations indicating that there is a sufficient buffering system present even though there are several mining activities upstream of the sample sites that could have affected the water quality. This study concludes that the origin of salt is of meteoric origin and not from seawater intrusion. The bioavailable concentrations do not pose a threat as the concentrations are under the HC5 concentrations for all sites but one. In order to deepen the understanding and knowledge of the water qualities in these areas, future studies should focus on a continuous measuring period lasting for example over the whole year minimizing any seasonal variations of the sampled data. Other methods such as geophysical measures could also contribute to a wider analysis of the groundwater condition.
Grundvatten är en av de viktigaste naturresurserna vilket innebär att för att säkerställa en långvarig försörjning krävs en god förvaltning av befintliga akvifärer. I kustnära områden kan intrång av saltvatten från havet till grundvattnet påverka sötvattenkvaliteten negativt. Ett sådant riskområde är den Adriatiska kustlinjen i Albanien, ett land som är övervägande rikt på sötvattenresurser tack vare de många floder som rinner från bergen i öst mot havet i väst. Kustområdena används huvudsakligen för jordbruksverksamhet, där grundvatten är en viktig resurs vid bevattning. Denna studie genomfördes därför delvis i Albanien där prov av grundvatten och flodvatten hämtades från Drins och Vjosas floddeltan för att undersöka saltets ursprung och för att bedöma de biotillgängliga metalkoncentrationerna av nickel och zink. Vattenprover togs på ett urval av platser och testades direkt för omgivningsberoende parametrar samt analyserades vidare i laboratorier. I laboratoriet analyserades proverna med avseende på fördelning av syre- och deuteriumisotoper. Resultaten användes för att bedöma syreinnehållets ursprung, eftersom metoden för att undersöka saltets ursprung använder syreisotopen som spårämne. Anjon- och katjonkoncentrationer analyserades såväl som koncentrationerna av metaller. Dessa användes som inmatningsdata till Visual Minteq, en modell som används för att beräkna metallsammansättningen i vatten och en Biotic ligand model som användes för att beräkna de biotillgängliga koncentrationerna samt HC5-koncentrationerna. Isotopanalysen gav resultat som liknar tidigare studier utförda i det närliggande området vilket indikerar att saltet inte har oceaniskt ursprung utan meteorologiskt. De biotillgängliga koncentrationerna av nickel och zink var i de flesta fall lägre än de beräknade HC5-koncentrationerna, vilket indikerar att det finns ett buffertsystem, trots att gruvaktiviteter uppströms provplatserna skulle kunna ha påverkat vattenkvaliteten negativt.   Studien slutsats är att saltet i grundvattnet och flodvattnet är av meteoriskt ursprung och inte ett resultat av saltvatteninträngning från det Adriatiska havet. De biotillgängliga halterna av nickel och zink understiger HC5 halterna i samtliga fall utom ett.   För att fördjupa förståelsen och kunskapen om vattenkvaliteten i dessa områden bör framtida studier fokusera på en kontinuerlig mätperiod som till exempel sträcker sig över hela året vilket skulle minimera eventuella säsongsvariationer av insamlad data. Andra metoder så som geofysiska mätningar kan också bidra till en bredare analys av tillståndet i grundvattnet.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Shiraz/110R grapevines, growing in a fine sandy loam soil in the Breede River Valley, were subjected to ten different drip irrigation strategies during the 2006/07, 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons. Grapevines of the control treatment (T1) were irrigated at 30% to 40% plant available water (PAW) depletion throughout the growing season. Grapevines of three treatments were irrigated at 70% to 80% PAW depletion from bud break until véraison (i.e. when ca. 95% of grape berries have changed colour), followed by either irrigation at 30% to 40% PAW depletion (T2) or a continuous deficit irrigation (CDI) strategy (T3) or irrigation at 70% to 80% PAW depletion (T4) during ripening. The CDI strategy was obtained by applying ca. half the volume of water that was applied to the control. This allowed the soil to dry out gradually between physiological stages (i.e. bud