Academic literature on the topic 'Drive too fast for conditions'

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Journal articles on the topic "Drive too fast for conditions"

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Mashhadi, Mohammad Mahdi Rezapour, Shaun S. Wulff, and Khaled Ksaibati. "Utilizing crash and violation data to assess unsafe driving actions." Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics 2, no. 2 (2017): 35–46. https://doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2017.2-2.3.

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Wyoming has one of the highest crash rates in the United States and a higher fatality rate than the U.S. average. These high rates result from many factors such as the high traffic through I-80 and the mountainous areas of Wyoming. This study employed two approaches to study contributory factors to crashes in the most hazardous interstate, I-80, in Wyoming by employing crash and citation data sets. Different factors may contribute to different driver actions so it is important to consider these crash causes separately. Thus, multiple logistic regression models were used in this study to examine the differences in crash-contributing factors for three driver actions: driving too fast for conditions, improper lane change, and no improper driving. These driver actions account for about 70% of all the crash causes on this interstate. The same violations as the two driver actions, improper lane change and driving too fast for conditions, account for 42% of all the crashes. The literature has indicated that previous violations can be used to predict future violations, and consequently crashes. Therefore, these violations were identified to detect the groups that are at higher risk of involvement in crashes. The analyses indicated that there are substantial differences across different driver actions for crash and violation data. For instance, not-dry-surface conditions increased the estimated odds of driving too fast for conditions 33 times while it decreased the risk of no improper driving by an estimated 250%. Crash severity, number of vehicles, vehicle maneuver, point of impact, driver condition, and speed compliance also impacted different driver actions differently. The results of violation analyses revealed that the interaction between types of vehicle and various variables were significant. For instance, nonresident truck drivers were more likely to violate all types of risky violations, which increased the estimated odds of crashes, compared with resident truck drivers. Recommendations based on the results are provided for policy makers to reduce high crash rate in the state.
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Adamčík, Pavel, and Zuzana Murčinková. "Impulse Response of the Elasto-Hydrodynamic Lubrication Film of a Rolling Bearing to Dynamic Excitation of a Flat Belt Drive." Materials 13, no. 20 (2020): 4533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204533.

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The impulse response of a rolling bearing and its principal component, the elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication film (EHDL), are analysed. When measuring the vibrations of bearings, we observed that the impulse response was mostly caused by defects (fatigue damage) on the raceways and/or rolling elements. However, this phenomenon can also occur in new defect-free roller bearings, where it is not commonly expected. This study presents an experiment that identifies the conditions of dynamic excitation for the impulse response of the EHDL, the source of which is not defects, but the EHDL itself. The EHDL responds in the form of impulses in case the velocity of its radial deformation is too fast. This is an unfavourable phenomenon that significantly shortens the service life of bearings. To analyse the dynamic excitation conditions, a testing bench at speeds up to 135,000 rpm with a flat belt drive was used. The testing bench enabled the formation of the so-called beat excitation from two harmonic excitation forces close in rotational frequency. The subject of this study is a defect-free high-speed double-row angular contact ball bearing used in the textile industry. We also present other physical conditions for the occurrence of undesired impulse responses that are caused by the EHDL.
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Xu, Zhihan, Wenying Si, Yanna Ren, Yuqing Jiang, and Ting Guo. "Effect of tempo on the age-related changes in temporal expectation driven by rhythms." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (2024): e0297368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297368.

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Temporal expectation refers to the capacity to allocate resources at a particular point in time, enabling us to enhance our behavior performance. Empirical evidence indicates that, among younger adults, temporal expectation can be driven by rhythm (i.e., regular sequences of stimuli). However, whether there are age-related changes in rhythm-based temporal expectation has not been clearly established. Furthermore, whether tempo can influence the relationship between rhythm-based temporal expectation and aging remains unexplored. To address these questions, both younger and older participants took part in a rhythm-based temporal expectation task, engaging three distinct tempos: 600 ms (fast), 1800 ms (moderate), or 3000 ms (slow). The results demonstrated that temporal expectation effects (i.e., participants exhibited significantly faster responses during the regular trials compared to the irregular trials) were observed in both the younger and older participants under the moderate tempo condition. However, in the fast and slow tempo conditions, the temporal expectation effects were solely observed in the younger participants. These findings revealed that rhythm-based temporal expectations can be preserved during aging but within a specific tempo range. When the tempo falls within the range of either being too fast or too slow, it can manifest age-related declines in temporal expectations driven by rhythms.
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Di Caprio, Francesco, Stefania Franchitti, Rosario Borrelli, Costanzo Bellini, Vittorio Di Cocco, and Luca Sorrentino. "Ti-6Al-4V Octet-Truss Lattice Structures under Bending Load Conditions: Numerical and Experimental Results." Metals 12, no. 3 (2022): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030410.

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Metal lattice structures produced by means of additive techniques are attracting increasing attention thanks to the high structural efficiency they can offer. In order to achieve the maximum structural performance, numerical design techniques are used almost exclusively, thus based on CAE-FEM codes. Nevertheless, the current manufacturing facilities do not yet guarantee defect-free components, and, therefore, such imperfections need to be introduced in the numerical models too. The present work aims to describe a FE modelling technique for lattice structures based on the use of beam and shell elements, and therefore with a very reduced computational cost. The main structural parameters, such as weight and stiffness and strength, are used to drive the model calibration. Simple mathematical relationships, based on Experimental-CAD-FEM comparisons, are provided to estimate the error related to the numerical model in a simple and fast way. The validation was performed by three-point bending test on flat specimen with regular octet-truss microstructure both with and without external skin. The test articles were produced in Ti6Al4V and by means of the electron beam melting (EBM) technology. The results obtained are in excellent agreement with the experimental ones, indeed the maximum error is about 3%. All this indicates these methodologies as possible tools for evaluating the performance of such kinds of high-tech structures.
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Islam, Mouyid, and Fred Mannering. "The role of gender and temporal instability in driver-injury severities in crashes caused by speeds too fast for conditions." Accident Analysis & Prevention 153 (April 2021): 106039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106039.

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Al-Rubaee, R. H. A., and A. A. M. Shubber. "Assessment of Reasons for Driver Speeding and Estimation of Penalty Probability." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342703012.

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Road safety is a global issue that requires a scientific approach to develop safety research methodologies that lead to sound conclusions. Regarding driver behavior and safety, speed is one of the leading causes of traffic accidents, injuries, and deaths. Speed is, therefore, one of the most studied issues related to road safety. The main objective of this study is to identify the frequency and reasons for a driver speeding in Baghdad city. In addition, drivers have been evaluated in terms of penalty probabilities, penalties imposed, and their type. Finally, this paper also investigated drivers' opinions on the effectiveness of such penalties in changing speed behavior. Eight hundred sixteen drivers were the studied sample in Baghdad city for three years. As a result, it was found that about one-third of the drivers were either driving too fast all the time or sometimes. Among the particular reasons, the most common was the rush, not realizing the speed, limits were too low, or the conditions allowed it. Similarly, the chances of getting caught are considered limited. Additionally, half of the penalized drivers said their speed habits changed due to such penalties. A speeding driver is fully aware that they are violating traffic rules. Approximately 80% of the circumstances for speeding behavior were intended. They are unaware of the dangers of speeding, citing speed limits that are too low and that it is customary when road conditions permit.
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Proudfoot, Steven L., and Edward Lee Husting, PhD, MPH. "Fire truck crashes with apparatus driver fatalities: Fatality Analysis Report System (FARS): 1991-2000." Journal of Emergency Management 2, no. 2 (2004): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2004.0024.

