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1
Sävenhed, Roger. "Chemical and sensory analysis of off-flavour compounds in drinking water." Linköping : Linköping University, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/25607250.html.
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Cauchi, Michael. "Data analysis tools for safe drinking water production." Thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield University at Silsoe, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1225.
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Providing safe and high quality drinking water is essential for a high quality of life. However, the water resources in Europe are threatened by various sources of
contamination. This has led to the development of concepts and technologies to create a basis for provision of safe and high quality drinking water, which had thus resulted in the formation of the Artificial Recharge Demonstration project (ARTDEMO). The
overall aim of this thesis in relation to the ARTDEMO project was to develop a realtime
automated water monitoring system, capable of using data from various complementary sources to determine the amounts of inorganic and organic pollutants.
The application of multivariate calibration to differential pulse anodic stripping
voltammograms and fluorescence spectra (emission and excitation-emission matrix) is
presented. The quantitative determination of cadmium, lead and copper acquired on
carbon-ink screen-printed electrodes, arsenic and mercury acquired on gold-ink
screen-printed electrodes, in addition to the quantitative determination of anthracene,
phenanthrene and naphthalene have been realised. The statistically inspired
modification of partial least squares (SIMPLS) algorithm has been shown to be the
better modelling tool, in terms of the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP),
in conjunction with application of data pre-treatment techniques involving rangescaling,
filtering and weighting of variables. The % recoveries of cadmium, lead and
copper in a certified reference material by graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectrometry (GF-AAS) and multivariate calibration are in good agreement.
The development of a prototype application on a personal digital assistant (PDA)
device is described. At-line analysis at potential contamination sites in which an
instant response is required is thus possible. This provides quantitative screening of target metal ions. The application imports the acquired voltammograms, standardises
them against the laboratory-acquired voltammograms (using piecewise direct
standardisation), and predicts the concentrations of the target metal ions using
previously trained SIMPLS models.
This work represents significant progress in the development of analytical techniques
for water quality determination, in line with the ARTDEMO project's aim of
maintaining a high quality of drinking water.
3
Ko, Han Il. "Noncoliform enumeration and identification in potable water, and their senstivity to commonly used disinfectants." Virtual Press, 1997. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1041914.
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Tap water collected according to standard methods was examined for microbial presence. Epifluorescent diagnoses using redox probe 5-cyano-2,3ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC), 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and acridine orange (AO) were employed for direct evidence of microorganisms. Evidence of total (DAPI or AO), respiring (CTC) bacteria, and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) was determined on multiple occasions during the summer, fall, and winter 1996-1997. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus licheniformis, and Methylobacterium rhodinum were isolated and identified by the API and Biolog system using GN and GP procedures. On the basis of comparisons presented in this study between the CTC method and the standard HPC procedure, it appeared that the number of CTC-reducing bacteria in the tap water samples was typically higher than that determined by HPC, indicating that many respiring bacteria detected by the CTC reduction technique fail to produce visible colonieson the agar media used. In the seasonal data obtained by the CTC method, no difference was shown among respiring bacterial counts obtained from June through January. In the examination of P. aeruginosa viability in presence of chlorine, the number of CTC-positive bacteria exceeded the number of CFU by more than 2 logs after exposure to chlorine, suggesting that reliance on HPC overestimate the efficacy of disinfection treatment. In inactivation assays using the Biolog MT plate, no sensitivity to chlorine or chloramine disinfectants was noted even at high concentration levels (5 mg/liter). Following initial drop, bacterial activities increased as contact time increased. Thus, it appears that the MT microplate provides too low a cell concentration, too great a contact time, and/or too low a concentration of tetrazolium dye within the well for successful analysis of disinfectant capability to selected bacterial strains isolated from distribution water.Department of Biology
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Khanal, Rajesh. "Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water: An Integrated Exposure Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33167.
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The objective of this research is to develop an integrated exposure model, which performs uncertainty analysis of exposure to the entire range of chemical contaminants in drinking water via inhalation, ingestion and dermal sorption. The study is focused on a residential environment. The various water devices considered are shower, bath, bathroom, kitchen faucet, washing machine and the dishwasher. All devices impact inhalation exposure, while showering, bathing and washing hands are considered in the analysis of dermal exposure.
A set of transient mass balance equations are solved numerically to predict the concentration profiles of a chemical contaminant for three different compartments in a house (shower, bathroom and main house). Inhalation exposure is computed by combining this concentration profile with the occupancy and activity patterns of a specific individual. Mathematical models of dermal penetration, which account for steady and non-steady state analysis, are used to estimate exposure via dermal absorption. Mass transfer coefficients are used to compute the fraction of contaminant remaining in water at the time of ingestion before estimating ingestion exposure.
Three chemical contaminant in water: chloroform, chromium and methyl parathion are considered for detailed analysis. These contaminants cover a wide range in chemical properties. The magnitude of overall exposure and comparison of the relative contribution of individual exposure pathways for each contaminant is evaluated.
The major pathway of exposure for chloroform is inhalation, which accounts for 2/3rd of the total exposure. Dermal absorption and ingestion exposures contribute almost equally to the remaining 1/3rd of total exposure for chloroform. Ingestion accounts for about 60% of total exposure for methyl parathion and the remaining 40% of exposure is via dermal sorption. Nearly all of the total exposure (98%) for chromium is via the ingestion pathway.Master of Science
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Chaidez, Quiroz Cristobal 1969. "Risk assessment of selected opportunistic pathogens in drinking water." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191233.
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Water as a route of opportunistic bacterial disease transmission has not been well established. The use of epidemiological evidence linking drinking water bacterial contamination to health effects in a population is lacking and very costly to obtain. Also, the significance of exposure to low-level contamination is difficult to determine epidemiologically. This makes it difficult to estimate the impact on a community. The use of risk assessment approach allows an understanding of low-level exposure; and to define it in a more quantitative fashion. Microbial risk assessment was employed to determine the risks associated with exposure to selected opportunistic bacterial pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) present in drinking water from various sources. An extensive analysis was conducted on drinking water obtained from various sources including point-of-use (POU)-treated water, tap water with POUconnection, tap water, bottled water, and water from vending machines and storage tanks. Enumerated bacteria included: A. hydrophila, heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria, Mycobacteriuni spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, P. aeruginosa, and total and fecal coliforms. It was found that opportunistic pathogens were present in small numbers in drinking water. Neither fecal coliforms nor P. shigelloides were found in the drinking water samples. The annual risks of colonization based on the consumption of 2L/day/person for drinking water were determined to be as high as 7.9x10⁻⁵ and 9.9x10⁻⁴ for A. hydrophila and P. aeruginosa, respectively at exposure levels ranging from 90 to 10 CFliimL. respectively. The results obtained indicates that the risk of colonization is a transient process, and the probability of infection may be very but could result in the most vulnerable (very young, the elderly and immunocompromised). More studies are needed on the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens in drinking water from various sources and animal andjor human feeding studies to better define dose-response in both healthy and immunocomprimised individuals. There is no doubt that the greatest need for microbial risk assessment is the occurrence data. Therefore, national surveys in drinking water from various sources will help in the developing of microbial risk assessment for opportunistic bacterial pathogens. The use of conventional methods as well as molecular approaches are recommended in order to obtain a more accurate identification of waterborne bacterial pathogens.
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Sexton, Diane Lynne. "Analysis of disinfection by products in drinking water by solid phase extraction." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040321/.
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Patel, Pruthvi Shaileshkumar. "Methodology to Enhance the Reliability of Drinking Water Pipeline Performance Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84401.
