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Schaefer, L. M., V. S. Brözel, and S. N. Venter. "Fate of Salmonella Typhimurium in laboratory-scale drinking water biofilms." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 4 (August 6, 2013): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.208.
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Investigations were carried out to evaluate and quantify colonization of laboratory-scale drinking water biofilms by a chromosomally green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Gfp encodes the green fluorescent protein and thus allows in situ detection of undisturbed cells and is ideally suited for monitoring Salmonella in biofilms. The fate and persistence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in simulated drinking water biofilms was investigated. The ability of Salmonella to form biofilms in monoculture and the fate and persistence of Salmonella in a mixed aquatic biofilm was examined. In monoculture S. Typhimurium formed loosely structured biofilms. Salmonella colonized established multi-species drinking water biofilms within 24 hours, forming micro-colonies within the biofilm. S. Typhimurium was also released at high levels from the drinking water-associated biofilm into the water passing through the system. This indicated that Salmonella could enter into, survive and grow within, and be released from a drinking water biofilm. The ability of Salmonella to survive and persist in a drinking water biofilm, and be released at high levels into the flow for recolonization elsewhere, indicates the potential for a persistent health risk to consumers once a network becomes contaminated with this bacterium.
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Pasmans, Frank, Kris Baert, An Martel, Alain Bousquet-Melou, Ruben Lanckriet, Sandra De Boever, Filip Van Immerseel, Venessa Eeckhaut, Patrick de Backer, and Freddy Haesebrouck. "Induction of the Carrier State in Pigeons Infected with Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica Serovar Typhimurium PT99 by Treatment with Florfenicol: a Matter of Pharmacokinetics." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 3 (January 7, 2008): 954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00575-07.
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ABSTRACT Paratyphoid caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium is the main bacterial disease in pigeons. The ability of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium to persist intracellularly inside pigeon macrophages results in the development of chronic carriers, which maintain the infection in the flock. In this study, the effect of drinking-water medication with florfenicol on Salmonella infection in pigeons was examined. The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol in pigeons revealed a relatively high volume of distribution of 2.02 liters/kg of body weight and maximum concentrations in plasma higher than the MICs for the Salmonella strain used (4 μg/ml) but quick clearance of florfenicol due to a short half-life of 1.73 h. Together with highly variable bioavailability and erratic drinking-water uptake, these parameters resulted in the inability to reach a steady-state concentration through the continuous administration of florfenicol in the drinking water. Florfenicol was capable of reducing only moderately the number of intracellular salmonellae in infected pigeon macrophages in vitro. Only at high extracellular concentrations (>16 μg/ml) was a more-than-10-fold reduction of the number of intracellular bacteria noticed. Florfenicol treatment of pigeons via the drinking water from 2 days after experimental inoculation with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium until euthanasia at 16 days postinoculation resulted in a reduction of Salmonella shedding and an improvement in the fecal consistency. However, internal organs in florfenicol-treated pigeons were significantly more heavily colonized than those in untreated pigeons. In conclusion, the oral application of florfenicol for the treatment of pigeon paratyphoid contributes to the development of carrier animals through sub-MIC concentrations in plasma that do not inhibit intracellular persistency.
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JUNG, YONG SOO, ROBIN C. ANDERSON, JAMES A. BYRD, THOMAS S. EDRINGTON, RANDLE W. MOORE, TODD R. CALLAWAY, JACK McREYNOLDS, and DAVID J. NISBET. "Reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in Experimentally Challenged Broilers by Nitrate Adaptation and Chlorate Supplementation in Drinking Water†." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 660–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.4.660.
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The effects of two feed supplements on Salmonella Typhimurium in the ceca of market-age broilers were determined. Broilers orally challenged 6 days before slaughter with a novobiocin- and nalidixic acid–resistant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium were divided into one of four groups (20 birds each). The first group (the control group) received no treatment, the second group received sodium nitrate (SN) treatment (574 mg of NaNO3 per kg of feed), the third group received experimental chlorate product (ECP) treatment (15 mM NaClO3 equivalents), and the fourth group received ECP treatment in combination with SN treatment. The SN treatment was administered via feed for 5 days immediately before slaughter, and ECP was provided via ad libitum access to drinking water for the last 2 days before slaughter. Cecal contents were subjected to bacterial analysis. Significant (P < 0.05) Salmonella Typhimurium reductions (ca. 2 log units) relative to levels for untreated control broilers were observed for broilers receiving ECP in combination with SN. The ECP-only treatment resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions (ca. 0.8 log) of Salmonella Typhimurium in trial 2. We hypothesize that increasing Salmonella Typhimurium nitrate reductase activity resulted in increased enzymatic reduction of chlorate to chlorite, with a concomitant decrease in cecal Salmonella Typhimurium levels. On the basis of these results, preadaptation with SN followed by ECP supplementation immediately preharvest could be a potential strategy for the reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium in broilers.
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Kadry, Mona, Sara Mohamed Nader, Sohad M. Dorgham, and Mai M. Kandil. "Molecular diversity of the invA gene obtained from human and egg samples." July-2019 12, no. 7 (July 2019): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1033-1038.
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Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne bacterial diseases in the world. The great majority of Salmonella infections in humans are foodborne with Salmonella enterica and Salmonella Typhimurium accounting for a major part of the problem. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of invA gene in strains of Salmonellae isolated from eggs and diarrheal swabs from human cases. In addition, the relationship between invA gene nucleotide sequences from different sources (human stool and egg samples) have been studied through phylogenetic tree. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventy eggs (eggshell and its contents) and 160 stool swabs samples were collected from four poultry farms and medical hospital in Giza Governorate. Results: The study reported the presence of two Salmonella strains in eggshell surface with an overall isolation rate of 1.2 and 0% of the egg content. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from eggshell surface with an incidence of 50% for each strain. Six salmonella strains were isolated from human stool with an incidence of 3.75%; the isolated strains are S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, Salmonella Virchow, Salmonella Haifa, and Salmonella Kentucky with an incidence of 33.3%, 16.6%, 16.6%, 16.6%, and 16.6%, respectively. Among eight Salmonella strains, invA gene was detected with percentage of 50%. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences invA gene, from two isolates included in this study and five isolates retrieved from GenBank showed that sequence from human, layer hens, egg, and water in the same clusters. Conclusion: Close relation between drinking contaminated water and layer hens and contaminated water is one such source.
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Angelopoulou, Michailia, Konstantina Tzialla, Angeliki Voulgari, Mary Dikeoulia, Ioannis Raptis, Sotirios Elias Kakabakos, and Panagiota Petrou. "Rapid Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in Drinking Water by a White Light Reflectance Spectroscopy Immunosensor." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 2683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082683.
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Biosensors represent an attractive approach for fast bacteria detection. Here, we present an optical biosensor for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Salmonella bacteria in drinking water, based on white light reflectance spectroscopy. The sensor chip consisted of a Si die with a thin SiO2 layer on top that was transformed into a biosensor through the immobilization of Salmonella LPS. The optical setup included a reflection probe with seven 200 μm fibers, a visible and near-infrared light source, and a spectrometer. The six fibers at the reflection probe circumference were coupled with the light source and illuminated the biosensor chip vertically, whereas the central fiber collected the reflected light and guided it to the spectrometer. A competitive immunoassay configuration was adopted for the analysis. Accordingly, a mixture of LPS or bacteria solution, pre-incubated for 15 min, with an anti-Salmonella LPS antibody was pumped over the chip followed by biotinylated secondary antibody and streptavidin for signal enhancement. The binding of the free anti-Salmonella antibody to chip-immobilized LPS led to a shift of the reflectance spectrum that was inversely related to the analyte concentration (LPS or bacteria) in the calibrators or samples. The total assay duration was 15 min, and the detection limits achieved were 4 ng/mL for LPS and 320 CFU/mL for bacteria. Taking into account the low detection limits, the short analysis time, and the small size of the chip and instrumentation employed, the proposed immunosensor could find wide application for bacteria detection in drinking water.
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Shankar, Prem, Jyotsna Mishra, Vijaya Bharti, Deepak Parashar, and Sarman Singh. "Multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection and differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Salmonella spp. in the municipality-supplied drinking water." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 11, no. 03 (July 2019): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jlp.jlp_66_18.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: The contamination with Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Salmonella spp. in drinking water is the most prevalent in Indian subcontinent, but often difficult to detect all these pathogens from the drinking water. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) method was developed to detect contamination of municipality-supplied drinking water with E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Salmonella spp. The primers were designed to target small subunit of 16S rRNA type gene of E. histolytica and G. lamblia, and invasive A gene of Salmonella typhimurium. The optimized mPCR assay was applied on 158 municipality-supplied drinking water samples collected from Delhi. RESULTS: Out of total 158 water samples, 89 (56.32%) were found positive for the targeted pathogens by mPCR while conventional methods could be detected only in 11 (6.96%) samples. The mPCR assay showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for these pathogens in comparison with culture and microscopic detection. Of the 89 mPCR-positive samples, G. lamblia, E. histolytica, and Salmonella spp. were present in 35 (22.15%), 26 (16.45%), and 28 (17.72%), respectively. Nine (5.69%) samples were positive for both E. histolytica and G. lamblia, 10 (6.32%) were positive for G. lamblia and Salmonella spp., and 8 (5.06%) had Salmonella spp. and E. histolytica. Nonetheless, 3 (1.89%) samples were positive for all three pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: The present assay is an alternative to conventional methods to serve as highly sensitive, specific, and economical means for water quality surveillance to detect the outbreak caused by E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and Salmonella spp. pathogens.
