Academic literature on the topic 'Drinking fountains'
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Journal articles on the topic "Drinking fountains"
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Pompeu Martins, Maíra, Alexandre Junio Borges Araujo, Lara Parreira de Souza, Yasmin De Araújo Ribeiro, Letícia Clemente Olmos Hernandes, Lara Nascimento Zanatto, Daniela Araújo Vilela, et al. "Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water Fountains and the Potential Risk Associated with Location and Cleanliness." Interfaces Científicas - Saúde e Ambiente 8, no. 3 (October 18, 2021): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.17564/2316-3798.2021v8n3p399-408.
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As drinking water fountains are the main source of free drinking water in public spaces, microbiological quality standards in such facilities are strongly relevant to public health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological condition of drinking water fountains in a public institution, specifically investigating the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and to establish possible causes of contamination. Microbiological analysis was conducted with samples from seven drinking water fountain bubbler faucets located near the restrooms. We evaluated the number of users of these fountains under two parameters: individuals who only drank water, and individuals who drank water after using the restroom. The biological samples were cultivated on a specific culture medium, and the results revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. Although our findings indicate the presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, the results showed no correlation between the number of isolated microorganisms and the number of water fountain users. No specific correlation between the frequency of use of drinking water fountains and restrooms location was identified. We therefore suggest that the contamination present on the surface of the drinking water fountains is due to both the inefficacy of the cleaning procedures and the location of the water fountains. Identification of public health-relevant pathogens may have serious consequences for users.
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Loving, Veronica A., Robert W. Burden, and Anne Lagrange Loving. "An Investigation of Public Drinking Fountains and the Changes in Bacterial Colony Counts when Tap Water is Allowed to Flow." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.020.
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Abstract The quality of drinking water is a worldwide concern. Public drinking fountains could contain microbes from the water as well as from the saliva, lips and fingertips of people who have used the fountain. In this study, water samples were collected and cultured for bacteria from 97 public drinking fountains at 0, 5 and 10 seconds after the water was turned on. Overall, this study found that running tap water for 5 seconds significantly decreases the numbers of microbes in the water, as does running it for 10 seconds. However, of the 27 different microbes that were isolated from 291 samples, increased colony counts were noted for many when the water was allowed to flow.
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SEZEN, F., E. AVAL, T. AĞKURT, Ş. YILMAZ, F. TEMEL, R. GÜLEŞEN, G. KORUKLUOĞLU, M. B. SUCAKLI, M. A. TORUNOĞLU, and B. P. ZHU. "A large multi-pathogen gastroenteritis outbreak caused by drinking contaminated water from antique neighbourhood fountains, Erzurum city, Turkey, December 2012." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 4 (June 19, 2014): 704–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001459.
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SUMMARYWe investigated a gastroenteritis outbreak in Erzurum city, Turkey in December 2012 to identify its cause and mode of transmission. We defined a probable case as onset of diarrhoea (⩾3 episodes/day) or vomiting, plus fever or nausea or abdominal pain during 19–27 December, 2012 in an Erzurum city resident. In a case-control study we compared exposures of 95 randomly selected probable cases and 95 neighbourhood-matched controls. We conducted bacterial culture and real-time multiplex PCR for identification of pathogens. During the week before illness onset, 72% of cases and 15% of controls only drank water from antique neighbourhood fountains; conversely, 16% of cases and 65% of controls only drank bottled or tap water (adjusted odds ratio 20, 95% confidence interval 4·6–84, after controlling for age and sex using conditional logistic regression). Of eight stool specimens collected, two were positive forShigella sonnei, one for astrovirus, one for astrovirus and norovirus, and one for astrovirus and rotavirus. Water samples from the fountains had elevated total coliform (38–300/100 ml) andEscherichia coli(22–198/100 ml) counts. In conclusion, drinking contaminated fountain water caused this multi-pathogen outbreak. Residents should stop drinking water from these fountains, and clean water from the water treatment plant should be connected to the fountains.
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Blyth, Warren Evan, Esmaeil Shahsavari, Arturo Aburto-Medina, Andrew S. Ball, and Andrew Mark Osborn. "Variation in the Structure and Composition of Bacterial Communities within Drinking Water Fountains in Melbourne, Australia." Water 14, no. 6 (March 14, 2022): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060908.
