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Journal articles on the topic 'Drinking water Standards Australia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Miller, R., B. Whitehill, and D. Deere. "A national approach to risk assessment for drinking water catchments in Australia." Water Supply 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0029.

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This paper comments on the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies for risk assessment, appropriate for utilisation by Australian Water Utilities in risk assessment for drinking water source protection areas. It is intended that a suggested methodology be recommended as a national approach to catchment risk assessment. Catchment risk management is a process for setting priorities for protecting drinking water quality in source water areas. It is structured through a series of steps for identifying water quality hazards, assessing the threat posed, and prioritizing actions to addres

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2

Hamilton, D. J., Á. Ambrus, R. M. Dieterle, A. S. Felsot, C. A. Harris, P. T. Holland, A. Katayama, et al. "Regulatory limits for pesticide residues in water (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 8 (January 1, 2003): 1123–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375081123.

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National governments introduced residue limits and guideline levels for pesticide residues in water when policies were implemented to minimize the contamination of ground and surface waters. Initially, the main attention was given to drinking water.Regulatory limits for pesticide residues in waters should have the following characteristics: definition of the type of water, definition of the residue, a suitable analytical method for the residues, and explanation for the basis for each limit.Limits may be derived by applying a safety factor to a no-effect-level, or from levels occurring when goo

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3

Rakhmanin, Yu A., N. A. Egorova, G. N. Krasovsky, R. I. Mikhailova, and A. V. Alekseeva. "SILICON: ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPACT UNDER DIETARY INTAKE AND HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF ITS CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER. A REVIEW." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 5 (March 27, 2019): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-5-492-498.

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By the prevalence in the earth’s crust, silicon occupies the second place after oxygen. In different quantities silicon always presents in water and food products.The average daily dietary intake of silicon in Western world is about 20-50 mg/day. The biological role of silicon in human organism is still not clear, but it assumed to be necessary for processes of bone mineralization, collagen synthesis, it has a positive effect on the state of skin, hair, and nails, contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease. A number of scientific research is devoted to biological ef

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4

Merrett, Hew Cameron, Wei Tong Chen, and Jao Jia Horng. "A Systems Analysis Approach to Identifying Critical Success Factors in Drinking Water Source Protection Programs." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 2606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092606.

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The success of source protection in ensuring safe drinking water is centered around being able to understand the hazards present in the catchment then plan and implement control measures to manage water quality risk to levels which can be controlled through downstream barriers. The programs in place to manage source protection are complex sociotechnical systems involving policy, standards, regulators, technology, human factors and so on. This study uses System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to analyze the operational hazards of a typical drinking water source protection (DWSP) program and i

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5

Kus, B., J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, and H. K. Shon. "Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.823.

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Although most Australians receive their domestic supply from reticulated mains or town water, there are vast areas with very low population densities and few reticulated supplies. In many of these areas rainwater collected in tanks is the primary source of drinking water. Heavy metals have recently become a concern as their concentration in rain water tanks was found to exceed recommended levels suitable for human consumption. Rainwater storage tanks also accumulate contaminants and sediments that settle to the bottom. Although not widely acknowledged, small amounts of contaminants such as lea

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6

Bąk, Joanna. "Wise use of water in smart cities - possibilities and limitations." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183001014.

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The need to save water is due, inter alia, to the paradigm of sustainable development. There are many ways to minimize the consumption of high quality water supplied by the water supply network. These include the simplest way and those complex, requiring additional installation. The lack of water is a big problem, but not only water deficit are dangerous. There is a possibility of secondary water pollution in the water supply network due to changes in network parameters. Changes in these parameters may occur due to reduced demand for water by residents and, as a result, reduced water flow - at

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7

Dryer, D. J., G. V. Korshin, A. Heitz, and C. Joll. "Characterization of proton and copper binding properties of natural organic matter from an Australian drinking water source by differential absorbance spectroscopy." Water Supply 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.140.

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This study examined the effects of changes in pH and copper concentration on the absorbance spectra of natural organic matter (NOM) from a reservoir in Western Australia. Differential absorbance spectra generated for this NOM under changing pH and copper concentration conditions revealed features that could be correlated to the activity of distinct types of chromophores. A comparison of results with those generated for experiments with standard Suwannee River fulvic acid highlighted important differences in chemistry between the two samples.