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Sekirov, Inna, Nicola M. Tam, Maria Jogova, Marilyn L. Robertson, Yuling Li, Claudia Lupp, and B. Brett Finlay. "Antibiotic-Induced Perturbations of the Intestinal Microbiota Alter Host Susceptibility to Enteric Infection." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 10 (August 4, 2008): 4726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00319-08.
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ABSTRACT Intestinal microbiota comprises microbial communities that reside in the gastrointestinal tract and are critical to normal host physiology. Understanding the microbiota's role in host response to invading pathogens will further advance our knowledge of host-microbe interactions. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was used as a model enteric pathogen to investigate the effect of intestinal microbiota perturbation on host susceptibility to infection. Antibiotics were used to perturb the intestinal microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were treated with clinically relevant doses of streptomycin and vancomycin in drinking water for 2 days, followed by oral infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Alterations in microbiota composition and numbers were evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization, differential plating, and Sybr green staining. Antibiotics had a dose-dependent effect on intestinal microbiota composition. The chosen antibiotic regimen did not significantly alter the total numbers of intestinal bacteria but altered the microbiota composition. Greater preinfection perturbations in the microbiota resulted in increased mouse susceptibility to Salmonella serovar Typhimurium intestinal colonization, greater postinfection alterations in the microbiota, and more severe intestinal pathology. These results suggest that antibiotic treatment alters the balance of the microbial community, which predisposes the host to Salmonella serovar Typhimurium infection, demonstrating the importance of a healthy microbiota in host response to enteric pathogens.
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Momba, Maggy N. B., Veronica K. Malakate, and Jacques Theron. "Abundance of pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in Nkonkobe drinking water sources." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 3 (April 1, 2006): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.011.
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In order to study the prevalence of enteric pathogens capable of causing infection and disease in the rural communities of Nkonkobe, bacterial isolates were collected from several surface water and groundwater sources used by the community for their daily water needs. By making use of selective culture media and the 20E API kit, presumptive Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae isolates were obtained and then analysed by polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR). The PCR successfully amplified from water samples a fragment of E. coli uidA gene that codes for β-D-glucuronidase which is a highly specific characteristic of enteropathogenic E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli and entero-invasive E. coli. The PCR also amplified the epsM gene from water samples containing toxigenic V. cholerae. Although E. coli was mostly detected in groundwater sources, toxigenic V. cholerae was detected in both surface and groundwater sources. There was a possibility of Salmonella typhimurium in Ngqele and Dyamala borehole water samples. The presence of these pathogenic bacteria in the above drinking water sources may pose a serious health risk to consumers.
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Boehm, Alexandria B., Cherrie Soetjipto, and Dan Wang. "Solar inactivation of four Salmonella serovars in fresh and marine waters." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 4 (October 11, 2012): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.084.
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Sunlight-mediated disinfection of water is of interest to both the drinking and recreational water quality community of researchers due to its potential to reduce microbial contamination and waterborne illness. Photo-inactivation of enteric bacteria has primarily been investigated using Escherichia coli and laboratory strains of model bacteria. The present study sought to document the photo-inactivation of environmental isolates of Salmonella in filter-sterilized natural seawater and freshwater and to test the hypothesis that diverse Salmonella serovars decay at similar rates both within and between water matrices. The inactivation of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium LT2, Typhimurium ST19, Heidelberg, and Mbandaka was examined in sunlit and dark microcosms. First order decay was observed in sunlit microcosms; the time until 90% inactivation was of the order of 10 min. A significant shoulder, of the order of 1 hr in length, was observed in the freshwater microcosms during which concentrations were stable. Serovar Mdandaka decayed more slowly than other serovars in both seawater and freshwater. The serovars were extremely stable in the dark microcosms showing little to no decay over 53 days. The results document intra-species variation in photo-inactivation, likely owing to differences in intracellular concentrations of photo-sensitizing molecules or molecules that quench reactive species.
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Ailes, Elizabeth, Philip Budge, Manjunath Shankar, Sarah Collier, William Brinton, Alicia Cronquist, Melissa Chen, Andrew Thornton, Michael J. Beach, and Joan M. Brunkard. "Economic and Health Impacts Associated with a Salmonella Typhimurium Drinking Water Outbreak−Alamosa, CO, 2008." PLoS ONE 8, no. 3 (March 18, 2013): e57439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057439.
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Pruul, Reet, Lars Nyland, Kimmo Peltonen, Marja Sorsa, and Toomas Veidebaum. "Environmental Genotoxicity in an Estonian Oil Shale Industrial Area." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 24, no. 3 (June 1996): 419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299602400317.
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The genotoxicity of environmental samples (ambient air, drinking and river waters, purified waste water and oil shale ash) from an oil shale mining and processing area was studied by using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and YG1021 were used, with and without metabolic activation with rat liver homogenate S9. The water samples were treated with amberlite adsorbent XAD-2 for concentrating non-polar compounds. The air samples were collected on glass fibre filters by using a high volume air sampler, and extracted with dichloromethane by using a Soxhlet apparatus. The air samples were mutagenic in both strains, both with and without S9-mix. The air mutagenicity data were compared with data from similar tests on cigarette smoke condensate as a positive control. Based on the fact that the average 8-hour respiratory volume at occupational activities is between 10m3 and 20m3, the load of airborne mutagenicity at the cokery plant during one week was estimated to be equal to the mutagenicity produced by the mainstream smoke of one cigarette. The drinking and river water samples were tested with both strains, but no dose-related increases in water counts per plate were noted. The oil shale ash sample showed no mutagenic activity, but showed cytotoxicity at the higher doses tested.
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Byrd, JA, RC Anderson, TR Callaway, RW Moore, KD Knape, LF Kubena, RL Ziprin, and DJ Nisbet. "Effect of experimental chlorate product administration in the drinking water on Salmonella typhimurium contamination of broilers." Poultry Science 82, no. 9 (September 2003): 1403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.9.1403.
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Enger, Kyle S., Emaly S. Leak, Tiong Gim Aw, Angela D. Coulliette, and Joan B. Rose. "Antibacterial and antiviral effectiveness of two household water treatment devices that use monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 6 (August 26, 2016): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.153.
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Many different household water treatment (HWT) methods have been researched and promoted to mitigate the serious burden of diarrheal disease in developing countries. However, HWT methods using bromine have not been extensively evaluated. Two gravity-fed HWT devices (AquaSure™ and Waterbird™) were used to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of HaloPure® Br beads (monobrominated hydantoinylated polystyrene) that deliver bromine. As water flows over the beads, reactive bromine species are eluted, which inactivate microorganisms. To assess log10 reduction values (LRVs) for Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, bacteriophage MS2, human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2), and murine norovirus (MN), these organisms were added to potable water and sewage-contaminated water. These organisms were quantified before and after water treatment by the HWT devices. On average, 6 LRVs against Vibrio were attained, as well as 5 LRVs against Salmonella, 4 LRVs against MS2, 5 LRVs against HAdV2, and 3 LRVs against MN. Disinfection was similar regardless of whether sewage was present. Polymer beads delivering bromine to drinking water are a potentially effective and useful component of HWT methods in developing countries.
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Anderson, Robin C., Todd R. Callaway, Kenneth J. Genovese, Timothy J. Anderson, Thomas S. Edrington, Toni L. Poole, Kenneth M. Bischoff, and David J. Nisbet. "Effect of Administering Sodium Chlorate in Drinking Water on Salmonella Typhimurium Concentrations in Weaned and Finished Pigs." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 44, Suppl 1 (2003): P63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-44-s1-p63.
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VICO, J. P., I. ROL, V. GARRIDO, B. SAN ROMÁN, M. J. GRILLÓ, and R. C. MAINAR-JAIME. "Salmonellosis in Finishing Pigs in Spain: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Agent Susceptibilities, and Risk Factor Analysis." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1070–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-515.