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Modern drinking water distributions systems (DWDSs) have been designed to transport treated or untreated water safely to the consumer. DWDSs are complex environments where microorganisms are able to create their own niches within water, biofilm or sediment. This study was conducted on twelve drinking fountains (of three different types, namely types A, B and C) within the Melbourne (Australia) city area with the aim to (i) characterize the water quality and viable and total counts at each fountain, (ii) compare the differences in the structure and diversity of the bacterial community between bulk water and biofilm and (iii) determine differences between the bacterial communities based on fountain type. Samples of water and biofilm were assessed using both culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Heterotrophic plate counts of water samples ranged from 0.5 to 107.5 CFU mL−1, and as expected, total cell counts (cells mL−1) were, on average, 2.9 orders of magnitude higher. Based on the mean relative abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), ANOSIM showed that the structure of the bacterial communities in drinking water and biofilm varied significantly (R = 0.58, p = 0.001). Additionally, ANOSIM showed that across fountain types (in water), the bacterial community was more diverse in fountain type C compared to type A (p < 0.001) and type B (p < 0.001). 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing revealed that the bacterial communities in both water and biofilm were dominated by only seven phyla, with Proteobacteria accounting for 71.3% of reads in water and 68.9% in biofilm. The next most abundant phylum was Actinobacteria (10.4% water; 11.7% biofilm). In water, the genus with the highest overall mean relative abundance was Sphingomonas (24.2%), while Methylobacterium had the highest mean relative abundance in biofilm samples (54.7%). At the level of genus and higher, significant differences in dominance were found across fountain types. In water, Solirubrobacterales (order) were present in type C fountains at a relative abundance of 17%, while the mean relative abundance of Sphingomonas sp. in type C fountains was less than half that in types A (25%) and B (43%). In biofilm, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas sp. was more than double in type A (10%) fountains compared to types B (4%) and C (5%), and Sandarakinorhabdus sp. were high in type A fountains (6%) and low in types B and C (1%). Overall this research showed that there were significant differences in the composition of bacterial communities in water and biofilm from the same site. Furthermore, significant variation exists between microbial communities present in the fountain types, which may be related to age. Long-established environments may lead to a greater chance of certain bacteria gaining abilities such as increased disinfection resistance. Variations between the structure of the bacterial community residing in water and biofilm and differences between fountain types show that it is essential to regularly test samples from individual locations to determine microbial quality.
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Wu, Yu Lieh, Yu Dai Shiue, Kuo Hsiang Chien, and Chiu Li Wang. "A Study on the Performance of Drinking Fountain Using CO2 Heat Pump under Different System Pressures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2433.
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To avoid continuous damage of ozone layer and deterioration of global warming, many countries have devoted to the development and application of natural refrigerant. Although CO2, an alternative refrigerant in the area of air conditioning is not the best all-temperature refrigerant, it has the lowest operating risk as compared to hydrocarbon (HCs) and ammonia.Traditional drinking fountain provides heat source through secondary energy source - electric heating; however, the heating effect is limited. Since heat pump has a high performance, this study used a carbon dioxide heat pump, which has energy-saving effect and high efficiency, to provide heat source to drinking fountains. It further assembled the drinking fountain system with carbon dioxide heat pump and analyzed its performance.
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Milik, Julita, Rafał Pasela, and Katarzyna Budzińska. "Variability of physical and chemical parameters of water from fountains in health resorts." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400112.
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The aim of the study is to assess the quality of water from selected recreational fountains in Ciechocinek and Inowrocław health resorts. All analyzed water fountains are characterized by seasonal changes in their discharge. The exceedance of biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values found in the water samples may indicate water contamination with compounds of organic origin getting from the external environment to the basin of the fountain or too little recirculation of water. A significant improvement in water quality was noted in fountains in which water exchange occurred due to, for example, its failure. In addition, the water was characterized by a relatively high content of general hardness and conductivity. Reported exceedances of water quality parameters disqualify it for direct human consumption. It does not meet the requirements for drinking water. It is recommended to introduce supervision over the quality of water from fountains by the bodies of the State Sanitary Inspection in the form of water monitoring in order to eliminate from the water compounds that may have a negative impact on human health. It is recommended to regularly use pre-filtration, chlorination and sodium hypochlorite in water in fountains to eliminate physical impurities.
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Wright, Christopher. "Firehoses, Drinking Fountains, and Intrinsic Value." CFA Institute Magazine 22, no. 5 (September 2011): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/cfm.v22.n5.9.
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Dobraszczyk, Paul. "Ornament and Purity: Macfarlane’s Drinking Fountains." Victorian Review 44, no. 1 (2018): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vcr.2018.0004.
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Gerhardus, Martin Jakob, Susanne Klammer, Michael Galatsch, and Ralf Weigel. "Use and Acceptance of Drinking Fountains: A Pilot Study in Two Secondary Schools in Dortmund, Germany." Children 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2023): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10050817.
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(1) Background: Water drinking is essential to reduce obesity in children, but effective means for implementation remain controversial. Our study assesses students’ and teachers’ use of and attitudes towards drinking fountains in two urban secondary schools. (2) Methods: In a cross-sectional study, answers from students and teachers to a 28- and 19-item questionnaire, respectively, containing closed- and open-ended questions and short interviews with the schools’ two principals were described and analysed using the question-specific number of responses as the denominator. (3) Results: Questionnaires of one hundred sixty-two students and ten teachers were analysed; 36.1% of students responded. Students viewed the schools’ two fountains as a good idea (73.3%, n = 118), recommended them to other schools (73.1%, n = 117), and felt able to distinguish healthy from unhealthy drinks (70.5%, n = 110). In contrast, 55.7% (n = 88) reported using the fountains regularly; over a week, 39.8% (n = 47) used them less than once; 26.3% (n = 31) used them one to two times. Only about a third (26.5%, n = 43) reported consuming more water since the fountains’ installation. Teachers’ responses were similar to students’; principals stressed planning and costs. (4) Conclusions: A discrepancy between a good attitude towards and actual use of drinking fountains may exist; school communities may need to look for measures to overcome it.