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8

Levett, K. J., J. L. Vanderzalm, D. W. Page, and P. J. Dillon. "Factors affecting the performance and risks to human health of on-site wastewater treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.434.

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Aerobic wastewater treatment systems (aerobic systems) are the preferred choice in a region overlying a karstic aquifer used for drinking water supplies, as they are thought to provide better protection to groundwater and human health than standard septic systems. However, aerobic systems in operation do not always perform to design standard; while this is often blamed on lack of maintenance, few studies have investigated the link directly. This study investigates the performance of domestic on-site wastewater treatment systems in South Australia, and compares effluent quality to maintenance r

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9

Mullenger, J., G. Ryan, and J. Hearn. "A water authority's experience with HACCP." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0163.

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South East Water Limited (SEWL) is one of three retail water authorities operating in Melbourne, Australia. It was the first water authority in Australia to obtain HACCP accreditation for the supply of drinking water, in November 1999. This article presents an overview of the first two years' experience in developing and establishing a food safety management plan using Codex Alimentarius Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) to ensure the water reaching customers is safe, aesthetically pleasant and meets operating licence requirements. HACCP has improved the way in which our dist

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10

Edwards, Louise, and Helen Crabb. "Water quality and management in the Australian pig industry." Animal Production Science 61, no. 7 (2021): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20484.

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Context Water is the first nutrient and an essential component of all agricultural production systems. Despite its importance there has been limited research on water, and in particular, the impact of its availability, management and quality on production systems. Aims This research sought to describe the management and quality of water used within the Australian pig industry. Specifically, the water sources utilised, how water was managed and to evaluate water quality at both the source and the point of delivery to the pig. Methods Fifty-seven commercial piggeries across Australia participate

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11

Barrington, Dani, Kathryn Fuller, and Andrew McMillan. "Water safety planning: adapting the existing approach to community-managed systems in rural Nepal." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 3 (May 6, 2013): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.120.

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Water Safety Plans (WSPs) improve the quality and secure the quantity of drinking water supplies, and hence improve public health outcomes. In developing countries such as Nepal, thousands of residents die each year as a result of poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and WSPs show great promise for improving both health and livelihoods. The Nepali Non-Governmental Organisation Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) has been working in partnership with Engineers Without Borders Australia and WaterAid Nepal to develop a WSP methodology suited to rural, community-managed water supply system

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12

Zappia, L. R., M. Alessandrino, S. Garbin, P. Pringle, A. Heitz, C. Joll, D. Masters, et al. "Comparison of methods for the determination of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in potable water supply: use of a novel biofilm." Water Supply 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.143.

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Potable water treatment in the state of Western Australia is challenged in many instances by the presence of high and variable levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particularly in surface water supplies. In recent years the effects of climate change on local sources, in combination with the ever-present requirement for on-going disinfection effectiveness and disinfection by-product regulation has driven the need for the development of innovative, sustainable processes for the removal of DOC. Extensive pilot plant studies over a number of years have demonstrated the effectiveness of biolog

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13

Sharma, Ashok K., Stephen Cook, Grace Tjandraatmadja, and Alan Gregory. "Impediments and constraints in the uptake of water sensitive urban design measures in greenfield and infill developments." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.858.

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Water sensitive urban developments are designed with integrated urban water management concepts and water sensitive urban design measures. The initiatives that may be included are the substitution of imported drinking water with alternative sources using a fit-for-purpose approach and structural and non-structural measures for the source control of stormwater. A water sensitive approach to urban development can help in achieving sustainability objectives by minimising disturbance to ecological and hydrological processes, and also relieve stress on conventional water systems. Water sensitive ur

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14

Davies, Tom, and Stanislaw Paul MAJ. "Wastewater Automation – The Development of a Low Cost, Distributed Automation System." Modern Applied Science 11, no. 6 (April 23, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v11n6p41.