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Currently, water utilities are facing monetary crises to maintain and expand services to meet the current as well as the future demands. Standard practice in pipeline infrastructure asset management is to collect data and predict the condition of pipelines using models and tools. Water utilities want to be proactive in fixing or replacing the pipes as fixing-when-it-fails ideology leads to increased cost and can affect environmental quality and societal health.
There is a number of modeling techniques available for assessing the condition of the pipelines, but there is a massive shortage of methods to check the reliability of the results obtained using different modeling techniques. It is mainly because of the limited data one utility collects and absence of piloting of these models at various water utilities.
In general, water utilities feel confident about their in-house condition prediction and failure models but are willing to utilize a reliable methodology which can overcome the issues related to the validation of the results. This paper presents the methodology that can enhance the reliability of model results for water pipeline performance analysis which can be used to parallel the output of the real system with confidence. The proposed methodology was checked using the dataset of two large water utilities and was found that it can potentially help water utilities gain confidence in their analyses results by statistically signifying the results.Master of Science
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Parent, Uribe Santiago. "Endotoxins detection and control in drinking water systems." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100231.
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Endotoxins are a constituent of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complexes present in the outer layer of the cell wall of most Gram-negative bacteria and some cyanobacteria. The ingestion by a typical adult of amounts exceeding 1,000 endotoxin units (EUs) can cause fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, acute respiratory illnesses, and lung inflammation. In contrast, much smaller doses may lead to protective immunity against allergic diseases.Endotoxins can be released in the air as well as in the water; previous studies have mainly focused on airborne endotoxins. Although many studies on endotoxins in raw and treated drinking waters have been performed, few have assessed seasonal variations and none have been conducted in Eastern Canada. Furthermore, a clear understanding of removal of endotoxins by various water treatment processes is still required.
Two methods to measure the concentrations of endotoxin were used and compared, the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL) and the recombinant Factor C test (rFC). Raw water samples were taken from various drinking water sources around the Island of Montreal. The effects of free chlorine, UV radiation, and ozone were studied in batch experiments on filtered water samples via typical dosages and fluences used in drinking water treatment facilities. Residual concentrations for free chlorine were 0.8 and 1.6 mg/L; ozone doses were 0.5 and 1 mg/L; UV fluences were 40 and 100 mWs/cm2. Detention times of 20 and 60 minutes were tested for chlorine and 5 and 20 minutes for ozone. Grab sampling from three drinking water treatment plants in the Montreal area was performed during the months of June and late August/September 2006 and January 2007. Processes at these plants include coagulation and flocculation, sand filtration, ozonation and disinfection by chlorine. To test the variation in endotoxin concentrations during a sand filter cycle, samples were withdrawn directly from a filter in one of the treatment plants studied. The filtration cycle, from one backwash to the next one, lasts 72 h. Samples were collected immediately before the backwash, at the beginning and at the end of the ripening period, at the beginning of the filtration cycle and 48 h later, which corresponds to a half cycle period.
Of the two endotoxin detection methods used, LAL consistently gave slightly higher values compared to rFC; rFC also required more expensive hardware, but the method was less tedious and reagent costs were lower. Results presented, unless otherwise stated, were obtained with the rFC method. Endotoxin levels decreased in raw water samples between June and September. Concentrations ranged from 20 to 30 EU/mL in June, and decreased to 10 to 14 EU/mL in August and beyond. For the disinfection processes, the UV and free chlorine doses tested had little or no effect on the endotoxin concentrations, but ozone reduced the concentrations by up to 75%. Sand filtration and flocculation showed significant endotoxin removal efficiencies (50--60%). Levels remained around 5 EU/mL throughout the remaining treatment processes regardless of the influent concentration. Hence, endotoxin inactivation by free chlorine and UV does not occur with typical doses used in drinking water treatment plants; in contrast, flocculation and sand filtration, as well as ozonation, are much more effective.
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Arandia, Ernesto. "Spatial-Temporal Statistical Modeling of Treated Drinking Water Usage." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377870978.
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Northrop, Debra L. (Debra Lynn). "Lead in drinking water : analysis of a compliance project for NTNC schools." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69260.
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Mansour, Shawky Abou Elghit Ali. "Developing GIS analysis techniques for the measurement of safe drinking water access." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/197229/.
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have provided effective and useful methods that are widely used to measure spatial access to services and to inform the planning of public facilities and infrastructures. The development of innovative GIS tools has informed approaches for researching demographic and socioeconomic problems. Nevertheless, GIS methods have not yet been developed for construction of water indices that can provide measures of household accessibility to safe drinking water at the finest spatial scales such as district and sub-district. There has, to date, not been any integrated measurement of access to safe drinking water that can be used as a practical tool to quantitatively identify small areas suffering from poor water supplies or households who use unimproved water sources. A comprehensive and structured review of the literature indicates that although there is international emphasis on drinking water problems in developing countries, there is a wide gap in relation to the current international measurements and programmes set up to measure and monitor access to safe drinking water. This includes efforts made by the United Nations (UN) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to measure and monitor access to safe water. These measurements are not only limited in terms of the socioeconomic factors impacting safe water access but also have not addressed measurement at the sub-national resolution level of residential communities and spatial variation within individual countries. Therefore, the available measurements neither provide a convincing picture of water accessibility nor a spatially detailed measurement. To bridge this gap, this study introduces new GIS analysis techniques for the measurement of access to safe drinking water as a global problem in the developing world. The main objective is to develop a multivariate index which measures current access to safe drinking water using datasets commonly available in lower and lower middle income countries. It draws on a wider range of data than current United Nations monitoring efforts. GPS coordinates are increasingly collected as a part of household surveys, particularly in the developing world. This offers great opportunities to enhance national census data about drinking water by spatial linkage with other survey sources. Egypt was chosen as a case study and spatial linkage was undertaken between the 2005 Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the 2006 Egyptian population census in order to develop indicators that reflect household access to safe drinking water. Understanding the spatial uncertainty associated with linking points (DHS GPS clusters) to polygons (sub-governorate census districts) was essential. Consequently, positional error relevant to DHS GPS clusters was detected, validated, measured and modelled. Selection criteria were developed for choosing the index components and a method for scoring these components was implemented. This was followed by standardisation and weighting of the components before combining them all into a single index. A map demonstrating index values for all Egyptian districts has been created. The index was evaluated against health factors to examine the influences of water accessibility on public health. The same types of datasets (DHS and local census) about another country (Jordan) were explored to examine potential index transferability. This was based on assessing the positional accuracy of the GPS clusters of the Jordanian DHS and evaluating the index construction. Potential limitations of this measurement were discussed and recommendations for further research suggested. Future policies options with a wider incorporation and implementation of GIS and spatial analysis methods were also considered
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Khurana, Mayank. "A Framework for Holistic Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Drinking Water Pipelines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78357.
