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Journal articles on the topic 'Drinking water – Sensory evaluation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Khiari, D., L. Brenner, G. A. Burlingame, and I. H. Suffet. "Sensory Gas Chromatography for Evaluation of Taste and Odor Events in Drinking Water." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0040.

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A sensory gas chromatography (sensory GC) procedure with appropriate quality assurance steps was developed to evaluate ng/l concentrations of odorous chemicals in drinking water. Closed loop stripping analysis was used to concentrate the chemicals in the water samples. Sensory GC analysis was completed by smelling the effluent at the exit port of an on-column injector capillary GC system. An identical and parallel GC flame ionization detector system was used to monitor the sensory gas chromatograms. The sensory GC analysis is important because it can detect some of the individual components of the odor that a sensory panel determines on a water sample. The relationship between sensory panel response and the sensory GC procedure were investigated near threshold odor concentration levels and the data shows that sensory GC does not always correlate with sensory panel evaluations. This can be caused by the concentrations differences of the chemicals in the mixture and synergistic and antagonistic effects. Two taste and odor events reported at the Baxter Water Treatment Plant of the city of Philadelphia on the Delaware river were investigated. The events were first a metallic aftertaste accompanied by a burnt rubber odor and second a cucumber odor in the drinking water. The cases studied illustrate the use of FPA, sensory GC and GC/MS to understand the chemical nature of the odors present in the samples.
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2

Zou, Jian, Chenyi Shi, Jingyi Xu, Shayne Green, Yang Zhou, XiuHan Yang, Tanya Fry, and Bill Winniford. "Application of solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) and sensory evaluation technique for the study of taste and odor active compounds in water." Water Supply 20, no. 7 (July 27, 2020): 2737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.167.

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Abstract Short-chain carbonyls could cause taste and odor issues in drinking water due to their very low odour threshold concentrations (OTCs). Several techniques such as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization-HPLC and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) have been applied for trace short-chain aldehydes analysis in water. However, to study the taste and odor contributors in drinking water, it would be helpful to obtain an extract with representative odor from water samples for further studies, such as GC-olfactometry analysis or sensory test. Therefore, the above techniques still have some constraints due to the derivatization process or complex operating procedures. In this work, we developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled to dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) method to study short-chain aldehydes in ozonated water samples (LOQ = 1 ppb, RSD% = 12–45%). This method enables us to obtain an extract with representative odor from water for further volatile components analysis and sensory evaluation. Pair-wise nose clip sensory evaluation on the taste and odor of ozonated water indicated a high correlation between odor and taste of ozonated water. The SPE-DLLME method enabled a reliable study, for the first time, on correlations of volatile carbonyls and taste & odor performance for ozonated water by applying a series of statistical models.
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3

Wang, Z., I. H. Suffet, and Al-Samarrai. "Sensory and chemical analysis methods for earthy and musty odours in drinking water caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol." Water Supply 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.732.

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Earthy and musty odours are amongst the most frequently observed objectionable odours in water supplies, and geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol are identified as the chemical compounds most closely associated with these odours. In this paper, the sensory properties, and the water matrix effects on taste and odour panel studies, as well as the chemical analysis methods for earthy and musty odours in drinking water caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, are reviewed. Insights are developed to enable better evaluation of earthy and musty odours in drinking water. Early detection of geosmin and MIB can prevent off-flavour occurrence by providing information for potential treatment.
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4

Rigal, S. "Odour and flavour in waters: quantitative method for a new european standard." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0441.

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In the majority of the European Community, the assessment of odours and flavours in water supplies are carried out only by sensory analysis. Consequently it is essential for institutes and water companies to use the most accurate method in evaluating odour and flavour in drinking water. Until recently, most of the European countries had their own method or national Standard. Due to the requirements for odour and flavour in EC Directive 80/778 on drinking water quality, applicable throughout Europe, there was a need to standardise their method of evaluation. At the time, no ISO Standard for flavour and odour existed. Moreover, since the materials intended for contact with drinking water must not induce organoleptic problems, manufacturers of pipes, fittings and coatings are also concerned in a standardization. This paper presents the state of the art for flavour and odour evaluation in European countries and the next European Standard for these parameters. The Standard will be based on the dilution method to obtain a threshold flavour number (TFN) and a threshold odour number (TON) of a water. The principle is to compare the successive dilutions of water samples with a reference water. Several methods can be used, for example paired and triangle test, forced and unforced choice. The Standard also includes the selection, training and calibration of panellists. This Standard was elaborated within the scope of CEN/TC 230 “Water Analysis”, and was achieved through the active participation of experts from water institutes, water companies and manufacturers of materials.
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5

Bejar, Feleciano R. "Growth and sensory evaluation of broilers supplemented with Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) extract in drinking water." International Research Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/irjard1811.

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6

Meng, A. K., L. Brenner, and I. H. Suffet. "Correlation of Chemical and Sensory Data by Principal Component Factor Analysis." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0034.