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Fawkes, Leanne, and Garett Sansom. "Preliminary Study of Lead-Contaminated Drinking Water in Public Parks—An Assessment of Equity and Exposure Risks in Two Texas Communities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 6443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126443.
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Safe drinking water is celebrated as a public health achievement and is a top priority for the Environmental Protection Agency. Yet today, lead (Pb) contaminated drinking water has the potential to be a public health crisis in the United States. Despite efforts to provide safe drinking water, update water infrastructure, and ensure strict drinking water regulations, there are incidents of unsafe lead levels and reports of associated adverse health effects. While there has been increased attention paid to the quality of drinking water within individuals’ homes, little research has examined the presence and concentration of lead in water from drinking fountain sources located in public parks. In this study, we sampled drinking water from every accessible public park in the Bryan/College Station (BCS), TX metropolitan area (N = 56). With a lower detection level of 2.0 μg/L, we discovered a mean lead concentration of 1.3 μg/L across all sites and a maximum of 8.0 μg/L. Furthermore, neighborhoods below the median income for BCS were twice as likely to have detectable lead levels in their water and had 1.5 times the mean concentration. This study underscores the need for action and supports previous studies that have identified a disparate burden to lead exposure among low socioeconomic populations within the United States. By examining the water quality in drinking fountains in publicly accessible parks, the results of our study provide public health professionals with important information about where infrastructure should be improved and the potential harms of lead in drinking fountain water.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drinking fountains"
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Berdzenishvili, Revaz. "Rediscovery of drinking water fountains in Stockholm." Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6870.
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Ivanov, Josselyn. "Drinking fountains : the past and future of free public water in the United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99098.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 143-150).
Drinking fountains have a rich history as pieces of urban infrastructure in the United States. Installed in prominent public squares to reduce disease, help the poor, and promote a temperance agenda, early American drinking fountains often fulfilled dual roles as public art and functional public good. But today's drinking fountains, when installed at all, are purely utilitarian: undesigned in terms of both form and urban placement. Shoved between bathrooms and trashcans and usually broken, drinking fountains have fallen on hard times in the public realm. Many Americans express skepticism of public water sources, reflecting underlying attitudes about distrust of government and public infrastructure. There are compelling reasons to rethink our relationship with drinking fountains. Today, the United States confronts a new set of challenges: neglected urban spaces, lifestyle-related disease, privatization of public goods, socio-economic inequality, and plastic pollution. Drinking fountains may be uniquely suited to help confront these problems by cutting down on bottle waste, providing accessible water for homeless populations, reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, facilitating exercise, and adding interest and beauty to public spaces - but they will only be able to achieve these goals through thoughtful design and maintenance. In surveys, people were more likely to drinking from outdoor drinking fountains if they believed that they were clean, safe, and beautiful; the importance of appeal in decision-making has been understood by corporations like Coca-Cola for decades, but has been little-considered in promoting public water. Further, drinking fountains, seemingly insignificant urban elements, are key indicators of cultural attitudes about the public good: do we care only for ourselves and our families, or do we pool our resources and work together to bring benefits to the entire community? Addressing the problems in current American drinking fountains and drinking fountain perceptions could elevate them to address some of today's most pressing problems.
by Josselyn Ivanov.
M.C.P.
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Newton, Mathew. "Architectural Footnotes." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-228514.
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In this work I have been looking at three small everyday sites that can tell big and unexpected stories of how we live together. These sites appear unremarkable at first glance, but on a second look are filled with contradictions and conflicts of interest. I speculate that these marginalised sites operate like “architectural footnotes” helping break the tempo, rhythm and tone of the city while expanding the scope of the narrative beyond the local and specific reading. I’m interested in how we can make sense of the city and critique it in a meaningful way when it appears so fragmented and seems impossible to define in single terms. I have been testing different approaches ranging from surveying, counting, measuring and mapping, to model making, interviews, drawing, film-making and texts. I have been interested in how these diverse methods can help me understand the city in different ways and what they do when used together.In part one: A Fence I investigate a trend towards the increasing enclosure of private courtyard/gardens and the severing of established pathways that are incredibly important for navigating the area. This led to questioning how ground-floor habitation, different forms of tenure, and regulation, affects public access and passage in the area.In part two: A Drinking Fountain I attempted to map the defunct drinking fountains in Stockholm and trace the origin of their (ubiquitous) design. Instead of finding fountains, however, I found a vacuum of responsibility, and questions were raised around why some infrastructures are more important than others and how shared/societal needs seem to have been increasingly privatised. In part three: Some Planting I looked at a recently built area of “urban-community-farming” in the middle of local park. Here tensions between the public, private and common are brought to the fore, questioning how attempts towards more local and participatory democratic processes affect rights of access to, and use of, public spaces, around flexibility and durability, and how we balance short term demands with long term visions.When seen together these “footnotes” can describe a trend towards withdrawal of the state and municipality through the dismantling of infrastructures, deregulation and outsourcing, resulting in an increasingly individualistic and privatised city. This is perhaps unsurprising in itself, but the work that comes out of these sites has helped reveal (to me at least) some of the surprising ways in which this has happened and continues to do so (albeit in different forms) and how this affects the ways in which we inhabit the everyday city.