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Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) forms an important part of asset management practices and provides an informed decision support. The holistic nature of LCCA includes life cycle assessment (LCA) as an important component alongside economic life cycle cost analysis. The drinking water industry is right now lacking a reliable cost data structure which will ensure that all the utilities capture the same set of cost data. Also, models and tools currently available in the academia and industry are purely deterministic in nature and do not cater to uncertainty in the data. This study provides a framework for a holistic life cycle cost analysis tool which will help drinking water utilities to prioritize the activities and optimize the cost spending of the utility. The methodology includes the development of a cost data structure, a life cycle cost analysis and a life cycle assessment model in the form of an excel spreadsheet. The LCCA model has the capability to compare different pipe materials, installation, condition assessment, rehabilitation and replacement technologies. Whereas, LCA model can compare different pipe materials based on greenhouse gas emissions calculations. The final step of the methodology includes piloting the model with data from utility A. The analysis has been shown in the form of three case studies - comparison of two pipe materials, two pipe installation technologies and two pipe rehabilitation technologies. The case studies provide results in the form of comparison of total life cycle costs for different alternatives and hence a better alternative can be chosen.Master of Science
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Worley, Jennifer Lee. "Evaluation of Dechlorinating Agents and Disposable Containers for Odor Testing of Drinking Water." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9764.
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As the bottled water trend continues to rise across the nation, drinking water utilities have become more concerned with ensuring consumer satisfaction of their product. Although public water supplies are safeguarded by regulations, aesthetically unappealing taste-and-odor problems have led consumers to search for alternative water sources, such as bottled water or tap water processed by point-of-use filters. Consequently, taste-and-odor monitoring has become important to the drinking water industry. Because many utilities use chlorine to disinfect the water, chlorine odor often masks other more subtle odors that may eventually cause consumer complaints. As treated water travels from the water treatment plant to the consumer, chlorine residual diminishes and may reveal a water's naturally less-pleasing odors. Consequently, odor monitoring at the water treatment plant, where chlorine concentrations are at a peak, may not identify potential displeasing smells. Proper evaluation of these odor-causing substances requires that the chlorine odor first be eliminated before evaluating any remaining odors. Dechlorinating agents can remove chlorine, but some will produce other unwanted odors or even remove certain odorous compounds. This research describes the efficiency of several of these agents (ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate) in dechlorinating chlorinated solutions of the earthy-smelling compound geosmin and musty-smelling MIB.
Interfering odors in reusable containers pose another problem in drinking water odor analysis. The most common odor-analysis methods (TON and FPA) involve the use of glass flasks, which often either develop chalky odors or have persistent lingering odors from previous evaluations. Furthermore the glass flasks break easily and are difficult to clean. This research also evaluates the suitability of four types of disposable plastic containers for odor analyses.Master of Science
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Ledder, Tracey. "Comparison of ion chromatography and flow injection analysis methods for monitoring chlorite and chlorate ions in drinking water." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03172010-020312/.
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Riddick, Eugenia. "Analysis of Dissolved Organic Matter and Inorganic Arsenic III/V in Drinking Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1413471413.
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Aziz, Sonia N. "Valuation of Avoiding Arsenic in Drinking Water in Rural Bangladesh: An Averting Behavior Analysis." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/AzizSN2007.pdf.
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Humrighouse, Ben W. "Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences found in bulk water samples collected throughout a metropolitan area drinking water distribution system." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277125435.
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Singh, Inderjit. "Significance of building and plumbing specifics on trace metal concentrations in drinking water." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28724.
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Samples were taken from 72 high-rise apartment suites (6 suites in 12 individual high-rise towers) and 60 single-family houses located within the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The influence of the following factors on trace metal concentrations in 1-L first-flush drinking water samples and running hot water samples was investigated: building height, location, plumbing age, type of plumbing and type of building. Results of this survey show that with the exception of building height, all factors had a correlation with one or more of the trace metals investigated. The trace metals examined were lead, copper, iron and zinc. Lead was influenced primarily by building type, copper by plumbing age and type of plumbing and iron by location. Elevated lead levels were associated with high-rise samples. New copper plumbing systems resulted in high copper levels. Highest iron levels in the drinking water were measured in the East location. Zinc did not show a distinct correlation with any of the factors investigated.
Brass faucets were the primary source of zinc in tap water. They also contributed substantially to the lead detected in the 1-L first-flush sample. Metal concentrations measured in high-rise and house samples were compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and the proposed no-action level for lead1. In high-rise samples, the 0.01 mg/L "no-action" proposed for lead was exceeded in 43% of the samples and 62% of the samples exceeded the current 1.0 mg/L MCL standard for copper. In single-family house samples, these values were
1 Compliance with the proposed 0.01 mg/L no action limit for lead is based on a sample average.
Individual samples may exceed this value and still be in compliance. 47% and 73%, respectively. The average lead concentration for all high-rise samples was 0.020 mg/L and 0.013 mg/L for house samples. Regulatory levels stated above would still be exceeded in 6% of the cases for lead and 9% of the cases for copper, even after prolonged flushing of the tap in a high-rise building. In all cases associated with single-family houses, flushing the cold water tap for 5 minutes was successful in achieving compliance levels.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Primavera, Francesca. "Water Safety Plan and Fault Tree Analysis for the management and risk assessment of a drinking water supply system." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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This work of thesis studies the approach of the Water Safety Plan, that is applied to a part of the drinking water supply network managed by AIMAG S.p.A.
The Water Safety Plans have been introduced by the World Health Organization and have been identified as the most effective way to systematically guarantee the safety of the drinking water system, the quality of the water supplied, and the protection of the health of consumers. Through a preventive and qualitative analysis that includes risk assessment and management, the Water Safety Plans make it possible to guarantee over time the absence of potential physical, biological, and chemical hazards in the water available for consumption. The result obtained through the application of the Water Safety Plan involves the construction of a risk matrix, that allows the development of an improvement plan for the control of each hazard and associated risk (in priority scale). After that, the previously performed analysis is supported through the application of statistical and probabilistic techniques used in the reliability analysis to optimize the control activities based on a risk assessment. The first one is the Fault Tree Analysis, which is a deductive technique supported by Boolean algebra that focuses on a particular undesirable event and provides a method for identifying possible causes. In parallel with the application of the Fault Tree Analysis, the Monte Carlo method is applied, which is a computational method based on random sampling of certain variables to obtain numerical results. Finally, the result obtained through the application of both methodologies is the definition of the probability of failure of some nodes and internodes that are part of a portion of the drinking water supply network managed by AIMAG S.p.A.
At the end, the work of thesis lead to results which prove that the qualitative approach of the Water Safety Plans can be effective, especially if supported by different types of analysis.
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Abou-Ali, Hala. "Water and health in Egypt : an empirical analysis /." Göteborg : Dept. of Economics, School of Economics and Commercial Law [Nationalekonomiska institutionen, Handelshögsk.], 2003. http://www.handels.gu.se/epc/archive/00003482/01/Thesis_Hala_Abou-Ali.pdf.
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Ehbair, Abdassalam. "Trihalomethane formation in drinking water : impact of drought, treatment wetlands and methods of analysis." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/trihalomethane-formation-in-drinking-water-impact-of-drought-treatment-wetlands-and-methods-of-analysis(9c9289d8-cc6d-409b-8463-9e5aba236de7).html.