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The cause(s) of many taste and odor problems in drinking water remain unknown. If sufficient information about the problem is not available to develop a hypothesis, one can begin to develop a hypothesis to test by using correlation methods from data base information concerning the problem. This paper presents a method to develop a correlation between chemicals and sensory characteristics of.a set of water samples by Principal Component Factor Analysis. The correlations developed hypotheses for the causes of tastes and odors that must be further tested. A correlation indicates that a pattern is occurring between two data bases. In this case, the pattern is a change of a Chromatographie peak's detector response which parallels the sensory response of a flavor profile analysis panel for an organoleptic descriptor. The correlation must always be confirmed by sensory analysis. The results from an application of the method to data from the city of Philadelphia Water Department and Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. are shown. An evaluation of the results is described. The correlation between a sensory response and a chemical concentration in water was described by expanding the Weber-Fechner Law. The Weber-Fechner Law states that the odor intensity of a sensory descriptor is proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of the chemical associated with the odor. Two drinking water data sets from the Philadelphia Water Department and Philadelphia Suburban Water Co. were used to demonstrate the sensory-chemical correlation procedure. Correlations were observed. Clearly, a correlation indicates a possible relationship, a “presumptive result” that must be tested by sensory analysis to “confirm” if the relationship is true. A correlation indicates that a pattern is occurring between two data bases. In this case, the pattern is a change of a Chromatographie peak's detector response which parallels the sensory response of a flavor profile analysis panel for an organoleptic descriptor. The correlation must always be confirmed by sensory analysis as stated by the rules of scientific evidence.
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7

Gutiérrez-Capitán, Manuel, Marta Brull-Fontserè, and Cecilia Jiménez-Jorquera. "Organoleptic Analysis of Drinking Water Using an Electronic Tongue Based on Electrochemical Microsensors." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 23, 2019): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061435.

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The standards that establish water’s quality criteria for human consumption include organoleptic analysis. These analyses are performed by taste panels that are not available to all water supply companies with the required frequency. In this work, we propose the use of an electronic tongue to perform organoleptic tests in drinking water. The aim is to automate the whole process of these tests, making them more economical, simple, and accessible. The system is composed by an array of electrochemical microsensors and chemometric tools for multivariable processing to extract the useful chemical information. The array of sensors is composed of six Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFET)-based sensors, one conductivity sensor, one redox potential sensor, and two amperometric electrodes, one gold microelectrode for chlorine detection, and one nanocomposite planar electrode for sensing electrochemical oxygen demand. A previous study addressed to classify water samples according to taste/smell descriptors (sweet, acidic, salty, bitter, medicinal, chlorinous, mouldy, and earthy) was performed. A second study comparing the results of two organoleptic tests (hedonic evaluation and ranking test) with the electronic tongue, using Partial Least Squares regression, was conducted. The results show that the proposed electronic tongue is capable of analyzing water samples according to their organoleptic characteristics, which can be used as an alternative method to the taste panel.
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8

van der Schalie, William H., Ryan R. James, and Thomas P. Gargan. "Selection of a battery of rapid toxicity sensors for drinking water evaluation." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 22, no. 1 (July 2006): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2005.11.019.

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9

Aydogdu, Ibrahim, Esra Arpaci, Muhtesem Gedizlioglu, Yaprak Secil, and Cumhur Ertekin. "P208 A new neurophysiologic test for evaluation of the oropharyngeal swallowing: continuous drinking of water." Clinical Neurophysiology 119 (May 2008): S124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(08)60479-4.

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10

Dejus, Sandis, Alīna Neščerecka, and Tālis Juhna. "ON-LINE DRINKING WATER CONTAMINATION EVENT DETECTION METHODS." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 15, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol1.2627.

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A task of water supply systems is to provide safe drinking water to every customer, which is a basic human need. Aging of water supply networks and increased precaution of terrorism risks led to re-evaluation of drinking water supply system reliability and vulnerability to accidental and intentional contamination. Contamination of drinking water can cause health, social, psychological and economic issues. During the last decade, early warning systems (EWS) were often used to ensure the safety of drinking water. EWS are driven by conventional sets of drinking water quality sensors, and the collected data are analyzed in real time. For detection of contamination events, numbers of algorithms have been developed. Most of the algorithms are based on statistical analysis or machine learning. The aim of this study was to compare existing methods and to identify the method, which is suitable for contamination detection in drinking water from non-compound specific sensors and requires relatively low computational resource. A detailed review of 11 different algorithms was presented in the current study with the primary focus on detection probability. Cluster analysis in combination with Mahalanobis distances of feature vectors and Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) approach were selected as the most promising methods for application in a new generation of EWS to detect and classify possible contamination events and agents. While canonical correlation analysis method was the most accurate for detection of contamination events, an advantage of Mahalanobis distances was that it not only detects the contamination events but also could identify the type of contaminant. In this study, we conclude that CCA and Mahalanobis distance methods might be applied for detection of contamination events with relatively high and reliable precision.
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11

Mirlohi, Susan. "In Vitro Evaluation of Iron-Induced Salivary Lipid Oxidation Associated with Exposure to Iron Nanoparticles: Application Possibilities and Limitations for Food and Exposure Sciences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 3622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103622.

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Zerovalent iron nanotechnologies are widely used for groundwater remediation and increasingly considered for advance oxidation treatment in drinking water applications. Iron nanoparticles have been detected in drinking water systems and considered for food fortification; therefore, the potential for human exposure through ingestion can be a concern. This study aimed to assess whether ingestion of iron nanoparticles from drinking water could be detected through flavor perception using In Vitro salivary lipid oxidation as an indicator for metallic flavor perception. Ten female subjects, aged 29–59 years, donated saliva samples for use in the In Vitro experiments. Test samples consisted of 1:1 mixture of saliva and bottled drinking water (control) and three treatment solutions, spiked with ferrous sulfate, stabilized zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVI), and an aggregated/microsized suspension of mixed zerovalent iron and microsized suspension of iron and iron oxide metal powder, (mZVI). Upon mixing, samples were subjected to 15 min incubation at 37 °C to resemble oral conditions. Salivary lipid oxidation (SLO) was measured in all samples as micromoles of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)/mg Fe. Exposure to iron in all three forms induced significant amount of SLO in all treatment samples as compared to the control (p < 0.0001). The mean SLO levels were the highest in the ferrous treatment, followed by nZVI and mZVI treatments; the differences in the mean SLO levels were significant (p < 0.05). The findings indicate that oral exposure to stabilized ZVI nanoparticles may induce sensory properties different from that of ferrous salt, likely predictive of diminished detection of metallic flavor by humans.
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12

Krasner, Stuart W. "Flavor-Profile Analysis: An Objective Sensory Technique for the Identification and Treatment of Off-Flavors in Drinking Water." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 8-9 (August 1, 1988): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0221.

