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Journal articles on the topic 'Driving test of vehicle'
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1
Zhao, Danchen, Yaochen Li, and Yuehu Liu. "Simulating Dynamic Driving Behavior in Simulation Test for Unmanned Vehicles via Multi-Sensor Data." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 8, 2019): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071670.
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Driving behavior is the main basis for evaluating the performance of an unmanned vehicle. In simulation tests of unmanned vehicles, in order for simulation results to be approximated to the actual results as much as possible, model of driving behaviors must be able to exhibit actual motion of unmanned vehicles. We propose an automatic approach of simulating dynamic driving behaviors of vehicles in traffic scene represented by image sequences. The spatial topological attributes and appearance attributes of virtual vehicles are computed separately according to the constraint of geometric consistency of sparse 3D space organized by image sequence. To achieve this goal, we need to solve three main problems: Registration of vehicle in a 3D space of road environment, vehicle’s image observed from corresponding viewpoint in the road scene, and consistency of the vehicle and the road environment. After the proposed method was embedded in a scene browser, a typical traffic scene including the intersections was chosen for a virtual vehicle to execute the driving tasks of lane change, overtaking, slowing down and stop, right turn, and U-turn. The experimental results show that different driving behaviors of vehicles in typical traffic scene can be exhibited smoothly and realistically. Our method can also be used for generating simulation data of traffic scenes that are difficult to collect.
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Montazeri-Gh, M., A. Fotouhi, and A. Naderpour. "Driving patterns clustering based on driving features analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 6 (May 25, 2011): 1301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041298310392599.
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This article presents driving features analysis in order to determine superior driving features for driving conditions clustering. At first, data gathering is performed in real traffic conditions using advance vehicle location systems. Then driving data segmentation is performed and 21 driving features are defined for each driving segment. After driving feature extraction, the dependency between driving features is investigated. Influence of driving features on vehicle's fuel consumption and exhaust emissions is then studied using computer simulations. The simulation results are then verified by an experimental test. Two types of vehicles, a conventional vehicle and a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), are simulated. Finally, the most effective driving features are determined. Two superior driving features, ‘energy’ and ‘idle time percentage’, are then used for driving segments clustering. Driving segments clustering may be utilized for driving cycle development, intelligent HEV control, etc.
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Li, Xiao, Zhifei Pang, and Hongxue Zhao. "Research on Construction Method of Urban Driving Cycle of Pure Electric Vehicle." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 02064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125202064.
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The driving cycle of the vehicle is taken as the basis of the vehicle test, which plays an important role in improving vehicle performance and reducing energy consumption. Traditional fuel vehicles have been studied more in the current stage. Test conditions specifically for pure electric vehicles have been less studied. The data acquisition method of pure electric vehicle is studied and used to collect driving data. The driving cycle was established through the extraction and analysis of characteristic parameters. The research results can lay a foundation for the research of driving system optimization and energy consumption reduction of pure electric vehicles.
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Lee, Jae-Gil, Kwan Lee, and Seoung-Ho Ryu. "Vehicle Politeness in Driving Situations." Future Internet 11, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11020048.
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Future vehicles are becoming more like driving partners instead of mere machines. With the application of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs), vehicles perform driving tasks while drivers monitor the functioning states of vehicles. This change in interaction requires a deliberate consideration of how vehicles should present driving-related information. As a way of encouraging drivers to more readily accept instructions from vehicles, we suggest the use of social rules, such as politeness, in human-vehicle interaction. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment, we test the effects of vehicle politeness (plain vs. polite) on drivers’ interaction experiences in two operation situations (normal vs. failure). The results indicate that vehicle politeness improves interaction experience in normal working situations but impedes the experience in failure situations. Specifically, in normal situations, vehicles with polite instructions are highly evaluated for social presence, politeness, satisfaction and intention to use. Theoretical and practical implications on politeness research and speech interaction design are discussed.
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Lyu, Meng, Xiaofeng Bao, Yunjing Wang, and Ronald Matthews. "Analysis of emissions from various driving cycles based on real driving measurements obtained in a high-altitude city." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 6 (February 7, 2020): 1563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019898959.
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Vehicle emissions standards and regulations remain weak in high-altitude regions. In this study, vehicle emissions from both the New European Driving Cycle and the Worldwide harmonized Light-duty driving Test Cycle were analyzed by employing on-road test data collected from typical roads in a high-altitude city. On-road measurements were conducted on five light-duty vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system. The certification cycle parameters were synthesized from real-world driving data using the vehicle specific power methodology. The analysis revealed that under real-world driving conditions, all emissions were generally higher than the estimated values for both the New European Driving Cycle and Worldwide harmonized Light-duty driving Test Cycle. Concerning emissions standards, more CO, NOx, and hydrocarbons were emitted by China 3 vehicles than by China 4 vehicles, whereas the CO2 emissions exhibited interesting trends with vehicle displacement and emissions standards. These results have potential implications for policymakers in regard to vehicle emissions management and control strategies aimed at emissions reduction, fleet inspection, and maintenance programs.
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Babangida, Aminu, and Péter Tamás Szemes. "Electric Vehicle Modelling and Simulation of a Light Commercial Vehicle Using PMSM Propulsion." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 49, no. 1 (September 21, 2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33927/hjic-2021-06.