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A herd-based survey of Salmonella in pigs was carried in a major pig producing region of Spain. Mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from the carcasses of 25 pigs from each of 80 herds at time of slaughter. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 31% of animals and 94% of herds. Within-herd prevalence ranged from 4 to 88%, with the prevalence in most herds being greater than 10%. A large diversity of Salmonella serotypes was found, with Typhimurium, 4,[5],12:i:–, and Rissen being the most prevalent. Two or more serotypes coexisted in 73% of the herds. Salmonella Typhimurium was present in 68% of the herds. Most (82%) of the Salmonella isolates belonged to serogroups targeted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests for pig salmonellosis. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent was detected in 73% of the strains, and one or more resistant strains were recovered from pigs in 93% of the herds. Antimicrobial agent resistance (AR) was more frequent among the most prevalent than it was among the rarer serotypes. Twenty-five multi-AR patterns were found. Resistance to three or more families of antimicrobial agents was found in 75% of AR strains. The finding that many of the herds yielded isolates of several multi-AR patterns indicates that Salmonella infections were acquired from multiple sources. High prevalence of Salmonella in herds was associated with lack of rodent control programs, herds from farms with only finishing pigs, herds managed by more than one full-time worker, herds for which the source of drinking water was not a city supply, and relatively long fattening times.
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JUNG, Bock-Gie, Jin-A. LEE, and Bong-Joo LEE. "Oxygenated Drinking Water Enhances Immune Activity in Pigs and Increases Immune Responses of Pigs during Salmonella Typhimurium Infection." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74, no. 12 (2012): 1651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.12-0051.
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Villagrán-de la Mora, Zuamí, Olga Vázquez-Paulino, Hugo Avalos, Felipe Ascencio, Karla Nuño, and Angélica Villarruel-López. "Effect of a Synbiotic Mix on Lymphoid Organs of Broilers Infected with Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050886.
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Synbiotic consumption can modulate immune response. This work involves studying the effect of a synbiotic on lymphoid organs and IgA of broilers infected with Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens. A total of 258 one-day-old male broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus), line COBBAvian48 (free of growth-promoting antibiotics), were distributed into eight treatment groups. A symbiotic mix comprising Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5 M as probiotics and 4.5% (0.045 g g−1) of Agave tequilana fructans as prebiotic per dose (one milliliter) was administered through drinking water the first day of life. Bursa, spleen and thymus were analyzed. Broilers treated with the synbiotic, whether or not infected with pathogens, had bigger bursa follicles than the non-treated (p < 0.05), and the ones from the synbiotic group had more lymphocytes than the control group (p < 0.05). Thymus follicles of the synbiotic group were bigger than the control group (p < 0.05). Lesions associated with Salmonella infection were found in the bursa, however, in the broilers treated with the synbiotic, the lesions were less intense and were not present after 32 days of life. The synbiotic mix can stimulate the bursa, increasing the size of their follicles and promoting the ability to resist infections caused by S. typhimurium in broilers.
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Bosshard, Franziska, Michael Berney, Michael Scheifele, Hans-Ulrich Weilenmann, and Thomas Egli. "Solar disinfection (SODIS) and subsequent dark storage of Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri monitored by flow cytometry." Microbiology 155, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 1310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.024794-0.
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Pathogenic enteric bacteria are a major cause of drinking water related morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Solar disinfection (SODIS) is an effective means to fight this problem. In the present study, SODIS of two important enteric pathogens, Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium, was investigated with a variety of viability indicators including cellular ATP levels, efflux pump activity, glucose uptake ability, and polarization and integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane. The respiratory chain of enteric bacteria was identified to be a likely target of sunlight and UVA irradiation. Furthermore, during dark storage after irradiation, the physiological state of the bacterial cells continued to deteriorate even in the absence of irradiation: apparently the cells were unable to repair damage. This strongly suggests that for S. typhimurium and Sh. flexneri, a relatively small light dose is enough to irreversibly damage the cells and that storage of bottles after irradiation does not allow regrowth of inactivated bacterial cells. In addition, we show that light dose reciprocity is an important issue when using simulated sunlight. At high irradiation intensities (>700 W m−2) light dose reciprocity failed and resulted in an overestimation of the effect, whereas reciprocity applied well around natural sunlight intensity (<400 W m−2).
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Mohyla, P., S. F. Bilgili, O. A. Oyarzabal, C. C. Warf, and G. K. Kemp. "Application of Acidified Sodium Chlorite in the Drinking Water to Control Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in Commercial Broilers." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16, no. 1 (March 2007): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/16.1.45.
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Abass, Anifowoshe T., Oladipo S. Olayinka, Adebayo O. Mutolib, Eboh O. Solomon, Abdussalam A. Rasheedat, Adegbenro A. Monsuru, Ojo T. Ifeoluwa, et al. "Induction of Micronuclei, Base-pair Substitution Mutation and Excision-repair Deficient by Polluted Water from Asa River in Nigeria." Annals of Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ast-2019-0012.
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AbstractAsa river is a major river designated to supply millions of people of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria potable water for drinking but its managements is of grave concern due to anthropogenic activities. Thus, evaluation of genotoxicity of this river was carried out by subjecting the water samples and fish therein to three bioassays (Micronucleus (MN) assay, Ames test and SOS-chromo test). Physicochemical parameters and heavy metals were analysed at three different stations (Aliara (SI), Unity (SII) and Tuyil (SIII)) of the river. In SII, most of the heavy metals analysed were above the acceptable limits compare to SI and SIII. The peripheral erythrocyte of the fishes (Oreochromis niloticus, Synodontis batensoda, Synodontis eupterus, Clarias gariepinus and Clarias angullaris) at SI and SII stations showed a significant (p<0.05) induction of MN and different nuclear abnormalities (NA). Water samples from the three stations subjected to Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium TA100) and SOS chromotests (Escherichia coli PQ37) at 25%, 50% and 100% concentrations showed statistically significant (p<0.05) induction of DNA damage at all concentrations in the two tester strains, thus indicating base-pair substitution mutation and excision-repairdeficient, respectively, by the water samples. Therefore, drinking of this water and/or consumption of fish from this river should be taken with caution to avoid a carcinogenic risk.
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Anderson, R. C., M. E. Hume, K. J. Genovese, T. R. Callaway, Y. S. Jung, T. S. Edrington, T. L. Poole, R. B. Harvey, K. M. Bischoff, and D. J. Nisbet. "Effect of Drinking-Water Administration of Experimental Chlorate Ion Preparations on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium Colonization in Weaned and Finished Pigs." Veterinary Research Communications 28, no. 3 (April 2004): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:verc.0000017369.04003.2b.
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Chu, Xiaona, Jiangyong Hu, and Yang Xu. "Investigating the performance of a UV/H2O2 integrated flow-through system followed by free chlorine." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.046.
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Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is an emerging technique for drinking water disinfection due to effective removal of enteric pathogens without generation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to overcome the drawback of UV irradiation the integration of UV disinfection with sequential disinfectant was proposed. Among all the possible combinations and sequences, a UV/H2O2-Cl2 integrated system has proven to be effective in many previous studies. In this study, a UV/H2O2 flow-through system followed by free chlorine was built and studied. MS-2 coliphage, as a model for a waterborne virus, were inactivated to evaluate the disinfection capacity. Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) tests and an Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 on such a proposed integrated system were also performed to determine re-growth potential of bacteria and genotoxicity, respectively. Briefly, such a proposed flow-through system was effective in removal of MS-2 coliphage and no genotoxic potential was detected according to the results; however, an increase of AOC may raise concerns of bacterial re-growth along the subsequent distribution system.
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Yadav, Neha, Sradhanjali Singh, and Sanjeev K. Goyal. "Effect of Seasonal Variation on Bacterial Inhabitants and Diversity in Drinking Water of an Office Building, Delhi." Air, Soil and Water Research 12 (January 2019): 117862211988233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178622119882335.
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The work reported in this article raises some serious concern about the drinking water quality and its standards. Mere presence or absence of an indicator organism does not assure that the water is safe for drinking purposes. Instead of infecting directly, many pathogens pass through a host and retrieve their virulent properties by causing diseases/infections in humans. Pathogenic bacteria which exist in aquatic habitats show a unique and peculiar pattern of appearing or reappearing in different microenvironments. Several factors that prevail in the water system make a safe house for the growth, proliferation, and colonization of microorganisms. In our case, 6 different microenvironments inside the premises of an office building were taken as the sampling sites to study the effect of seasonal variations (summer, monsoon, and post-monsoon/winter) on bacterial diversity and inhabitants. Results suggested that the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms were highest in the monsoon followed by summer and post-monsoon/winter seasons. To know the bacterial diversity and pattern of appearance/reappearance prevailing in the water system, bacterial strains were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing which showed Pseudomonas putida to be the predominant identified bacterial strain occurring about 38% to 77% in all 3 seasons. This was followed by Lelliottia nimipressuralis (6%-21%), Escherichia coli (4%-18%), Salmonella typhimurium and Aeromonas dhakensis (4%-10% each), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (5%-6%). Despite the absence of other opportunistic bacteria, P putida was reported to be present as a single organism in water coolers and dispensers. This might be due to the persistent nature of P putida in low-nutrient environments and capable of colonizing by forming a rigid biofilm inside the water cooler/dispenser which makes a conducive environment for it.