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Flavor-profile analysis (FPA) is a sensory method utilizing a trained panel of four to six individuals. Reference materials are used to establish a common vocabulary for different odors found in drinking water. Known quantities of different taste- and odor-causing chemicals are evaluated to calibrate the panel on a consistent intensity scale. Each identifiable descriptor is assigned its own intensity. This method has been successfully applied in the analysis of musty-smelling compounds, e.g., 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). MIB samples and standards from 1 to 80 ng/l have been shown to observe the WeberFechner law (i.e., a plot of flavor intensity versus logarithm of concentration of MIB yielded a straight line). FPA has also been used to handle fishy/swampy odor problems. In many instances, specific causative organic compounds were not identified; however, FPA evaluations of water using different free-chlorine dosages and contact times made possible immediate resolution of these odor problems. FPA has yielded reproducible sensory data that have been useful in better understanding and handling off-flavors in drinking water.
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13

Corbi, Elise, Valérie Jacquemet, Alain Quendo, Francine Manciot, Adeline Lamy, and Franck Texier. "Understanding and forecasting taste-and-odour formation in a drinking water distribution system: case study of Lyon (France)." Water Supply 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.873.

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Lyon, France has the opportunity to distribute in abundance a groundwater resource with a good quality for drinking water. However, the length and the complexity of the distribution network can lead to consumer complaints in some areas of the water distribution system. In order to improve the organoleptic quality of distributed water, the water supplier wants to get a better understanding of potential taste and odour formation and to succeed in controlling it. Since 2006, activities have been taken with targeted analyses and sensory evaluation of water, taking into account both the consumers' private networks and the citywide distribution network. The first results were focused on the occurrence of bromophenols along the water distribution system, the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of such compounds, as well as their incidence on taste-and-odour events at the consumer's home.
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14

Roy, Sandip Kumar, and Preeta Sharan. "Application of machine learning for real-time evaluation of salinity (or TDS) in drinking water using photonic sensors." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 9, no. 2 (September 26, 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-9-37-2016.

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Abstract. The world is facing an unprecedented problem in safeguarding 0.4 % of potable water, which is gradually depleting day-by-day. From a literature survey it has been observed that the refractive index (RI) of water changes with a change in salinity or total dissolved solids (TDS). In this paper we have proposed an automatic system that can be used for real-time evaluation of salinity or TDS in drinking water. A photonic crystal (PhC) based ring resonator sensor has been designed and simulated using the MEEP (MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation) tool and the finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm. The modelled and designed sensor is highly sensitive to the changes in the RI of a water sample. This work includes a real-time-based natural sequence follower, which is a machine learning algorithm of the naive Bayesian type, a sequence of statistical algorithms implemented in MATLAB with reference to training data to analyse the sample water. Further interfacing has been done using the Raspberry Pi device to provide an easy display to show the result of water analysis. The main advantage of the designed sensor with an interface is to check whether the salinity or TDS in drinking water is less than 1000 ppm or not. If it is greater than or equal to 2000 ppm, the display shows “High Salinity/TDS Observed”, and if ppm are less than or equal to 1000 ppm, then the display shows “Low salinity/TDS Observed”. The proposed sensor is highly sensitive and it can detect changes in TDS level because of the influence of any dissolved substance in water.
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15

Silva, Elthon Gomes Fernandes da, Alessandro Aires Alexandre, Gerlane Karla Bezerra Oliveira Nascimento, Jaciel Benedito de Oliveira, Elizabeth da Silveira Neves, Austregézilo Vieira da Costa Sobrinho, and Maria de Fátima Galdino da Silveira. "Study of sensory-motor and somatic development of the offspring of rats (Wistar) treated with caffeine." Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 45, no. 4 (December 2009): 743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502009000400019.

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The influence of caffeine, administered to rats, on the somatic and sensory-motor development of the offspring was investigated. Female Wistar rats were divided into a control group and a treated group and received drinking water and a 0.1% solution of caffeine orally, respectively. The offspring, also divided into a control group and a treated group, received daily monitoring until the 20th day of life to verify alterations in somatic neural development. The offspring of the treated group had reduced weight on the day of birth and on the 1st, 5th, 15th and 20th days of life; shorter snout-anus length (evaluation done daily); shorter snout-tail length on the day of birth and on the 1st, 5th and 10th days of life, and signs of retardation of somatic and sensory-motor maturation. These results allowed the conclusion that administration of caffeine to rats affects somatic and sensory-motor development of offspring.
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16

HASHIMOTO, Susumu, Kenji FURUKAWA, and Jun-ichi MINAMI. "Studies on the Water Quality Evaluation of Drinking Waters Based on Mineral Balances (1) Preparation of Mineral Waters and their Sensory Test." Japanese Journal of Water Treatment Biology 21, no. 2 (1985): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2521/jswtb.21.2_19.

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17

Zimmer-Faust, Amity G., Richard F. Ambrose, and Mario N. Tamburri. "Evaluation of approaches to quantify total residual oxidants in ballast water management systems employing chlorine for disinfection." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 10 (September 17, 2014): 1585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.394.