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Even though the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) used in conventional vehicles is one of the major causes of global warming and air pollution, the emission of toxic gases is also harmful to living organisms. Electric propulsion has been developed in modern electric vehicles to replace the ICE.The aim of this research is to use both the Simulink and Simscape toolboxes in MATLAB to model the dynamics of a light commercial vehicle powered by electric propulsion. This research focuses on a Volkswagen Crafter with a diesel propulsion engine manufactured in 2020. A rear-wheel driven electric powertrain based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor was designed to replace its front-wheel driven diesel engine in an urban environment at low average speeds.In this research, a Nissan Leaf battery with a nominal voltage of 360 V and a capacity of 24 kWh was modelled to serve as the energy source of the electric drivetrain. The New European Driving Cycle was used in this research to evaluate the electric propulsion. Another test input such as a speed ramp was also used to test the vehicle under different road conditions. A Proportional Integral controller was applied to control the speed of both the vehicle and synchronous motor. Different driving cycles were used to test the vehicle. The vehicle demonstrated a good tracking capability in each type of test. In addition, this research determined that the fuel economy of electric vehicles is approximately 19% better than that of conventional vehicles.
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Chen, Gang, and Wei-gong Zhang. "Design of prototype simulation system for driving performance of electromagnetic unmanned robot applied to automotive test." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 42, no. 1 (January 19, 2015): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-06-2014-0353.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a prototype simulation system for driving performance of an electromagnetic unmanned robot applied to automotive test (URAT) to solve that it is difficult and dangerous to online debug control program and to quickly obtain test vehicle dynamic performance. Design/methodology/approach – The driving performance of the electromagnetic URAT can be evaluated by the prototype simulation system. The system can simulate various driving conditions of test vehicles. An improved vehicle longitudinal dynamics model matching to the electromagnetic URAT is established. The proposed model has good real-time, and it is easy to implement. The displacement of throttle mechanical leg, brake mechanical leg, clutch mechanical leg and shift mechanical arm is used for the system input. Test vehicle speed and engine speed are used for the system output, and they are obtained by the computation of the established vehicle longitudinal dynamics model. Findings – Driving conditions simulation test and vehicle emission test are performed using a Ford Focus car. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed prototype simulation system in the paper can simulate the driving conditions of actual vehicles, and the performance that electromagnetic URAT drives an actual vehicle is evaluated by the simulation system. Research limitations/implications – Future research will focus on improving the real time of the proposed simulation system. Practical implications – The autonomous driving performance of electromagnetic URAT can be evaluated by the proposed prototype simulation system. Originality/value – A prototype simulation system for driving performance of an electromagnetic URAT based on an improved vehicle longitudinal dynamics model is proposed in this paper, so that it can solve the difficulty and danger of online debugging control program, quickly obtaining the test vehicle performance.
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Rahman, S. M. Ashrafur, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Fajle Rabbi Ashik, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Md Tausif Murshed, Md Ashraful Imran, et al. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 4195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144195.
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Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.
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He, Ping, Zhu Rong Dong, Cheng Wei Han, and Song Hua Hu. "Design and Test Development of a Comprehensive Performance Test Bench for Electric Wheel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.817.
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In order to research the driving performance of electric vehicle driven by the electric wheels and provide the test basis to the design of electric vehicle, the author of the paper designed and developed a multifunctional comprehensive performance test bench for electric wheel. Such test bench has the basic functions of road simulation, resistance simulation, vehicle weight simulation and inertia simulation, and the other functions of steering simulation, coupling simulation of electric braking and mechanical coupling, wheel hub motor performance test lamp. The author of the paper made certain design for the relevant test items, which has far-reaching significance for the test and research of the battery electric vehicle (BEV) driven by the wheel hub motor.
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Zhao, Jian Zhu, Lu Zhang, Guo Ye Wang, Yan Chen, and Zhong Fu Zhang. "Safe Test System for the Turning Vehicles ESP Control Performances on the Lateral Restricted Vehicle System." Advanced Materials Research 694-697 (May 2013): 1334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.694-697.1334.
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Project the lateral restricted vehicle system to establish a safe and efficient vehicle driving stability control test system. Aimed at Chery A3 car, based on Matlab/Simulink, establish the lateral restricted vehicle dynamic simulation system. Used the braking and driving integrated ESP control strategy, separately analyze the ESP control performances of the independent vehicle system and the lateral restricted vehicle system on three test conditions including neutral steering, under steering, over steering. The research results indicate that the ESP control performances of the lateral restricted vehicle system and the independent vehicle system have great uniformity on the three test conditions, provide a basis for the vehicle driving stability control test research.
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Cao, Hang, and Máté Zöldy. "An Investigation of Autonomous Vehicle Roundabout Situation." Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 48, no. 3 (August 4, 2019): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pptr.13762.
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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact of connected autonomous behavior in real vehicles on vehicle fuel consumption and emission reductions. Authors provide a preliminary theoretical summary to assess the driving conditions of autonomous vehicles in roundabout, which attempts exploring the impact of driving behavior patterns on fuel consumption and emissions, and including other key factors of autonomous vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. After summarizing, driving behavior, effective in-vehicle systems, both roundabout physical parameters and vehicle type are all play an important role in energy using. ZalaZONE’s roundabout is selected for preliminary test scenario establishment, which lays a design foundation for further in-depth testing.
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Song, Jingeun, and Junepyo Cha. "Analysis of Driving Dynamics Considering Driving Resistances in On-Road Driving." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123408.