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In England and Wales, two-thirds of drinking water comes from surface water. Rising dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in surface waters have been reported in the past few decades, commonly attributed to climate and land use change. Peatlands have historically been drained to create new grazing land and this has been suggested as one of the causes of the rising DOC trend. The experimental work in this thesis was undertaken in North and West Wales catchments and primarily examines the variations in DOC concentrations and how these are linked with trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) in different field and laboratory settings. Chapter 2. From July 2012 – Feb 2013 water samples were collected from three contrasting sites in North Wales: Llyn Conwy (“lake”) a natural oligotrophic drinking water reservoir, Nant-y-Brwyn (“stream”) a natural Stream outside the catchment of the reservoir but analogous to other upland streams within the area and four man-made drainage ditches (“ditches”) within the predominately peat catchment of Llyn Conwy. The results of this study demonstrate that the drainage ditches have the potential to contribute more carbon per unit volume of water to the oligotrophic Llyn Conwy than the natural stream feeding into Llyn Conwy (equivalent to Nant-y-Brwyn). Mean DOC values were 6.32 mg/L higher in the drainage ditches when compared to Llyn Conwy. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the propensity to form trihalomethanes between the sites (p > 0.05). Chapter 3: From March 2014 until September 2014 monthly water sampling was performed to compare the effect of drought on a discontinuous peat-accumulating wetland experimental site in mid-Wales, UK. Porewater samplers were installed at both the droughted and control sites. The results demonstrated that peatland exhibited reduced porewater DOC and phenolics concentrations and a shift in quality to lower molecular weight and less aromaticity. The mean DOC concentration of the control being 14.1 ± 0.77 mg/L and the drought being 11.9 ± 0.45 mg/L (F=4.93, p < 0.05). Despite this, a significant change in the mean standardised trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) values were not observed (p > 0.05). Chapter 4: Twenty peat cores were collected from two locations in North Wales in June 2013; 10 each from Migneint bog and Cors Erddreiniog fen. The Mignent is the largest blanket bog in North Wales and Cors Erddreiniog is the largest area of fen on the island of Anglesey. These peat cores were transferred to the laboratory and kept under controlled temperature and levels of water table over a period of 160 days. The results indicated is that artificially exposing peat cores to a drought treatment reduced DOC concentrations compared to control cores (DOC: mean of all controls (71.68 ± 53.30 mg/L), mean of all droughts (39.69 ± 38.66 mg/L)). The values determined for the correlated THMFP values were mean drought 57.75 ± 20.33 μg CHCl3/mg DOC and mean control 54.59 ± 23.63 μg CHCl3/mg DOC, but these differences were not significant Chapter 5: The effect of constructed wetlands on DOC characteristics and THMFP of water sample from Llyn Cefni were measured twice a month from 2014 until March 2015. It was concluded that in the wintertime the constructed wetland is having a positive impact on water quality of the reservoir because it is still sequestering some nitrate and phosphate, but also reducing the DOC concentration of the water flowing into the reservoir by 18% on average. Chapter 6: In order to investigate the effect of storage of water samples that contain THMs after disinfection treatment, samples were collected from two selected surface waters; Nant-y-Brwyn stream (oligotrophic) and Cefni reservoir (eutrophic) in North Wales, subject to experimental chlorination in the laboratory and then stored at 4°C and at room temperature for an 11 week period. The majority of the weekly measurements of the concentrations of key DBPs showed no statistical differences from the initial week 0 values, regardless of water source types or storage temperatures (p < 0.05).
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Anderson, Eric Trenton. "Determining the Sustainability of Coal Mine Cavity Discharge as a Drinking Water Source." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31709.
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In southwestern Virginia, adequate sources of public water for small isolated communities are difficult to find. While many alternatives exist, one of the largest sources of water in this region is flooded abandoned coal mines. One such coal mine aquifer was chosen for a sustainability study in Dickenson County, Virginia. A flowrate monitoring system was installed at the point of discharge from the mine, and the flow records from three months of data collection were analyzed. The recording period included one of the driest periods in recent years, and the flowrate data recorded provided useful information regarding the sustainability of the system. After a study of the geology and groundwater flow patterns in the region, it was determined that a coal mine aquifer is very similar to the extremely heterogeneous system seen in karst landscapes. Thus, techniques common to karst phenomenon were used to analyze the spring hydrograph. A spring recession analysis was performed upon five storm recessions, and the coefficients for each recession compared and discussed in light of known geologic information. It was discovered that the recession coefficients described the flow from the mine very adequately and that the mine response to a rainfall pulse was very similar to the response of certain types of karst aquifers. This information was used to predict a sustainable flow from the mine. A cross-correlation analysis was performed in an attempt to fit a "black box" model to the flow data, as well as to verify the results of the spring recession analysis. The correlation analysis proved that one rainfall event produced many separate reactions in the flowrate at the mine discharge point. This strengthened results concluded by the recession analysis. It was found that the flow record was not long enough to adequately create a statistical model, but a procedure was described that could be used to model flows once a larger flow record was available.Master of Science
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Byrd, Julia Frances. "Applications of Sensory Analysis for Water Quality Assessment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81969.
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In recent years, communities that source raw water from the Dan River experienced two severe and unprecedented outbreaks of unpleasant tastes and odors in their drinking water. During both TandO events strong 'earthy', 'musty' odors were reported, but the source was not identified. The first TandO event began in early February, 2015 and coincided with an algal bloom in the Dan River. The algal bloom was thought to be the cause, but after the bloom dissipated, odors persisted until May 2015. The second TandO in October, 2015 did not coincide with observed algal blooms.
On February 2, 2014 approximately 39,000 tons of coal ash from a Duke Energy coal ash pond was spilled into the Dan River near Eden, NC. As there were no documented TandO events before the spill, there is concern the coal ash adversely impacted water quality and biological communities in the Dan River leading to the TandO events. In addition to the coal ash spill, years of industrial and agricultural activity in the Dan River area may have contributed to the TandO events.
The purpose of this research was to elucidate causes of the two TandO events and provide guidance to prevent future problems. Monthly water samples were collected from August, 2016 to September, 2017 from twelve sites along the Dan and Smith Rivers. Multivariate analyses were applied to look for underlying factors, spatial or temporal trends in the data.
There were no reported TandO events during the project but sensory analysis, Flavor Profile Analysis, characterized earthy/musty odors present. No temporal or spatial trends of odors were observed. Seven earthy/musty odorants commonly associated with TandO events were detected. Odor intensity was mainly driven by geosmin, but no relationship between strong odors and odorants was observed.Master of Science
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Branson, Johannah Helen. "The farm-level impact of policies to reduce nitrate emission from livestock waste : an economic analysis." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300519.
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Raftery, Kelley Lynne. "A Comparative Analysis of Wellhead Protection: Virginia and Massachusetts." Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37105.
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Proactive drinking water programs assist communities in the long-term protection of their water supply. The 1986 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) seek to protect groundwater sources of public drinking water. 42 United States Code Section 300h-7 created the Wellhead Protection Program. The 1986 SDWA Amendments require all states to submit a Wellhead Protection Program for public groundwater drinking sources. The 1996 SDWA Amendments require all states to submit Source Water Assessment Plans for both groundwater and surface water sources. The 1986 and 1996 SDWA Amendments aim to protect public health by preventing contamination of drinking water sources.
This paper compares and contrasts the effectiveness of groundwater Wellhead Protection Programs (WHPP) in Virginia and Massachusetts. These states take different management approaches to protect public groundwater drinking sources. Virginia encourages local governments to participate voluntarily in wellhead protection activities. Massachusetts requires all municipal and private suppliers that provide public drinking water to adopt a WHPP. The relative success achieved by Massachusetts and Virginia was evaluated with two measures: percentage of wellhead protection programs implemented and the percentage of state reported drinking water quality violations.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Rathor, Ankur. "Web-based Performance Benchmarking Data Collection and Preliminary Analysis for Drinking Water and Wastewater Utility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49582.