break and véraison or véraison and harvest). Grapevines of three further treatments were irrigated at ca. 90% PAW depletion from bud break until véraison, followed by irrigation at 30% to 40% PAW depletion (T5) or a CDI strategy (T6) or irrigation at ca. 90% PAW depletion (T7) during ripening. Grapevines of two treatments were irrigated by means of a CDI strategy from bud break until véraison. For both treatments, the soil water content (SWC) was allowed to dry out gradually until ca. 90% PAW depletion was reached. After véraison, the SWC of the one treatment was maintained at ca. 90% PAW depletion by applying only four small irrigations of three hours each during ripening (T8). The soil of the other treatment, received an irrigation at véraison to refill the SWC to field capacity (T9) followed by the CDI strategy during ripening. Grapevines of the tenth treatment were irrigated at ca. 90% PAW depletion between bud break and véraison followed by a partial profile refill (PPR) strategy during ripening (T10). In order to obtain the PPR strategy, SWC was only maintained between 40% and 60% PAW depletion. Evapotranspiration varied between 3.5 mm/day and 0.1 mm/day for driest and wettest treatments, respectively, during the period between December and February. This was substantially less than the volumes required for full surface irrigation. For irrigations applied at 30% to 40% PAW depletion (T1), 70% to 80% PAW depletion (T4) and ca. 90% PAW depletion (T7) levels throughout the season, crop coefficients for the Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo) were 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1, respectively. Under the given conditions, the different irrigation strategies did not have any effect on root distribution and density. Shoot growth of grapevines exposed to high to severe water deficits in the pre-véraison period stopped before mid December. Shoots of grapevines that were exposed to high or severe water deficits before véraison followed by more frequent irrigation during ripening showed active re-growth. These trends occurred during all the seasons. The level of PAW depletion reflected strongly in the plant water potential in the grapevines. Leaf water potential was influenced by the prevailing atmospheric conditions, whereas stem water potential was less sensitive to atmospheric conditions, but responded more directly to soil water availability. Due to the good relationships between pre-dawn leaf, mid-day leaf, mid-day stem and total diurnal water potential, it was possible to re-classify the water status in terms of previous classifications for these water potentials based on pre-dawn measurements. Water constraints in T1, T2 and T5 grapevines were classed as experiencing no stress, whereas the T7 and T8 ones experienced strong to severe water constraints before harvest. High frequency irrigation strategies during ripening delayed sugar accumulation due to dilution of sugar in the larger berries. Except for the wettest strategy, and where grapevines were subjected to the CDI strategy throughout the season, berry mass increased during ripening, i.e. from véraison to harvest. Water deficits had a negative effect on berry mass, bunch size and yield. Where higher soil water depletion levels were allowed, irrigation strategies had a positive effect on the irrigation water productivity of grapevines compared to the frequently irrigated or CDI strategies. Higher water constraints in grapevines, particularly during ripening, improved sensorial wine colour and enhanced some of the more prominent wine aromas, e.g. spicy and berry. Grapevines that were irrigated at a high frequency during ripening produced wines with diluted character flavours and aromas and inferior overall quality. Under the given conditions, sensorial wine colour and spicy character were the dominant factors in determining overall sensorial wine quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Shiraz/110R wingerdstokke in ‘n fyn sandleem grond in die Breede Rivier vallei is gedurende die 2006/07, 2007/08 en 2008/09 seisoene met tien verskillende drupbesproeiingstrategieë besproei. Wingerdstokke van die kontrole (B1) is deur die seisoen by 30% to 40% plant beskikbare water (PBW) onttrekking besproei. Drie behandelings is tussen bot en deurslaan (wanneer ca. 95% van die korrels verkleur het) by 70% tot 80% PBW onttrekking besproei, gevolg deur besproeiing by 30% tot 40% PBW onttrekking (B2), ‘n deurlopende tekort besproeiing (DTB) strategie (B3) of besproeiing by 70% tot 80% PBW onttrekking (B4) gedurende rypwording. In die geval van die DTB strategie is ongeveer die helfte van die volume water toegedien wat by die kontrole toegedien is. Laasgenoemde strategie het die grond toegelaat om geleidelik tussen fisiologiese fases (i.e. tussen bot en deurslaan of tussen deurslaan en oes) uit te droog. Drie ander behandelings is by ca. 90% PBW onttrekking tussen bot en deurslaan besproei, gevolg deur besproeiing by 30% tot 40% PBW onttrekking (B5) of ‘n DTB strategie (B6) of besproeiing by ca. 90% PBW onttrekking (B7) gedurende rypwording. Wingerdstokke van twee ander behandelings is d.m.v. ‘n DTB strategie vanaf bot tot deurslaan besproei. Beide behandelings se grondwaterinhoud (GWI) was toegelaat om geleidelik uit te droog tot ca. 90% PBW onttrekking bereik was. Na deurslaan was die GWI van die een behandeling naby ca. 90% PBW onttrekking gehandhaaf deur slegs vier klein besproeiings van drie uur elk gedurende rypwording toe te pas (B8). Die grond van die ander behandeling het tydens deurslaan ‘n besproeiing ontvang om die GWI tot by veldkapasiteit te hervul (B9) en is tydens rypwording weer d.m.v. ‘n DTB strategie besproei. Stokke van die tiende behandeling is tussen bot en deurslaan by ca. 90% PBW onttrekking besproei, gevolg deur besproeiing d.m.v. ‘n gedeeltelike profiel hervul (GPH) strategie tydens rypwording (B10). Om ‘n GPH strategie toe te kon pas, is tussen 40% en 60% PBW ontrekking gehandhaaf. Evapotranspirasie het tussen 3.5 mm/dag en 0.1 mm/dag vir onderskeidelik die natste en droogste behandelings tussen Desember en Februarie gevarieer. Dit was aansienlik laer as volumes wat vir voloppervlak besproeide wingerde benodig word. In die geval van besproeiing by 30% tot 40% PBW onttrekking (B1), 70% tot 80% PBW onttrekking (B4) en ca. 90% PBW onttrekking (B7) deur die loop van die seisoen was die gewasfaktore vir die verwysingverdamping (ETo) 0.4, 0.2 en 0.1 onderskeidelik. Onder die gegewe toestande het die verskillende besproeiingstrategië geen effek op die worteldigtheid en –verspreiding gehad nie. Lootgroei van wingerdstokke wat aan hoë tot baie hoë watertekorte blootgestel was voor deurslaan, het voor middel Desember gestop. Lote van wingerdstokke wat aan hoë tot baie hoë watertekorte voor deurslaan blootgestel is, gevolg deur besproeiing teen ’n hoë frekwensie tydens rypwording, het aktiewe hergroei getoon. Die PBW ontrekkingspeil het sterk in die plantwaterpotensiale van wingerdstokke weerspieël. Blaarwaterpotensiaal is deur heersende klimaatstoestande beïnvloed, terwyl stamwaterpotensiaal minder sensitief teenoor die klimaat was, maar meer direk deur die beskikbaarheid van grondwater beïnvloed is. Vanweë die goeie verband tussen voordagbreek blaar-, mid-dag blaar-, mid-dag stam- en totale daaglikse waterpotensiaal, was dit moontlik om water status van die stokke te her-klassifiseer in terme van vorige vir waterpotensiaalklassifikasies wat op voordagbreek waardes gebasseer is. Waterspanning in B1, B2 en B5 stokke is as geen spanning geklassifiseer, terwyl dié van B7 en B8 voor oes in die hoë tot baie hoë klasse geval het. Hoë frekwensie besproeiing strategieë gedurende rypwording kan suikertoename a.g.v. die groter korrels vertraag. Met die uitsondering van die natste strategie, asook waar stokke volgens die DTB strategie deur die seisoen besproei is, het korrelmassa gedurende rypwording toegeneem. Watertekorte het ’n negatiewe effek op korrelmassa, trosgrootte en produksie gehad. Besproeiingstrategieë waar ’n hoë mate van grondwateronttrekking voor besproeiings toegelaat is, het ’n positiewe effek op die besproeiingwaterproduktiwiteit van wingerd in vergelyking met gereelde besproeiings of ‘n DTB strategie gehad. Watertekorte, veral gedurende rypwording, het ’n verbetering in sensoriese wynkleur en meer prominente wyn aromas, tot gevolg gehad. Besproeiing teen hoë frekwensies gedurende rypwording, het wyne met ’n afgewaterde smaak en aroma karakters asook ’n swak algehele gehalte produseer. Sensoriese wynkleur en spesery karakter die dominante faktore in die bepaling van algehele kwaliteit.