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This analysis reports crashes in which firefighters were killed on fire apparatus. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA) Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) from 1991 through 2000 included 33 incidents with 38 firefighter fatalities, including 23 apparatus drivers. Crashes increased steadily from two in 1991 to six in 2000. The average age of the victims was 37.7 years and the average of the drivers was 38.3. Alcohol was a possible factor in two incidents. The most commonly cited driver-related factors are “failure to keep in proper lane or running off road” and “driving too fast for conditions or in excess of posted speed limit.” Of 33 total incidents, 25 involved rollover. In 19 crashes involving rollover in which the apparatus drivers were killed, 12 drivers were either totally or partially ejected from the vehicle. Eleven were not wearing restraints. Twelve of the drivers were killed while using lights and sirens. Most fatalities took place on dry roads, in fair weather, during daylight hours. Twenty-one of 23 incidents occurred on rural roads. In 11 of the incidents, the driver was the sole vehicle occupant. Drivers should wear seat belts and adjust for vehicle limitations and hazardous conditions. Semiannual refresher driver training is recommended.
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Kocharyan, Garnik. "ICD-11. Conditions Related to Sexual Health: Codes and Discussion of Innovations." Health of Man, no. 3 (September 30, 2024): 73–85. https://doi.org/10.30841/2786-7323.3.2024.316666.

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The transition to ICD-11 was recommended by the WHO beginning from January 1, 2022. This classification went into effect on February 11, 2022. All sexual disorders, apart from paraphilias that in ICD-11are termed as paraphilic disorders and included into the Chapter “Mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders”, were removed from this class. But it should be noted that paraphilic disorders were also simultaneously included into the new ICD-11 rubric “Conditions related to sexual health”. All other sexual disorders have also been included in this chapter. The following fact served as one of impulses for separation of the above chapter. LGBT activists and organizations applied to the ICD-11 project demanding to exclude this pathology from the list of mental disorders, because its presence in the above list, in their opinion, broke human rights. That application was not ignored. In ICD-11 the block F64 “Gender identity disorders” from ICD-10 was replaced with “Gender incongruence”. Also, gender incongruence (transgenderism) in ICD-11 was transferred from “Mental and behavioural disorders” ICD-10 to “Conditions related to sexual health”. In this way mental pathology “was turned” into the norm by means of a “depathologizing” effect of social factors. But leaders of organizations of transgenders do not like even the terminology, which reflects in the ICD-11. What do they think, the term “gender incongruence” is stigmatizing too, because it contains the word “incongruence” as one of its components. The problems, which compose the group “Conditions related to sexual health”, are present in Chapter 17 of ICD-11. These include (1) sexual dysfunctions; (2) sexual pain disorders; (3) gender incongruence; (4) changes in female genital anatomy; (5) changes in male genital anatomy; (6) paraphilic disorders; (7) adrenogenital disorders; (8) predominantly sexually transmitted infections; (9) contact with health services for contraceptive management. The article discusses aspects associated with sexual dysfunctions: the required duration of their existence for making a proper diagnosis; the obligation of presence of the diagnostic criterion, according to which a sexual problem must cause clinically significant distress; the exclusion of sexual aversion from this category; the transfer of excessive sexual drive to the Chapter “Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder”; the discussion of the problem of a normal duration of a sexual intercourse, and others. The article contains the author’s table of comparisons of sexual dysfunctions as well as sexual pain disorders in ICD-10 and ICD-11. The author informs that Chapter F66 “Psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation”, which also contained egodystonic sexual orientation, was completely excluded from ICD-11. The discussion also involves partial depathologizing of paraphilias, which is based on the absence of a diagnostic criterion of the presence of distress caused by them, which is reflected in ICD-11. According to this approach, if such distress is absent and a person fully accepts the direction of his sexual drive, then we are talking about a mentally healthy person who has paraphilia, and if paraphilia is not accepted and causes distress, then this is a paraphilic disorder, which refers to mental pathology. The above is fully applied to paedophilia too. What calls attention to itself is absence of masochism among the paraphilic disorders listed above. The author believes that, from a medical point of view, the partial depathologization of paraphilias, which is reflected in ICD-11, is scientifically unfounded, a consequence of the action of exclusively social factors. Therefore, when diagnosing these disorders, it is advisable to use the traditional approach to their diagnosis.
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Al-Farouni, Mohammed, Z. Abed, and Akila venkatraman. "Precision Agriculture: Leveraging GPS and IoT for Enhanced Crop Management." SHS Web of Conferences 216 (2025): 01023. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202521601023.

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Using GPS and IoT technology, precision agriculture is changing crop management and providing formerly unheard-of control and efficiency in agricultural operations. This method allows exact control of agricultural conditions, therefore optimizing productivity and resource economy .Current approaches abound in constraints such as inadequate real-time data, too large human expenditures, and inefficient resource allocation. Conventional approaches could lack the flexibility and precision needed to properly meet the changing requirements of contemporary agriculture.By use of sophisticated sensor networks, data analytics, and real-time connectivity, the proposed Precision Agriculture using Internet of Things (PA-IoT) system overcomes these limitations By means of meticulous environmental factor, crop health, and soil conditions analysis, PA-IoT systems provide fast interventions and exact resource management. By facilitating data-driven decision-making, improved yield forecast accuracy, and focused resource application, PA-IoT reduces waste thereby enhancing agricultural management. By utilizing IoT devices for constant monitoring and management, this approach maximize the general agricultural operation. Results show that even while operating costs are being lowered, PA-IoT may greatly raise agricultural output and sustainability. Combining IoT with GPS will help farmers to accomplish more accurate and effective crop management, thus improving results and resource economy.
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Hanowski, Richard J., Jeffery S. Hickman, Rebecca L. Olson, Thomas A. Dingus, and Robert J. Carroll. "Descriptive Analysis of Light Vehicle-Heavy Vehicle Interactions from the Light Vehicle Driver's Perspective." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 22 (2005): 1989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504902222.

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A naturalistic driving study involving 100 light vehicles equipped with video cameras and other data collection equipment was recently completed. The resulting data set was searched to identify critical incidents involving both light vehicles (LVs) and heavy vehicles (HVs). Each incident was coded on a number of dimensions including the type of incident (what happened) and the Critical Reason for the incident (why it happened). Goals of the analysis included gaining a better understanding of LVHV interactions and providing background information that would serve as a necessary prerequisite to the development of crash countermeasures. For 217 of the 246 LV-HV interaction incidents recorded, the event initiator was attributed to either the LV driver (64%) or the HV driver (36%). The most frequent Incident Type for LV driver initiated incidents was Late Braking for Stopped/Stopping Traffic (41.3%), followed by Lane Change Without Sufficient Gap (21.7%). The most frequently noted Critical Reasons for LV driver initiated incidents were Aggressive Driving Behavior (24.6%), Too Fast for Conditions (15.2%), and Internal Distraction (13.8%). Given that LV drivers were more likely to have initiated an incident, it is believed that efforts at addressing the LV-HV interaction problem should include focusing on the LV driver.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drive too fast for conditions"

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Martineau, Killian. "Quelques aspects de cosmologie et de physique des trous noirs en gravitation quantique à boucles Detailed investigation of the duration of inflation in loop quantum cosmology for a Bianchi I universe with different inflaton potentials and initial conditions Some clarifications on the duration of inflation in loop quantum cosmology A first step towards the inflationary trans-Planckian problem treatment in loop quantum cosmology Scalar spectra of primordial perturbations in loop quantum cosmology Phenomenology of quantum reduced loop gravity in the isotropic cosmological sector Primordial Power Spectra from an Emergent Universe: Basic Results and Clarifications Fast radio bursts and the stochastic lifetime of black holes in quantum gravity Quantum fields in the background spacetime of a polymeric loop black hole Quasinormal modes of black holes in a toy-model for cumulative quantum gravity Seeing through the cosmological bounce: Footprints of the contracting phase and luminosity distance in bouncing models Dark matter as Planck relics without too exotic hypotheses A Status Report on the Phenomenology of Black Holes in Loop Quantum Gravity: Evaporation, Tunneling to White Holes, Dark Matter and Gravitational Waves." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY044.