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Hill, Vincent R., Amy L. Polaczyk, Donghyun Hahn, Jothikumar Narayanan, Theresa L. Cromeans, Jacquelin M. Roberts, and James E. Amburgey. "Development of a Rapid Method for Simultaneous Recovery of Diverse Microbes in Drinking Water by Ultrafiltration with Sodium Polyphosphate and Surfactants." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 11 (November 2005): 6878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.11.6878-6884.2005.
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ABSTRACT The ability to simultaneously concentrate diverse microbes is an important consideration for sample collection methods that are used for emergency response and environmental monitoring when drinking water may be contaminated with an array of unknown microbes. This study focused on developing a concentration method using ultrafilters and different combinations of a chemical dispersant (sodium polyphosphate [NaPP]) and surfactants. Tap water samples were seeded with bacteriophage MS2, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, 4.5-μm microspheres, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Bacillus globigii endospores, and echovirus 1. Ten-liter tap water samples were concentrated to ∼250 ml in 12 to 42 min, depending on the experimental condition. Initial experiments indicated that pretreating filters with fetal bovine serum or NaPP resulted in an increase in microbe recovery. The addition of NaPP to the tap water samples resulted in significantly higher microbe and microsphere recovery efficiencies. Backflushing of the ultrafilter was found to significantly improve recovery efficiencies. The effectiveness of backflushing was improved further with the addition of Tween 80 to the backflush solution. The ultrafiltration method developed in this study, incorporating the use of NaPP pretreatment and surfactant solution backflushing, was found to recover MS2, C. parvum, microspheres, and several bacterial species with mean recovery efficiencies of 70 to 93%. The mean recovery efficiency for echovirus 1 (49%) was the lowest of the microbes studied for this method. This research demonstrates that ultrafiltration can be effective for recovering diverse microbes simultaneously in tap water and that chemical dispersants and surfactants can be beneficial for improving microbial recovery using this technique.
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TODD, E. C. D. "Foodborne and Waterborne Disease in Canada-1984 Annual Summary." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.7.503.
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Data on foodborne disease in Canada in 1984 are compared with those for 1983. A total of 1,181 incidents, comprising 1,016 outbreaks and 165 single cases, caused illnesses in 9,953 persons in 1984. These figures are the highest on record with almost double the number of cases occurring in 1983. Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacillus cereus were responsible for most of the illnesses. The main Salmonella serovars involved were S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. heidelberg. There were no incidents of parasitic infections or paralytic shellfish poisonings similar to 1983. Fifty-five incidents (82 cases) of chemical origin were recorded; extraneous matter and rancid compounds were the most frequently implicated. There were two deaths, one from botulism and the other from salmonellosis. Most of the illnesses were associated with meat and poultry (30.6% of incidents and 29.9% of cases). Dairy foods, particularly cheese, bakery products, and marine foods were also major vehicles of foodborne disease. Mishandling of food took place mainly in foodservice establishments (38.8% of incidents), homes (20.6% of incidents), and food processings establishments (5.9% of incidents). Chemicals, such as extraneous material and rancid compounds, were the agents associated with 40.0% of incidents caused by processors' mishandling. On a population basis, incidents were greatest in Ontario, followed by those in Quebec, British Columbia, and Manitoba. Details of several foodborne disease incidents are presented. In addition, seven incidents of waterborne disease were documented in 1984, five more than in 1983. Campylobacter, Salmonella and Yersinia were identified as pathogens associated with drinking water.
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Plewa, M. J., Y. Kargalioglu, D. Vankerk, R. A. Minear, and E. D. Wagner. "Development of quantitative comparative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays for environmental hazardous chemicals." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 7-8 (October 1, 2000): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0558.
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Mammalian cell asays can provide toxicological information that may be more relevant to human risk asessment than commonly used microbial tests. Rapid, semi-automated, quantitative mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were developed to analyze drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs). These assays employ 96-well microplates; selected DBPs were analyzed with cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The concentration of the DBPs that repressed 50% of CHO cell growth with a 72 h exposure was calculated as the %C1/2 value. Using these values the rank order (from highest to lowest cytotoxicity) was bromonitromethane, dibromonitromethane, tribromonitromethane, bromoacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, and tribromoacetic acid. Genotoxicity analyses of the DBPs were conducted using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay. This assay detects genomic DNA damage at the level of the individual nucleus. Using SCGE genotoxic potency the rank order was bromoacetic acid> dibromonitromethane>>bromonitromethane>dibromoacetic acid>tribromoacetic acid. The relative cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of these agents were compared with Salmonella typhimurium. Studies of specific DBPs in mammalian cell systems are important to compare the toxicity of these hazardous water contaminants. Such knowledge is necessary for risk assessment and to assist in the formulation of public regulatory policies that protect the environment and the public health.
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WALDROUP, A., S. KANIAWATI, and A. MAUROMOUSTAKOS. "Performance Characteristics and Microbiological Aspects of Broilers Fed Diets Supplemented with Organic Acids." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.5.482.
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The effects of supplementation of broiler diets with organic acids on live performance and microbiological parameters were evaluated in a series of experiments. In three trials lactic acid (LA) (0.25 to 2.00%) or fumaric acid (FA) (0.5 to 2.00%), and in two trials a formic/propionic acid blend (FP) (.125 to 1.00%) or citric acid (CA) (0.25 to 2.00%) was continually fed to broilers that were inoculated via the drinking water with 108 to 109 CFU/ml nalidixic acid–resistant Salmonella typhimurium (NAL-SAL) on days 2, 7, and 14. Cecal pH, weight and percentage (on a live-weight basis) were measured at 41 days of age. Performance variables were measured at 21 and 42 days. At 42 days birds were processed and the ceca and prechill carcasses were evaluated for incidence and levels of NAL-SAL. LA, FA, and CA had no adverse effects on live bird performance. The FP blend gave inconsistent results on body weight and feed consumption; the blend did not alter feed conversion or mortality. Neither LA nor FA affected cecal pH; however, the pH was altered when the FP blend or CA was fed. None of the acids affected cecal weight or percentage. None of the acids consistently reduced levels of NAL-SAL in the ceca or on the prechill carcasses. The results from this study and numerous others suggest that feeding organic acids to broilers is not a reliable means of controlling cecal colonization or carcass contamination by Salmonella. The results also suggest that reductions in cecal colonization by pathogens such as Salmonella do not necessarily result in processed carcasses that are contaminated to a lesser degree.
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Кожевникова, Л. М., И. Ф. Суханова, А. В. Иванов, and В. В. Александрин. "Hyperhomocysteinemia enhances the negative influence of Salmonella typhimurium LPS on vascular contractility and gene expression of receptor and regulatory proteins in rats." Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Patogenez», no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/2310-0435.2021.02.34-44.