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Fabbri, Ilaria. "SMART HEALTHY CITY innovative urban services to improve the health in the city and its residents’ wellbeing." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2496473.
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In the frame of the promotion of healthy lifestyle in urban environment, this research seeks to identify viable design solutions to motivate people, both collectively and individually, to pursue daily healthy habits while enjoying the experience, through the use of improved services in the city.
When it comes to urban health, street furniture, especially in terms of tactile and visual quality, urban placement and spacing, rarely makes headlines or attracts academic attention; nevertheless, each small object – be it a bench, a bus-stop, a waste container or a drinking fountain – can make our daily life easier, richer and more comfortable. Small-scale urban elements greatly influence the attractiveness of our surroundings, and whether people want to go to and spend time in, a crucial aspect if city dwellers are to lead healthier, more active lifestyles.
Furthermore, thanks to the digital revolution, urban amenities and facilities are currently being transformed, becoming more and more efficient and responsible to environmental conditions, or, conversely, some of them are disappearing, if no longer in keeping with dwellers’ needs.
Among all pieces of street furnishings, the project investigates the frequently overlooked role of public drinking fountain, a seemingly insignificant urban element with a huge potential if properly reinvented: not only as a public utility, but also as an expression of neighbourhood identity and sustainability, a valuable Public Health tool promoting virtuous behaviour.
This research addresses the questions of what role drinking fountains should play today in public space, how a contemporary street furniture including water outlet should look like, and where should be located to best serve the community.
Firstly, the study highlights the most promising features of water fountains from a public health perspective; secondly, as it configures itself as an applied research, an innovative multifunctional service, likely to create new opportunities in the city for safer and more sustainable living, is designed, prototyped and tested.
Finally, the research outlines a concept of healthy-driven urban services in network, including the ones developed through prototypes, providing incentives for their most health-conscious and environmentally friendly users. In this way, urban amenities located in public spaces, linked one
another, may convert demanding self-control practices dealing with health prevention and sustainability into positive moments of enjoyment and reward, thus become urban interfaces enhancing public health and personal wellbeing.
The design outcomes and the prototype development of the innovative service fall within a wider University-Industry research conducted between Next City Lab, an interdisciplinary research group at Architecture Department University of Ferrara, headed by professor Gabriele Lelli, and Hera Group, one of the leading Italian multi-utility operating in environmental, energy and water services.Nell’ambito degli studi rivolti alla promozione di stili di vita sani, questa ricerca intende individuare strategie e soluzioni concrete per motivare le persone, sia singolarmente che come comunità, a coltivare quotidianamente abitudini virtuose, per la propria salute e quella dell’ambiente, attraverso l’interazione con servizi urbani innovativi. Quando si tratta di salute pubblica, l’arredo urbano, soprattutto in termini di qualità, carattere, diffusione e rapporto con lo spazio pubblico, raramente attrae l’attenzione delle principali ricerche; tuttavia, i piccoli oggetti che insistono sullo spazio collettivo di base – siano essi panchine, fermate dell’autobus, fontanelle, pensiline – contribuiscono sensibilmente alla ricchezza della vita urbana, e a renderla più semplice e comoda. Nonostante la scala relativamente piccola, questi elementi incidono fortemente anche sull’attrattività del paesaggio urbano e sulla percezione di esso da parte del pedone, e, di conseguenza, sulla scelta delle persone di uscire e trascorrervi del tempo, aspetto cruciale per ottenere spazi pubblici invitanti e vivaci, ed incentivare i cittadini ad adottare stili di vita più attivi. Inoltre, le diverse interfacce fisiche dei servizi urbani sullo spazio pubblico risentono dell’attuale effetto dirompente della tecnologia, responsabile dell’evoluzione o della sparizione di alcuni elementi di arredo tradizionali, e la nascita di nuovi dispositivi capaci di raccogliere e trasmettere dati, capillarmente diffusi nell’ambiente costruito e perciò ancor più rilevanti per il carattere di un quartiere e il comportamento di chi lo vive. Tra tutti gli oggetti urbani, la tesi di dottorato indaga in particolare il ruolo spesso ignorato delle fontanelle per bere, un elemento apparentemente insignificante ma dal grande potenziale se ripensato, non solo nella modalità di erogazione del servizio pubblico, ma anche come espressione dell’identità locale, un presidio di quartiere per la sostenibilità ambientale, un prezioso strumento a sostegno della salute pubblica. Questa ricerca si interroga in particolare su quale ruolo le fontane debbano giocare oggi nello spazio pubblico, quale aspetto e quali funzionalità debba avere un elemento stradale contemporaneo che eroga anche acqua da bere, e dove e come debba essere distribuito nel tessuto urbano per servire al meglio la comunità. Prima di tutto, lo studio evidenzia le caratteristiche e le potenzialità delle fontane dal punto di vista della salute pubblica; in secondo luogo, ad espressione della componente applicata della ricerca in oggetto, si illustra il processo di ideazione, progetto di dettaglio, realizzazione e sperimentazione di un oggetto urbano innovativo multifunzionale. In ultima istanza, la tesi propone un progetto di rete di servizi – incluso quello direttamente sviluppato attraverso i prototipi – volto ad aumentare il benessere delle persone e premiare i fruitori più sostenibili e attenti alla salute. In questo modo, piccoli oggetti che popolano lo spazio pubblico sono interconnessi, acquisiscono capacità di dialogo con i cittadini e possono trasformare alcune attività quotidiane, talvolta faticose, legate alla sostenibilità e alla prevenzione della propria salute, in momenti di divertimento e gratificazione personale. La ricerca, quindi, oltre a disegnare scenari e forme per nuovi servizi urbani, delinea le possibili implicazioni che tale innovazione può avere per l’utente e la città, in termini di salute, qualità degli spazi, senso di comunità, gestione della complessità urbana. Lo sviluppo dei prototipi illustrati in questa tesi rientra in una più ampia collaborazione tra Next City Lab, gruppo di ricerca interdisciplinare condotto dal prof. Gabriele Lelli presso il Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Ferrara, e il Gruppo Hera, una delle maggiori aziende italiane multiservizi operante nel settore ambientale, idrico ed energetico.