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Cantonnée à la physique mathématique depuis des décennies, la gravitation quantique entre désormais dans le giron de la science expérimentale. Suivant cette mouvance nous considérons dans cette thèse trois cadres d’application de la gravitation quantique à boucles (LQG) : le système Univers, les trous noirs et les astroparticules. Le troisième n’est qu’esquissé tandis que les deux premiers sont présentés plus en détails.Le secteur cosmologique étant l’un des domaines les plus prometteurs pour tester et contraindre des théories de gravité quantique, le développement de différents modèles tentant d’appliquer les idées de la LQG à l’Univers primordial ne s’est pas fait attendre. Les travaux que nous présentons portent sur la phénoménologie associée à ces modèles; tant dans le secteur homogène (où nous nous focalisons notamment sur la durée de la phase d’inflation), que dans le secteur inhomogène (nous étudions ce coup-ci le devenir des spectres de puissance primordiaux). Ces études combinées nous permettent alors de préciser dans quelle mesure des effets de gravité quantique (à boucles) peuvent être observés dans les anisotropies du fond diffus cosmologique.D’autre part les trous noirs, non contents de faire partie des objets les plus étranges et les plus fascinants de l’Univers, constituent également des sondes privilégiées pour tester des théories de gravitation. Nous développons la phénoménologie associée à différents traitements des trous noirs en gravitation quantique à boucles. Celle-ci intervient sur une grande variété de fronts : de l’évaporation de Hawking aux ondes gravitationnelles, en passant par la matière noire. C’est sans nul doute un domaine riche et vaste.Finalement, l’existence d’une échelle de longueur minimale, prédite par la majorité des théories de gravité quantique, suggère une généralisation du principe d’incertitude de Heisenberg. Partant de ce constat nous présentons également dans ce manuscrit une méthodologie permettant de calculer une nouvelle relation de dispersion de la lumière à partir du principe d’incertitude généralisé le plus couramment répandu<br>After decades of being confined to mathematical physics, quantum gravity now enters the field of experimental science. Following this trend, we consider throughout this thesis three implementation frameworks of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG): the Universe as a system, black holes and astroparticles. The last one is only outlined while the first two are presented in more detail.Since the cosmological sector is one of the most promising areas for testing and constraining quantum gravity theories, it was not long before the development of different models attempting to apply the ideas of the LQG to the primordial Universe. The work we present deals with the phenomenology associated with these models; both in the homogeneous sector (where we focus particularly on the duration of the inflation phase), as in the inhomogeneous sector (where this time, we study the fate of the primordial power spectra). These combined studies then allow us to specify to what extent effects of (loop) quantum gravity can be observed in the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background.On the other hand black holes, not content to be among the strangest and most fascinating objects of the Universe, are also prominent probes to test the theories of gravitation. We develop the phenomenology associated with different treatments of black holes in the loop quantum gravity framework, which intervenes on multiple levels: from the evaporation of Hawking to gravitational waves, including dark matter. This is undoubtedly a rich and vast area.Finally, the existence of a minimal length scale, predicted by the majority of quantum gravity theories, suggests a generalization of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. On the basis of this observation, we also present in this manuscript a methodology to derive a new relation dispersion of light from the most widely used generalized uncertainty principle
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Books on the topic "Drive too fast for conditions"

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Peckich, Jodi. Drive-Thru Weight Loss: How I Lost Weight on Fast Food - and You Can, Too! ThatsMyLife, Inc., 2006.

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Alexander, Pete. Make Money Fast! Drive Women Wild!: And Other Offers Too Good to Refuse from the Small Ads. Random House, 2003.

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Make Money Fast! Drive Women Wild!: And Other Offers Too Good to Refuse from the Small Ads. Random House, 2003.

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Burch, Mary A., and Jessie E. Burch. Too Fast For Conditions: A Day In The Life of Mrs. B. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015.

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Park, Seo Young. Stitching the 24-Hour City. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754265.001.0001.

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This book reveals the intense speed of garment production and everyday life in Dongdaemun, a lively market in Seoul, South Korea. Once the site of uprisings against oppressive working conditions in the 1970s and 1980s, Dongdaemun has now become iconic for its creative economy, nightlife, fast-fashion factories, and shopping plazas. The book follows the work of people who witnessed and experienced the rapidly changing marketplace from the inside. Through this approach, it examines the meanings and politics of work in one of the world's most vibrant and dynamic global urban marketplaces. In doing so, it brings readers into close contact with the garment designers, workers, and traders who sustain the extraordinary speed of fast-fashion production and circulation, as well as the labor activists who challenge it. Attending to their narratives and practices of work, the book argues that speed, rather than being a singular drive of acceleration, is an entanglement of uneven paces of life, labor, the market, and the city itself. The book exposes the under-studied experiences with Dongdaemun fast fashion, peeling back layers of temporal politics of labor and urban space to record the human source of the speed that characterizes the never-ending movement of the 24-hour city.
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Reading, Paul. Sleep disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0736.

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Despite major advances in our understanding of its neurobiology, sleep remains an enigma. Its true function and even the amount needed for optimum brain performance remain uncertain (Frank 2006). However, the need to sleep is imperative, reflecting the fact that sleepiness, like hunger and thirst, is a true drive state. Sleepiness can only be satiated by sleep itself. Moreover, severely disordered sleep can profoundly affect cognition, mental health, and physical well-being.Although sleep medicine has a traditionally low profile in neurology teaching and practice, sleep-related phenomena are frequently associated with numerous neurological disorders. Conversely, sleep problems can adversely affect familiar conditions such as headache and epilepsy. Furthermore, in large surveys, sleep-related symptoms are undoubtedly common with 25 per cent of the population reporting problems that significantly and regularly impact on daily activities.
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Cubides-Amézquita, Jenner Rodrigo, ed. Characterizing the fitness of Colombian military personnel. Escuela Militar de Cadetes José María Córdova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21830/9789585380240.

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One of the great limitations in applying research involving the military population is that data are taken from other studies that do not reflect the specific characteristics or conditions of Colombian soldiers. Regardless, the outcomes are applied and appropriated as if these soldiers were, in fact, the sample of the study. In response to this situation, this work publishes the results of research involving the physical performance of Colombian military personnel to provide the academic community with descriptions of the variables that make up this population’s physical fitness training. This work is a first attempt to characterize their physical, physiological, and biomechanical capabilities using the best available evidence and state-of-the-art technology. One of this book’s main contributions to military physical training knowledge is that it is the first initiative to evaluate Colombian military personnel’s level of physical training. The scientific rigor of the studies in this compilation allows the reproducibility of the tests (external validity). It paves the way for a series of studies in military physical performance and health-related factors concerning active members of the National Army, seeking to characterize, evaluate, and determine training programs to optimize the institution’s pillars of doctrine. The ultimate goal is to drive the improvement of soldiers’ physical conditions, favoring a better quality of life and safety in operational performance.
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Lause, Mark A. Higher Laws. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036552.003.0005.