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With the maturation and certification of several ballast water management systems that employ chlorine as biocide to prevent the spread of invasive species, there is a clear need for accurate and reliable total residual oxidants (TRO) technology to monitor treatment dose and assure the environmental safety of treated water discharged from ships. In this study, instruments used to measure TRO in wastewater and drinking water applications were evaluated for their performance in scenarios mimicking a ballast water treatment application (e.g., diverse hold times, temperatures, and salinities). Parameters chosen for testing these technologies in the past do not reflect conditions expected during ballast water treatment. Salinity, temperature, and oxidant concentration all influenced the response of amperometric sensors. Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensors performed more consistently than amperometric sensors under different conditions but it may be difficult to correlate ORP and TRO measurements for the multitude of biogeochemical conditions found naturally in ballast water. N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) analyzers and amperometric sensors were also tested under intermittent sampling conditions mimicking a ballasting scenario, with cyclical dosage and discharge operations. When sampling was intermittent, amperometric sensors required excessive response and conditioning times, whereas DPD analyzers provided reasonable estimates of TRO under the ballasting scenario.
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18

Dejus, S., A. Nescerecka, G. Kurcalts, and T. Juhna. "Detection of drinking water contamination event with Mahalanobis distance method, using on-line monitoring sensors and manual measurement data." Water Supply 18, no. 6 (February 15, 2018): 2133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.039.

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Abstract Concerns about drinking water (DW) quality contamination during water distribution raise a need for real-time monitoring and rapid contamination detection. Early warning systems (EWS) are a potential solution. The EWS consist of multiple conventional sensors that provide the real-time measurements and algorithms that allow the recognizing of contamination events from normal operating conditions. In most cases, these algorithms have been established with artificial data, while data from real and biological contamination events are limited. The goal of the study was the event detection performance of the Mahalanobis distance method in combination with on-line DW quality monitoring sensors and manual measurements of grab samples for potential DW biological contamination scenarios. In this study three contamination scenarios were simulated in a pilot-scale DW distribution system: untreated river water, groundwater and wastewater intrusion, which represent realistic contamination scenarios and imply biological contamination. Temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total organic carbon (TOC), chlorine ion (Cl-), oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), pH sensors and turbidity measurements were used as on-line sensors and for manual measurements. Novel adenosine-triphosphate and flow cytometric measurements were used for biological water quality evaluation. The results showed contamination detection probability from 56% to 89%, where the best performance was obtained with manual measurements. The probability of false alarm was 5–6% both for on-line and manual measurements. The Mahalanobis distance method with DW quality sensors has a good potential to be applied in EWS. However, the sustainability of the on-line measurement system and/or the detection algorithm should be improved.
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19

Sciuto, Emanuele Luigi, Maria Anna Coniglio, Domenico Corso, Jan Roelof van der Meer, Fabio Acerbi, Alberto Gola, and Sebania Libertino. "Biosensors in Monitoring Water Quality and Safety: An Example of a Miniaturizable Whole-Cell Based Sensor for Hg2+ Optical Detection in Water." Water 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101986.

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Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) pollution of water reserves, especially drinking water, is an important issue in the environmental and public health field. Mercury is reported to be one of the most dangerous elements in nature since its accumulation and ingestion can lead to a series of permanent human diseases, affecting the kidneys and central nervous system. All the conventional approaches for assaying Hg2+ have some limitations in terms of bulky instruments and the cost and time required for the analysis. Here, we describe a miniaturizable and high-throughput bioluminescence sensor for Hg2+ detection in water, which combines the specificity of a living bacterial Hg2+ reporter cell, used as sensing element, with the performance of a silicon photomultiplier, used as optical detector. The proposed system paves the basis for portable analysis and low reactants consumption. The aim of the work is to propose a sensing strategy for total inorganic mercury evaluation in water. The proposed system can lay the basis for further studies and validations in order to develop rapid and portable technology that can be used in situ providing remote monitoring.
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20

Oghbaei, Hajar, Mohammad Reza Alipour, Gisou Mohaddes, Gholam Reza Hamidian, and Rana Keyhanmanesh. "Evaluation of ameliorative effect of sodium nitrate in experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in male rats." Endocrine Regulations 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/enr-2019-0003.

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AbstractObjective. Diabetes induces sensory symptoms of neuropathy as positive (hyperalgesia), negative (hypoalgesia), or both.Methods. In the present study, fifty male Wistar rats were allocated to five groups: control, control+nitrate, diabetes, diabetes+insulin, and diabetes+nitrate. Thirty days after diabetes confirmation, insulin (2–4 U/day) was injected subcutaneously in diabetes+insulin group and nitrate (100 mg/l) was added into drinking water of the control+nitrate and diabetes+nitrate groups for a period of 2 months. In order to assess the mechanical and thermal algesia, tail immersion, hot plate, and von Frey tests were performed. The serum insulin levels were determined with insulin ELISA Kit. Serum level of NOx was determined by the Griess method.Results. Both thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) which was followed by a significant increase (p<0.01) in the thermal nociceptive threshold in the diabetes group. Chronic nitrate or insulin treatment led to a significant decrease (p<0.01) in blood glucose levels, as well as a significant (p<0.05) increase in the body weight and serum NOx. Moreover, nitrate treatment significantly increased serum insulin levels (p<0.001) compared to the other groups.Conclusion. Chronic nitrate treatment modified the thermal and mechanical sensitivities in diabetic animals.
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21

Carnt, Nicole, Jeremy J. Hoffman, Seema Verma, Scott Hau, Cherry F. Radford, Darwin C. Minassian, and John K. G. Dart. "Acanthamoeba keratitis: confirmation of the UK outbreak and a prospective case-control study identifying contributing risk factors." British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, no. 12 (September 19, 2018): 1621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312544.