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High-quality drinking water and wastewater systems are essential to public health, business, and quality of life in the United States. Even though the current performance of these systems is moderate, the concern is about the future performance. Planning can be done for improvement once the current performance of utilities is evaluated, and areas with a scope of improvement are identified. Benchmarking and performance evaluation are key components in the process of continuous improvement for utility\'s performance. Benchmarking helps utilities make policies and programmatic decisions that reduce operational expenses and increase productivity by understanding areas of underperformance, understanding customer needs, developing future plans, and setting goals. This study establishes a strong case for implementing benchmarking methodologies among utilities to evaluate and improve performance. There are many initiatives on performance benchmarking of utilities but a few of them focuses on one or few area of performance. There are a few initiatives which use subjective indicators. Additionally, consultants visit the utilities for performance evaluation. This research focuses on creating a web-based benchmarking platform for performance evaluation using holistic and quantitative indicators. Practical and robust methodologies are used and the research presents the current performance comparisons among utilities for areas that impact overall utility\'s performance. Web based benchmarking consists of two major parts -- data collection and result visualization. A major contribution from this study is the creation of an online performance benchmarking database. With time more data will be collected which will provide utilities an access to a better database for performance evaluation. The future work in this research will be analyzing the data and results for each participant for each set of indicators, and finding possible reasons for under performance, followed by suggesting solutions for improvement using the best practices.
Master of Science
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Yu, Weiyu. "Spatial analysis and modelling of drinking water service in low and lower-middle income countries." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/422173/.
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Drinking water is a basic necessity and plays a vital role in improving general health and wellbeing. Following recognition of the essential human right to drinking water, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have included a dedicated Goal 6 (Target 6.1) for drinking water, which addresses a broad range of issues such as availability, accessibility, water quality, and inequalitiesin service. The expanded need for more sophisticated SDG monitoring therefore places high demands on data sources. By combining spatial analysis and modelling techniques with water point data sets, this study proposes several approaches to combine scarce information relating to drinking water services and thereby to facilitate national SDG monitoring. Specifically, spatial integration with water point data was found to be an effective way to add value to conventional data sources such as censuses for monitoring drinking water. In addition, MaxEnt-based predictive modelling method was employed to predict the potential geographical distribution of drinking water supply in the absence of completely surveyed national water point inventories; outputs for Cambodian and Tanzanian examples showed good discriminatory power based on AUCs (0.791 and 0.860 respectively). Although the MaxEnt modelled surface could not replace real water point surveys, it could reasonably give an indication of the potential distribution of water supply and thereby to be used to reveal hidden inequalities in drinking water services, or to investigate surrounding issues by combing with other geospatial data sets.
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Ratikane, Mosepeli. "Quality of drinking water sources in the Bloemfontein area of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/210.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Environmental Health)) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2013Introduction: Drinking water of poor quality can cause a variety of diseases and may even result in death. The impact of poor drinking water is a course for concern even in South Africa. Therefore, the physical, chemical and microbiological drinking water quality was investigated in the peri-urban area of Bainsvlei and the Woodlands Hills Estate in Bloemfontein, Free State. Materials and Methods: The water quality was assessed in 20 identified sampling sites for three series with ten weeks apart. These sites use treated municipal and untreated borehole water for drinking. The determinants analysed for were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, Ca, Mg, Na, F, Cl, N, SO₄,N, Free chlorine, Al, As, CN, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, total coliforms and E. coli. The water samples were collected and analysed on site and in the laboratory. Both the physical and chemical determinants were measured using standard methods whereas the microbiological determinants were measured using the Defined Substrate Technology (DST) method. The measurements were first compared to the SANS 241 (2011) for compliance. The ANOVA tests were used to investigate if any seasonal variations existed in the water quality as well as to compare the levels of the determinants between borehole and municipal water. In the assessment of the overall drinking water quality of different water sampling sites the water quality index (WQI) was used. Results and Discussions: Significant effects were believed to exist if the p-values of the ANOVA and Scheffe tests were at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). The study results revealed that of the four physical determinants that were measured turbidity exceeded the standard in many sampling sites in the three series. Of all the chemical determinants, nitrates exceeded the standard. In the same way coliforms exceeded the standard in a number of sampling sites while E. coli was found in a few sampling sites in the first series. ANOVA tests revealed that seasonal variations existed between pH, EC, temperature, cyanide and iron at a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05) while the Post-hoc Scheffe test further revealed the series in which the effect existed. Similarly, the ANOVA tests revealed that the levels of the determinants between municipal versus borehole varied in pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, F, Cl, N, and SO₄ at a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05). The WQI showed that in all the series when combining the good and excellent category season 2 had the highest percentage of 80%, followed by season 3 with 79% and season 1 with 70%. Only borehole sampling sites were found in the poor, very poor and unsuitable categories. Similarly all the highest WQI values were found in borehole sampling sites. Conclusion: This study revealed that the water quality is of good quality in the Bainsvlei and Woodlands Hills Estate of the Mangaung metropolitan municipality in Bloemfontein, in the Free State, South Africa. The presence of E. coli, though found in a few sampling sites and the high levels of turbidity, nitrates and coliforms are of concern to public health.
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Mirlohi, Susan. "Chemical Identification and Flavor Profile Analysis of Iodinated Phenols Produced From Disinfection of Spacecraft Drinking Water." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30997.
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is considering the use of iodine for disinfection of recycled wastewater and potable water in the International Space Station (ISS). Like Chlorine and other halogen compounds, iodine can form disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the presence of organic compounds. Recycled wastewater sources proposed for reuse in the space station include laundry, urine, and humidity condensate. These contain large concentrations of iodine-demanding compounds, including phenol (Barkely et al., 1992). Therefore, the potential for the formation of iodine disinfection by-products (IDBPs) is of concern.
Based on the characteristics of the ISS recycled wastewater sources and potable water treatment system, a series of experiments was designed to evaluate the formation of IDBPs under different experimental conditions. Studies were conducted by reacting various concentrations of iodine with phenol at pH 5.5 and 8.0.Iodine concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L and phenol concentrations of 5 and 50 mg/L were used. Reactions were monitored for up to 32 days for the formation of IDBPs. All reactions were maintained at 20 C in dark. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for identification and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds. Spectrophotometry was used to monitor the iodine concentrations. Falvor Profile analysis (FPA) method was used to evaluate the odor characteristics of the phenolic compounds.
Reactions of iodine with phenol resulted in the formation of the following by-products: 2-iodophenol, 4-iodophenol, diiodophenols, and 2,4,6-triiodophenol. Most reaction conditions studied resulted in the formation of all or some of the specified iodophenols. The initial mass ratio of iodine to phenol was the major determining factor in the concentrations and types of by-products formed. The IDBPs were formed within one hour after initiation of the reactions. Extended reaction times did not lead to significant increases in the concentration of IDBPs. Under most reaction conditions, mono-subsituted phenols were detected at significantly higher concentrations than di-substituted phenolic compounds; triiodophenol was the major by-product when iodine:phenol mass ratio was 10:1. The greatest number of IDBPs were formed when reaction solutions consisted of 1:1 mass ratio of iodine to phenol. FPA panel indicated the odor threshold concentrations for phenol, 2-iodophenol, and 4-iodophenol were 5 mg/L, less than 1 ug/L, and 1 mg/L respectively. The most common odor descriptions for all these compounds were "chemical", "phenolic", and "medicinal".Master of Science
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COTRIM, MARYCEL E. B. "Avaliação da qualidade da água na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Ribeira de Iguape com vistas ao abastecimento público." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11568.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Mistry, Bhavnita. "Risk, media and drinking water: An analysis of the media's construction of the Walkerton risk event." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27574.
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The contamination of the local drinking water supplies in Walkerton, Ontario, in May 2000 was a highly publicized public health risk event, where seven people died and 2,300 other individuals became ill.