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This chapter explores antebellum secret associations formed by black Americans. Even as European revolutionaries applied the standards of fraternalism to national purposes, similar organizations contributed directly to shaping black identity in America. In fact, black orders bore far greater resemblance to the European societies than most of those among white Americans. Context made black associations more overtly more political and made one fundamental labor reform unavoidable for an African American leadership described as bound in “the triple chord of Masonry, Church fellowship and Anti-Slavery association.” Most important, repressive conditions in America drove active resistance to slavery underground, making particularly relevant the accoutrements of fraternalism. As the explosive struggle over the extension of slavery into Kansas spurred radical activism among whites as well, the secret society tradition in America tapped ever more deeply into the experience of the African American—as well as European—associations.
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Morgan Wortham, Simon. Fear of the Open: Resistances of the Public Sphere. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429603.003.0009.

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This chapter explores the theme of the ‘outside’, and the fears, desires, drives and indeed drift it seems to inspire, in order to raise the question of agoraphobia in a number of contexts. In particular, agoraphobia is not only about recoil or retreat from public spaces: surprisingly enough, an abiding fear of the ‘open’ may in fact generate the conditions of possibility for a democratically-oriented public sphere, however fragile and contradictory they may be. Agoraphobic fear of the space of the public square, whether crowded or comparatively empty, can produce inconsistent effects, provoking reactionary paranoia as well as inspiring political dissent. But if the appeal to the ‘rational ground’ of a public sphere is at least in part based upon agoraphobic, crowd-fearing impulses, its evocation of reason and duty is exceeded and resisted by a notion of Levinasian responsibility that has been described in terms of an ‘ethical agoraphobia’. If the ‘ethical agoraphobia’ of Levinasian responsibility entails a step into the ‘open’ that cannot simply be faced fearlessly, then this surely prompts critique of recent speculative materialism as in want of an object to be scared of.
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Smith, Justin E. H., ed. Embodiment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190490447.001.0001.

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Embodiment—defined as having, being in, or being associated with a body—is a feature of the existence of many entities, perhaps even of all entities. Why entities should find themselves in this condition is the central concern of the present volume. The problem includes, but also goes beyond, the philosophical problem of body: that is, what the essence of a body is, and how, if at all, it differs from matter. On some understandings there may exist bodies, such as stones or asteroids, that are not the bodies of any particular subjects. To speak of embodiment by contrast is always to speak of a subject that variously inhabits, or captains, or is coextensive with, or even is imprisoned within, a body. The subject may in the end be identical to, or an emergent product of, the body. That is, a materialist account of embodied subjects may be the correct one. But insofar as there is a philosophical problem of embodiment, the identity of the embodied subject with the body stands in need of an argument and cannot simply be assumed. The reasons, nature, and consequences of the embodiment of subjects as conceived in the long history of philosophy in Europe as well as in the broader Mediterranean region and in South and East Asia, with forays into religion, art, medicine, and other domains of culture, form the focus of these essays. More precisely, the contributors to this volume shine light on a number of questions that have driven reflection on embodiment throughout the history of philosophy. What is the historical and conceptual relationship between the idea of embodiment and the idea of subjecthood? Am I who I am principally in virtue of the fact that I have the body I have? Relatedly, what is the relationship of embodiment to being and to individuality? Is embodiment a necessary condition of being? Of being an individual? What are the theological dimensions of embodiment? To what extent has the concept of embodiment been deployed in the history of philosophy to contrast the created world with the state of existence enjoyed by God? What are the normative dimensions of theories of embodiment? To what extent is the problem of embodiment a distinctly western preoccupation? Is it the result of a particular local and contingent history, or does it impose itself as a universal problem, wherever and whenever human beings begin to reflect on the conditions of their existence? Ultimately, to what extent can natural science help us to resolve philosophical questions about embodiment, many of which are vastly older than the particular scientific research programs we now believe to hold the greatest promise for revealing to us the bodily basis, or the ultimate physical causes, of who we really are?
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Book chapters on the topic "Drive too fast for conditions"

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Lynes, Adam, James Treadwell, and Kyla Bavin. "Making a (Corporate) Killing." In Crimes of the Powerful and the Contemporary Condition. Policy Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529228281.003.0006.

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This chapter confronts the sobering reality of human costs associated with corporate activities, focusing on a number of diverse industries. It meticulously investigates the intricate web of global supply chains, exploring the often-hidden consequences that result in loss of life and human suffering. The initial section delves into why we often fail to recognise the harms that pervade the contemporary landscape and the all too common mistake of thinking that such incidents are due to a few ‘rotten apples’. The chapter then explores why such issues are more systemic than previously realised, with a deep-dive into the expansive and intricate world of iPhone production, fast fashion, fast food, sugary drinks and e-commerce, unravelling the human toll embedded in the manufacturing and labour processes. From the extraction of rare minerals to assembly line operations, the chapter meticulously examines the impact on workers, revealing instances of hazardous working conditions, exploitation and, tragically, deaths. Through in-depth case studies and investigative reports, the chapter aims to shed light on the complexities of corporate responsibility in a technologically driven era.
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Nazaroff, Paul. "Despair." In Hunted Through Central Asia. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192803689.003.0018.

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Abstract MY situation was now about as hopeless as it could be ; neither horse nor other means of transport of getting away anywhere, and, to crown my misfortunes, my financial resources had almost come to an end. I could, in fact, not see any way out of my desperate situation. The great altitude, which makes movement an effort and always has a lowering effect upon the nervous system, also acted upon me, and I was reduced to the depths of melancholy and gloom. External conditions, too, seemed as though they had been specially designed to drive a man into despair. In the morning the sun would occasionally show his face for a brief moment and there would be a respite from the snow, but in the afternoon the storm would begin again and the blizzard rage the whole night long. The horizon was all the time covered with lowering leaden clouds. Below, from the basin of Chatyr Kul, as though out of an enormous crater, there arose a column of black evil-looking clouds, which crept over towards us and enveloped us in a blanket of hurricane and snow, till my very soul seemed blotted out in blackness and despair.
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Obeng-Odoom, Franklin. "Internal Migration." In Global Migration beyond Limits. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867180.003.0004.

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Internal migration is usually neglected, but it is increasing and sometimes linked to international migration. What work exists on the motivation of migrants and their conditions of life is usually cast in the push-pull model or variants of it such as the Harris-Todaro model. In most cases, too, internal migration is cast in populationist terms, implying that this internal migration is occasioned by population explosion. Yet, as this chapter shows drawing on the experiences of urban farmers and street workers in Ghana, neither the decision to migrate nor the decision to return is based on individual calculations alone. More fundamentally, the decisions to migrate or to exit do not reflect ‘overpopulation’ or migrant policies that create a moral hazard such more migration leads to more births in the source regions. If at all, the household size in the sending regions has fallen in all of these regions, not increased, as Malthusians suggest.Exit, in fact, is not the only option available to migrants, but voice mechanisms are often compromised. That said, rural poverty does not provide a sufficient explanation for rural–urban migration, either. There are clearly circular and cumulative (Myrdal, 1944) factors that drive the process of migration, shaping exit instead of voice or loyalty to stay without exit (Hirschman, 1970), but these are institutional. If these institutions are the engines of change, land and property rights are the drivers of transformation. How land shapes internal migration by various groups warrants systematic analysis.
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Guo, Huaqun, Daqing Zhang, Lek-Heng Ngoh, Song Zheng, and Wai-Choong Wong. "Context-Aware Service Discovery in Ubiquitous Computing." In Human Computer Interaction. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-87828-991-9.ch069.