Sa  jedne  strane  se  eksploatacija  šljunka  navodi kao  značajan  ugrožavajući  faktor  sa  velikim negativnim  uticajem  na  vodena  staništa  i biodiverzitet,  dok  same  šljunkare  mogu predstavljati  vredne  refugijume  akavtičnog  biodiverziteta.  Osnovni  cilj  disertacije  je određivanje  najznačajnijih  i  relevantnih hidromorfoloških  parametara  koji  utiču  na strukturiranje  makrofitskih  zajednica  u šljunkarama  duž  plavnog  područja  reke  Drine  i određivanje  korelacije  između  izdvojenih parametara  i  kvantitativnih  indeksa  makrofita.Istraživanje  je  vršeno  u  toku  letnjih  meseci 2015, 2016, 2017 i 2018. godine na 18 šljunkara (60 istraživačkih vegetacijskih sektora) u okviru tri   eksploataciona  polja  u  Crnoj  Bari, Badovincima  i  Lipničkom  Šoru  i  na  četiri prirodna  fluvijalna  jezera  (13  istraživačkih vegetacijskih  sektora)  u  plavnom  području  reke Drine.  Makrofitska  vegetacija  je  konstatovana na svih 18 istraţivanih šljunkara, prikupljenih na tri eksploataciona polja (Badovinci, Crna Bara  iLipniĉki Šor). Zabeležena je 31 biljna vrsta. Kao najučestalije,  sa  najvećom  apsolutnom pokrovnošću izdvojile su se vrste:  Potamogeton nodosus  Poiret,  Ceratophyllum  demersum  L subsp.  demersum,  Myriophyllum  spicatum  L,Najas  marina  L  i   Chara  globularis  Thuill  Na četiri prirodna fluvijalna jezera zabeleženo je 13 vrsta.  Vrste  Vallisneria  spiralis  L,  Elodea canadensis  Michx,  Callitriche  palustris  L, Potamogeton  natans  L  i  Nuphar  lutea  (L)  Sm izdvojile  su  se  kao  konstantne  i  dominantne. Vrednosti svih kvantitativnih indeksa makrofita,značajno  su  veće  za  šljunkare  u  poređenju  sa prirodnim  fluvijalnim  jezerima  na  nivouLEAFPACS  sektora.  Na  istraživanim šljunkarama,  analizom  klasterovanja  jeizdvojeno  13  vegetacijskih  grupa  (VG):  VG1 Ceratophyllum  demersum,  VG2  Ceratophyllum demersum  -  Valisneria  spiralis,  VG3  Chara contraria,  VG4  Chara  globularis,  VG5  Elodea canadensis,  VG6  Elodea  nuttallii,  VG7  Najas marina,  VG8  Najas  minor,  VG9  Nitellopsis obtusa,  VG10  Nuphar  lutea,  VG11 Potamogeton  nodosus,  VG12  Potamogeton natans  i   VG13  Potamogeton  pectinatus.  Na prirodnim  fluvijalnim  jezerima  konstatovane  su četiri  vegetacijske  grupe:  VG5  Elodea canadensis,  VG10  Nuphar  lutea,  VG12 Potamogeton natans  i  VG14  Typha latifolia.  Na osnovu izmerenih fizičko-hemijskih parametara,kvalitet vode u većini šljunkara odgovara II klasi kvaliteta, na osnovu čega se mogu okarakterisati kao  vodna  tela  sa  dobrim  i  boljim  ekološkim potencijalom. Sve šljunkare i fluvijalna jezera se klasifikuju  kao  visoko  alkalna.  Kvalitet  vode  u prirodnim  fluvijalnim  jezerima  odgovara  III  – IV  klasi  kvaliteta  voda,  pri  čemu  se  mogu okarakterisati  kao  vodna  tela  sa  slabim  do umerenim  ekološkim  statusom.  Značajno  većevrednosti  ukupnih  suspendovanih  materija, hemijske  i  biološke  potrošnje  kiseonika, ukupnog  organskog  kiseonika  i  nitrata zabeležene su na prirodnim fluvijalnim jezerima u poređenju sa šljunkarama. Izmerene vrednosti fizičko-hemijskih  parametara  ukazuju  na mezotrofni  karakter  lokaliteta  u  Badovincima  i mezo-eutrofni  karakter  lokaliteta  u  Lipničkom Šoru,  dok  se  šljunkare  na  teritoriji  Crne  Bare mogu  okarakterisati  kao  eutrofna  jezera.Vrednosti  LHMS  (modifikacionog)  skora  za šljunkare kretale su se u rasponu od 9  –  15, dok su vrednosti LHQA skora (stanišnog diverziteta) bile u rasponu izmeĊu 33  –  44. Sliĉne vrednosti za  LHQA  skor  su  izraĉunate  i  za  prirodna fluvijalna  jezera  (36  –  49).  MeĊutim,  vrednostiLHMS  skora  za  prirodna  fluvijalna  jezera  su znaĉajno  veće  u  odnosu  na  vrednosti  LHMS skora za šljunkare. Ovi podaci ukazuju na manje prisustvo  antropogenog  pritiska  na  šljunkarama u poređenju sa prirodnim fluvijalnim jezerima uistraţivanom  podruĉju.  