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Наиболее тяжелым проявлением SARS-CoV-2 инфекции является развитие острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома. Высокий уровень гомоцистеина в крови пациентов - прогностически неблагоприятный фактор течения COVID-19 инфекции. Также развитие полиорганной недостаточности при COVID-19 инфекции часто утяжеляется эндотоксемией. Цель исследования. Изучение влияния гипергомоцистеинемии и липополисахарида (ЛПС) Salmonella Typhimurium на сократимость аорты и почечной артерии крыс и экспрессию генов рецепторных и регуляторных белков. Методикы. Моделирование гипергомоцистеинемии проводили путем добавления в воду L-метионина в концентрации 5 г/л (0,5%) в течение 14 дней. Эндотоксемию вызывали введением ЛПС Salmonella Typhimurium (Sigma, 5 мг/кг, в/б). Силу сокращения изолированных сосудов измеряли в изометрическом режиме. Экспрессию генов оценивали при помощи ПЦР-анализа. Результаты. Установлено, что через 24 часа после однократного введения животным ЛПС сила сокращения аорты возрастает в ответ на воздействие ангиотензина II (ATII, в 1,6 раза), аргнинвазопрессина (AVP, в 1,5 раза), и снижается после введения эндтелина-1 (ET-1, в 1,6 раза), по сравнению с аналогичными показателями контрольных крыс. При повторном введении ЛПС сосуды теряют чувствительность к вазоконстрикторам. У крыс после метиониновой нагрузки в плазме крови более чем в 3 раза повышается уровень общего гомоцистеина. Гомоцистеинемия приводит к выраженным нарушениям нейроэндокринной регуляции сократимости сосудов: снижается чувствительность аорты и почечной артерии к вазоконстрикторному действию ATII (в 1,7 и 2,6 раза соответственно), AVP (в 1,5 и 1,7 раза), серотонина (5HT, в 1,2 и 1,8 раза) и ET1 (в 1,5 и 1,6 раза). Установлено, что введение ЛПС крысам на фоне высокого уровня гомоцистеина в плазме ещё в большей степени усиливает выявленные нарушения сократительной активности сосудов. У крыс после введения ЛПС выявлен низкий уровень экспрессии вазоконстрикторных адренорецепторов α1A-AR, α1D-AR и вазодилататорных β1- и β2-адренорецепторов и высокий - ETA и ETB рецепторов. Как ЛПС, так и гипергомоцистеинемия приводят к значительному снижению содержания мРНК ангиотензинпревращающих ферментов ACE, ACE2 и рецепторов MasR, V1AR. У крыс после метиониновой нагрузки выявлено снижение экспрессии генов инозитолтрисфосфатных рецепторов IP3R2, IP3R3, что свидетельствует о нарушении кальциевого гомеостаза в сосудах. Метиониновая нагрузка не приводила к летальным исходам. В группе животных после однократного введения ЛПС смертность составляла 7%, а в группе с введением ЛПС после метиониновой нагрузки - 50%. Заключение. Таким образом, гипергомоцистеинемия усиливает ЛПС-индуцированные нарушения нейроэндокринной регуляции тонуса сосудов, отягощает течение и увеличивает смертность при эндотоксемии. The most severe manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. A high blood level of homocysteine in patients is a prognostically unfavorable factor for the course of COVID-19 infection. The development of multiple organ failure in COVID-19 infection is aggravated by endotoxemia. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia and Salmonella Typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the rat aorta and renal artery contractility and the gene expression of receptor and regulatory proteins. Methods. Hyperhomocysteinemia was modeled in rats by adding L-methionine to drinking water at a concentration of 5 g/L (0.5%) for 14 days. Endotoxemia was induced with a single injection of Salmonella Typhimurium LPS (Sigma, 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). The contractile force of isolated blood vessels was measured in the isometric mode. Gene expression was assessed with the PCR analysis. Results. At 24 h after a single injection of LPS, the force of aortic contractile response to angiotensin II (ATII) increased 1.6 times and to arginine vasopressin (AVP) 1.5 times whereas the response to endothelin-1 (ET1) decreased by 37.5% compared to the respective values for control rats. Upon repeated administration of LPS, the blood vessels lost the sensitivity to vasoconstrictors. After methionine loading, the plasma level of total homocysteine increased more than three times. Homocysteinemia resulted in severe disorders in the neuroendocrine regulation of vascular contractility, including decreased sensitivity of the aorta and the renal artery to vasoconstrictor effects of ATII (41.2% and 61.5%, respectively), AVP (33.3% and 41.2%, respectively), serotonin (5HT, 16.7% and 44.4%, respectively) and ET1 (33.3% and 37.5%, respectively). The administration of LPS to rats on the background of a high plasma level of homocysteine further aggravated the disorders of vascular contractile activity. Administration of LPS was associated with lower expression of vasoconstrictor α1A- and α1D-adrenoceptors, and of vasodilator β1- and β2-adrenoceptors and with a higher expression of ETA and ETB receptors. Both LPS and hyperhomocysteinemia led to significant decreases in angiotensin-converting enzymes ACE and ACE2 mRNA, and in MasR and V1AR receptor mRNA. The methionine loading induced a decrease in the gene expression of inositol trisphosphate receptors IP3R2 and IP3R3, which indicated a disorder of calcium homeostasis in the blood vessels. The methionine loading was not fatal. In the group of animals after a single administration of LPS, the mortality rate was 7%, and in the group after the administration of LPS and methionine loading, the mortality rate was 50%. Conclusion. Thus, hyperhomocysteinemia enhances LPS-induced disorders in the neuroendocrine regulation of vascular tone, aggravates the course of endotoxemia, and increases the mortality rate.
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Alabi, Okunola A., and Yetunde M. Adeoluwa. "Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of water boiled in aluminum pots of different duration of use using SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test." Toxicology Research 10, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab063.
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Abstract Boiling water before drinking or using it for cooking is a general practice especially in areas where portable water is not readily available. However, boiling water in an aluminum pot could be a route of entry of heavy metals into humans. This study assessed the genotoxic and mutagenic potential of boiled water samples from aluminum pots of different duration of use using the SOS chromotest on Escherichia coli PQ37 and the Ames fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, respectively. Three aluminum pots from the same manufacturer but of different years of use (6-year-old, 3-year-old, and new aluminum pots) were used for the experiment. Six selected heavy metals (Cadmium, Copper, Arsenic, Nickel, Lead, and Aluminum) were also analyzed in the samples using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS Buck, Scientific model 210 VGP). Cadmium, Copper, Arsenic, Nickel, Lead, and Aluminum were present in all the test water samples at concentrations that were higher than the maximum limit allowable by standard regulatory organizations. The concentrations of these metals in the samples also increased as the duration of use of the aluminum pots increased. The results further showed that the water boiled in the three aluminum pots is mutagenic and genotoxic in both Ames fluctuation and SOS chromotests. The 6-year-old aluminum pot induced the highest mutagenicity and genotoxicity followed by the 3-year-old aluminum pot. The metals in the tested samples were believed to be responsible for the observed mutagenicity and genotoxicity in the microbial assays. The findings of this study revealed that cooking with Aluminum pots could lead to the leaching of heavy metals into food, and pose mutagenic and genotoxic risks to consumers.
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MacFarlane, Amanda Shearer, Martin G. Schwacha, and Toby K. Eisenstein. "In Vivo Blockage of Nitric Oxide with Aminoguanidine Inhibits Immunosuppression Induced by an Attenuated Strain of Salmonella typhimurium, PotentiatesSalmonella Infection, and Inhibits Macrophage and Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Influx into the Spleen." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.2.891-898.1999.
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ABSTRACT Our laboratory has previously shown that after immunization with a strain of Salmonella typhimurium, SL3235, made avirulent by a blockage in the pathway of aromatic synthesis, murine splenocytes were profoundly suppressed in their capacity to mount an in vitro antibody plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes. Evidence indicated that suppression was mediated by nitric oxide (NO), since the in vitro addition ofN G-monomethyl-l-arginine blocked suppression. The present studies examined the effect of blocking NO production on Salmonella-induced immunosuppression by in vivo administration of aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AG). AG was administered to C3HeB/FeJ mice in their drinking water (2.5% solution) for 7 days prior to intraperitoneal inoculation with SL3235. AG treatment inhibited the increase in nitrate and nitrite levels in plasma and nitrite levels in the spleen seen in immunized mice. Importantly, AG treatment completely blocked suppression of the splenic PFC response and markedly attenuated the suppression of the response to concanavalin A in immunized mice, providing further evidence thatSalmonella-induced immunosuppression is mediated by NO. AG treatment also alleviated the majority of the splenomegaly associated with SL3235 inoculation, which correlated with a blockage of influx of neutrophils and macrophages into spleens, as assessed by flow cytometry. AG treatment unexpectedly resulted in 90% mortality in mice injected with the highly attenuated vaccine strain ofSalmonella, SL3235. Increased mortality in AG-treated mice correlated with inability to clear organisms from the spleen by day 15 postinoculation and with persistent bacteremia, compared with control mice. Collectively, these in vivo results underscore the dual biological consequences of NO production followingSalmonella infection, with NO being necessary for host defense, but also having the potentially adverse effect of immunosuppression. A unifying hypothesis to explain how these seemingly paradoxical effects could both result from NO production is presented.
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KING, NICOLA, ROB LAKE, and DONALD CAMPBELL. "Source Attribution of Nontyphoid Salmonellosis in New Zealand Using Outbreak Surveillance Data." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-323.
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In this study, 204 New Zealand outbreaks of nontyphoid salmonellosis reported from 2000 to 2009 were analyzed for information on the sources of human infection. Data were extracted from the outbreak module of EpiSurv, New Zealand's notifiable diseases database, and augmented with information from individual case reports and separate investigation reports. The outbreaks involved 1,426 cases, representing an estimated 9% of the total salmonellosis cases reported for the study period. Salmonella Typhimurium was the causative serotype in 78% of 172 outbreaks for which a serotype was available, involving 71% of outbreak cases. The most commonly reported outbreak setting was the home (47% of outbreaks), followed by commercial food operations (31%). Foodborne transmission was reported for 63% of the 123 outbreaks for which only one mode of transmission was reported, followed by person-to-person transmission (32%), waterborne transmission (3%), and zoonotic transmission (2%). However, evidence for the mode of transmission was weak or absent for 107 (63%) of the 169 outbreaks for which a mode of transmission was reported. For only 22 outbreaks was laboratory evidence successfully used to identify a potential source of infection. Of these 22 outbreaks, 7 were foodborne, 11 involved an infected food handler, 2 were attributed to contact with animals, 1 was attributed to consumption of drinking water, and 1 was attributed to multiple sources. The laboratory-confirmed contaminated foods were diverse and included imported and domestically produced foods. The results of this analysis support the hypothesis that nontyphoid salmonellosis is primarily a foodborne disease in New Zealand, but there is insufficient evidence to confirm important food vehicles.