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The decreasing cost of networking technology and network-enabled devices is driving the large scale deployment of such networks and devices so as to offer many new and innovative services to users in ubiquitous computing. For example, when you carry your mobile laptop or personal digital assistant (PDA) around, or drive on the road, various services have been made available, ranging from finding a local printer to print a file, to instantaneously knowing about the traffic situation from traffic-cameras and other sensors along a highway. To achieve the above, every participating network- enabled end-device must solve an interesting technical problem, i.e., to locate a particular network service or device out of hundreds of thousands of accessible services and devices. Such service advertising and discovery is important as mobile devices and mobile wireless devices proliferate on networks. For this reason, a service discovery and advertising protocol is an important tool to help these devices find services on the network wherever they connect, and to let other network users know about the services they are offering. Context-aware service discovery, on the other hand, would help users to find services that are most appropriate based on fast-changing client conditions, such as location. For example, most laptops are statically configured to print to dedicated office printers. With the help of the context-awareness, a laptop could find the nearest accessible printer attached to the network that the laptop is currently plugged into.
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Muthamizhan, T., D. Silas Stephen, and A. Sivakumar. "ANFIS Controller Based Speed Control of High-Speed BLDC Motor Drive." In Intelligent Systems and Computer Technology. IOS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/apc200164.

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The paper aims to define the speed control of Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) drive using an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System (ANFIS) controller. ANFIS controller-based switching scheme reduces the power quality issues present in the system by minimizing the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Incremental conductance algorithm-based control technique for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in variable solar irradiation conditions for photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. INC algorithm are used to operate the photovoltaic panels at maximum power, by generating PWM pulse to control the flyback converters in differential power processing mode. BLDC motor drive is electronically commutated by means of switching logical pulses from the rotor position sensor using PI controllers. The simulation shows the significance and robustness of BLDC drive and the results offered illustrates the intended control is effective, with fast responseandminimum settling times.
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Patterson, Anita Haya. "Locating the Limits of Consent in “Friendship”." In From Emerson to King. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109153.003.0006.

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Abstract Action registers the connectedness of persons in public space. The reality of any single action is entirely dependent on the fact of its visibility and the presence and reactions of others.’ In The Human Condition, Hannah Arendt is trying to make this same basic point when she excludes any biologically driven and thus “hidden” activities traditionally associated with the household from her definition of political action.2 The Greek polis, in her account, is a place in which all bodily action in political life (including violent action) has been reduced to talk:
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Bragesjö, Maria, Emily A. Holmes, Filip Arnberg, and Erik M. Andersson. "Primary prevention and epidemiology of trauma- and stress-related disorders." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0082.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder are mental health conditions with a known onset, and prevention strategies can therefore be used to try to prevent the emergence of the full-blown disorder. This chapter provides an overview of the current evidence-based prevention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. In the first part, diagnostic and epidemiological features of these disorders are considered. The second part of the chapter reviews the evidence base of current preventive psychological and pharmacological interventions. Although some early trials on primary intervention have shown promising effects, it appears too soon to provide any definite recommendation in clinical practice. Importantly, many current widely disseminated treatments lack evidence, and some interventions (for example, debriefing) may, in fact, have a negative impact on the natural recovery after trauma. This chapter highlights the importance of using science-driven interventions to prevent post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder.
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Veysset, Philippe. "Freud and Binswanger: An Asymptotic Relationship." In Psychoanalysis - A New Overview. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94882.

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The relationship between Freud and Binswanger can be thought as a productive misunderstanding. In search of institutional recognition, Freud sees in Binswanger above all a representative of classical psychiatry, moreover director of a prestigious institution, while the latter aspires to shatter this same psychiatry which seems to him marked by the discrediting of the patient. This misunderstanding will take the form of a doctrinal rather than a practical disagreement, centered on the notion of drive - too biological according to Binswanger - and in particular on the latter’s refusal of the drive origin of the ego and of the censorship. For Binswanger, psychiatry can renew itself from the inside by opening up to a philosophical, phenomenological, approach to the patient and his world, a world in which it is first necessary to enter through a patient-doctor co-journey in order to reconstitute the conditions for living together. For Freud, the therapeutic imperative proscribes such recourse to an external authority, the world of the philosopher being itself, by its closure on itself, suspect. In the end each of the respective thoughts of the two men will progress in contact with the other without ever a perfect agreement being able to take place.
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Kondoh, Michio, Kazutaka Kawatsu, Yutaka Osada, and Masayuki Ushio. "A data-driven approach to complex ecological systems." In Theoretical Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824282.003.0008.

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Interspecific interaction has been a key concept in ecology to understand the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Important, yet often overlooked, is that an interspecific interaction is a product of multiple biological processes at various temporal and spatial scales, including changes in demographic parameters such as birth and death rates, behavioral responses such as inter-habitat movements, and hiding and evolutionary responses in a longer temporal scale. Each of those mechanisms, according to ecological theory, potentially affects population dynamics and modifies the community-level properties such as community complexity and stability in different manners. Here, a question arises: how does the net interspecific interaction, which is made up with those multiple processes, look like in the real nature? How do changes depend on the temporal or spatial scale? In this chapter we show that a data-driven approach using demographic time series is a powerful tool to answer those questions. According to nonlinear dynamics theory, a time series of a variable contains information about the dynamic system that the variable belongs to. We can use this fact to identify interspecific interactions, quantify their signs and strengths and evaluate its effect to community-level dynamic properties. Some results we got by applying the time-series analysis based on nonlinear dynamics theory (called Empirical Dynamic Modeling) to empirical demographic data, experimental or observational, will be presented, which will demonstrate how fluctuating and condition-dependent the real interactions are and reveal how those interactions give rise to the dynamic properties at higher organization levels.
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Du Plessis, Andrew, and Terry Wall. "Calculations of instability loci." In The Geometry of Topological Stability. Oxford University PressOxford, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198535881.003.0011.

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Abstract The theory developed in Sections 9.5, 9.6, 10.2, and 10.3 shows how analysis of certain (positive) instability ideals leads to the identification of civilized submanifolds of jet space and thus, by Sections 9.2-9.4, to sufficient conditions for topological stabilityThe algorithms described in Sections 10.4-10.6 give an essentially mechanical way to compute positive instability ideals. They provide surprisingly fast computations of these ideals, given the numbers and degrees of the variables involved. None the less, all but the simplest of these computations seem to be beyond direct calculation by hand. We have used electronic computers (SUN 4, DEC 3100) furnished with computer algebra software (MAPLE) instead. This raises the question of check ability of the results obtained. In fact these results are checkable, and without too much effort. We return to the situation and notation of Section 10.4.
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Conference papers on the topic "Drive too fast for conditions"

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Gu, Tingyue. "Can Acid Producing Bacteria Be Responsible for Very Fast MIC Pitting?" In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01214.

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Abstract So far, laboratory experimental pitting tests and published literature on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) have overwhelmly focused on sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) that usually respire on sulfate (terminal electron acceptor) because SRB are often found at pitting sites. Many laboratory pure-culture SRB pitting data have been reported and they are often less than or not much greater than 1 mm/year. There are also some limited data available for nitrate reducing bacteria (NRB) that respire on nitrate or nitrite. Dedicated laboratory studies are lacking on anaerobic corrosion by acid producing bacteria (APB) that undergo anaerobic fermentation instead of anaerobic respiration in the absence of an external terminal electron acceptor such as sulfate and nitrate. Some failures in pipelines carrying crude oil and produced water, purportedly due to MIC, have been reported in the literature indicating very high pitting rates (as high as 10 mm/year) that are much higher than the short-term laboratory MIC pitting rates for SRB. The pipeline failure cases discussed in this work occurred in relatively low sulfate conditions. This work explored the possibility of very high MIC pitting rates due to organic acids (represented by acetic acid) and acidic pH corrosion through mechanistic modeling to show that APB are capable of very fast MIC pitting and mass transfer limitation on sulfate diffusion from the bulk-fluid phase to the biofilm cannot support very fast pitting caused by sulfate reduction in a low sulfate concentration environment. More efforts should be devoted to APB instead of focusing too much on SRB.
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Boukis, N., and P. Kritzer. "Corrosion Phenomena on Alloy 625 in Aqueous Solutions Containing Hydrochloric Acid and Oxygen under Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions." In CORROSION 1997. NACE International, 1997. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1997-97010.