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Background/aimsAcanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a chronic debilitating corneal infection principally affecting contact lens (CL) users. Studies were designed to test claims that the UK incidence may have increased in 2012–2014 and to evaluate potential causes.MethodsAnnualised incidence data were collected from January 1984 to December 2016. Case-control study subjects were recruited between 14 April 2011 and 05 June 2017. Reusable CL users with AK were recruited retrospectively and prospectively. Controls were reusable CL users, recruited prospectively, with any disorder other than AK. Multivariable analysis of questionnaire data measured independent risk factors for AK.ResultsThe current outbreak of AK started in 2010–2011 with an incidence threefold higher than in 2004–2009. Risk factors for AK were: Oxipol disinfection, CLs made of group IV CL materials, poor CL hygiene, deficient hand hygiene, use of CLs while swimming or bathing, being white British, and for those in social classes 4–9.ConclusionAK is a largely preventable disease. The current outbreak is unlikely to be due to any one of the identified risk factors in isolation. Improving CL and hand hygiene, avoiding CLs contamination with water and use of effective CL disinfection solutions, or daily disposable CLs, will reduce the incidence of AK. In the longer-term, water avoidance publicity for CL users can be expected to reduce the incidence further. Ongoing surveillance of AK numbers will identify changes in incidence earlier. Evaluation of Acanthamoeba contamination in end-user drinking water would contribute to our understanding of regional variations in the risk of exposure.
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Widder, Mark W., Linda M. Brennan, Elizabeth A. Hanft, Mary E. Schrock, Ryan R. James, and William H. van der Schalie. "Evaluation and refinement of a field-portable drinking water toxicity sensor utilizing electric cell-substrate impedance sensing and a fluidic biochip." Journal of Applied Toxicology 35, no. 7 (September 18, 2014): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.3017.

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23

Pressl, A., S. Winkler, and G. Gruber. "In-line river monitoring – new challenges and opportunities." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 11 (December 1, 2004): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0672.

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Water management becomes a complex issue when considering the large number of water-rights-of-use like drinking water production, recreation, receiving water, transport on and ecological quality of the water bodies. Recent changes in the legal requirements concerning water management on European scale (EC Water Framework Directive, 2000/60/EC) highlighted the need for appropriate means for monitoring water quality and exchange of water quality data. Indirect measurement of water quality using surrogate parameters (chemical and physical-chemical parameters) can be automated at a high accuracy level. This was shown over the past years by national and international research projects. In 2001 such a research project has started in Austria focusing on the installation and operation of a pilot water quality network, which is suitable for application at several points of interest of water management, i.e. sewer networks, wastewater treatment plants and receiving water bodies. The paper describes the operational problems and experiences of collecting data over a period of one year in the Danube River downstream of Vienna. The sensors are installed in situ, directly in the river, without any bypass system. The first evaluation of the measurements shows that the values are reliable and therefore applicable to further interpretations.
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Ooi, Lia, Lee Yook Heng, and Asmat Ahmad. "Toxicity Biosensor for Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Using Immobilized Green Fluorescent Protein ExpressingEscherichia coli." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/809065.

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Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is suitable as a toxicity sensor due to its ability to work alone without cofactors or substrates. Its reaction with toxicants can be determined with fluorometric approaches. GFP mutant gene (C48S/S147C/Q204C/S65T/Q80R) is used because it has higher sensitivity compared to others GFP variants. A novel sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) toxicity detection biosensor was built by immobilizing GFP expressingEscherichia coliink-Carrageenan matrix. Cytotoxicity effect took place in the toxicity biosensor which leads to the decrease in the fluorescence intensity. The fabricatedE. coliGFP toxicity biosensor has a wide dynamic range of 4–100 ppm, with LOD of 1.7 ppm. Besides, it possesses short response time (<1 min), high reproducibility (0.76% RSD) and repeatability (0.72% RSD,R2>0.98), and long-term stability (46 days).E. coliGFP toxicity biosensor has been applied to detect toxicity induced by SDS in tap water, river water, and drinking water. High recovery levels of SDS indicated the applicability ofE. coliGFP toxicity biosensor in real water samples toxicity evaluation.
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Brooks, Yolanda M., Shalean M. Collins, Patrick Mbullo, Sera L. Young, Ruth E. Richardson, and Godfred O. Boateng. "Evaluating Human Sensory Perceptions and the Compartment Bag Test Assays as Proxies for the Presence and Concentration of Escherichia coli in Drinking Water in Western Kenya." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 4 (October 11, 2017): 1005–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0878.

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Hoffmeister, S., K. R. Murphy, C. Cascone, J. L. J. Ledesma, and S. J. Köhler. "Evaluating the accuracy of two in situ optical sensors to estimate DOC concentrations for drinking water production." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 10 (2020): 2891–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00150c.

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Sládečková, Alena. "Microscopic evaluation of drinking-water quality." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 27, no. 4 (December 2000): 2252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1998.11901640.

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Gholson, Drew M., Diane E. Boellstorff, Scott R. Cummings, Kevin L. Wagner, and Monty C. Dozier. "Consumer water quality evaluation of private and public drinking water sources." Journal of Water and Health 16, no. 3 (April 25, 2018): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2018.206.