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Internal combustion engine emissions are a serious worldwide problem. To combat this, emission regulations have become stricter with the goal of reducing the proportion of transportation emissions in global air pollution. In addition, the European Commission passed the real driving emissions–light-duty vehicles (RDE-LDV) regulation that evaluates vehicle emissions by driving on real roads. The RDE test is significantly dependent on driving conditions such as traffic or drivers. Thus, the RDE regulation has the means to evaluate driving dynamics such as the vehicle speed per acceleration (v·apos) and the relative positive acceleration (RPA) to determine whether the driving during these tests is normal or abnormal. However, this is not an appropriate way to assess the driving dynamics because the v⋅apos and the RPA do not represent engine load, which is directly related to exhaust emissions. Therefore, in the present study, new driving dynamic variables are proposed. These variables use engine acceleration calculated from wheel force instead of the acceleration calculated from the vehicle speed, so they are proportional to the engine load. In addition, a variable of driving dynamics during braking is calculated using the negative wheel force. This variable can be used to improve the accuracy of the emission assessment by analyzing the braking pattern.
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Xiao, Peng, Shu Hai Quan, and Chang Jun Xie. "Study on AC Electric Dynamometer Load-Based Integrated Test Bench of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.316.
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An AC electric dynamometer load-based fuel cell hybrid vehicles integrated test bench was developed with program automatically control and driving two modes. Real-time data was acquired through data acquisition card. Vehicle control and energy management were implemented by IPC.It can be used for fuel cells, lithium battery sets, motors, hybrid power allocation and management performance test. Test results that driven by Lithium iron phosphate battery sets alone in driving mode and driven by fuel cell and Lithium iron phosphate battery sets in the program automatically control mode were given and discussed.
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Li, Chun, Fan Yang, and Zhenchong Wang. "Experimental study on high-speed endurance of electric vehicle at normal temperature (25℃)." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801032.
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Electric vehicle[1] endurance has always been a major concern for car buyers. Based on the six conventional electric vehicles selected from the market, the driving range of the chassis dynamometer with the environment warehouse is first carried out under the CLTC-P condition of normal temperature environment, and compared with the vehicle meter-display driving range. After testing the speed of 100 km/h of the driving range, the high-speed driving range at normal temperature is obtained, and then compared with the normal temperature driving range and the meter-display driving range, the drop rate of high-speed driving range is obtained. By analyzing and comparing the different test conditions of 6 vehicles, the influence trend of battery quantity, test quality, resistance and driving mode on high-speed driving range is obtained. Allowing consumers to anticipate their travel plans and also provides data for subsequent car companies to improve the quality of electric vehicles.
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Xue, Jin Lin. "Analysis of Driving Cycles for Emission Test of Light-Duty Vehicles in China." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1154.
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The driving cycles employed to measure the emissions from automotive vehicles should adequately represent the real-world driving pattern of the vehicle to provide the most realistic estimation of emissions levels. The driving cycles used for light-duty gasoline engine vehicles in China were reviewed in this paper firstly. Then the impact of various factors, such as driving behaviors, driving conditions, road conditions, traffic conditions, on real-world emission levels were analyzed. Finally, the shortages of the existing driving cycles were pointed out. It can be concluded that the emissions levels from automotive vehicles are underestimated because of the characteristics of the existing drive cycles, so it is urgent to research and develop new driving cycles to fit the situation of China.
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Hu, Xinghua, and Mintanyu Zheng. "Research Progress and Prospects of Vehicle Driving Behavior Prediction." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020088.
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Autonomous driving technology is vital for intelligent transportation systems. Vehicle driving behavior prediction is the foundation and core of autonomous driving. A detailed review of the existing research on vehicle driving behavior prediction can improve the understanding of the current progress of research on autonomous driving and provide references for follow-up researchers. This paper primarily reviews and analyzes the control models of autonomous driving, prejudgment methods, on-road and intersection traffic decision-making, and shortcomings of the research about the prediction of individual intelligent vehicle driving behavior, the prediction on movements of vehicles connected via the Internet, and prediction of driving behavior in a mixed traffic environment. The deficiencies in the research on vehicle driving behavior prediction are as follows: (1) there are numerous limitations in the intelligent application scenarios of individual intelligent vehicles; (2) although the Internet of Vehicles is a significant developmental trend, the training and test datasets are not rich enough; and (3) as the research of mixed traffic flow is still in the initial stages, the comfort brought by autonomous driving in hybrid driving environments is not being considered. In addition to the above analyses and comments, the future research prospects of vehicle driving behavior prediction are discussed as well.
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Naujoks, Frederik, Sebastian Hergeth, Andreas Keinath, Nadja Schömig, and Katharina Wiedemann. "Editorial for Special Issue: Test and Evaluation Methods for Human-Machine Interfaces of Automated Vehicles." Information 11, no. 9 (August 20, 2020): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info11090403.
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Today, OEMs and suppliers can rely on commonly agreed and standardized test and evaluation methods for in-vehicle human–machine interfaces (HMIs). These have traditionally focused on the context of manually driven vehicles and put the evaluation of minimizing distraction effects and enhancing usability at their core (e.g., AAM guidelines or NHTSA visual-manual distraction guidelines). However, advances in automated driving systems (ADS) have already begun to change the driver’s role from actively driving the vehicle to monitoring the driving situation and being ready to intervene in partially automated driving (SAE L2). Higher levels of vehicle automation will likely only require the driver to act as a fallback ready user in case of system limits and malfunctions (SAE L3) or could even act without any fallback within their operational design domain (SAE L4). During the same trip, different levels of automation might be available to the driver (e.g., L2 in urban environments, L3 on highways). These developments require new test and evaluation methods for ADS, as available test methods cannot be easily transferred and adapted. The shift towards higher levels of vehicle automation has also moved the discussion towards the interaction between automated and non-automated road users using exterior HMIs. This Special Issue includes theoretical papers a well as empirical studies that deal with these new challenges by proposing new and innovative test methods in the evaluation of ADS HMIs in different areas.