The analysis of the media construction of the Walkerton risk event reveals how the media uses important elements of risk to construct this event. The analysis shows how trust and blame issues are used to create this community, by constructing messages about how the community dealt with this risk event. The analysis also reveals how the media concentrate on the negative aspects of the risk, such as the health issues, that aid in framing the stories in a negative tone. Moreover, the analysis illustrates the relative importance of this risk issue on the Canadian media's agenda, for the duration of the study period. These factors may influence public perceptions of risk regarding drinking water.
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Rahman, Shela 1976. "Numerical modeling & analysis of plume migration effects on public drinking water wells at Lake Mirimichi." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80168.
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Johnstone, David Weston. "Drinking Water Disinfection Byproduct Formation Assessment Using Natural Organic Matter Fractionation and Excitation Emission Matrices." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1247802154.
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Humpage, Andrew Raymond. "Tumour promotion by the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh9258.pdf.
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Hassett, Anthony John. "Analysis of volatile organic compounds in water by sorptive extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26860.
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Obolensky, Alexa Singer Philip C. "Analysis of information collection rule data to assess the impact of water quality and treatment on disinfection byproduct occurrence in drinking water." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1408.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Apr. 25, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health." Discipline: Environmental Sciences and Engineering; Department/School: Public Health.
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Dodd, Jennifer Peters. "Chemical Identification and Organoleptic Evaluation of Iodine and Iodinated Disinfection By-Products Associated with Treated Spacecraft Drinking Water." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36642.
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Aboard the International Space Station, potable water will likely be produced from recycled wastewater. The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) plans to use iodine as a disinfectant, and, consequently, the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products (IDBPs) requires investigation. Objectives of this research were to determine possible precursors of IDBPs, identify IDBPs formed, and apply flavor profile analysis (FPA) as a tool to evaluate water qaulity. Experiments were performed by separately reacting iodine with each of the following organic compounds: methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, acetone, and formaldehyde. NASA previously identified all of these compounds in wastewater sources under consideration for recycling into potable water. Experiments were performed at pH 5.5 and 8, iodine concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L, and organic concentrations of 5 and 50 mg/L. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to identify and monitor the concentrations of organic species. Spectrophotometry was used to monitor the iodine concentration. Acetone was the only compound identified as an IDBP precursor and it reacted to produce iodoacetone and iodoform. Concentrations of iodoform from 0.34 mg/L to 8.637 mg/L were produced at conditions that included each pH level, iodine concentration, and acetone concentration. The greatest iodoform concentration was produced at pH 8 from 50 mg/L of iodine and acetone. FPA indicated that the odor threshold concentration (OTC) of iodoform was 1.5 ug/L, and the OTC of iodine was 500 ug/L. Both iodine and iodoform have medicinal odors, making it difficult to distinguish each compound when present in a mixture.Master of Science
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Amini, Adib. "The Sustainability of Ion Exchange Water Treatment Technology." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6640.
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This research investigated using a life cycle environmental and economic approach to evaluate IX technology for small potable water systems, allowing for the identification and development of process and design improvements that reduce environmental impacts and costs. The main goals were to evaluate conventional IX in terms of life cycle environmental and economic sustainability, develop a method for improving designs of IX systems from a environmental and economic sustainability standpoint, evaluate potential design improvements, and make the research findings accessible to water professionals through user-friendly tools and frameworks that take into account their feedback. This research provides an understanding, from the perspective of life cycle environmental impacts and costs, of the tradeoffs between various reactor designs of IX, the effects of scale, key contributors to impact and cost, design trends that improve sustainability, and how combined cation anion exchange compares to conventional IX. Furthermore, tools were developed that can be used to identify design choices that improve sustainability of IX systems. These tools were made into a user-friendly format to better bridge the gap between research and practice.
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Sanchez, Morcote Nancy Pilar. "Fluorescence Based Approach to Drinking Water Treatment Plant Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Characterization, Treatment, and Management." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1366036528.
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Wu, Danyang. "Quantitative Analysis of Earthy and Musty Odors in Drinking Water Sources Impacted by Wastewater and Algal Derived Contaminants." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1343941566.
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Sharek, Robert Christopher. "Well characteristics influencing microscopic particulate analysis risk index." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 1998. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/RTD/id/57933.
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University of Central Florida College of Engineering ThesisCryptosporidium parvum is a common surface water contaminant that can cause illness in human beings. The presence of this etiological agent in groundwater identifies the groundwater as under the direct influence (GWUDI) of surface water. Currently the determination of SWUDI water sources requires an expensive, labor-intensive laboratory procedure call the Microscopic Particulate Analysis (MPA). The results of the MPA provide a risk index that rates the degree of surface water contamination. The objective of this study is to identify other methods of identifying GWUDI of surface waters, such as well characteristics and hydrogeologic factors which may contribute to higher MPA risk indices. In order to determine which public water systems that are GWUDI, a total of sixty-two wells a water treatment systems suspected of bein GWUDI were investigated. The wells sampled were distributed across seven countried in the Central Florida region. Water samples were collected and analyzed at the Department of Health Laboratory in Tampa, Florida using the MPA. The study also investigated the well characteristics and the hydrogeology of the well locations. The results also showed that 13% of the wells sampled were in the high risk range while 29% and 58% of the wells sampled were within the moderate and low risk ranges, respectively. It was also observed that some well characteristics and the hydrogeology of an area generally influence the MPA risk index. The results also suggested that older well tend to have higher risk. Karst regions were observed to be susceptible to a higher risk than sandy areas.
M.S.
Masters
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering
Water Resources Engineering
186 p.
xi, 186 leaves, bound : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Alayoubi, Mzayan. "Risk Analysis for Intermittent Water Supply Systems." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234554.
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Intermitted Water Supply strategy is implemented commonly in some developing countries nowadays in order to minimize the water scarcity problems. Unstable hydraulic conditions in the distribution system, low pressure, high risk of water contamination, wasting water, rising costs paid by consumers and water providers, failures and problems with consumption metering and inconvenience to consumers are some of the consequences. Risk Analysis Methodology is developed to handle with intermittent water supply systems in developing countries conditions that include undesired events identification; risk estimation and risk evaluation and reduction plan, the catalogue list of potential undesired events (UE) which may occur in these types of systems have been also developed using the HAZard and OPerability technique (HAZOP). The developed methodology is implemented and tested in this research on one of the potential undesired events UE _ Low operational pressure
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Andersson, Elin. "Reservvattenförsörjning i Stockholms län : en hållbarhetsanalys." Thesis, Institutionen för energi och teknik, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229818.