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Abstract Private water wells have no requirements to be tested or monitored to ensure safe drinking water quality, and yet those receiving their primary drinking water from private supplies are more frequently confident that their tap drinking water is safe. Using data from surveys administered in 2008 and 2014, this study assesses public attitudes and perceptions regarding drinking water. This study examines the results of a random sample survey of Texans to evaluate citizen awareness and attitudes on water issues. Most respondents reported that they believe their drinking water is of high quality, with 81.4% responding that they believe their tap water is safe to drink. An even larger number, 92.1%, of those receiving their water from private sources believe their tap water is safe. Conversely, only 57.0% of respondents who consume bottled water as their primary source of drinking water believe their tap water is safe to drink. Additionally, more than 65% of Texans receiving their primary drinking water from private supplies (usually their private water well) have never had their water supply tested. A large majority (81.3%) of those primarily receiving their drinking water from private supplies believed groundwater in their area to be of good or excellent quality.
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Dietrich, Andrea M. "Aesthetic issues for drinking water." Journal of Water and Health 4, S1 (July 1, 2006): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0038.

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Although many people expect their drinking water to be “flavorless”, natural and processed drinking waters have flavors due to minerals and organics in the natural water, inputs from any step of water processing or transport, and interaction of these chemicals with an individuals' nose and mouth. Since people can detect the flavor of water, the idea has been proposed that drinking water consumers be considered as sentinels who monitor water quality. This paper explores specific sensory components of drinking water, how humans perceive their drinking water, and future directions for aesthetic research that can better explain causes of and treatments for tastes and odors in drinking water and the human factors that make water a desirable beverage.
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Vergolyas, Maya. "CYTOGENETIC EVALUATION OF THE DRINKING WATER TOXICITY." EUREKA: Life Sciences 1 (January 29, 2016): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2016.00054.

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There was considered the use of biotesting for the assessment of the quality of drinking water from the different water supply sources (artesian, packaged and water-pipe one). The method consists in determination of the toxicants action on the specially selected organisms in the standard conditions with registration of changes at behavior, physiological, cellular and subcellular level using hematological indices of fish, frogs, rats and the lymphocyte cultures of the peripheral human blood. Physical-chemical methods determine only the presence and number of chemical elements in the tested water samples because of the very large number of possible combinations of chemical compounds in water solutions (more than 75 million combinations), including behavior of anthropogenic compounds and the natural vulnerability of the water ecosystems to the combined effects from its toxic influence. As the optimal set of determination of the some structural and functional changes of cell genome as the result of the toxic influence of combination of the chemical compounds in the water solutions was offered the micronuclear test and leukocytic formula of the fish, frog and rat blood as biomarker. The reaction of fish, frog, rat test-organisms on the toxic irritation is presented in the change of qualitative content of the cells of peripheral blood. There were demonstrated the prospects of the use of hematological indices of the following test-organisms: Danio rerio fishes, Xenopus clawed frogs, Wistar rats and also the lymphocytes cultures of the human peripheral blood. The special attention was paid to the assessment of the risk for human health of the toxic substances in drinking water, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity that are revealed using hematological indices of animal cells. The universality of cellular organization opens the wide possibilities for toxicological studies using peripheral blood of the different groups of animals (fish, frogs, rats), human lymphocyte cultures and allow assume the following possibility of extrapolation of the received results on human organism
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Ghervase, Luminita, Elfrida M. Carstea, Dan Savastru, and Gabriela Pavelescu. "FLUORESCENCE EVALUATION OF DRINKING WATER ORGANIC CONTAMINATION." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 9, no. 11 (2010): 1497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2010.202.

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Eloidin, Océane, and Caetano C. Dorea. "Evaluation of semidecentralized emergency drinking water treatment." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 50, no. 10 (June 29, 2015): 1040–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2015.1038173.

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Gouveia, C., R. Nicolau, F. Ferreira, and A. Câmara. "Collaborative monitoring of chlorine flavours in drinking water." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 5 (March 1, 2007): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.165.

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Sensory data have always been used by concerned citizens to evaluate environmental variables within volunteer monitoring initiatives. The work presented in this paper intends to explore the possibility of using human sensory data as a source of information to monitor environmental quality variables within a public participation context. A case study that uses untrained citizens to monitor chlorine flavour of tap water is presented. Two collaborative monitoring tests were developed: (1) the one-sample one-trial test and (2) the Chlorine@Home test. The tests intended to address the participatory context required by collaborative monitoring initiatives. The development of the collaborative tests was supported by two tests that were designed for a laboratory context and explored sensory methodologies. The sensory tests implemented were: (1) the paired comparison test, (2) the forced-choice triangle test (ASTM Method E679-04). The collaborative experiments showed that the ability to detect chlorine flavours on a participatory context was independent on chlorine concentrations. The use of sensors by citizens may be a way to increase the credibility of the information. Nevertheless, this case study suggested that more research should be carried out to explore ways to involve citizens while increasing data reliability.
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Mullins, Eric S., Kathryn E. Talmage, Keith W. Kombrinck, Whitney M. Miller, Joseph S. Palumbo, and Jay L. Degen. "Factor XIII Deficiency Improves Motor Function in Mice Challenged with Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis, An Established Model of Multiple Sclerosis." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.858.858.