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Liang, Rongliang, and Chang Yang. "Intellectualized testing & evaluation application based on unmanned test platform." E3S Web of Conferences 268 (2021): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126801036.
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Taking three pure electric vehicles as the research object, the energy consumption and acceleration performance of the electric vehicle are tested and evaluated through the use of the intelligent unmanned test platform of the whole vehicle, which ensures that the accurate and high-speed test of the road test can be realized on the basis of no driver in the vehicle. For the electric vehicle energy consumption test, the intelligent unmanned test platform is used for road test, which not only effectively avoids the driver driving the test vehicle for a long time, but also ensures the accuracy and reliability of the test data. According to the test results, the acceleration response and energy consumption test results of three pure electric vehicles are analyzed and evaluated.
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Chae, Heungseok, Yonghwan Jeong, Hojun Lee, Jongcherl Park, and Kyongsu Yi. "Design and implementation of human driving data–based active lane change control for autonomous vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 1 (August 14, 2020): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020947678.
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This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of an active lane change control algorithm for autonomous vehicles with human factor considerations. Lane changes need to be performed considering both driver acceptance and safety with surrounding vehicles. Therefore, autonomous driving systems need to be designed based on an analysis of human driving behavior. In this article, manual driving characteristics are investigated using real-world driving test data. In lane change situations, interactions with surrounding vehicles were mainly investigated. And safety indices were developed with kinematic analysis. A safety indices–based lane change decision and control algorithm has been developed. In order to improve safety, stochastic predictions of both the ego vehicle and surrounding vehicles have been conducted with consideration of sensor noise and model uncertainties. The desired driving mode is decided to cope with all lane changes on highway. To obtain desired reference and constraints, motion planning for lane changes has been designed taking stochastic prediction-based safety indices into account. A stochastic model predictive control with constraints has been adopted to determine vehicle control inputs: the steering angle and the longitudinal acceleration. The proposed active lane change algorithm has been successfully implemented on an autonomous vehicle and evaluated via real-world driving tests. Safe and comfortable lane changes in high-speed driving on highways have been demonstrated using our autonomous test vehicle.
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Chambers, William. "Sport Utility Vehicle Rollover Test." Journal of the IEST 50, no. 1 (April 1, 2007): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.50.1.n50uvp113m278033.
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The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) approached NASA to evaluate vehicle rollover resistance using the High Capacity Centrifuge facility. Testing was planned for six different sport utility vehicles (SUV). Previous methods for simulating rollover conditions were considered to be not indicative of the true driving conditions. A more realistic gradual application of side loading could be achieved by using a centrifuge facility. A unique load measuring lower support system was designed to measure tire loading on the inboard tires and to indicate tire liftoff. This lower support system was designed to more closely emulate actual rollover conditions. Additional design features were provided to mitigate potential safety hazards.
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Buasri, Panhathai, Chaowish Munyuen, and Bongkoj Sookananta. "Developed Driving Cycles for a Passenger Vehicle in Khon Kaen." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.593.
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Traction forces that vehicles use to propel their wheels depend on efficiencies of motors, power transmissions, and vehicle constructions. Behavior of driver on acceleration or deceleration varies responding to road conditions, traffic lights, and driving styles. Average speed estimation of the vehicle under known road conditions can be obtained from the standard driving cycles such as the urban driving cycle by NEDC and the highway fuel economy test cycle (HWFET) by EPA. An urban area, Khon Kaen province located in Northeastern part of Thailand, mostly has flat and rough road conditions that have not been well recorded. In this study a GPS device was installed on a midsize vehicle to record speed and time on roundtrip test drives. In this paper, the data on speed of the vehicle traveled from Department of Electrical Engineering, Khon Kaen University to four nearby locations were investigated than compared with standard driving cycles. These data offer greater knowledge and development in power consumption of electric vehicles and transportation sector.
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Lee, SoDuk, Carl R. Fulper, Daniel Cullen, Joseph McDonald, Antonio Fernandez, Mark H. Doorlag, Lawrence J. Sanchez, and Michael Olechiw. "On-Road Portable Emission Measurement Systems Test Data Analysis and Light-Duty Vehicle In-Use Emissions Development." SAE International Journal of Electrified Vehicles 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/14-09-02-0007.
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Portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) [1] are used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to measure gaseous and particulate matter mass emissions from vehicles in normal, in-use, on-the-road, and “real-world” operations to support many of its programs. These programs include vehicle modeling, emissions compliance, regulatory development, emissions inventory development, and investigations of the effects of real, in-use driving conditions on NOx, CO2, and other regulated pollutants. This article discusses EPA’s analytical methodology for evaluating light-duty vehicle energy and EU Real Driving Emissions (RDE). A simple, data-driven model was developed and validated using measured PEMS emissions test data. The work also included application of the EU RDE procedures and comparison to the PEMS test methodologies and FTP and other chassis dynamometer test data used by EPA for characterizing in-use light- and heavy-duty vehicle emissions. This work was conducted as part of EPA’s participation in the development of UNECE Global Technical Regulations and also supports EPA mobile source emission inventory development. This article discusses the real-world emissions of light-duty vehicles with 12V Start-Stop technology and light-duty vehicles using both gasoline and diesel fuels.