Fizičko -hemijski  i hidromorfološki  parametri  zajedno  su  objasnili 57.07  %  od  ukupne  varijanse  vegetacijskih podataka,  sa  16.57  %  deljenog  efekta.  Fizičkohemijski  parametri  kvaliteta  vode  objasnili  su 17.02  %  varijabilnosti  u  strukturi  makrofitske vegetacije.  Kao  najsignifikantniji  parametriizdvojili  su  se:  saturacija  vode  kiseonikom,ukupni  organski  ugljenik,  površinski  aktivne materije, temperatura, elektroprovodljivost, pH i ukpni  alkalitet.  Hidromorfološki  parametri  su objasnili  23.48  %  varijabilnosti  u  strukturi makrofitske  vegetacije.  Kao  najsignifikantnije varijable,  izdvojile  su  se:  struktura  vegetacije  u priobalnoj  zoni,  diverzitet  prirodnih  tipova staništa  priobalne  zone,  prirodnost  obale, diverzitet  prirodnog  supstrata  litorala,masimalna dubina šljunkara, površina šljunkara,indeks relativne dubine, udaljenost šljunkara od glavnog  reĉnog  toka  i  starost  šljunkara. Hidrološki  parametri  su  objasnili  8.38  % varijabilnosti u strukturi  makrofitske vegetacije. Kao  najsignifikantnije  varijable,  izdvojile  su  se broj plavnih talasa u vegetacionoj sezoni tokom godine u kojoj je vršeno uzorkovanje vegetacije i broj plavnih talasa u prolećnom periodu za sve četiri  godine.  Ovi  rezultati  potvrđuju  direktni destruktivni  uticaj  plavnih  talasa  na  vodenu vegetaciju u vegetacionoj sezoni, kao i indirektni uticaj prolećnih poplava, usled uticaja na trofički status  vode.  Sumarno,  šljunkare  u  plavnom području  reke  Drine  predstavljaju  optimalno stanište  za  razvoj  retke  i  ugroţene  makrofitske flore.  Od  ukupnog  broja  zabeleženih  vrsta makrofita,  30  %  se  kategoriše  kao  zaštićeno  ili ugroženo na nacionalnom nivou.  Značajno veće vrednosti  konzervacionih  indeksa  ustanovljene su  za  šljunkare  u  poređenju  sa  prirodnim fluvijalnim jezerima, što ukazuje na njihov visok ekološki  potencijal.  Ustanovljen  je  visok diverzitet  prioritetnih  tipova  akvatiĉnih  staništa prema  Pravilniku  o  kriterijumima  za  izdvajanje tipova  staništa,  o  tipovima  staništa,  osetljivim, ugroženim,  retkim  i  za  zaštitu  prioritetnim tipovima  staništa  i  o  merama  zaštite  za  njihovo očuvanje, Aneksu I, Direktive Evropske unije ozaštiti  prirodnih  staništa  i  divlje  flore  i  faune (Natura  2000),  Rezoluciji  br.  4  Konvencije  o očuvanju  evropske  divlje  flore  i  faune  i prirodnih  staništa (EMERALD)  i  Evropskoj crvenoj  listi  staništa.  Vrednosti  izdvojenih atributa  šljunkara  mogli  bi  se  iskoristiti  u procesu  ranog  planiranja  i  projektovanja eksploatacionih  polja  u  plavnom  području  reke Drine  i  na  drugim,  sličnim  lokalitetima. Generalna preporuka je da se dva tipa šljunkara kreiraju  u  okviru  jednog  eksploatacionog  polja. Prvi  tip,  odnosno  šljunkare  koje  bi  podržavale pionirsku  vegetaciju  pršljenčica  trebale  bi  da budu locirane na razdaljini do 100 m od glavnog rečnog  toka,  površine  do  1000  m 2 i  da  imaju vrednost indeksa relativne dubine > 5 %. Drugi tip  šljunkara  koje  bi  podržavale  vegetaciju karakterističnu  za  nizijska  fluvijalna  jezera trebale bi da budu locirane na razdaljani od oko 300 m od glavnog rečnog toka, dubine 3  –  4  m (najmanje 2 m), površine između 10000 i 20000 m ² (najmanje  4000  m ² ),  različitih  vrednosti indeksa relativne dubine, ali  ne preko 5 %. Sva eksploataciona  polja  bi  trebalo  isplanirati  i isprojektovati  kako  bi  se  minimizirao  uticaj  na priobalnu  i  obalnu  zonu.  Pridržavanjem  datih smernica  povećao  bi  se  diverzitet  i  kvalitet staništa,  kao  i  konzervacioni  potencijal šljunkara. Kreiranjem šljunkara na naĉin kao što je predloženo u ovoj disertaciji omogućila bi se spontana  rekultivacija  eksploatacionih polja,odnosno  remedijacija  u  cilju  poboljšanja kvaliteta vode i renaturalizacija staništa, čime bi se  znatno  smanjili,  ili  u  potpunosti  eliminisali, troškovi tehničke rekultivacije terena.