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Abstract Alloy 625 is frequently used as reactor material for Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) applications. This is due to the favorable combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, price and availability. Nevertheless, the corrosion of alloy 625 like the corrosion of other Ni-base alloys during oxidation of hazardous organic waste containing chloride proceeds too fast and is a major problem in SCWO applications. In these experiments high pressure, high-temperature resistant tube reactors made of alloy 625 were used as specimens. They were exposed to SCWO conditions, without organics, at temperatures up to 500 °C and pressures up to 37 MPa for up to 150 h. Simultaneously, coupons also made from alloy 625 are exposed inside the test tubes. The most important corrosion problem for alloy 625 is pitting and intercrystalline corrosion at temperatures near the critical temperature, i.e. in the preheater and cooling sections of the test tubes. Under certain conditions, stress corrosion cracking appears and leads to premature failure of the test reactors. The corrosion products were insoluble in supercritical water and formed thick layers in the supercritical part of the reactor. Under these layers only minor corrosion occurred.
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Yau, Te-Lin. "A Novel Model for the Crevice Corrosion of Zirconium in Water-Deficient Organics." In CORROSION 2011. NACE International, 2011. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2011-11168.

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Abstract Zirconium exhibits excellent resistance to most organic environments. To maintain this resistance, it is necessary to have sufficient amounts of water in certain environments. When the water content is insufficient, corrosion problems, such as stress-corrosion cracking, pitting, intergranular attack, high corrosion rate and hydriding, may occur. Yet, there is no report in the public domain on the crevice corrosion of zirconium or any passive alloys in water-deficient organic environments. Zirconium’s vulnerability in water-deficient organics results from its need for water to repair any damaged sites occurring in the passive film. When there is not sufficient water for maintaining the passivity, corrosion problems may occur. Accordingly, corrosion problems for zirconium should also include crevice corrosion since the water content is low within a crevice too. Only, crevice corrosion is a very slow process. When the conditions favor the occurrence of corrosion problems outside the crevices, there won’t be sufficient time for the development of crevice corrosion. When process conditions are not severe enough to readily attack zirconium, then there is the needed time for crevice corrosion to initiate and propagate. Incubation time for the initiation of crevice corrosion may be long because of zirconium’s potent capability to passivate. Though, propagation rate is expected to be fast when zirconium’s underlined reactivity is exposed. A model is established to implicate the capability of water-deficient organics to induce crevice corrosion in zirconium. Stainless steels and titanium are included in discussing the applicability of this model to other passive alloys. The factors affecting the crevice corrosion are discussed. Preventive measures are suggested.
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Beer, Wolfgang, Lukas Propp, and Lutz Voelker. "A Simplified Analytical Approach for Calculating the Start-Up Time of Industrial Steam Turbines for Optimal and Fast Start-Up Procedures." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43284.

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New flexible operational regimes with fast start-ups and fast-changing load cycles for steam turbines require calculation procedures for determining optimal start-up times in order not to exceed the limits of thermal stress for the steam turbine parts. This work presents a start-up time calculation for various kinds of industrial steam turbines. An analytical approach for estimating the optimal thermal load of a turbine from quasi-steady or steady condition is developed. The geometry of the respective turbine components, the changing of the steam parameters and heat transfer effects during the start-up procedure are taken into account while observing the respective material properties and stress limits. The temperature distributions of the respective turbine parts are calculated with a one-dimensional numerical algorithm of Fourier’s heat conduction equation. Three-dimensional influences of the geometry and of the the heat flux are considered analytically by adjusting the numerical solutions of elementary bodies (e.g. one-dimensional plate). The start-up time calculation is performed in small time steps to guarantee the stability of the numerical solution. The unsteady stress analysis for the start-up procedure does not uniquely identify one critical component. The calculation must be repeated for each time step to identify the component which limits the start-up gradient. Other boundary conditions, such as restricted speed ranges of the rotor with minimum transients and time for synchronization with the electrical grid, are considered by the model too and can further limit the start-up gradient and lead to slower start-up procedures. The one-dimensional calculation models were verified with a three-dimensional FEA of the casing and a two axis symmetrical FEA of the rotor. The results for the temperature distribution are presented and compared to the one-dimensional results. The final result of the analytical approach for an optimized start-up time calculation is verified with two typical start-up calculations, one for a generator drive steam turbine and one for a mechanical-drive steam turbine.
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Asada, Takatoshi, Yosuke Hirata, Rie Aizawa, Tetsu Suzuki, and Yasushi Fujishima. "Electromagnetic Pump Flow Simulation by 3D MHD Code." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30710.

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Electromagnetic (EM) pumps, which drive liquid metal by electromagnetic force in Fast Reactors, have been developed [1] [2]. Annular Linear Induction Pump (ALIP) is one of EM pumps. There have been some reports in which developed pressure’s drop and fluctuation were described near the top of the relation curve between developed pressure and flow rate (P-Q curve). These phenomena were reported by Gailitis, Kirillov and Araseki. Araseki simulated this phenomenon by two-dimensional (2D) code and reported that it is characterized by vortexes, which were initiated by azimuthal non-uniformity of sodium flow velocity and/or magnetic field, in the sodium flow. We calculated the developed pressure of an EM pump by 2D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) code and designed the EM pump. The code simulated the developed pressure with high accuracy in normal operations. When the flow rate was lower than the one at the top of P-Q curve, the developed pressure’s drop and fluctuation occurred. The fluctuation could disturb the stable operation of the pump. For fear of this phenomenon, the design of EM pump is sometimes too conservative. To simulate this phenomenon and examine its occurring conditions, we have developed a new three-dimensional (3D) MHD code. Clarification of these conditions for the occurrence of this phenomenon will enable to design a new structure or determine its operation conditions reasonably. This paper describes the simulation results focusing on the occurrence of developed pressure’s drop and fluctuation. We use initial conditions which have azimuthal non-uniformity of sodium velocity to simulate the initiation of vortexes in sodium. The 3D MHD code simulates the developed pressure’s drop and fluctuation by vortexes and provides more clear illustration of their occurrence.
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Watanapanich, S., A. Siriyut, P. Wanaphattharaphan, et al. "Wellhead’s Facility Adequacy Simulator (Well- FAST); Enhancing Wellhead Platform Engineering Efficiency Through an In-House Verification Simulation System." In SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show. SPE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2118/225098-ms.