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Zhang, Lu, Guo Ye Wang, Guo Yan Chen, and Zhong Fu Zhang. "The Vehicles ESP Test System Based on Active Braking Control." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1552.
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This paper proposes an active braking control dynamical system in order to establish a safe and efficient vehicle driving stability control test system. Aiming at Chery A3 sedan, set up the active braking control dynamic simulation system base on MATLAB/Simulink. Adopting the brake driving integration ESP control strategy, analyze and verify the stability control performance of independent vehicle system and vehicle ESP test system based on active braking control respectively in under steering and excessive steering two test conditions. The analyzing results indicate that the test system based on active braking control can effectively assist vehicle travelling in the absence of ESP control or ESP control system failure; when vehicle has ESP control system, the driving stability control performance of this system and independent vehicle system has remarkable consistency. The active braking control system provides a basis for research of vehicle driving stability control test.
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Samuel, S., L. Austin, and D. Morrey. "Automotive test drive cycles for emission measurement and real-world emission levels-a review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440702760178587.
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The emission levels produced by any vehicle are dependent on the mode of operation of the vehicle and technology behind the vehicle design. The test drive cycles employed to measure the emissions produced by vehicles should adequately represent the real-world driving pattern of the vehicle to provide the most realistic estimation of these levels. However, there is increasing concern about the representative drive cycles used by the various vehicle certification and regulatory authorities. This paper reviews the various drive cycles used for gasoline engine vehicles in Europe and the United States, and the impact of various factors and their influence on real-world emission levels. The proposed new drive cycles of the United States and Europe are considered. From the work reviewed, it can be concluded that the amount of pollutant levels from automotive vehicles are underestimated because of the characteristics of the existing drive cycles. While much work remains to be done with the development of new drive cycles to represent real-world driving patterns, some useful conclusions can be drawn regarding the impacts of the factors reviewed here. The impacts of the factors reviewed in this paper can be characterized to improve estimations and simulations of the real-world emission levels of the vehicle.
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Liu, Yu, Kunqi Ma, Hanzhengnan Yu, Jingyuan Li, and Xiaopan An. "Influence of Test Cycles on Energy Consumption Test of Electric Vehicles." E3S Web of Conferences 241 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124102004.
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In order to verify the necessity of the application of China Automotive Test Cycle which is constructed through actual driving data in china of more than 55 million kilometers in the energy consumption test of electric vehicles in China, this paper compares the characteristics of New European Test Cycle (NEDC), World-wide harmonized Light duty Test Cycle (WLTC) and China light-duty vehicle test cycle for passenger car(CLTC-P), and analyzes the differences of vehicle energy demand under different test cycles from theoretical and simulation point, simulation results show that the endurance mileage is longest and the energy recovery strategy is more effective under CLTC-P cycle. Finally, four types of vehicles are selected to carry out the endurance mileage test under these three test cycles. The test results are consistent with the simulation results. Therefore, in order to make the test results of electric vehicle energy consumption closer to the actual use of our country, CLTC-P should be selected to replace NEDC and WLTC cycle.
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Li, Guo Qiang, and Xing Ye Wang. "Research on Electronic Pneumatic Steering and Braking Control Technology for Autonomous Tracked Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (July 2014): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.359.
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To realize the autonomous driving of a certain tracked vehicle, the paper has a research on its steering and braking control technology. According to the steering and braking device’s structure and work principle on the original vehicle, the paper design an electronic pneumatic steering and braking control system before analyzing the design request of the system and introduce the system’s work principle. Applying this system to the original vehicle’s autonomous transformation, a test was conducted on the vehicle, the test prove that the electronic pneumatic steering and braking control system can well satisfied the tracked vehicles’ request of steering and braking.
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Omae, Manabu, Yushi Odaka, Kenta Fujii, and Hiroshi Shimizu. "Evaluation of Low-Speed Driving Behavior of Remotely Controlled Vehicle." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 27, no. 6 (December 18, 2015): 671–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2015.p0671.
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<div class=""abs_img""><img src=""[disp_template_path]/JRM/abst-image/00270006/09.jpg"" width=""300"" /> Experimental vehicles for test</div>This paper presents an experimental study on the remote control of a vehicle, focusing on driving behavior. In remote control, an operator controls a vehicle remotely using visual information captured and transmitted by a camera on the controlled vehicle without grasping sensory information related to vehicle motion, such as acceleration, vibration, or turning. The quality of visual information and a consideration of the lack of sensory information about vehicle motion are thus important for operating a vehicle safely and efficiently. This study clarifies differences in human (direct) driving and remote control driving. In step 1 of the study, we developed an experimental vehicle to evaluate the influence of visual information and evaluated the relationship between driving behavior and the quality of visual information. In step 2, we developed a remotely controlled vehicle to compare driving behavior during direct and remote driving. We also evaluated the driving behavior exhibited when there was no information on vehicle motion.
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Noei, Shirin, Mohammadreza Parvizimosaed, and Mohammadreza Noei. "Longitudinal Control for Connected and Automated Vehicles in Contested Environments." Electronics 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10161994.