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Abstract Abstract 858 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease characterized by autoimmune demyelination of neurons and axonal damage within the central nervous system, leading to relapsing/remitting neurological deficits, including sensory and motor deficits. MS plaques are characterized by blood-brain barrier disruption leading to perivascular deposition of fibrin that correlates with areas of microglia activation and myelin damage. Consistent with multiple studies showing that hemostatic factors can serve as important modulators of the inflammatory response in vivo, fibrin(ogen) has been identified as a novel regulator of microglial activation and differentiation. Furthermore, fibrin(ogen) has been found, via the αMβ2 binding motif on the γ chain, to play a role in microglial activation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of MS. However, previous work by our lab, as well as others, suggests that thrombin-mediated proteolysis plays a greater role in driving neuroinflammatory disease than by merely supporting fibrin formation. Our working hypothesis is that thrombin-mediated proteolysis drives autoimmune neuroinflammation through both fibrin(ogen)-dependent and fibrin(ogen)-independent pathways. To test this hypothesis, we have initiated studies of EAE in mice lacking selected thrombin substrates, including protease activated receptors (PARs) and factor XIII (fXIII). Clinical evaluation of loss of motor function in EAE-challenged cohorts of PAR-1-deficient, PAR-4-deficient and WT control mice revealed a similar outcome in all three cohorts, suggesting PARs may have either a modest or a secondary role in EAE-induced neuroinflammatory disease. However, mice with a constitutive deficiency of another thrombin substrate, the fibrin cross-linking transglutaminase fXIII, were found to have a significant amelioration in motor function loss when challenged with EAE. To further explore this phenotype, we have utilized cystamine, a transglutaminase inhibitor, as a pharmacologic complement to the fXIII knockout mice. Mice with cystamine placed in their drinking water during the EAE challenge period also experienced significantly less disease than control mice that did not receive cystamine. This data suggests that (pro)thrombin contributes neuroinflammatory disease by both supporting local fibrinogen polymerization and by activation of fXIII leading to fibrin stabilization. Furthermore, this line of research suggests that more detailed studies of fXIII may reveal novel strategies for limiting or reversing the devastating pathologies associated with multiple sclerosis. Disclosures: Mullins: Baxter: Consultancy. Palumbo:Novo Nordisk Corporation: Research Funding.
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Li, Fang Hong, and Xu Li Liang. "Evaluation of Water Quality of Rural Drinking Water and Countermeasure Research in Luquan City." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.815.

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The rural drinking water safety is an important issue for people's livelihood. For Luquan city, of Hebei province in China, drinking water was sampled through site investigation, and the water quality was analyzed used comprehensive index method. The results show that: the water type is IV in the investigation area, which is not suitable for drinking in a long time. The corresponding measures were proposed combined with the real conditions, which could provide theoretical guidance and policy reference for improvement of rural drinking water management mechanism.
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Ma, Mei, Zijian Wang, Wei Shang, Chunxia Wang, and Wenhua Wang. "Toxicological evaluation of drinking water in beijing waterworks." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 35, no. 10 (November 2000): 1817–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934520009377078.

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37

Clark, Robert M., and Jeffrey Q. Adams. "Evaluation of BAT for VOCs in Drinking Water." Journal of Environmental Engineering 117, no. 2 (March 1991): 247–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1991)117:2(247).

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38

Sharp, R. R., A. K. Camper, J. J. Crippen, O. D. Schneider, and S. Leggiero. "Evaluation of Drinking Water Biostability Using Biofilm Methods." Journal of Environmental Engineering 127, no. 5 (May 2001): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2001)127:5(403).

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39

Nyström, A., A. Grimvall, C. Krantz-Rüilcker, R. Sävenhed, and K. Åkerstrand. "Drinking Water Off-Flavour Caused by 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0058.

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Combined chemical and sensory methods were used for the source identification of musty off-flavours in water; the methods were based on stripping enrichment, gas chromatography (GC) with both instrumental and sensory detection, and preparative GC. Two case studies of drinking water derived from groundwater (one chlorinated and one non-chlorinated) showed that 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) was the major odorous compound. Furthermore, the concentration of TCA increased significantly in the distribution system. Studies of surface waters showed that TCA is widespread in Sweden, and in one small forest lake, it was found that TCA made a significant contribution to the total odour of the water. The formation of TCA during distribution was probably caused by microbial methylation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). TCP is formed during chlorine disinfection of drinking water and has recently also been identified as a natural halogenation product. In the present study, fungi (of the genera Phialophora, Acremonium and Penicillium) and actinomycetes isolated from drinking water were capable of producing TCA by methylating added TCP.
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Wist, J., J. Sanabria, C. Dierolf, W. Torres, and C. Pulgarin. "Evaluation of photocatalytic disinfection of crude water for drinking-water production." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 147, no. 3 (April 2002): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00615-3.

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Purwana, I. Putu, Deden Sudrajat, and Elis Dihansih. "MEAT SENSORY QUALITY RESULTING FROM QUAIL (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) LAYER PHASE SUPLEMENTED WITH PAPAYA LEAF EXTRACT." JURNAL PETERNAKAN NUSANTARA 4, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jpnu.v4i2.1539.

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The study was aimed at assessing the potential of papaya leaf extract as an herbal antibiotic used as a supplement in drinking water of quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Physical properties of meat including pH value, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and sensory properties including tenderness, taste, flavor, juiciness, color, and texture were measured. The study was conducted from 18 February to 18 March 2017. Quail birds aged 40-44 weeks were put in battery cages sized 128 cm x 60 cm x 167 cm. Treatments consisted of drinking water with no papaya leaf extract (control, R0), drinking water with commercial antibiotic of 0.5 g/l (R1), drinking water with papaya leaf extract of 10 ml/l (R2), drinking water with papaya leaf extract of 20 ml/l (R3), and drinking water with papaya leaf extract of 30 ml/l (R4). Drinking water was given ad libitum. A completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replicates was used. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance and a Kruskal-Wallis test. Results showed that the inclusion of papaya leaf extract in drinking water no significant effects on physical quality of quail meat and consumer acceptance include aroma, taste, color, tenderness, juicenees and texture.Keywords: sensory quality, layer quail, papaya leaf extract.
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Vasconcelos De Moraes, Carlos Gustavo, Alexandre Soares Castro Reis, Adhele Furlani de Sá Cavalcante, Milena Eimi Sano, and Remo Susanna. "Choroidal expansion during the water drinking test." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 247, no. 3 (November 6, 2008): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-008-0969-2.