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Befolkningen i Stockholms län väntas öka med omkring 445 000 personer från år 2010 till år 2030. Det ställer krav på många samhällsfunktioner, däribland dricksvattenförsörjningen. Idag försörjs mer än 90 % av länets invånare med vatten från Mälaren. Vattenförsörjningen kommer behöva anpassas efter befolkningsutvecklingen, både för att producera tillräckliga dricksvattenvolymer och för en driftsäker leverans. Vid problem med den reguljära dricksvattenförsörjningen kan vattenleveranserna säkerställas genom tillgång till reservvatten-täkter. Redan idag (2014) är reservvattenförsörjningen i länet bristfällig och behöver utvecklas för att möta även det framtida vattenbehovet. Hur stora volymer reservvatten som behöver säkerställas, och till vilka områden, beror på vilka scenarier för driftsavbrott som ska kunna hanteras. Länets vattenresurser är geografiskt ojämnt fördelade och reservvatten-behovet är större i vissa delar av länet än i andra. Det innebär att för ett effektivt utnyttjande av de tillgängliga vattenresurserna krävs samordning mellan länets dricksvattenaktörer. Därför bör alternativ till hur reservvattenförsörjningen kan förbättras tas fram och utvärderas på regional nivå. Syftet med examensarbetet var att studera scenarier och alternativ för reservvattenförsörjning i Stockholms län, framför allt genom en hållbarhetsanalys. Alternativen togs fram baserat på resultaten av tidigare studier av länets vattentillgångar. Fyra scenarier för avbrott i den reguljära vattenförsörjningen valdes ut. Med hänsyn till dessa och utifrån en uppskattning av vattenbehovet år 2030 identifierades två alternativ för reservvattenförsörjning, A och B, som kunde klara att ersätta hela vattenbehovet. Alternativen studerades med en hållbarhetsanalys, där de jämfördes med avseende på hållbarhetskriterier inom sex huvudkategorier: Hälsa och hygien, Miljö, Ekonomi, Sociokultur, Teknisk funktionalitet samt Grad av oberoende. Alternativen skiljde sig principiellt åt genom att systemalternativ A utnyttjade andra vattenresurser än Mälaren, medan systemalternativ B var fullständigt beroende av Mälaren. Resultatet av hållbarhetsanalysen var att systemalternativ B är mer hållbart än system-alternativ A. Det beror framför allt på att systemalternativ B presterade bättre med avseende på de ekonomiska och miljömässiga kriterierna. Dock förutsattes i hållbarhetsanalysen att reservvattenlösningarna inte behövde vara oberoende av den ordinarie dricksvattentäkten (Mälaren). Om krav hade funnits på att reservvattenförsörjningen ska vara fullständigt oberoende av den reguljära vattentäkten skulle systemalternativ B inte uppfylla kravet. Om hållbarhetskategorin Grad av oberoende inte skulle ingått i analysen hade systemalternativ B blivit överlägset mer hållbart än systemalternativ A. Utifrån analysen kan konstateras att eventuella krav på reservvattenförsörjningens oberoende av den reguljära täkten behöver diskuteras i länet. Det är också intressant att diskutera om fördelarna med avseende på övriga hållbarhetsaspekter (förutom Grad av oberoende) överväger tillräckligt mycket hos system-alternativ B för att bortse från beroendet av Mälaren, även om det är olika delar av Mälaren som utnyttjas.The population of Stockholm County will increase by approximately 445 000 people from 2010 until 2030. This makes demands on many societal services, including drinking water supply. Today more than 90 % of the Stockholm County inhabitants receive drinking water from Lake Mälaren. An adaption of the water supply to the population growth is necessary in order to produce enough water and to ensure reliable water supply. In case of problems in the regular water sources, water supply can be ensured by the use of backup water resources. Even today (2014), the backup water supply in the county is insufficient, and needs development in order to meet also the future water demand. The volumes of backup water needed, and their spatial distribution, depend on the scenarios for disruption of the regular supply to be handled. The water resources in the county are unevenly distributed and the need for backup water is greater in some parts of the county than in others. This means that in order to ensure an efficient use of the available water resources, coordination between the county’s different drinking water actors is necessary. Therefore, alternatives for improvements of the backup water supply should be developed and evaluated on a regional level. The aim of the master’s thesis was to study scenarios and alternatives for backup water supply in Stockholm County, mainly by the use of sustainability analysis. The alternatives were developed based on results from earlier studies of the water recourses in the county. Four scenarios for disruption of the regular water supply were chosen. In regards to these scenarios and based on an estimation of the water need 2030, two alternatives for backup water supply were identified, systems alternative A and B. The alternatives were assessed by a sustainability analysis, where they were compared based on six main categories: Health and hygiene, Environment, Economy, Socio-culture, Technical robustness and Magnitude of independence. The alternatives were principally different in that systems alternative A included exclusively other water resources than Lake Mälaren, while systems alternative B was fully dependent on Lake Mälaren. The result of the sustainability analysis was that systems alternative B is more sustainable than systems alternative A. This is mainly due to the fact that systems alternative B had a better performance in terms of the economic and environmental criteria. However, in the sustainability analysis it was assumed that the backup water systems did not have to be independent of the regular water source (Lake Mälaren). If there would have been a requirement of the backup water supply to be fully independent of the regular water supply, then systems alternative B would not have been qualified. If the sustainability category Magnitude of independence would not have been included in the analysis, then systems alternative B would have been far superior to systems alternative A. From the analysis it is clear that possible requirements of independency of the backup water supply from the regular water supply, need to be discussed in the Stockholm County. It is also interesting to discuss whether the advantages in terms of the other sustainability aspects (besides Magnitude of independence) are large enough for systems alternative B to motivate a disregard of the dependency of Lake Mälaren, which however uses different parts of Lake Mälaren.
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Lewtas, Paul. "Investigation of interferences and development of pre-treatment methods for arsenic analysis by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1590.
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Contamination of drinking water is a serious health issue in many developing countries and there is a recognised need for low cost portable systems that are capable of analysing drinking water down to low ppb levels. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) instruments meet these requirements but suffer interferences from other species which may also be present in the sample, particularly organics, other metals and sulfides. The last of these has received surprisingly little attention in the literature, despite being a proven interferent.
This study investigates the impact of each of these interference types, as well as a number of traditional and novel techniques in resolving them in a three phase process. First, each interferent was evaluated individually to determine the concentration at which it would significantly and reliably cause significant errors in the determination of arsenic by ASV. Secondly, each individual interferent was subjected to a number of pretreatments to determine the most suitable pretreatment method to remove that interference. Thirdly, a combined pretreatment method, capable of pretreating a single sample contaminated with significant levels of all three interferent types was developed and tested.
Modifications to the basic analysis methodology provided by the instrument manufacturer had to be made, particularly in the elimination of residual interferents affecting clean test solutions analysed after a contaminated test solution. A number of pretreatment methods were successful for sulfide contamination, however only the ion exchange resin was reliably successful for copper interference and only UV digestion was totally successful for organic contamination at the levels investigated. Although other pretreatment methods did partially improve the response of test solutions contaminated with the organic interferent,their performance was not sufficient to consider them for the final combined pretreatment method. The final combined pretreatment method for all three interferences was successfully tested on artificial sample solutions.