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The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) defines six levels of driving automation, ranging from Level 0 to Level 5. Automated driving systems perform entire dynamic driving tasks for Levels 3–5 automated vehicles. Delegating dynamic driving tasks from driver to automated driving systems can eliminate crashes attributed to driver errors. Sharing status, sharing intent, seeking agreement, or sharing prescriptive information between road users and vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems can further enhance dynamic driving task performance, safety, and traffic operations. Extensive simulation is required to reduce operating costs and achieve an acceptable risk level before testing cooperative automated driving systems in laboratory environments, test tracks, or public roads. Cooperative automated driving systems can be simulated using a vehicle dynamics simulation tool (e.g., CarMaker and CarSim) or a traffic microsimulation tool (e.g., Vissim and Aimsun). Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are mainly used for verification and validation purposes on a small scale, while traffic microsimulation tools are mainly used for verification purposes on a large scale. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools can simulate longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dynamics for only a few vehicles in each scenario (e.g., up to ten vehicles in CarMaker and up to twenty vehicles in CarSim). Conventional traffic microsimulation tools can simulate vehicle-following, lane-changing, and gap-acceptance behaviors for many vehicles in each scenario without simulating vehicle powertrain. Vehicle dynamics simulation tools are more compute-intensive but more accurate than traffic microsimulation tools. Due to software architecture or computing power limitations, simplifying assumptions underlying convectional traffic microsimulation tools may have been a necessary compromise long ago. There is, therefore, a need for a simulation tool to optimize computational complexity and accuracy to simulate many vehicles in each scenario with reasonable accuracy. This research proposes a traffic microsimulation tool that employs a simplified vehicle powertrain model and a model-based fault detection method to simulate many vehicles with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step under noise and unknown inputs. Our traffic microsimulation tool considers driver characteristics, vehicle model, grade, pavement conditions, operating mode, vehicle-to-vehicle communication vulnerabilities, and traffic conditions to estimate longitudinal control variables with reasonable accuracy at each simulation time step for many conventional vehicles, vehicles dedicated to automated driving systems, and vehicles equipped with cooperative automated driving systems. Proposed vehicle-following model and longitudinal control functions are verified for fourteen vehicle models, operating in manual, automated, and cooperative automated modes over two driving schedules under three malicious fault magnitudes on transmitted accelerations.
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Zhou, Hong Bo, Jian Bo Cao, Ze Xin Zhou, Tao Wang, Li Li Jin, and Xiao Li Yu. "Research on Nonlinear Driving Control and Driving Force Calibration of Pure Electric Vehicle." Key Engineering Materials 620 (August 2014): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.620.297.
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According to the main problems of nonlinear driving control and driving force calibration of pure electric vehicle, based on the research of permanent magnet synchronous motor control method, on the vehicle's driving force calibration techniques were studied, from the high efficiency and energy saving analysis of necessary driving force calibration, designed a new driving force calibration method, and drew the control curve of the accelerator pedal opening and the speed and the motor torque relationship between the three, and finally to pure electric self-developed to test platform for automotive related experiments. The experimental results show that, in the vehicle driving process, the driving force calibration technique compared with the previous calibration has better performance, while no obvious change of acceleration performance, the current value of the initial acceleration phase have been greatly decreased, could make the vehicle run more energy efficient, extended battery life and vehicle driving mileage.
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Kozioł, Stanisław. "Truck Driving Parameters - A Comparative Study." Solid State Phenomena 237 (August 2015): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.237.142.
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Rescue and fire-fighting vehicles and other vehicles used by the fire department, such as tankers and aerial ladder trucks have typically a high centre of gravity. Driving such vehicles involves the danger of transverse stability loss and rolling over. This problem is augmented by inadequate driver experience due to the low mileage of emergency vehicles. The safety of a moving vehicle largely depends on its driving characteristics, which can be studied and compared, and these in turn can be the basis for the evaluation of the vehicle safety with a specific body design.The aim of the study was to develop a set of measuring devices for identifying driving properties for trucks. A dynamics study was conducted using constructed prototype solutions for selected trucks with a high centre of gravity, including emergency vehicles for fire departments. The study was performed during selected standard road tests for determining driveability properties. Three road tests were used to assess the road stability and manoeuvrability of the vehicles: driving in a circle in predetermined conditions, steering wheel jump while driving straight ahead, and braking while driving in a circle. The results of this study allow determining the characteristic values of parameters describing vehicle behaviour in each test and a comparative assessment of their safety in traffic. Moreover, the study constituted a verification of the developed system that can be used for dynamics tests and the evaluation of vehicle safety.
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PIELECHA, Ireneusz, Wojciech CIEŚLIK, and Michał SIWOŃ. "Reproducibility and repeatability of hybrid propulsion systems operation indexes in test conditions." Combustion Engines 165, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-203.
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The analysis of driving tests repeatability is an important issue in terms of measuring the parameters determining operating conditions of the engine and the vehicle. Most of the typical tests apply to powertrains systems or entire vehicles. This paper undertakes the issue of practical evaluation of the tests repeatability on test stands equipped with a hybrid drive system. A high reproducibility of driving tests using only the accelerator pedal settings was obtained. Also a significant battery charge level influence on the repeatability of selected parameters of the hybrid drive system in driving tests was proved. Such dependence on the level of battery charge was demonstrated for the vehicle speed, combustion engine speed and the degree of the combustion engine utilization, affecting at the same time the operating conditions of the electric motor.
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Zhai, Zhiqiang, Ran Tu, Junshi Xu, An Wang, and Marianne Hatzopoulou. "Capturing the Variability in Instantaneous Vehicle Emissions Based on Field Test Data." Atmosphere 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11070765.