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Ho, Chun-Heng, and 何俊衡. "The study of Al concentration in drinking fountains of primary school, Keelung city." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45806304691657981837.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋環境資訊學系
96
The present study determined the Al concentration in drinking fountains and the tap water collected from twenty-one primary school belonged to seven different administration areas of the Keelung city. Total amounts of 315 samples were collected from August, 2007 to February, 2008, and the Al concentration of the samples was analyzed by the Lumogallion method. The Al concentration ranges of drinking fountains and tap water were 0.04-77.6 �慊/L (average 9.9 �慊/L) and 0.6-61.3 �慊/L (average 9.9 �慊/L), respectively. The average highest and the lowest Al concentrations of drinking fountains were found in the Sinyi and the Jhong-Shan administration areas, and their concentrations were 14.2 �慊/L (concentration range 8.8-20.0 �慊/L) and 6.3 �慊/L (concentration range 1.1-11.4 �慊/L), respectively. The average highest and the lowest Al concentrations of tap water were found in the Jhong-Shan and the Cidu administration areas, and their concentrations were 16.4 �慊/L (concentration range 8.6-21.8 �慊/L) and 12.9 �慊/L (concentration range 9.1-19.3 �慊/L), respectively. The Al concentration of tap water from the water supplied plants follows the sequence: the Xin-Shan> Nuan- Nuan> An-leh > Liu-du. Overall, all the Al concentrations obtained in the present study were significantly lower than 200 �慊/L of which value is the maximum concentration of the World Health Organization. The Al concentrations in drinking fountains and tap water collected during the typhoon period were higher than those of the non-typhoon period. The reason for this is that the water supplied plants probably use more Al polymers to reduce the elevated turbidity of the supplied water during the typhoon period, which enhanced the Al concentration of tap water.
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Wu, Tai, and 吳尚泰. "A Study on RO Drinking Fountain Design." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04621860281743894968.
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碩士大葉大學
設計研究所
96
Water purification in Taiwan has been a strong market for many years. In the past few years, the market has expanded to China and Vietnam. Coin operated water machines can now been found available on the streets. The Taiwanese people no longer want to drink only boiled tap water. Water that has been purified through filtration is the most common choice for drinking water. Reverse Osmosis (RO), is the most common way to filter and purify drinking water. The most profitable machines on the market are Reverse Osmosis drinking fountains. The following research paper studies the design or RO drinking fountains and makes suggestions for their improvement. The improvements can raise the quality level of RO machines, enabling users to have access to better quality drinking water. This study is broken down into two sections, internal components and external components. The section about internal components includes, the organization of the RO system, set up of electrical cords, water tubes and structure. The section about external components includes, control panel design, basin and drain, and the general esthetic design of the machine. Through the data collected, both the positive and negative aspects of the system are assessed. Following the conclusions of the negative aspects about the system are suggestions for improvement. These improvements will allow the RO system to run more effectively. In the future, these ideas and suggestions could be used to design and manufacture the next generation of RO drinking systems. The primary group of disabled individuals studied were those with visual impairments. This group was chosen because of the present danger that the hot water taps pose to them. Suggestions about how to make the machine safer and more user friendly for those with visual impairments are also included.
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Wang, Chiu-lin, and 王秋霖. "System Assembly and Performance Analysis for CO2 Heat Pump Drinking Fountain." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21477804237136606610.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
98
In order to avoid destruction of the ozone-friendly and aggravation of global warming, many countries have begun constructive application and development of natural refrigerants. Compared with Ammonia and HCs, carbon dioxide, the alternative refrigerant in refrigeration and Air Conditioning are not the best work fluid of the refrigerant, but that is the most safety refrigerants in operations. Traditional drinking fountains relied on electrics to heat water, however, it wastes lots of energy and isn’t efficient. On the other hand, the heat pump has the superior performance in energy consumption. Therefore, instead of electrics, CO2 heat pumps will be used in this study, and the CO2 Heat Pump Drinking Fountain will be assembled in this study too. By tested and analyzed the performance of CO2 system, we want to increase the energy efficiency and achieve the goal of energy reduction.