Gravel pit lakes in the river floodplains represent a kind of ecological paradox. Gravel exploitation was recognised  as  important  factor  significantlyaffecting  aquatic  habitats  and  biodiversity.  On the  other  hand,  gravel  pit  lakes  are  valuable biodiversity  refugiums,  potentially  supporting rarae  species  and  habitats.  The  aim  of  this dissertation  was  to  determine  the  most significant  and  relevant  hydromorphological parameters  in  structuring  macrophyte assemblages  in gravel pit  lakes along the Drina River floodplain and to determine the correlation between  selected  parameters  and  macrophyte quantitative  indices.  The  research  was  carried out at the 18 gravel pit lakes (60 survey sectors) in  Crna  Bara,  Badovinci  and  Lipnicki  Sor  and four natural fluvial lakes (13 survey sectors), in the  Drina  River  floodplain  during  the  summer months  of  2015,  2016,  2017  and  2018.Macrophyte  vegetation  was  recorded  in  all  18 gravel pit lakes, in total supporting 31 taxa.  The most  abundant  species,  with  highest  tot al  cover value  were Potamogeton  nodosus,Ceratophyllum  demersum  subsp.  demersum, Myriophyllum  spicatum,  Najas  marina  and Chara  globularis.  Fluvial  lakes  supported  13 macrophyte  taxa  with  Vallisneria  spiralis, Elodea  canadensis,  Callitriche  palustris,Potamogeton  natans  and  Nuphar  lutea  as constant and dominant  species.  The values of all macrophyte  quantitative  indices  found  to  be significantly  higher  in  the  gravel  pit  lakes compared  to  the  fluvial  ones.  The  cluster analysis  revealed  14  aquatic  vegetation  groups (VG).  At  16  out  of  18  gravel  pit  lakes  13 vegetation  groups  were  revealed:  VG1Ceratophyllum  demersum,  VG2  Ceratophyllum demersum- Valisneria  spiralis,  VG3  Chara contraria,  VG4  Chara  globularis,  VG5  Elodea  canadensis,  VG6  Elodea  nuttallii,  VG7  Najas marina,  VG8  Najas  minor,  VG9  Nitellopsis obtusa,  VG10  Nuphar  lutea,  VG11 Potamogeton  nodosus,  VG12  Potamogeton natans, VG13  Potamogeton pectinatus), Natural fluvial  lakes  supported  4  vegetation  groups: VG5  Elodea  canadensis,  VG10  Nuphar  lutea, VG12  Potamogeton  natans  and  VG14  Typha latifolia.  All  gravel  pit  lakes  can  be characterized  as  water  bodies  with  good  to maximal  ecological  potential,  while  all  the fluvial ones can be characterized as water bidies with  poor  to  moderate  ecological  status.  The values  of  total  suspended  supstances,  chemical and  biological  oxygen  demand,  total  organic carbon  and  nitrates  were  significantly  higher  in the natural  fluvial  lakes compared to the gravel pit  ones.  Measured  level  of  physico-chemical parameters  indicating  mesotrophic  character  of gravel  pit  lakes  in  Badovinci  and  mesoeutrophic  in  Lipnicki  Sor,  while  all  the  gravel pits  in  Crna  Bara  could  be  characterized  as eutrophic.  Similar  range  values  were  calculated for  LHQA  for  gravel  pit  and  fluvial  lakes  (36 – 49). However, natural lakes  showed significantly higher  values  for  LHMS  score.  The  above mentioned,  indicates  higher  anthropogenic pressures  on  natural  fluvial  lakes  compared  to gravel  pit  ones.  Physico-chemical  and hydromorphological  parameters  together explained  about  57  %  of  the  total  variance  of macrophyte  assemblages  with  16.57  %  of  the shared effect. After accounting for the effects of physico-chemical  parameters  (17.02  %), hydromorphological  variables  explained  around 23 % of the total variance.  The most significant water  quality variables  were: oxygen saturation, total  organic  carbon,  surfactants, ,electroconductivity,  pH  and total alkalinity. The The most significant hydromorphology  variables for  structuring  macrophyte  assemblages  were: riparian  vegetation  structural  complexity, diversity  of  natural  landcover  types  in  riparianzone, shore structural habitat  diversity, diversity of  natural littoral zone, maximal  lake depth, lake surface  area,  relative  depth  ratio,  lake  distance from  r iver  main  channel  and  lake   age.Hydrologycal parameters were explained 8.38 % of  variance  in  structuring  macrophyte assemblages.  