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Emission models are important tools for traffic emission and air quality estimates. Existing instantaneous emission models employ the steady-state “engine emissions map” to estimate emissions for individual vehicles. However, vehicle emissions vary significantly, even under the same driving conditions. Variability in the emissions at a specific driving condition depends on various influencing factors. It is important to gain insight into the effects of these factors, to enable detailed modeling of individual vehicle emissions. This study employs a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), to collect vehicle emissions including the corresponding parameters of engine condition, vehicle activity, catalyst temperature, geography, and meteorology, to analyze the variability in emission rates as a function of those factors, across different vehicle specific power (VSP) categories. We observe that carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number emissions are strongly correlated with engine parameters (engine speed, torque, load, and air-fuel ratio) and vehicle activity parameters (vehicle speed and acceleration). In the same VSP bin, emissions per second on highways and ramps are higher than those on arterial roads, and the emissions when the vehicle is traveling downhill tend to be higher than the emissions during uphill traveling, because of higher observed speeds and accelerations. Morning emissions are higher than afternoon emissions, due to lower temperatures.
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Sun, Chuan, Chaozhong Wu, Duanfeng Chu, Zhenji Lu, Jian Tan, and Jianyu Wang. "A Recognition Model of Driving Risk Based on Belief Rule-Base Methodology." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 32, no. 11 (July 24, 2018): 1850037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001418500374.
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This paper aims to recognize driving risks in individual vehicles online based on a data-driven methodology. Existing advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have difficulties in effectively processing multi-source heterogeneous driving data. Furthermore, parameters adopted for evaluating the driving risk are limited in these systems. The approach of data-driven modeling is investigated in this study for utilizing the accumulation of on-road driving data. A recognition model of driving risk based on belief rule-base (BRB) methodology is built, predicting driving safety as a function of driver characteristics, vehicle state and road environment conditions. The BRB model was calibrated and validated using on-road data from 30 drivers. The test results show that the recognition accuracy of our proposed model can reach about 90% in all situations with three levels (none, medium, large) of driving risks. Furthermore, the proposed simplified model, which provides real-time operation, is implemented in a vehicle driving simulator as a reference for future ADAS and belongs to research on artificial intelligence (AI) in the automotive field.
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Gan, Jing, Xiaobin Fan, Zeng Song, Mingyue Zhang, and Bin Zhao. "Power Test System Development and Dynamic Performance State Estimation Based on Hub Motor Vehicle." Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 2 (May 31, 2020): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797613666200131143626.
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Background: The power performance of an electric vehicle is the basic parameter. Traditional test equipment, such as the expensive chassis dynamometer, not only increases the cost of testing but also makes it impossible to measure all the performance parameters of an electric vehicle. Objective: A set of convenient, efficient and sensitive power measurement system for electric vehicles is developed to obtain the real-time power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions, and the dynamic performance parameters of hub-motor vehicles are obtained through the system. Methods: Firstly, a set of on-board power test system is developed by using virtual instrument (Lab- VIEW). This test system can obtain the power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions in real-time and save data in real-time. Then, the driving resistance of hub-motor vehicles is analyzed, and the power performance of hub-motor vehicles is studied in depth. The power testing system is proposed to test the input power of both ends of the driving motor, and the chassis dynamometer is combined to test so that the output efficiency of the driving motor can be easily obtained without disassembly. Finally, this method is used to carry out the road test and obtain the vehicle dynamic performance parameters. Results: The real-time current, voltage and power, maximum power, acceleration time and maximum speed of the vehicle can be obtained accurately by using the power test system in the real road experiment. Conclusion: The maximum power required by the two motors reaches about 9KW, and it takes about 20 seconds to reach the maximum speed. The total power required to maintain the maximum speed is about 7.8kw, and the maximum speed is 62km/h. In this article, various patents have been discussed.
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VAN RENSBURG, T. JANSE, M. A. VAN WYK, and W. H. STEEB. "SIMULATING A TEST ENVIRONMENT FOR VEHICLE DYNAMICS MODELS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 17, no. 05 (May 2006): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183106009321.
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A driving simulator gives a driver the impression that he is driving a real vehicle. This is done by simulating a realistic terrain and background scenario, as well as the windows, mirrors, sound, motion and vehicle dynamics of a real vehicle. A vehicle dynamics model uses the driver input such as accelerator, brake and steering position as well as terrain input to determine the position, orientation and velocity of the vehicle. Proper testing is necessary to ensure that the vehicle dynamics model represents the dynamics of a real vehicle. This implies more than only verifying standard vehicle dynamics equations. Integration and other numerical methods used may also influence the end result. Detail about the vehicle dynamics model used is not always available when developed by another institution. This article describes a "black box" testing method for verification of the vehicle dynamics model. This testing scenario has not yet been discussed within the literature.
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Park, Jinhyun, In Jang, and Sung-Ho Hwang. "Torque Distribution Algorithm for an Independently Driven Electric Vehicle Using a Fuzzy Control Method: Driving Stability and Efficiency." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 3479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123479.
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In this paper, an integrated torque distribution strategy was developed to improve the stability and efficiency of the vehicle. To improve the stability of the low friction road surface, the vertical and lateral forces of the vehicle were estimated and the estimated forces were used to determine the driving torque limit. A turning stability index comprised of vehicle velocity and desired yaw rate was proposed to examine the driving stability of the vehicle while turning. The proposed index was used to subdivide turning situations and propose a torque distribution strategy, which can minimize deceleration of the vehicle while securing turning stability. The torque distribution strategy for increased driving stability and efficiency was used to create an integrated torque distribution (ITD) strategy. A vehicle stability index based on the slip rate and turning stability index was proposed to determine the overall driving stability of the vehicle, and the proposed index was used as a weight factor that determines the intervention of the control strategy for increased efficiency and driving stability. The simulation and actual vehicle test were carried out to verify the performance of the developed ITD. From these results, it can be verified that the proposed torque distribution strategy helps solve the poor handling performance problems of in-wheel electric vehicles.