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Nocker, Andreas, and Anne K. Camper. "Selective Removal of DNA from Dead Cells of Mixed Bacterial Communities by Use of Ethidium Monoazide." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 3 (March 2006): 1997–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.3.1997-2004.2006.
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ABSTRACT The distinction between viable and dead bacterial cells poses a major challenge in microbial diagnostics. Due to the persistence of DNA in the environment after cells have lost viability, DNA-based quantification methods overestimate the number of viable cells in mixed populations or even lead to false-positive results in the absence of viable cells. On the other hand, RNA-based diagnostic methods, which circumvent this problem, are technically demanding and suffer from some drawbacks. A promising and easy-to-use alternative utilizing the DNA-intercalating dye ethidium monoazide bromide (EMA) was published recently. This chemical is known to penetrate only into “dead” cells with compromised cell membrane integrity. Subsequent photoinduced cross-linking was reported to inhibit PCR amplification of DNA from dead cells. We provide evidence here that in addition to inhibition of amplification, most of the DNA from dead cells is actually lost during the DNA extraction procedure, probably together with cell debris which goes into the pellet fraction. Exposure of bacteria to increasing stress and higher proportions of dead cells in defined populations led to increasing loss of genomic DNA. Experiments were performed using Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as model pathogens and using real-time PCR for their quantification. Results showed that EMA treatment of mixed populations of these two species provides a valuable tool for selective removal of DNA of nonviable cells by using conventional extraction protocols. Furthermore, we provide evidence that prior to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, EMA treatment of a mature mixed-population drinking-water biofilm containing a substantial proportion of dead cells can result in community fingerprints dramatically different from those for an untreated biofilm. The interpretation of such fingerprints can have important implications in the field of microbial ecology.
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Suci, Dwi Margi, N. U. Nuha, and Suryahadi Suryahadi. "Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) dalam Air Minum terhadap Performa dan Kualitas Fisik Telur Puyuh Malon." Jurnal Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jintp.17.3.73-77.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of kemuning leaves (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) extract supplementation of the drinking water on performance and physical quality of egg. Twenty-four weeks old of malon hybrid quails which amounts to 240 birds were allocated in a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and two replications. The treatments were namely P0 = control (without kemuning leaves extrct), and added kemuning leaves extract into drinking water (4 consecutive days per weeks) with dose of 3% (P1), 5% (P2) and 7% (P3). The commercial diet used in this study contained 20.01 % of crude protein. The results showed that supplementation of 3% and 7% of kemuning leaves extract into drinking water had no significant difference on performance and physical quality of egg. It was concluded that the dose of 5% kemuning leaf extract addition into total drinking water tends to produce the highest egg production (85%).
Key words: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, performance malon quail, egg physical quality
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Zita L, Ledvinka Z & Klesalova L. 2013. The effect of the age of Japanese quails on certain egg quality traits and their relationships. Veterinarski Archive 83 (2) : 223-232.
Yilmaz, A, Tepeli C & Çağlayan T. 2011. External and internal quality characteristics in Japanese quails of different plumage color lines. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 9 (2): 375-379
Yuhernita & Juniarti. 2011. Analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak methanol daun Surian yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Makara Sains 15(1): 48-52
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CHE, YI HUA, YANBIN LI, MICHAEL SLAVIK, and DAVID PAUL. "Rapid Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in Chicken Carcass Wash Water Using an Immunoelectrochemical Method." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.8.1043.
Full textAbstract:
An immunoelectrochemical method coupled with immunomagnetic separation was developed for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water. Samples of chicken carcass wash water were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium at different cell numbers. Possible nonspecified inhibitors in the wash water were minimized by filtration and centrifugation. An approximately 9.4% loss of Salmonella cells was found after filtration (P < 0.01). The samples were mixed with anti-Salmonella-coated magnetic beads (ASCMB) and alkaline phosphatase–labeled anti-Salmonella (APLAS) to form ASCMB–Salmonella–APLAS conjugates. The conjugates were separated from the solution using a magnetic separator and then incubated with phenylphosphate substrate to produce phenol. The number of Salmonella was determined by measuring the phenol concentration using an amperometric tyrosinase carbon paste electrode in a flow injection analysis system. Under optimized parameters (1 mM MgCl2, 0.2 μg/ml APLAS, and 1 mM phenylphosphate in pH 7.0 Tris buffer solution), Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken carcass wash water could be identified and enumerated within 2.5 h with a detection limit of 5 × 103 CFU/ml. A linear relationship on a log-log scale was found between Salmonella cell number and the peak current ratio for Salmonella concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 CFU/ml (R2 = 0.963). The peak currents of multibacteria samples, containing Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni, were not significantly different from Salmonella-only samples (P > 0.01).
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OSCAR, T. P., R. TASMIN, and S. PARVEEN. "Chlorine Inactivation of Nonresistant and Antibiotic-Resistant Strains of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Chicken Carcasses†." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-499.
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A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that strains of Salmonella Typhimurium that are resistant to antibiotics are more resistant to chlorine in chilled water than strains of Salmonella Typhimurium that are not resistant to antibiotics. To test this hypothesis, strains (n = 16) of Salmonella Typhimurium with four antibiotic resistance profiles were tested for their inactivation kinetics in chlorinated (30 ppm, pH 6) water at 4°C. The four antibiotic resistance profiles were (i) none; (ii) tetracycline-sulfisoxazole (T-Su); (iii) tetracycline-ampicillin-amoxicillin-cefoxitin-ceftiofur-sulfisoxazole (T-A-Am-C-Ce-Su); and (iv) tetracycline-ampicillin-amoxicillin-cefoxitin-ceftiofur-sulfisoxazole-kanamycin (T-A-Am-C-Ce-Su-K). Inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium in chlorinated water displayed nonlinear kinetics with a concave downward curve that fit well (R2 = 0.964) to the power law model, with a shape parameter of 1.37. The time for a single log reduction (D-value) of Salmonella Typhimurium from an initial concentration of 5.36 log/ml did not differ (P > 0.05) among the four antibiotic resistance groups and ranged from 3.8 to 4.3 min for n = 4 strains per group. Thus, the hypothesis was rejected, and it was concluded that expression of an antibiotic resistance phenotype does not confer cross-protection in Salmonella Typhimurium to chlorine inactivation in chilled water.
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Cox, N. A., and J. S. Bailey. "Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in Carcass Processing Water Samples." Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4, no. 2 (July 1995): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/japr/4.2.154.
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Arce, Cristina, Panji Cahya-Mawarda, Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares, Juan J. Garrido, and Lourdes Arce. "CE method for analyzing Salmonella typhimurium in water samples." Journal of Separation Science 41, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201700705.
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SANTILLANA FARAKOS, S. M., J. W. HICKS, J. G. FRYE, and J. F. FRANK. "Relative Survival of Four Serotypes of Salmonella enterica in Low–Water Activity Whey Protein Powder Held at 36 and 70°C at Various Water Activity Levels." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): 1198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-327.
Full textAbstract:
Salmonella enterica is not able to grow at water activity (aw) levels below 0.94, but it can survive in low-aw foods for long periods of time. Temperature, aw, substrate, and serotype affect its persistence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature and aw on the relative persistence among four serotypes of Salmonella enterica in low-aw whey protein powder. Whey protein powder was equilibrated to aws 0.18 ± 0.02 and 0.54 ± 0.03, inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella serovars (Agona, Tennessee, Montevideo, and Typhimurium), vacuum sealed, and stored at 36°C for 6 months and at 70°C for 48 h. Presumptive Salmonella colonies (30 to 32) were randomly picked from each plate at the end of each survival study. PCR multiplex serotyping was used to identify the isolates. A multinomial mixed logistic model with Salmonella Tennessee as a reference was used to test for significant differences in frequency distribution of the surviving serotypes. Salmonella Tennessee and Salmonella Agona were the most prevalent surviving serotypes, followed in decreasing order by Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Typhimurium. Statistical analysis indicated that temperature (P = 0.003) and aw (P = 0.012) influenced the relative prevalence of the Salmonella serotypes. If other environmental conditions are equal, Salmonella Tennessee is better able to survive than Salmonella Montevideo and Salmonella Typhimurium at higher temperatures and higher aw levels in low-aw whey protein powder held at 36 and 70°C. The relative prevalence of Salmonella Agona to Salmonella Tennessee did not change with increasing temperature (P = 0.211) or aw (P = 0.453). These results should be considered in risk assessment and when developing predictive models for survival of Salmonella in low-aw foods.
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GOODRIDGE, C., L. GOODRIDGE, D. GOTTFRIED, P. EDMONDS, and J. C. WYVILL. "A Rapid Most-Probable-Number–Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection and Enumeration of Salmonella Typhimurium in Poultry Wastewater." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 2302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.12.2302.