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In developed countries wastewater management is considered a vital aspect of community health and wellbeing. Failures in wastewater management may result in the release of pathogens into natural water bodies and in extreme circumstances into drinking water. Illnesses caused by contamination range from gastroenteritis and viral infections to death. As such in Australia it is a highly regulated industry accountable to a range of state authorized bodies such as Department of Environment Regulations (DER) and Department of Health (DoH) . The Shire of Moora was made responsible for their wastewater

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15

Munro, Nancy B., and Curtis C. Travis. "Drinking-water standards." Environmental Science & Technology 20, no. 8 (August 1986): 768–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00150a002.

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16

Cothern, C. Richard, and Joseph A. Cotruvo. "Letters. Drinking Water standards." Environmental Science & Technology 20, no. 11 (November 1986): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00153a604.

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17

Carney, Michael. "European Drinking Water Standards." Journal - American Water Works Association 83, no. 6 (June 1991): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1991.tb07162.x.

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18

Sayre, Ida M. "International Standards for Drinking Water." Journal - American Water Works Association 80, no. 1 (January 1988): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb02980.x.

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19

Kocher, D. C. "DRINKING WATER STANDARDS FOR RADIONUCLIDES." Health Physics 80, no. 5 (May 2001): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200105000-00009.

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20

Smith, A. "EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ARSENIC DRINKING WATER STANDARDS." Epidemiology 14, Supplement (September 2003): S135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200309001-00335.

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21

ROSE, JULIAN. "Europe to toughen drinking-water standards." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 4 (April 1995): 171A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00004a735.

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22

COTRUVO, J. A. "Drinking Water Standards and Risk Assessment." Water and Environment Journal 3, no. 1 (February 1989): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1989.tb01360.x.

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23

Cotruvo, Joseph A. "Drinking water standards and risk assessment." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 8, no. 3 (September 1988): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(88)90016-5.

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24

Bhargava, Devendra Swaroop. "Expression for Drinking Water Supply Standards." Journal of Environmental Engineering 111, no. 3 (June 1985): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1985)111:3(304).

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25

Marshall, Henry M., Robyn Carter, Matthew J. Torbey, Sharri Minion, Carla Tolson, Hanna E. Sidjabat, Flavia Huygens, Megan Hargreaves, and Rachel M. Thomson. "Mycobacterium lentiflavumin Drinking Water Supplies, Australia." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 3 (March 2011): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1703.090948.

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26

Marchesan, M., and J. Morran. "Tastes associated with products in contact with drinking water." Water Science and Technology 49, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0577.

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Over the past 9 years the Australian Water Quality Centre (AWQC) has conducted testing in accordance with Australian and New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4020 - “Products for use in contact with drinking water” (1999). A test included as part of this standard is taste of water extracts. This test assesses the ability of products to impart discernible taste to drinking water using panellists trained in accordance with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater - Flavour Profile Analysis 2170 B (1999). Over 1000 products from companies worldwide, have been assessed at the AWQC in ac

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27

Coates, D. B., and J. H. Ternouth. "Phosphorus kinetics of cattle grazing tropical pastures and implications for the estimation of their phosphorus requirements." Journal of Agricultural Science 119, no. 3 (December 1992): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600012247.

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SUMMARYTwelve yearling Droughtmaster heifers were grazed on a tropical grass/legume pasture in north-east Australia for 1 year in four paddocks, each of 4 ha. One paddock was fertilized annually with 10 kg P/ha (treatment HPF). The other three paddocks had low soil P and low pasture P status. In one of the low soil P paddocks, P was added to the drinking water (treatment HPS) but no supplement was provided in the other two paddocks (treatments LP1 and LP2). In February, May and August 1989, the P kinetics of the heifers were monitored following oral administration of ruminal chromic oxide caps

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28

Hikal, Wafaa M. "Parasitic Contamination of Drinking Water and Egyptian Standards for Parasites in Drinking Water." Open Journal of Ecology 10, no. 01 (2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2020.101001.

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29

Ohanian, Edward V. "New Approaches in Setting Drinking Water Standards." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 11, no. 3 (May 1992): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819209141869.