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McIlwain, Brad. "Investigating Sources of Elevated Lead in Drinking Water." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/22151.
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Lead exposure poses as a risk factor for various adverse health effects including intellectual delays, reduced IQ, and behavioural problems in children, as well as cognitive decline in adults. Lead enters drinking water through corrosion of leaded materials such as lead pipes, solder, and brass devices.
Three rounds of residential and non-residential lead monitoring were conducted to evaluate the corrosion control implemented by Halifax Water, and to identify sites with elevated lead concentrations. Follow-up testing was conducted at several sites to determine the sources of lead, and the factors that contributed to high lead release. Finally, a bench scale experiment was conducted to determine the impacts of plumbing flux on metal release.
The lead action level for residential testing was exceeded only in the round that was conducted during the winter. Lead concentrations were also higher in the winter rounds than the fall round of non-residential sampling. The seasonal lead variation was likely caused by fluctuations in aluminum residuals in the water leaving the plant. Frequency of use, age, and outlet manufacturer were factors that were associated with elevated lead levels.
Follow-up studies were conducted at several fountains to determine the source of elevated lead levels. These fountains typically contained several leaded components and received infrequent use. Fountains with leaded components that received high, regular usage had often provided samples with low lead levels.
Drinking fountains that were banned and recalled in the US for potentially containing lead lined cooling tanks were found at eight locations throughout the study area. It was found that three of the eight likely contained the lined cooling tanks. High lead levels were present in samples collected from these fountains, even at sites with frequent usage. Low-use sites with the lead lined tank produced the highest lead levels in this study. Fountains suspected of containing lead lined tanks were removed and replaced, and the lead levels were significantly reduced at these sites.
The impact of plumbing flux on metal concentrations was relatively short in duration, lasting only a week for most metals, with the exception of tin. Lead levels were found to stabilize under all flux conditions following roughly 40 L of flushing. Flux type was the main factor contributing to the elevated metals. The traditional petroleum flux was much more resistant to flushing than the water soluble flux, as it caused elevated tin levels for several weeks and a tacky flux deposition in the copper pipe remained even three months after the start of the experiment. The high amount of chloride from the flux was aggressive towards the copper corrosion, but it is unclear if this would have led to copper pitting corrosion.
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LAI, JIIN JHY, and 賴錦志. "The study of energy-saving efficiency of hyrocarbon refrigerants in a traditional drinking fountain." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18013024906361929917.
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碩士東南科技大學
機械工程研究所
101
To prevent the usage of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) as refrigerants, many countries have proposed its alternative solutions. The most mature replacement from the market is the hybrid refrigerants of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC). Although HFCs do not catalyze ozone depletion, they still contribute to the effect of global warming. Hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants may be one of potential candidates for the replacements and many studies are now focusing on them; however, the flammability of HCs is the biggest killer drawback. HC refrigerants cannot be applied on the large refrigeration and air-conditioning system so far. However, the small scale refrigeration and air-conditioning system using HC refrigerants has been quite popular in Europe nowadays. The main objective of this research is to measure the energy-saving efficiency of a hybrid hydrocarbon refrigerant in a traditional drinking fountain. We utilized 81 grams of hybrid hydrocarbon refrigerant with 50% of R-290 and 50% of R-600a to replace original 135 grams of R-134a refrigerant in a traditional drinking fountain. In order to control the experimental factors, we do not replace any other machine parts and the refrigeration oil as well. The result shows that the hybrid HC refrigerant enhances the cooling capacity dramatically and reduces 4% of the average power for the energy consumption. The temperature of the evaporator in the fountain cools down rapidly. The quantity of the fill-in refrigerant can be reduced about 40% as well. The HC refrigerant is superior to R134a refrigerant not only for the environmental protection but also for the overall system performance. Keywords: Hydrocarbon refrigerants, hybrid refrigerants, traditional dr
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Jiang, Qi-Hui, and 江啟惠. "Research in Buliding Data Warehouse System and OLAP Application A Case Study of Drinking Fountain Company." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07240453803602387570.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南華大學
資訊管理學系
91
The corporation globalizations and Internet popularization inspired managers to share lots of information in software systems and to easily acquire from systems. With the diversification of information resources, the data warehousing with high quality and breadth of information can help managers to make precise decisions, to satisfy the demands of customers and further to move up the competition of enterprise. Unlike to other studies of data warehousing always explore the theories and frameworks without realistic experience of establishment, this thesis establishes the multiple-dimensional model with data cube to analyze sale situation with respect to the drinking fountain manufacture. The proposed system also uses the WWW technology to provide the business data to customers, company managers and employees to understand lots of present corporation operation situations. Data Warehousing (DW) and On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) are indispensable elements for decision-making; therefore corporations take notice of the technology of Data Warehousing. In fact, lots of large-scale organizations had adapted it already. The data warehousing help decision maker making more precise decisions for better developments and vision of corporation. This thesis expects to explore the application and fitness condition between traditional database system like the SQL server and Data Warehousing system. It presents these functions and operation mode to query and make decision in reality.