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Zhao, Meilian, Peixue Liu, Baohua Jiang, and Yujie Chen. "Design of a drinking water quality monitoring and evaluation system." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.087.

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Abstract With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, water pollution is found everywhere, and the protection of water resources has attracted increasing attention. For a long time, drinking water pollution was measured manually, which is time-consuming and laborious. To effectively detect and evaluate drinking water pollution, a drinking water quality monitoring and evaluation system is designed. The system can perform real-time measurements of water temperature, conductivity, turbidity and other parameters. The measurement results can be displayed on an LCD screen and can be transmitted remotely. The system can be used to detect the contamination of drinking water resources, such as surface water and groundwater, and to judge whether the water quality is qualified according to the set threshold parameters. The test results demonstrate that the system can realize dynamic monitoring and evaluation of drinking water resources. In addition, the system can provide effective data for water resource environmental protection.
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Nerkar, A. G., and G. S. Chakraborthy. "Viral infection from drinking water." Current Trends in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 3, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ctppc.2021.003.

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Water born enteric viruses pose thread to both human and animal life causing a wide range of illness. Ground water is the commonest transmission route for these viruses. About 50% of ground water related outbreaks are attributed to viruses. Viral infections have a long history of association with drinking water supplies. Evidence of water-borne transmission is predominantly based on epidemiological data. Water-borne disease transmission has only in exceptional cases been confirmed by direct detection of viruses in drinking water supplies. Water, a frequent vehicle, may permit their survival, but many environmental factors will have an adverse effect on the viral pollution. Risk evaluation requires identification of these factor and assessment of inactivation rate of infection viruses.
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Φωτίου, E., and N. Κολοβός. "EVALUATION OF BOTTLED WATER QUALITY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16708.

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The investigation and the evaluation of the bottled water parameters and their relation to the human health is the main target of this paper. Thirty three samples of bottled water were investigated and the quality parameters were compared according to the standards introduced by EC (instruction 80/778 - 15/07/80) of the drinking water. The physicochemical parameters include pH, conductivity, CI, S04, Si02, Ca, Mg, Na, Κ, F, total hardness and alkalinity.
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Lim, Keah Ying, Shannon Elaine Wilson, Emily Woolsey, and Cristiane Queiroz Surbeck. "Evaluation of a Community-Scale Drinking Water Treatment System." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 5, no. 2 (October 19, 2010): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v5i2.2400.

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This paper presents the results of the assessment of a community-scale drinking water treatment system by students from the University of _____ School of Engineering, working in collaboration with members of the organization Living Waters for the World. This system, installed worldwide in communities facing a severe lack of sustainable, clean drinking water, uses microfiltration and ozone to treat water. Evaluation of the system required analysis of several water quality parameters and the development of a chlorine disinfection table. It was determined that the ozone disinfection system effectively treats water, removing bacteria that indicate the presence of pathogens that could cause adverse health effects in humans.
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A. Abawi, Suaad, and Layth A. Al-Annaz. "Evaluation of fluoride concentrations in Mosul city Drinking Water." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 15, no. 1 (March 28, 2007): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2007.44939.

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Al-Ani, Faris Hammoodi. "An Evaluation of Samarra City Drinking Water Treatment Plants." International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 1, no. 5 (2013): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20130105.16.

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Ali, Hussain Mohammed, Dheaa Zageer, and Atheel H. Alwash. "Performance Evaluation of Drinking Water Treatment Plant in Iraq." Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojps04.01.05.

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The presence of natural or non-natural pollutants in water resulting from human activity such as the introduction of harmful agricultural and industrial pollutants into rivers that could be the main reason in forming trihalomethane compounds after chlorination step in drinking water production plants. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to assess the efficiency of traditional drinking water treatment plants in the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants (chemical and physical parameters). The Al-Hussein city water project as a traditional water treatment plant in Karbala governorate was taken with a capacity of 8000 m3/ has a model for this study. The physical and chemical properties of traditional plant was measured such as (Turbidity, Temperature, pH, Electric conductivity, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Aluminum, Sulphate, Total dissolved salts) was taken from four units in the plant (quick mixing unit, sedimentation unit, filtration unit and disinfection unit). The average chemical and physical properties for both raw and drinking water were calculated for eight months during 2017-2018. The average removal percentage of turbidity was 60.7%. However, the values of the other tests ranged from 5 to -0.94%. In order to evaluate the presence of the organic substances in the plant. The samples for raw and drinking water were withdrawn in the winter and spring season from four units of the plant. The traditional plant show the removal efficiency of organic materials was 82% in the winter and 52% was in the spring season. The results showed that the physical and chemical properties were not significantly affected during the treatment process and their values were within the limits of the standard of drinking water. The traditional drinking water treatment plant considers unstable plant for the removal of organic compounds in the winter and spring with the possibility of forming chlorinated organic compounds. Therefore, there was the need to use additional treatment techniques to meet the challenges of new pollutants.
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Vuorio, Elina, Riku Vahala, Jukka Rintala, and Risto Laukkanen. "The evaluation of drinking water treatment performed with HPSEC." Environment International 24, no. 5-6 (July 1998): 617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(98)00040-3.

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