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Nolakana, Pamela. "Geochemical assessment of groundwater quality and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes in Newcastle, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5019.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScGroundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources on earth and it forms an important part of the total water resources of South Africa. For this reason, this resource should be monitored and controlled on a regular basis. The study was conducted in Newcastle, in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. The aim of this study was to assess groundwater quality geochemically and determine its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes. For the purpose of this study 31 samples were collected from 31 boreholes in and around the town of Newcastle. The samples were analysed for Magnesium (Mg2+), Calcium (Ca2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), Sulfate (SO42-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Nitrate (NO3-), Fluoride (F-) (pH, TDS and Ec. The SAQWG (DWAF, 1996) and the WHO (2011) water standards were used as the basis of evaluating the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. For irrigation, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Percent (Na %), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Magnesium Ratio (MR) and Permeability Index (PI) were used to evaluate suitability. Classical hydro-chemical methods together with multivariate statistical methods were used to further understand the composition controlling processes. Lastly, the spatial distribution of the results was presented using ArcGIS. The results showed that the groundwater is alkaline in nature and that most of the samples are within the permissible range of both SAWQG (DWAF, 1996) and WHO (2011). Few samples showed concentration of Na+, Cl-, SO42- , F- and TDS above the guideline value as per WHO (2011) standards. The order of abundance of major ions in the groundwater, based on their mean values is as follows: Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+ and HCO3->SO42- >Cl->NO3-. Classical hydro-chemical methods revealed four hydro-chemical facies in the study area, which are Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-HCO3, Ca-Na-SO4-HCO3 and Na-Cl. The major ion chemistry analysis revealed that the main composition controlling processes in the study area is rock-water interaction. It further revealed that the ionic concentration is due to silicate weathering, carbonate weathering, cation exchange, gypsum dissolution and halite dissolution. Factor analysis indicated three factors, which explained 79.71 % of the total variance in the water quality data. The first factor which accounted for the highest variance in the data was the Alkalinity factor, followed by the Hardness factor and the Anthropogenic factor which accounted for the least variance. The cluster analysis revealed five clusters and discriminant analysis showed that Na+, TH, HCO3- and SO42- discriminate these clusters by 96.8%. In conclusion, the study revealed that the groundwater in most of the boreholes in the study area is generally suitable for drinking and irrigation. This is with exception to boreholes 13 and 31 which showed concentrations higher than the permitted level by WHO (2011) standards of TDS, Na+, Cl-, SO42- and F-. Similarly, 45.16% the groundwater samples showed that the groundwater has high sodium hazard potential which makes water from these boreholes unsuitable for irrigation purposes without proper treatment. accounted for the least variance. The cluster analysis revealed five clusters and discriminant analysis showed that Na+, TH, HCO3- and SO42- discriminate these clusters by 96.8%. accounted for the least variance. The cluster analysis revealed five clusters and discriminant analysis showed that Na+, TH, HCO3- and SO42- discriminate these clusters by 96.8%.In conclusion, the study revealed that the groundwater in most of the boreholes in the study area is generally suitable for drinking and irrigation. This is with exception to boreholes 13 and 31 which showed concentrations higher than the permitted level by WHO (2011) standards of TDS, Na+, Cl-, SO42- and F-. Similarly, 45.16% the groundwater samples showed that the groundwater has high sodium hazard potential which makes water from these boreholes unsuitable for irrigation purposes without proper treatment.
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Beauchamp, Nicolas. "Methods for estimating reliability of water treatment processes : an application to conventional and membrane technologies." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2434.
Full textAbstract:
Water supply systems aim, among other objectives, to protect public health by reducing the concentration of, and potentially eliminating, microorganisms pathogenic to human beings. Yet, because water supply systems are engineered systems facing variable conditions, such as raw water quality or treatment process performance, the quality of the drinking water produced also exhibits variability. The reliability of a treatment system is defined in this context as the probability of producing drinking water that complies with existing microbial quality standards.
This thesis examines the concept of reliability for two physicochemical treatment technologies, conventional rapid granular filtration and ultrafiltration, used to remove the protozoan pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum from drinking water. First, fault tree analysis is used as a method of identifying technical hazards related to the operation of these two technologies and to propose ways of minimizing the probability of failure of the systems. This method is used to compile operators’ knowledge into a single logical diagram and allows the identification of important processes which require efficient monitoring and maintenance practices. Second, an existing quantitative microbial risk assessment model is extended to be used in a reliability analysis. The extended model is used to quantify the reliability of the ultrafiltration system, for which performance is based on full-scale operational data, and to compare it with the reliability of rapid granular filtration systems, for which performance is based on previously published data. This method allows for a sound comparison of the reliability of the two technologies. Several issues remain to be addressed regarding the approaches used to quantify the different input variables of the model.
The approaches proposed herein can be applied to other water treatment technologies, to aid in prioritizing interventions to improve system reliability at the operational level, and to determine the data needs for further refinements of the estimates of important variables.
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McKie, Korina Alexandra. "Analysis of the World Health OrganIzation guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th edition) as a framework for small island communities." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493245.
Full textAbstract:
The WHO Framework for Safe Drinking-water has been developed from many years of field work and evidence of the challenges faced in the provision of safe diinking-water supply. However, there has been no analysis of the potential of the WHO Framework to improve drinking-water safety in a small island environment. In order to carry out the research, Islands with a broad range of characteristics in a relatively unstudied region were chosen to add to the existing knowledge of the challenges experienced by small islands. An audit of the WHO Framework was then carried out to analyse the potential strategic position it may have in the small island environment to improve drinking-water safety.
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Kang, Young C. "A Study of the Effects of Phosphates on Copper Corrosion in Drinking Water: Copper Release, Electrochemical, and Surface Analysis Approach." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1260540651.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.Advisor: William J. Vanooij. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Jan. 22, 2010). Keywords: Copper; Corrosion; EIS; SIMS; XPS. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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McAllister, Lawrence Brett. "The Use of Risk Analysis Techniques to Determine the Probability of Producing Non-Compliant Drinking Water: Focusing on Dual Media Rapid Gravity Filtration." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2862.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of a drinking water treatment plant is to provide safe drinking water for its consumers. Historically, this was accomplished through monitoring the influent and effluent water quality to ensure that the water quality met a set of guidelines and regulations. However, as the limitations of relying on compliance monitoring become more evident, water utilities and drinking water treatment plants are beginning to utilize risk management frameworks to help provide safe drinking water and to mitigate potential risks. Applying a risk management framework requires an evaluation of potential risks. This systematic evaluation can be performed through using risk analysis methods. The overall goal of this research is to analyze and evaluate risk analysis methodologies that are used in a variety of engineering fields, select two risk analysis methods, and use them to evaluate the probability of producing non-compliant drinking water from a rapid gravity filtration unit with respect to turbidity.
The risk analysis methodologies that were used in this research were the consequence frequency assessment and computer modelling combined with probabilistic risk analysis. Both of the risk analysis methodologies were able to determine the probability of producing non-compliant water from a rapid gravity filtration unit with respect to turbidity. However, these methodologies were found to provide different numerical results with respect to each other. The consequence frequency assessment methodology was found to be easier to implement; however, the consequence frequency assessment was only able to be performed on one parameter at a time. Computer modelling and probabilistic risk analysis enabled the inclusion of multiple parameters which provided a more comprehensive understanding of the filtration unit.
The primary conclusion from this research is that the risk analysis methods, as they are described in this thesis, are not sufficient to use directly on a rapid gravity filtration unit without further modification. Furthermore, although the risk analysis methods provided some guidance, these methods should only be used as a part of a complete risk management process.
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Neibaur, Elena E. "Sustainability Analysis of Domestic Rainwater Harvesting Systems for Current and Future Water Security in Rural Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2245.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater harvesting, the act of capturing and storing rain, is an ancient practice that is increasingly utilized today by communities to address water supply needs. This thesis examines whether domestic rainwater harvesting systems (DRWHS) can be a sustainable solution as defined by social, water quality, and technical feasibility for water security in semi-arid, rural environments. For this study, 50 surveys and 17 stored rainwater analyses were conducted in San Jose Xacxamayo, Mexico, in conjunction with my Peace Corps work of implementing 82 DRWHS. Results showed that all DRWHS were socially feasible because of cultural acceptance and local capacity. Water quality analyses showed that four DRWHS contained coliform bacteria; deeming water unfit for human consumption. Technical feasibility, examined through climate analyses, showed an average year-round reliability of 20-30% under current and future rainfall regime. The DRWHS can be a sustainable water supply option with roof expansion and treatment prior to consumption.