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The rapid and accurate detection and enumeration of low levels of Salmonella Typhimurium in food processing facilities are critical components of an effective hazard analysis critical control point program. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid (8 h) most probable number (MPN)–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection and enumeration of Salmonella Typhimurium in wastewater. The specific objectives were to (i) characterize poly- and monoclonal Salmonella Typhimurium–specific antibodies in order to select the most specific and sensitive antibody for Salmonella Typhimurium detection, and (ii) validate the MPN assay through a correlation between the 8-h MPN-ELISA and the traditional 48-h Salmonella Typhimurium MPN method in poultry scald water. Poultry scald water samples were spiked with 10 and 50 CFU/ml of Salmonella Typhimurium. The traditional MPN method used a 48-h enrichment period followed by an analysis, while the MPN-ELISA used a 5-h enrichment period followed by a 3-h ELISA analysis. No differences (P < 0.05) were found between the traditional MPN and the MPN-ELISA, indicating the promise of the MPN-ELISA for the rapid detection and enumeration of Salmonella Typhimurium within an 8-h shift. This abbreviated assay will permit increased product sampling and more rapid movement of food between production and processing, resulting in reduced spoilage and quality losses.
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AIROLDI, A. A., and E. A. ZOTTOLA. "The Survival of Salmonella typhimurium in Propylene Glycol/Water Mixtures." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.4.256.
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The effect of propylene glycol, a coolant used in dairy processing plants, on the growth and survival of Salmonella typhimurium was studied. Cultures were inoculated into 0.1% reconstituted nonfat dry milk with glycol concentrations ranging from 0 to 50% (Aw 0.99-0.83) and were incubated at 37°C or −1°C. Serial dilutions were plated on tryptic soy agar (Difco), incubated at 37°C for 24 h and enumerated. At 37°C, 5% or more glycol inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium. At concentrations >20% glycol, Aw<0.96, no recovery was possible after 4 h at 37°C. At −1°C, a slow decline in population was seen regardless of glycol concentration. The higher the concentration, the faster the rate of decline in population. Aeration of the system resulted in a more rapid decrease in the number of S. typhimurium than the static system.
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GE, CHONGTAO, SUSAN RYMUT, CHEONGHOON LEE, and JIYOUNG LEE. "Salmonella Internalization in Mung Bean Sprouts and Pre- and Postharvest Intervention Methods in a Hydroponic System." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 752–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-370.
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Mung bean sprouts, typically consumed raw or minimally cooked, are often contaminated with pathogens. Internalized pathogens pose a high risk because conventional sanitization methods are ineffective for their inactivation. The studies were performed (i) to understand the potential of internalization of Salmonella in mung bean sprouts under conditions where the irrigation water was contaminated and (ii) to determine if pre- and postharvest intervention methods are effective in inactivating the internalized pathogen. Mung bean sprouts were grown hydroponically and exposed to green fluorescence protein–tagged Salmonella Typhimurium through maturity. One experimental set received contaminated water daily, while other sets received contaminated water on a single day at different times. For preharvest intervention, irrigation water was exposed to UV, and for postharvest intervention–contaminated sprouts were subjected to a chlorine wash and UV light. Harvested samples were disinfected with ethanol and AgNO3 to differentiate surface-associate pathogens from the internalized ones. The internalized Salmonella Typhimurium in each set was quantified using the plate count method. Internalized Salmonella Typhimurium was detected at levels of 2.0 to 5.1 log CFU/g under all conditions. Continuous exposure to contaminated water during the entire period generated significantly higher levels of Salmonella Typhimurium internalization than sets receiving contaminated water for only a single day (P < 0.05). Preintervention methods lowered the level of internalized Salmonella by 1.84 log CFU/g (P < 0.05), whereas postintervention methods were ineffective in eliminating internalized pathogens. Preintervention did not completely inactivate bacteria in sprouts and demonstrated that the remaining Salmonella Typhimurium in water became more resistant to UV. Because postharvest intervention methods are ineffective, proper procedures for maintaining clean irrigation water must be followed throughout production in a hydroponic system.
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KOPANIC, ROBERT J., BRIAN W. SHELDON, and CHARLES G. WRIGHT. "Cockroaches As Vectors of Salmonella: Laboratory and Field Trials." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.2.125.
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Studies were conducted to determine if individual American, German, or Oriental cockroaches could acquire a naladixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium from an infected food source and then infect noncontaminated colony members, food, and water. Cockroaches, food, and water were sampled after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h and assayed for S. typhimurium. Cockroaches, food, and water samples were positive for S. typhimurium at each 24-h sampling period. American and Oriental cockroaches were contaminated twice as often as German cockroaches. In a second study, the incidence of S. typhimurium cross-contamination between 1 or 5 infected cockroaches and 10 noninfected cockroaches was followed over 4 d. The highest frequency of cross-contamination occurred within 24 h and declined thereafter. Water sites were heavily contaminated throughout the 4-d test period. In a third study, the potential for contamination of table eggs via S. typhimurium-infected cockroaches was evaluated. Whole egg rinses of eggs exposed for 24 h to infected cockroaches contained a minimum of 75 S. typhimurium cells per egg. In a final study, American cockroaches captured from a commercial poultry feed mill and hatchery were assayed for salmonellae using an ELISA method. Five of 45 feed mill and eight of 45 hatchery cockroach samples were confirmed positive for salmonellae. These findings clearly suggest that cockroaches are capable of acquiring and infecting other cockroaches and objects, therefore implicating them as potential vectors of foodborne pathogens in poultry production and processing facilities.
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LAPIDOT, ANAT, and SIMA YARON. "Transfer of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium from Contaminated Irrigation Water to Parsley Is Dependent on Curli and Cellulose, the Biofilm Matrix Components." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.3.618.
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Enteric pathogens can contaminate fresh produce, and this contaminated produce can be a significant potential source of human illness. The objective of this study was to determine a possible mode of transfer of Salmonella Typhimurium from contaminated irrigation water to mature parsley plants and to investigate the role of bacterial cellulose and curli. Parsley plants were drip irrigated with water containing green fluorescent protein–labeled Salmonella Typhimurium. Stems and leaves were harvested 1 day after the third irrigation and examined for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Three weeks after harvesting, the presence of Salmonella was again confirmed in the regrown plants. During this period, bacterial numbers on leaves declined from 4.1 (±0.3) to 2.3 (±0.1) log CFU g−1 (P < 0.05). Numbers in the soil were constant (5 log CFU g−1). Results demonstrated the ability of Salmonella Typhimurium to transfer from irrigation water to the edible parts of the plants. Confocal laser scanning microscopic images revealed that Salmonella Typhimurium formed aggregates at a depth of 8 to 32 μm beneath the leaf surface. Penetration might be achieved through the roots or the phyllosphere. The importance of the bacterial cellulose and curli was determined by comparing the wild-type strain with its mutants, which lack the ability to synthesize cellulose and curli. Counts of the double mutant were 2-log higher in the soil but 1-log lower in the leaves (P < 0.05). Deletion of the agfBA gene (for curli) was more effective than deletion of bcsA (for cellulose). Thus, curli and cellulose play a role in the transfer or survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in the plant, as they do for plant pathogens.
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PROMSOPONE, B., T. Y. MORISHITA, P. P. AYE, C. W. COBB, A. VELDKAMP, and J. R. CLIFFORD. "Evaluation of an Avian-Specific Probiotic and Salmonella typhimurium-Specific Antibodies on the Colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in Broilers." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.2.176.
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Salmonella typhimurium colonizes the intestinal tract of poultry and causes food-bome illness in humans. Reduction of S. typhimurium colonization in the intestinal tract of poultry reduces potential carcass contamination during slaughter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an avian-specific probiotic and S. typhimurium-specific antibodies on the colonization of S. typhimurium in broilers and on body weights. Broiler chicks were spray-vaccinated at the hatchery with the commercial product, Avian Pac Plus, which contains Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and S. typhimurium-specific antibodies. At placement, these chicks were administered Avian Pac Plus in the water. Six hours postplacement, chicks were orally challenged with 1.8 × 107 CFU of S. typhimurium. Chicks were administered Avian Pac Plus for two additional days postchallenge. Chicks were evaluated for S. typhimurium colonization and shedding every 3 to 4 days for the first 2 weeks and every 7 days for 6 weeks. The mean cecal and colonic concentration of S. typhimurium from the Avian Pac Plus-treated group was significantly lower at day 31 (P = 0.0001), day 38 (P = 0.0005), and day 43 (P = 0.0001) than the nontreated control group. These results indicated that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and S. typhimurium-specific antibodies have a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of S. typhimurium in market-aged broilers.