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The Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 required that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establish standards for 83 contaminants by June 1989, and at least 25 added standards by January 1991, then 25 more every three years hence. Conceptually, the regulatory process employed by EPA consists of two steps. First, a detailed health risk assessment of a contaminant is performed in order to determine the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (nonenforceable health goal) in water that should result in no known or anticipated health effects and allows adequate margin of safety. Second, th

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30

Nicolson, N. J. "Nitrate concentrations and standards for drinking water." Journal of Biological Education 22, no. 4 (December 1988): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1988.9654994.

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31

Bruvold, William H., and Jeffrey I. Daniels. "Standards for Mineral Content in Drinking Water." Journal - American Water Works Association 82, no. 2 (February 1990): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1990.tb06920.x.

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32

Hayes, C. R., A. J. Bates, A. H. Goodman, J. P. Vinson, and T. P. Sadler. "Meeting Standards for Lead in Drinking Water." Water and Environment Journal 11, no. 4 (August 1997): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1997.tb00126.x.

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33

Wai, Lily. "Locating U.S. national standards for drinking water." Journal of Government Information 22, no. 2 (March 1995): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-0237(94)00042-5.

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34

Belzer, Richard B. "Achieving Economically Feasible Drinking Water Regulation." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 11, no. 2 (2020): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2019.21.

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Abstract United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has regulated drinking water since the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Congress directed it to achieve three conflicting goals: (i) establish stringent nationwide standards, (ii) ensure that these standards are both technologically and economically feasible, and (iii) accommodate significant differences in cost among water systems of different sizes with different water sources. USEPA chose to emphasize goal (i) at the expense of (ii) and (iii). In 1986, Congress intensified its preference for (i), was silent concerning goal (

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35

Gurian, Patrick L., and Joel A. Tarr. "The origin of federal drinking water quality standards." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering History and Heritage 164, no. 1 (February 2011): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ehah.9.00009.

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36

Lemley, Ann T. "Safe Drinking Water Act: Amendments, Regulations and Standards." Journal of Environmental Quality 19, no. 1 (January 1990): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1990.00472425001900010031x.

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37

Eggertson, L. "Safe drinking water standards for First Nations communities." Canadian Medical Association Journal 174, no. 9 (April 25, 2006): 1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.060399.

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38

Walters, Kim, and Geoff Cram. "Drinking water in schools: hygiene standards at fountains." Nutrition & Food Science 32, no. 1 (February 2002): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00346650210412132.

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39

Brown, Joseph P., and Anna M. Fan. "Arsenic: risk assessment for california drinking water standards." Journal of Hazardous Materials 39, no. 2 (November 1994): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(94)00057-3.

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40

Slavik, Irene, Keila Roberta Oliveira, Peter Batista Cheung, and Wolfgang Uhl. "Water quality aspects related to domestic drinking water storage tanks and consideration in current standards and guidelines throughout the world – a review." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 4 (June 17, 2020): 439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.052.

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Abstract In many parts of the world, drinking water storage takes place in near-house or in-house tanks. This can impact drinking water quality considerably. International and numerous national standards and guidelines addressing the construction, installation and operation of domestic drinking water storage tanks are reviewed on their consideration of water quality aspects and the minimisation of health risks associated with drinking water storage. Several national and international standards and guidelines are reviewed in terms of drinking water quality requirements. Factors that have an imp

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41

Hall, Nathalie. "Drinking water: A solution for drought-ridden Australia." Filtration & Separation 44, no. 5 (June 2007): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(07)70150-7.

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42

Walsh, M., G. Wallner, and P. Jennings. "Radioactivity in drinking water supplies in Western Australia." Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 130 (April 2014): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.12.016.

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43

Brennan, R., and E. McBean. "A performance assessment of arsenic-iron removal plants in the Manikganj District of Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2011): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.107.

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In Bangladesh, arsenic contamination of groundwater, microbial contamination of surface water and seasonally variable rainfall make reliable access to acceptable quality drinking water a challenge. Arsenic-iron removal plants (AIRPs) are a relatively inexpensive way of removing arsenic from groundwater for access to safer drinking water. This study evaluated the performance of 21 (of 105) AIRPs installed by a local non-governmental organization (Society for People's Action in Change and Equity) with financial assistance from the Australian High Commission, Dhaka, under the Direct Aid Program o

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44

Handam, Natasha Berendonk, José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos, Antonio Henrique Almeida de Moraes Neto, Maria De Fátima Leal Alencar, Caroline Ferraz Ignacio, and Adriana Sotero-Martins. "Drinking water quality in Brazilian urban slums." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2532.