Books on the topic "Drinking fountains"
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New York (N.Y.). City Council. Office of Oversight and Investigation. and New York (N.Y.). City Council. Finance Committee., eds. Faulty fountains: A report on drinking fountains in New York City parks & playgrounds. New York: The Council of the City of New York, 2000.
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Augsburg, Kulturreferat der Stadt, ed. Wasserbau und Wasserkraft, Trinkwasser und Brunnenkunst in Augsburg: Die historische Augsburger Wasserwirtschaft und ihre Denkmäler im europaweiten Vergleich. Augsburg: Context verlag, 2013.
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Juan Claudio Aznar de Polanco. Tratado de los cuatro elementos, origen, y nacimiento de las aguas, y fuentes de Madrid, y sus viages subterraneos. Madrid: E y P Libros Antiguos, 1992.
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Turkey) Su Medeniyeti Sempozyumu (2009 Konya. Su Medeniyeti Sempozyumu. Konya: Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi, 2010.
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Engineer, London Corporation. A report on the drinking and ornamental fountains in the city of London for which the Corporation maintains responsibility. (London: The Corporation), 1986.
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Counsell, Melanie. Melanie Counsell: Drinking fountain, Toronto, 1998. Toronto: Art Gallery of York University, 1999.
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Teitell, Beth. Drinking Problems at the Fountain of Youth. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.
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Mills, J. E. The drinking fountain association established 1859 (the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association): An association dedicated to promoting the supply of pure drinking water for humans and animals in public places in the U.K. and abroad. [Bexley]: Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association, 1985.
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Stowe, Ryan J. Arsenic removal from drinking water by iron removal: U.S. EPA demonstration project at Northeastern Elementary School in Fountain City, IN, final performance evaluation report. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Drinking fountains"
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Awad, Ruth. "My Father Dreams of a New Country." In What Things Cost, 8. University Press of Kentucky, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813182438.003.0004.
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America, I see through your glass— I reach my hand and my fingerprints are everywhere. Like leaves the gust blows in. I don’t have money to feed your fountains or enough water that it’s never a wish, but America, I can’t stop drinking you in....
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Gittings, Robert, and Jo Manton. "The Fiery Comet ( 1820—1822)." In Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys 1798-1879, 56–65. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198185949.003.0005.
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Abstract Claire’s feelings of isolation proved only temporary. She settled to life with the Bojti family, taking the older children, Louisa and Annina, for walks in the terraces of the Boboli Gardens, among the small evergreen trees, statues, and fountains. She also strolled with Sna Bojti in the busy, lively town. In letters to Mary she at first complained of dullness, but her sense of humour was still acute, and she enjoyed visits to the opera and ballet with her friendly hostess. She also let her excessive blame of Byron overflow into amusing caricatures, picturing him drinking coffee with a mistress stinking horribly of garlic.
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Stevens Crawshaw, Jane L. "Preserving Purity." In Cleaning Up Renaissance Italy, 78—C3P60. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867432.003.0004.
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Abstract Chapter three considers the infrastructure of water supply (including canals, drains, the Genoese aqueduct, fountains, and wells). The management of these elements had important social and moral ramifications. Access to water was believed to be a vital charitable enterprise and was one of the Christian works of mercy. If water sources were damaged, society as a whole was affected but the poor most acutely. Water infrastructure also had significant social and political associations. The forms of water infrastructure in Genoa and Venice were distinct but the importance of adequate access to clean water for washing, the care of animals, artisanal processes, and also drinking, was common. This chapter considers how governments responded to the strain on water supplies caused by demographic growth, urban change, and periods of drought when existing systems were extended.
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Abel, Elizabeth. "Restroom Doors and Drinking Fountains: Perspective, Mobility, and the Fluid Grounds of Race and Gender." In Signs of the TimesThe Visual Politics of Jim Crow, 122–59. University of California Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520261174.003.0005.
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"4. Restroom Doors and Drinking Fountains: Perspective, Mobility, and the Fluid Grounds of Race and Gender." In Signs of the Times, 123–59. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520945869-008.
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Walker, Samuel. "Belonging To America: Rights And Membership." In The Rights Revolution, 61–88. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090253.003.0003.
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Abstract It was a poignant moment in the hearings to confirm Ruth Bader Ginsburg for a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court, one of the most powerful positions in the country. She recalled an incident from her childhood in which her family, on a vacation trip through Pennsylvania, passed a hotel with a sign reading “No Dogs or Jews.” This episode dramatizes in a very personal and painful way the issue of rights and membership in America. It serves as an ugly reminder of the history of prejudice and discrimination. In the America of the 1950s, a time often recalled today as one of harmony and tranquillity, even the vilest expressions of prejudice were publicly displayed. Hotels and vacation resorts across the country openly barred Jews, sometimes advertising for “Christian” guests. The leading colleges and universities maintained exclusionary quotas limiting the number of Jewish students. Many employers openly refused to hire Jews. Women were barred from the country clubs where men golfed and conducted business. And, of course, de jure segregation prevailed throughout the South, with separate schools, and even public drinking fountains designated “White” and “Colored.”