The  most  significant  hydrology variables  were  the  number  of  floods  in vegetation  season  in  first  year  when  vegetation was sampled, and the number of spring floods in all four research years. These results   confirm the direct destructive influence of summer floods  on aquatic vegetation, as   well as the indirect impact of  spring  floods,  due  to  the  impact  on  trophic status  of  water.  Gravel  pit  lakes  in  te  Drina River floodplain  represent an optimal habitat   for rare  and  threatened  macrophyte  flora.  Of  the total  macrophyte  species  recorded,  30  %  were categorized  as  protected  or threatened.  At  least one  strictly  protected,  protected  or  threatened species  was  recorded  in  each  gravel  pit  lake. Significantly  higher  values  of  conservation indices  (C  and  Csp  score)  found  to  be significantly  higher  in  the  gravel  pit  lakes compared  to  the  fluvial  ones.  High  habitat diversity  and  conservation  value  of  the  sites have  been  recorded  according  to  the  National Rulebook,  Annex  I  of  Habitats  Directive (NATURA 2000), Resolution  no. 4 of the Bern Convention (EMERALD) and the European Red List  of  Habitats.  Values  of  selected  lake attributes can be used for early-design phases of future  gravel  extraction  in  the  Drina  River floodplain  area,  and  in  other  similar  sites. Therefore,  general  recommendations  are  that two gravel pit types should be excavated within the  single  extraction  area  in  order  to  support pioneering charophyte vegetation and vegetation of typical eutrophic lowland floodplain lakes as well.  The  first  hydromorphological  lake  type, suitable  for  stonewort  species,  should  be excavated up to 100 m from river main channel, saving  a  surface  area  up  to  1000  m 2 and  a relative depth ratio > 5 %. The second gravel pit type  should  be  located  about  300  m  from  river main channel, with preferable maximal depth inrange  3–4  m  (at  least  2  m  depth),  and  a  lake surface area between 10000 m 2 and 20000 m 2 (at least  4000  m 2 ).  Relative  depth  ratio  may  vary, but should be less than 5 %. Generally, all sites should  be  designed  with  the  minimal  impact to the  riparian  and  shore  zones.  These  proposed measures  would  considerably  increase  lake habitat diversity and their conservation potential. Creating  gravel  pit  lakes  as  proposed  in  this dissertation    would  allow  spontaneous recultivation  of  exploitation  fields,  remediation in  order  to  improve  water  quality  and renaturalization  of  habitats,  which  will significantly reduce, or completely eliminate, the costs of terrain technical recultivation.

Shire of Murray has concerns regarding the negative impact that a 100 year flood could have on existing structures built before 1997. The increase cost in construction due to landfill has an adverse effect on development in Pinjarra. Feasibility of constructing a diversion channel at upstream of Murray River to attenuate the flood level from 1 in 100 year ARI to 1 in 50 year ARI, was investigated by Kiong (2003). The Murray River Water Surface Profile along three kilometres south of Greenlands Road was modelled. Flood damages on each flood occurrence were assessed and Average Annual Damage (AAD) was calculated. The AAD is used to estimate the monetary benefit against the construction cost of the diversion channel. Groundwater along Greenlands and Fauntleroy Drains was also modelled to determine the viable depth of the designed channel, as well as the analysis of backwater. The proposed channel is designed at different scenarios (invert level at breakout point, culvert or causeway design, and diversion channel variations). The benefit cost ratio of the proposed diversion channel is calculated. Other mitigation options are suggested including detention basins for structural measure, or building a new flood-proof township for non-structural measure.