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SAWYER, J. E., S. T. GREINER, G. R. ACUFF, L. M. LUCIA, E. CABRERA-DIAZ, and D. S. HALE. "Effect of Xylitol on Adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Beef Carcass Surfaces." Journal of Food Protection 71, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.405.
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Effects of 10% xylitol (a five-carbon sugar alcohol) on adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium to meat surfaces were examined with three approaches. First, beef outside round was inoculated with rifampin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium dispersed in xylitol or peptone solution. Samples were rinsed with water or not rinsed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. No interaction existed between inoculum and rinsing treatments (P > 0.84). Incubation in xylitol had minimal impact on pathogen adhesion (P > 0.76); however, rinsing reduced pathogen cell counts (P < 0.01). Second, meat samples were treated with water, xylitol, or no rinse; inoculated with pathogens dispersed in peptone solution (8.6 log CFU/ml for each pathogen); and then treated with water, xylitol, or no rinse in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. No interactions were observed (P > 0.50). Postinoculation rinsing reduced pathogen loads (P < 0.01) without difference between water and xylitol (P > 0.64). Third, carcass surfaces inoculated with pathogens (5.5 log CFU/cm2) were treated with 35°C water wash, 2.5% l-lactic acid spray, 10% xylitol spray, lactic acid plus xylitol, or hot water plus xylitol. Lactic acid treatments reduced Salmonella Typhimurium at0h(P < 0.01) and 24 h (P < 0.02). Hot water treatments tended to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium at0h(P < 0.07). Xylitol did not reduce pathogens (P > 0.62) or increase effectiveness of other treatments. Xylitol does not influence E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium adhesion to meat surfaces.
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CEVALLOS-CEVALLOS, JUAN M., GANYU GU, SUSANNA M. RICHARDSON, JIAHUAI HU, and ARIENA H. C. van BRUGGEN. "Survival of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium in Water Amended with Manure." Journal of Food Protection 77, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 2035–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-472.
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Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica have been associated with water sources. Survival of S. enterica in various environments has been studied but survival in water has rarely been attempted. In two separate experiments, we examined the survival of S. enterica Typhimurium in clean spring water at various eutrophication levels and temperatures. In the first experiment, lasting for 135 days, survival of S. enterica (1010 CFU/ml) in water with 0, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 mg/liter of added carbon at 7, 17, and 27°C was monitored weekly. In the second experiment, lasting for 3 weeks, survival of S. enterica in water at 0, 100, and 200 mg/liter of added carbon and 27°C was studied daily. Each experiment had four replicates. Dissolved organic carbon was measured daily in each experiment. At the beginning, midpoint, and end of the survival study, microbial communities in both experiments were assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Even at minimal carbon concentrations, S. enterica survived for at least 63 d. Survival of Salmonella was highly dependent on eutrophication levels (as measured by dissolved organic carbon) and temperature, increasing at high eutrophication levels, but decreasing at high temperatures. Survival was also strongly affected by microbial competition or predation.
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YANG, HONG, YANBIN LI, and MICHAEL G. JOHNSON. "Survival and Death of Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in Processing Water and on Chicken Skin during Poultry Scalding and Chilling." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.6.770.
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Salmonella Typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni were inoculated in scalding water, in chilled water, and on chicken skins to examine the effects of scalding temperature (50, 55, and 60°C) and the chlorine level in chilled water (0, 10, 30, and 50 ppm), associated with the ages of scalding water (0 and 10 h) and chilled water (0 and 8 h), on bacterial survival or death. After scalding at 50 and 60°C, the reductions of C. jejuni were 1.5 and 6.2 log CFU/ml in water and <1 and >2 log CFU/cm2 on chicken skins; the reductions of Salmonella Typhimurium were <0.5 and >5.5 log CFU/ml in water and <0.5 and >2 log CFU/cm2 on skins, respectively. The age of scalding water did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect bacterial heat sensitivity. However, the increase in the age of chilled water significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the chlorine effect. In 0-h chilled water, C. jejuni and Salmonella Typhimurium were reduced by 3.3 and 0.7 log CFU/ml, respectively, after treatment with 10 ppm of chlorine and became nondetectable with 30 and 50 ppm of chlorine. In 8-h chilled water, the reduction of C. jejuni and Salmonella Typhimurium was <0.5 log CFU/ml with 10 ppm of chlorine and ranged from 4 to 5.5 log CFU/ml with 50 ppm of chlorine. Chlorination of chilled water did not effectively reduce the bacteria attached on chicken skins. The D-values of Salmonella Typhimurium and C. jejuni were calculated for the prediction of their survival or death in the poultry scalding and chilling.
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GE, CHONGTAO, CHEONGHOON LEE, and JIYOUNG LEE. "Localization of Viable Salmonella Typhimurium Internalized through the Surface of Green Onion during Preharvest." Journal of Food Protection 76, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-374.
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Internalization of pathogens poses a tremendous health risk in the consumption of raw fresh produce, because conventional washing cannot remove pathogens effectively after internalization occurs. We investigated (i) the pattern of Salmonella internalization in different parts of green onions when it was contaminated on their surfaces, and (ii) whether environmental factors (extreme weather) affect the extent of Salmonella internalization. Green onions were surface contaminated with three different levels of Salmonella Typhimurium (1, 3, and 5 log CFU per green onion). Each contamination group was irrigated with three different water volumes to mimic water stress and to determine if Salmonella Typhimurium internalization was localized in different parts of the plant. The plants were collected 2 days after contamination, and surface bacteria were inactivated with ethanol and silver nitrate. The plants were then cut into two parts, upper and lower. The internalized Salmonella Typhimurium in each part was visualized and confirmed with a laser scanning confocal microscope and was quantified with the plate count method and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The results indicate that Salmonella Typhimurium can be taken up through the plant surface and transported from the upper to the lower part of the plant. The level of viable internalized Salmonella Typhimurium (plate count) was higher in the lower part than the level in the upper leafy part, especially when the leaves were contaminated with a high concentration of Salmonella (5 log CFU, P < 0.05), whereas the total internalized Salmonella Typhimurium (by qPCR) was higher in the upper part (P < 0.05) at the same contamination level. The discrepancy between these results suggests that most internalized Salmonella lost viability in the upper part but survived in the lower part. Water stress did not significantly change the extent of internalization in either location of green onion, whether detected via plate count or qPCR when the contamination occurred on the surface.
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Shukla, Shruti, Hyerim Leem, Jong-Suk Lee, and Myunghee Kim. "Immunochromatographic strip assay for the rapid and sensitive detection ofSalmonellaTyphimurium in artificially contaminated tomato samples." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 6 (June 2014): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0223.
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This study was designed to confirm the applicability of a liposome-based immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) in artificially contaminated tomato samples. To determine the detection limit and pre-enrichment incubation time (10, 12, and 18 h pre-enrichment in 1% buffered peptone water), the tests were performed with different cell numbers of Salmonella Typhimurium (3 × 100, 3 × 101, 3 × 102, and 3 × 103CFU·mL−1) inoculated into 25 g of crushed tomato samples. The assay was able to detect as few as 30 Salmonella Typhimurium cells per 25 g of tomato samples (1.2 cells·g−1) after 12 h pre-enrichment incubation. Moreover, when the developed assay was compared with traditional morphological and biochemical culture-based methods as well as colloidal gold nanoparticle-based commercial test strips, the developed assay yielded positive results for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium within a shorter period time. These findings confirm that the developed assay may have practical application for the sensitive detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in various food samples, including raw vegetables, with a relatively low detection limit and shorter analysis time.
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Balkin, Alexander S., Andrey O. Plotnikov, Natalia E. Gogoleva, Yuri V. Gogolev, Kirill N. Demchenko, and Sergey V. Cherkasov. "Cappable-Seq Reveals Specific Patterns of Metabolism and Virulence for Salmonella Typhimurium Intracellular Survival within Acanthamoeba castellanii." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 9077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22169077.
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The bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica, which causes enteritis, has a broad host range and extensive environmental longevity. In water and soil, Salmonella interacts with protozoa and multiplies inside their phagosomes. Although this relationship resembles that between Salmonella and mammalian phagocytes, the interaction mechanisms and bacterial genes involved are unclear. Here, we characterized global gene expression patterns of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium within Acanthamoeba castellanii at the early stage of infection by Cappable-Seq. Gene expression features of S. Typhimurium within A. castellanii were presented with downregulation of glycolysis-related, and upregulation of glyoxylate cycle-related genes. Expression of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island-1 (SPI-1), chemotaxis system, and flagellar apparatus genes was upregulated. Furthermore, expression of genes mediating oxidative stress response and iron uptake was upregulated within A. castellanii as well as within mammalian phagocytes. Hence, global S. Typhimurium gene expression patterns within A. castellanii help better understand the molecular mechanisms of Salmonella adaptation to an amoeba cell and intracellular persistence in protozoa inhabiting water and soil ecosystems.