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Abstract Thailand’s offshore engineering is continuously developing new and reused Wellhead Platform (WHP) installation in PTTEP to achieve production goals. Efficient engineering of WHP facilities with uncertain subsurface data is essential, requiring timely completion with minimized cost. Wellhead’s Facility Adequacy Simulator (Well-FAST), developed by PTTEP, is crucial for this process. Well-FAST integrates programming and interface functions with commercial engineering software to automate and streamline verification. Its objective is to improve production opportunities and unlock potential while ensuring safe operations. Typically, specific engineering calculations, including process, piping, and instrument, are necessary to verify that WHP facilities and pipeline can handle the required capacity under specific operating conditions. Well-FAST is an automated framework that conducts sequential process simulations and various engineering verifications using various commercial engineering softwares and in-house developed tools. The design parameters of WHP facilities and pipeline, along with process fluid data, are provided as inputs to the simulator. The results account for limitations such as velocity, vibration, erosion, etc. Extensive calculations are performed automatically, providing accurate results and effective guidelines for engineering and operation adjustments. Well-FAST’s outcomes are highly accurate without human error because of no manual interfacing inputs, attributable to its automated, comprehensive, and iterative engineering verification process. This method is significantly faster than conventional practices that necessitate the involvement of multiple engineering disciplines for facility design and verification. With Well-FAST, users and operators are empowered to independently conduct WHP adequacy checks for platform capacities under specific fluid compositions and operating conditions. This simulator facilitates increased production opportunities, mitigates the risk of mis-nomination events, and supports operational teams in maximizing gas output within the safe operating limits of existing wellhead platform facilities. By unlocking reservoir potential, Well-FAST effectively addresses both operational and strategic planning challenges for PTTEP gas production. The deployment of this automated integrated software is poised to generate substantial cost savings by reducing engineering manpower required for WHP facilities design and verification. Furthermore, Well-FAST can be leveraged as a new design assistance tool for various verification scenarios, supporting preliminary screening for both new and reused platforms. This implementation also minimizes expenditures related to greenfield and brownfield development projects. Additionally, reallocating remaining manpower to other critical tasks will enhance overall productivity and drive digital transformation within the company. Well-FAST is the company’s first integrated engineering tool for facility design with a proven concept. The implementation of Well-FAST offers significant financial and non-financial benefits. This innovative concept integrates digital transformation with complex engineering practices, enhancing efficiency and reducing non-value-added activities. Additionally, it can serve as a prototype for a cloud-based Well-FAST application, eliminating dependency installations and device-specific software integrations. This user-friendly and flexible approach caters to all types of users in the future.
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Ripperger, Georg, Jörg Peisker, Patrick Oberschmidleitner, Richard Josef Werner Kucs, and Doris Winkler. "Safer and Faster Drilling through AI Driven Permanent Cuttings Monitoring - An Operator's Approach." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211759-ms.

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Abstract Having the ability to study the solid cuttings separated on the shale shakers can provide valuable insights into hole cleaning, state of the drill bit, mud and shaker performance and potential damages to downhole equipment. Although studying the lithology of the cuttings can serve as first visual confirmation of formation changes, cuttings volumes allow judgement of hole cleaning and assess whether wiper trips are needed or can be avoided. Cavings on the other hand, can be a first indicator for problematic wellbore stability conditions and can be used to stay out of costly kick situations. Despite this potential of vital information, shakers are rarely equipped with sensors. The equipment is monitored manually by field personnel and material samples are taken only discontinuously. This in return poses a high risk in receiving information too late to react to or miss it altogether. The operator believes that closing this gap is a crucial factor for drilling automation and optimization and that this can be done best by real time video analysis. Apart from cuttings volume flow and cavings detection, the operator, deemed an additional benefit in demonstrating in-house capabilities in the field of machine learning (ML). The ease of internal data accessibility in combination with a small overhead was key for a fast and thus cost-efficient development. The project presented in this manuscript, was executed using multiple machine learning models trained in-house that proved the concept of providing average cuttings size and sieve coverage in real-time from a video source. Subsequently, the operator built a test stand and conducted a series of static and dynamic experiments using regular, LIDAR and stereoscopic cameras. The learnings from the laboratory work were applied in an additional test series on an onshore rig to validate the laboratory results under field conditions. Ultimately, the scalability of the proprietary ML model was tested with video samples from already installed equipment on drilling rigs. The project successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using deep learning and machine learning approaches to introduce camera-based solids monitoring to the drilling industry. Despite the fast development time, it was possible to successfully recognize cuttings, cavings and anomalies in the solids output using proprietary machine learning models and regular off-the-shelf hardware. The acquired data will be used to calibrate simulations and monitor deviations between modelled and actual data in real-time. Based on the excellent technical feedback, economic value of the underlying business cases and fast-track in-house development, pilot projects are in the pipeline to lift these new tools to the next technological readiness level.
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Sugiura, Junichi, and Steve Jones. "Measurement of Mud Motor Back-Drive Dynamics, Associated Risks and Benefits of Real-Time Detection and Mitigation Measures." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204032-ms.

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Abstract North America shale drilling is a fast-paced environment where downhole drilling equipment is pushed to the limits for maximum rate of penetration (ROP). Downhole mud motor power sections have rapidly advanced to deliver more horsepower and torque, resulting in different downhole dynamics that have not been identified in the past. High-frequency (HF) compact drilling dynamics recorders embedded in the drill bit, mud-motor bit box, and motor top sub (sub-assembly) provide unique measurements to fully understand the reaction of the steerable-motor power section under load relative to the type of rock being drilled. 3-axis shock, gyro and temperature sensors placed above and below the power section measure the dynamic response of power transfer to the bit and associated losses caused by back-drive dynamics. Detection of back-drive from surface measurements is not possible, and many measurement-while-drilling (MWD) systems do not have the measurement capability to identify the problem. Motor back-drive dynamics severity is dependent on many factors, including formation type, bit type, power section, WOB (weight on bit) and drill pipe size. The torsional energy stored and released in the drill string can be high due to the interaction between surface RPM (revolutions per minute)/torque output and mud-motor downhole RPM/torque. Torsional drill string energy wind-up and release results in variable power output at the bit, inconsistent rate of penetration (ROP), rapid fatigue on downhole equipment, and motor or drillstring back-offs and twist-offs. A new mechanism of motor back-drive dynamics due to the use of an MWD pulser above a steerable motor is discovered. HF continuous gyro sensors and pressure sensors were deployed to capture the mechanism in which a positive mud pulser reduces as much as one third of the mud flow in the motor and bit rotation speed, creating a propensity for a bit to come to a complete stop in certain conditions and for the motor to rotate the drillstring backward. We have observed the backward rotation of a PDC drill bit during severe stick-slip and back-drive events (-50 RPM above the motor), confirming that the bit rotated backward for 9 mS every 133.3 mS (at 7.5Hz), using a 1000-Hz continuous sampling/recording in-bit gyro. In one field test, multiple drillstring dynamics recorders were used to measure the motor back-drive severity along the drillstring. It is discovered that the back-drive dynamics are worse at the drillstring, approximately 1110 ft behind the bit, than these measured at the motor top-sub position. These dynamics caused drillstring back-offs and twist-offs in a particular field. A motor back-drive mitigation tool was used in the field to compare the runs with and without the mitigation tool, while keeping the surface drilling parameters nearly the same. The downhole drilling dynamics sensors were used to confirm that the mitigation tool significantly reduced stick-slip and eliminated the motor back-drive dynamics in the same depth interval. Detailed analysis of the HF embedded downhole sensor data provides an in-depth understanding of mud-motor back-drive dynamics. The cause, severity, reduction in drilling performance and risk of incident can be identified, allowing performance and cost gains to be realized. This paper will detail the advantages to understanding and reducing motor back-drive dynamics, a topic that has not commonly been discussed in the past.
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Farroni, Flavio, GUIDO NAPOLITANO DELL'ANNUNZIATA, Marco Ruffini, et al. "Application of tire multi-physical modeling methodologies for the preliminary definition of a racing motorcycle setup." In The Evolving Scholar - BMD 2023, 5th Edition. The Evolving Scholar - BMD 2023, 5th Edition, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59490/65116fedd42eaa71f57d625a.