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The study analyzed the quality of drinking water used in Brazilian urban slum residences according to the standards established in Brazilian regulations. Bacteriological (n=231) and physicochemical parameters (n=134) were analyzed, as the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater establishes. The results revealed that contaminants in the water consumed, for the most part, exceed the limits of drinking water quality standards, putting the population's health at risk and reinforcing the urgency of the need for public policies.

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45

Mohammed, Zainab Bahaa. "Evaluation the water quality of the potable water network in Al-Shuala/ Baghdad City." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 13, no. 28 (February 4, 2019): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v13i28.249.

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In this research, the water quality of the potable water network inAl-Shuala Baghdad city were evaluated and compare them with theIraqi standards (IQS) for drinking water and World HealthOrganization standards (WHO), then water quality index (WQI) werecalculator: pH, heavy metals (lead, cadmium and iron), chlorides,total hardness, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solid andelectrical conductivity. Water samples are collected weekly duringthe period from February 2015 to April 2015 from ten sites. Resultsshow that the chlorides, total dissolved solid and electricalconductivity less t

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46

Roser, D., N. Ashbolt, J. Ongerth, and G. Vesey. "Proficiency testing of Cryptosporidium and Giardia analyses - an Australian case study." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0083.

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An inter-laboratory proficiency trial was undertaken as a prelude to a survey of Australian drinking source waters for Cryptosporidium and Giardia oo/cysts. Specific aims included measuring the recovery of protozoan control material from representative source waters, identifying laboratory errors and assessing the utility of pre-stained reference oo/cysts. Five experienced laboratories were provided with coded vials containing oo/cysts or blanks for spiking 10 L water samples (11 replicate environmental, 5 filtered) or to be analysed directly (16 Count Control vials). Each laboratory reported

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47

Pinto, Vívian Gemiliano, Léo Heller, and Rafael Kopschitz Xavier Bastos. "Drinking water standards in South American countries: convergences and divergences." Journal of Water and Health 10, no. 2 (March 7, 2012): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.087.

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In this paper we present a comparative assessment of drinking-water standards from almost all South American countries, using the USA and the Canadian standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines as references. Similarities and discrepancies between standards/guidelines were identified through descriptive analyses and, in the case of chemical standards, clustering techniques. In general, one or another of the four consecutive editions of the WHO Guidelines were shown to be quite influential in setting drinking-water standards in the region, but not so much the USA and the Canad

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48

Utami, Ayu Widya, Dwi Nowo Martono, and Haruki Agustina. "Water Quality Assessment of West Tarum Canal for Drinking Water Supply." E3S Web of Conferences 277 (2021): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127704003.

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West Tarum Canal (WTC) is a canal that drains raw water from the Jatiluhur Dam. Nearly 81% of the raw water for drinking water used by Jakarta’s people comes from this canal. However, various land uses such as agriculture, industry, settlements, and infrastructure development impact WTC’s water quality. This research aims to assess WTC’s water quality in 2016-2020 based on water quality standards set by the Government and using the STORET method. The results of this research indicate that the concentrations of TDS (142-351 mg/L), Fe (0.1-0.15 mg/L), Mn (0.03-0.1 mg/L) are meet the standards, w

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49

van der Aa, Monique. "Classification of mineral water types and comparison with drinking water standards." Environmental Geology 44, no. 5 (May 16, 2003): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0791-4.

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50

Khafiya, Nida'an, Linda Dewanti, and Wiwin Retnowati. "Comparation Between Station Management and Water Source on the Quality of Refill Drinking Water in Surabaya." Health Notions 4, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33846/hn41005.

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Drinking water is both a basic human need and a strong determinant of health. In Indonesia, there are drinking water refill stations (DWRS) which conveniently offer refill drinking water at affordable price. This study aims to determine whether station management amd raw water source influence the quality of drinking water. This cross-sectional study used primary data from questionnaires filled by DWRS owners and secondary data about the quality of refill drinking water from the Surabaya City Health Department. Data was then analyzed by using Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests. From 33 register

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