The exhibition, Drink from the River, is the culmination of a creative journey that has run parallel to a very personal process of introspection, confrontation with the negative-self, and, ultimately, catharsis. The catalyst for this journey was my engagement with African art.
acase@tulane.edu

In Art and Politics, Segal explores the collision of politics and art in seven enticing essays. The book explores the position of art and artists under a number of different political regimes of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, traveling around the world to consider how art and politics have interacted and influenced each other in different conditions. Joes Segal takes you on a journey to the Third Reich, where Emil Nolde supported the regime while being called degenerate; shows us Diego Rivera creating Marxist murals in Mexico and the United States for anti-Marxist governments and clients; ties Jackson Pollock's drip paintings in their Cold War context to both the FBI and the CIA; and considers the countless images of Mao Zedong in China as unlikely witnesses of radical political change.

<em>Abstract.</em>—From its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains, the Platte River drains 230,362 km² in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska. The Platte River is formed by the confluence of the North Platte and South Platte near the city of North Platte, Nebraska, and receives additional flow from the Loup and Elkhorn rivers that drain the Sand Hills region of Nebraska. Water diversions for mining and irrigation began in the 1840s in Colorado and Wyoming, and irrigation diversions in Nebraska began in the 1850s. Construction of dams for control of river flows commenced on the North Platte River in Wyoming in 1904. Additional dams and diversions in the North Platte, South Platte, and Platte rivers have extensively modified natural flow patterns and caused interruptions of flows. Pollution, from mining, industrial, municipal, and agricultural sources, and introductions of 24 nonnative species have also taken their toll. Fishes of the basin were little studied before changes in land use, pollution, and introduction of exotic species began. The current fish fauna totals approximately 100 species from 20 families. Native species richness declines westward, but some species find refugia in western headwaters streams. Declines in 26 native species has led to their being listing as species of concern by one or more basin states.

<em>Abstract.</em>—From its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains, the Platte River drains 230,362 km² in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska. The Platte River is formed by the confluence of the North Platte and South Platte near the city of North Platte, Nebraska, and receives additional flow from the Loup and Elkhorn rivers that drain the Sand Hills region of Nebraska. Water diversions for mining and irrigation began in the 1840s in Colorado and Wyoming, and irrigation diversions in Nebraska began in the 1850s. Construction of dams for control of river flows commenced on the North Platte River in Wyoming in 1904. Additional dams and diversions in the North Platte, South Platte, and Platte rivers have extensively modified natural flow patterns and caused interruptions of flows. Pollution, from mining, industrial, municipal, and agricultural sources, and introductions of 24 nonnative species have also taken their toll. Fishes of the basin were little studied before changes in land use, pollution, and introduction of exotic species began. The current fish fauna totals approximately 100 species from 20 families. Native species richness declines westward, but some species find refugia in western headwaters streams. Declines in 26 native species has led to their being listing as species of concern by one or more basin states.

Mathematical models are a valuable tool to study different water related problems. 1Dimensional and 2Dimensional mathematical models are widely used in river engineering studies. 1D and 2D mathematical models are set-up for Buna River using SOBEK software developed from Deltares Institute, the Netherlands. Buna River is part of the water system of Shkodra Lake, Drini and Buna River. This water system is the largest in Albania, and receives significant amounts of annual precipitation ranging from 1600 mm to 4000 mm. This water system discharges all its waters into the Adriatic Sea through Buna River bed, which has a total length of around 44 km. Around 1.5 km from flowing out of Shkodra Lake, Buna River joins Drini River, and then meanders in a low land area before discharging into the sea. Validation is a very important step in the process of building a mathematical model for a water system. Validation of 1D and 2D mathematical models for Buna River is done by using the hourly water level data from on-line stations for an event. The results of both models are evaluated based on graphical comparison and statistical tests such as: Root Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Error, and Correlation Coefficient. The 1D mathematical model shows a better performance for the flow inside the river banks (bankfull discharge) due to a more accurate representation of the river bathymetry

To prevent the warming global environment, the hydropower should occupy the attention of the electric power generation systems as clean and cool energy sources with the highest density. For the next leap in the hydroelectric power developments, however, we are under obligations to conserve natural ecosystems and/or to coexist with natures. To meet such circumstances, this paper proposes two kinds of the new type hydroelectric unit applicable to tidal currents, mountain torrents, rivers and/or water drain systems, and discusses the characteristics of the model turbine/unit.

The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...