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Optimizing the performance of racing motorcycles is a central goal for competition teams. The necessity to ensure driver stability and a good level of grip in the widest possible range of riding conditions makes it necessary for tires to work in the right temperature window, capable of ensuring the highest interaction force between tire and road. Specifically, the internal temperature of the tire is a parameter that can be difficult to measure and control but has a significant impact on motorcycle performance and, also, on driver stability. Deepening knowledge of internal tire temperature in racing motorcycles can improve performance optimization on the track and finding the right motorcycle setup. In this work, a physical thermal model is adopted for an activity concerning the development of a moto-student vehicle, to predict the racing motorcycle setup allowing the tire to work in a thermal window that optimizes grip and maximizes tire life. More in detail, a focus has been placed on the effects of the motorcycle’s wheelbase and pivot height variations on internal tire temperatures. Indeed, the stability and handling of the vehicle are highly dependent on the geometric properties of the chassis. Several values of such quantities have been tested in a properly implemented vehicle model developed in the “VI-BikeRealTime” environment, validated by outdoor tests, able to provide forces acting on the tires, slip indices, and speeds, needed by the thermal model as inputs. Through the analysis of the internal temperatures calculated by the model, reached by the various layers of the tire, it has been possible to investigate which of the simulated conditions cause a too-fast thermal activation of the tire and which of them can avoid overheating and underheating phenomena. Lately, this research has delved into the correlation between motorcycle riders' paths and temperature fluctuations with the aim of comprehending how minor alterations in routine maneuvers may influence tire energy activation, particularly in the context of racing and qualifying conditions.
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Farroni, Flavio, GUIDO NAPOLITANO DELL'ANNUNZIATA, Marco Ruffini, et al. "Application of tire multi-physical modeling methodologies for the preliminary definition of a racing motorcycle setup." In The Evolving Scholar - BMD 2023, 5th Edition. The Evolving Scholar - BMD 2023, 5th Edition, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59490/6617d703879b85da25b041a0.

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Optimizing the performance of racing motorcycles is a central goal for competition teams. The necessity to ensure driver stability and a good level of grip in the widest possible range of riding conditions makes it necessary for tires to work in the right temperature window, capable of ensuring the highest interaction force between tire and road. Specifically, the internal temperature of the tire is a parameter that can be difficult to measure and control but has a significant impact on motorcycle performance and, also, on driver stability. Deepening knowledge of internal tire temperature in racing motorcycles can improve performance optimization on the track and finding the right motorcycle setup. In this work, a physical thermal model is adopted for an activity concerning the development of a moto-student vehicle, to predict the racing motorcycle setup allowing the tire to work in a thermal window that optimizes grip and maximizes tire life. More in detail, a focus has been placed on the effects of the motorcycle’s wheelbase and pivot height variations on internal tire temperatures. Indeed, the stability and handling of the vehicle are highly dependent on the geometric properties of the chassis. Several values of such quantities have been tested in a properly implemented vehicle model developed in the “VI-BikeRealTime” environment, validated by outdoor tests, able to provide forces acting on the tires, slip indices, and speeds, needed by the thermal model as inputs. Through the analysis of the internal temperatures calculated by the model, reached by the various layers of the tire, it has been possible to investigate which of the simulated conditions cause a too-fast thermal activation of the tire and which of them can avoid overheating and underheating phenomena. Lately, this research has delved into the correlation between motorcycle riders' paths and temperature fluctuations with the aim of comprehending how minor alterations in routine maneuvers may influence tire energy activation, particularly in the context of racing and qualifying conditions.
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Reports on the topic "Drive too fast for conditions"

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Andrawes, Bassem, Isaias Colombani, Md Abdul Hamid Mirdad, and Alexander Chen. Load Rating of Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges Using Field Testing. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2024. https://doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/24-025.

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Bridge load-rating analysis is typically used to assess the safe load-carrying capacity of bridges. However, in many cases, this analytical approach was proven to be too conservative, which leads to unnecessary bridge postings and road restrictions. In such cases, field testing is sought as a more reliable method for assessing the structural condition of the investigated bridge. This study focused on investigating the efficacy and practicality of performing load rating on reinforced concrete slab bridges in Illinois using two field testing methods—namely, diagnostic and proof load testing. The versatility of both methods was examined through testing six different slab bridges of varying characteristics and conditions. The tested bridges included single- and double-span bridges with span lengths varying between 20.5 ft and 32 ft, and skew angles varying between 0 and 55 degrees. The bridges also varied in age, with the first tested bridge’s construction dating as far back as 1925. The research assessed the type of instrumentation and data acquisition system used as well as the challenges associated with setting up these devices in the field. The analytical and field-based load-rating factors were compared for each bridge. The results showed the effectiveness of field testing in providing a relatively fast and reliable assessment of the structural condition of the investigated bridges. The methods adopted and developed in this research will assist the Illinois Department of Transportation in making future decisions about the condition of bridges in Illinois.
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Baliki, Ghassan, Dorothee Weiffen, Melodie Al Daccache, et al. Seeds for recovery: The long-term impacts of a complex agricultural intervention on welfare, behaviour and stability in Syria (SEEDS). Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/crpp7.

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There is scarce evidence on whether and how assistance in humanitarian emergencies and conflict settings impacts household well-being and behaviour. Conducting rigorous impact evaluations in such settings poses multiple challenges in design and data collection. In SEEDS, we evaluate the impact of a complex large-scale multi-arm agricultural intervention on productivity, food security, and resilience in the context of an on-going humanitarian crisis in Syria. Specifically, we identify the causal impacts of agricultural asset transfers over various time horizons (the short-, medium-, and long-run), and across different conditions and subgroups (gender and conflict intensity) at the household-level. We evaluate the effectiveness of irrigation rehabilitation separately at the community-level. We use and combine various data sources, including a unique survey panel dataset collected over a period of four years from multiple governorates in Syria, satellite remote-sensing data, and publicly available violent conflict incidence and weather data. Our findings from using cutting-edge machine and deep learning approaches together with innovative balancing and analytical methods can be summarised as follows: For average treatment effects at the household-level, we find that the provision of agricultural asset support leads to significant improvements in food security in the short- and long-term, three years after the intervention. The positive and significant effect on food security is driven mainly by the increased consumption of healthy food items such as vegetables. In the long-run, livestock support reduces the use of harmful coping strategies households employ to deal with food shortages. Interestingly, we find that households who received vegetable kits are not just less likely to sell their productive assets in the long-term but also are less likely to marry off their young daughters or send their children to work. Overall, we find that both agricultural and livestock asset support is key to improving households’ resilience in the long-term. The irrigation rehabilitation interventions at the community-level positively affected agricultural productivity compared to the pre-intervention and pre-conflict periods. However, these effects were only significantly pronounced in the spring season. As for the heterogeneity analysis, we find that female-headed households benefit remarkably more in terms of food security in the medium-term compared to male-headed families. Moreover, households residing in areas that are moderately affected by violent conflict show stronger food security improvements compared to households from peaceful or conflict-intense settings. Overall, we draw three overarching lessons from our findings in SEEDS: First, agricultural support in protracted conflict settings effectively improves the long-term welfare and resilience of vulnerable households. In fact, the presence of an ongoing humanitarian operation acts as a social safety net if circumstances deteriorate suddenly. Second, not all interventions are equally effective, and not all households equally benefit, underscoring the need to design and implement inclusive context-specific interventions with detailed targeting. Third, methodologically, using multiple remote data sources and machine learning methods help overcome challenges in conducting rigorous impact evaluations in hard-to-reach humanitarian emergency settings.
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Ocampo-Gaviria, José Antonio, Roberto Steiner Sampedro, Mauricio Villamizar Villegas, et al. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - March 2023. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.03-2023.

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Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3
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