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Crouch, Dora P. "Planning Water Quality: Potable and Subpotable Water at Selinus and Priene." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0022.
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Today when the rigors of an arid climate (Arabia) or other constraints on water resources press the limits of water supply, hydraulic engineers have to reconsider the nineteenth century answer of one quality of water for all uses. In places where population density far exceeds the supply of potable water—Hong Kong—or where the scanty spring water is not enough to support the massive tourist industry—Bermuda—(Deb, 1987, 222) there is no choice but to use subpotable or nonpotable water whenever feasible. Absolute scarcity of drinking-quality water is the strongest reason for water managers today to consider alternate procedures, but in some situations the quality not quantity of water is the issue. Heavy metals, long-lasting pesticides, or other carcinogens may require separation of the purest supply for drinking and cooking from the less pure supply for other uses, lest the water itself cause disease during a lifetime of use. Since potable water amounts to a small fraction of use in a modern city—6 percent or less (J. Thapa, personal communication)—alternative delivery systems for that small amount may be feasible, with the main systems delivering subpotable water for bathing, cleaning, watering lawns, and so on, and nonpotable water for industry or irrigation. It is easier to contemplate in theory these logical divisions than to make actual plans for altering the delivery system in metropolitan water districts. Political and economic realities restrict change in built-up areas unless the danger is severe, but in some new suburbs in Florida dual pipelines are laid for potable water inside the house and subpotable outside. Drinking bottled water is becoming more common. Many municipal water systems now supply partially purified (nonpotable) water to industry for cooling or other processes. Still, these new ideas have not been widely implemented to date. It is unexpected, then, to find that the ancient Greeks had just such a triple system of water supply and reuse. Each Greek city had both public fountains and springs supplying flowing water of the best quality, and private cisterns in houses and public buildings to supply still water of good quality, plus a drain system that led used water outside the city.
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"Drinking from Hecate’s Fountain." In Fictional Practice: Magic, Narration, and the Power of Imagination, 244–60. BRILL, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004466005_012.
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"Drinking fountain tour of the city." In Ganymede's Dog, 92–93. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780228000587-050.
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"CHAPTER 3. Drinking from the Fountain of the Other: Cantos de la mañana." In Delmira Agustini, Sexual Seduction, and Vampiric Conquest, 82–118. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/9780300183412-004.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Drinking fountains"
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Rebelo, M. H., A. S. Cardoso, and S. A. Feliciano. "Evaluation of water quality in public drinking fountains." In ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/etox080021.
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Moaveni, Saeed. "Thermal Analysis of a Solar Hot Water System and a Stock Tank." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90106.
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During the cold winter months in the Midwestern States, a common problem that many livestock farmers face is to prevent the cattle drinking water, in a stock tank, from freezing. There are commercial water heating systems that consist of drinking fountains, submersible, or floating heaters. However, these units have typically high initial and operating costs. In this paper, we present the analysis and design of a low cost solar system that are made with tractor inner tubes and other readily available materials. Car and tractor inner tubes make good solar collectors because of their mechanical strength and thermophysical properties. The low cost solution reported here could also be used to address warm water supply and or space heating needs in developing countries. In this paper, the transient thermal response of wooden stock tanks with Fourier numbers around 0.01 is considered. Exact analytical solutions in the form of infinite series are used. The product solution of a cylinder and a plane wall is used to model the stock tank. Moreover, given the small Fourier number, a series of numerical experiments were performed to determine the number of terms that must be retained from the infinite series solutions to obtain accurate results. A theoretical model for the solar collector was also developed, and a series of physical experiments were performed to verify the theoretical models of the stock tank and the collector. The experimental results show that theoretical models, developed in this paper, predict the thermal behaviors of the collector and the stock tank well.
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Garros, Matheus, and Robson Leal da Silva. "COMMERCIAL DRINKING-FOUNTAIN EXPERIMENT, BASED ON ABNT NBR 16236." In 19th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. ABCM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.encit2022.cit22-0695.
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Peris, Gabriel, Ana Iris Escudero, and Begoña Peña. "Diseño de una aplicación de realidad aumentada para uso docente." In IN-RED 2020: VI Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2020.2020.11961.
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Augmented reality technologies have great potential in many sectors and, in particular, in the field of education. In order to reinforce learning process in a more attractive fashion for students, increasing the engagement in the subject, this paper presents the procedure followed in the preliminary design of an application of augmented reality for learning purposes.Specifically, the augmented reality will be used to show the operation of a drinking fountain based on the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The APP would be useful for subjects in the field of Thermal Engineering in Engineering studies.In this work, a review of the state of the art and associated emerging technologies has been presented, as well as the results of the surveys carried out on teachers and students. The procedure followed in the development of the APP is also explained and the preliminary design is shown.