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Galvagno, Antonio, Umberto Previti, Fabio Famoso, and Sebastian Brusca. "An Innovative Methodology to Take into Account Traffic Information on WLTP Cycle for Hybrid Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061548.
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The most efficient energy management strategies for hybrid vehicles are the “Optimization-Based Strategies”. These strategies require a preliminary knowledge of the driving cycle, which is not easy to predict. This paper aims to combine Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) low section short trips with real traffic levels for vehicle energy and fuel consumption prediction. Future research can focus on implementing a new strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) energy optimization, taking into account WLTC and Google Maps traffic levels. First of all, eight characteristic parameters are extracted from real speed profiles, driven in urban road sections in the city of Messina at different traffic conditions, and WLTC short trips as well. The minimum distance algorithm is used to compare the parameters and assign the three traffic levels (heavy, average, and low traffic level) to the WLTC short trips. In this way, for each route assigned from Google maps, vehicle’s energy and fuel consumption are estimated using WLTC short trips remodulated with distances and traffic levels. Moreover, a vehicle numerical model was implemented and used to test the accuracy of fuel consumption and energy prediction for the proposed methodology. The results are promising since the average of the percentage errors’ absolute value between the experimental driving cycles and forecast ones is 3.89% for fuel consumption, increasing to 6.80% for energy.
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Seo, Im-Ki, Je-Jin Park, Soo-Lyeon Sung, and Nam-Gung Moon. "Drivers’ Workloads through the Driving Vehicle Test at Intersections." Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12815/kits.2012.11.3.112.
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Yao, Shouwen, Jiahao Zhang, Ziran Hu, Yu Wang, and Xilin Zhou. "Autonomous-driving vehicle test technology based on virtual reality." Journal of Engineering 2018, no. 16 (November 1, 2018): 1768–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2018.8303.
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Ko, Sangchul, Junhong Park, Hyungjun Kim, Gunwoo Kang, Jongchul Lee, Jongmin Kim, and Jongtae Lee. "NOx Emissions from Euro 5 and Euro 6 Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles under Real Driving Conditions." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010218.
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Despite the strengthening of vehicle emissions standards and test methods, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from on-road mobile sources are not being notably reduced. The introduction of real driving emission (RDE) regulations is expected to reduce the discrepancy between emission regulations and actual air pollution. To analyze the effects of RDE regulations on heavy-duty diesel vehicles, pollutants emitted while driving were measured using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) for Euro 5 and Euro 6 vehicles, which were produced before and after RDE regulations, respectively. NOx emissions were compared as a function of emissions allowance standards, gross vehicle weight (GVW), average vehicle speed, and ambient temperature. NOx emissions from Euro 6 vehicles were found to be low, regardless of GVW; emissions from both vehicular categories increased with a decline in the average speed. To reflect real road driving characteristics more broadly in the RDE test method for heavy-duty vehicles, it is necessary to consider engine power, which is a criterion for classifying effective sections, in the moving average window (MAW) analysis method, as well as including cold start conditions.
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Norman, K. D. "Multiple-bump roadholding test: Description and metric interpretation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407021529084.
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Road vehicle roadholding comprehends directional response to road inputs. This response is primarily a function of the roadway's frequency content and amplitude and the vehicle's inertial, suspension and tyre characteristics. There is also evidence that suspension kinematic and compliance steer properties can have a significant contribution (Rill, G. Steady state cornering on uneven roadways. SAE paper 860575, 1986). The multiple-bump roadholding test measures vehicle response to a periodic bump of varying frequency while cornering. By driving a vehicle at different speeds over a set of periodic bumps placed on circles of different diameters, it is possible to observe the response to different fundamental bump excitation frequencies at a particular lateral acceleration. This paper describes the test procedure, measured vehicle responses and the metrics calculated.
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Wang, Guo Ye, Lu Zhang, Guo Yan Chen, and Zhong Fu Zhang. "Research for the Turning Vehicles ESP Control Performances on the Yaw Elastic Restriction Vehicle System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.325.
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Project the structure of the yaw elastic restriction vehicle system, and set up the system dynamic model. Establish yaw elastic restriction vehicle dynamics simulation system based on Matlab/Simulink aimed at Chery A3 sedan. Adopting the brake driving integration ESP control strategy, analyze and verify the stability control performance of independent vehicle systems and yaw elastic restriction vehicle system respectively in neutral steer, understeer and oversteer three test conditions. The results of the study show that the stability control performance of yaw elastic restriction vehicle system and independent vehicle systems has remarkable consistency. This provides a basis for vehicle driving stability control test.
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Xue, Wei, Rencheng Zheng, Bo Yang, Zheng Wang, Tsutomu Kaizuka, and Kimihiko Nakano. "An adaptive model predictive approach for automated vehicle control in fallback procedure based on virtual vehicle scheme." Journal of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles 2, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jicv-06-2019-0007.
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Purpose Automated driving systems (ADSs) are being developed to avoid human error and improve driving safety. However, limited focus has been given to the fallback behavior of automated vehicles, which act as a fail-safe mechanism to deal with safety issues resulting from sensor failure. Therefore, this study aims to establish a fallback control approach aimed at driving an automated vehicle to a safe parking lane under perceptive sensor malfunction. Design/methodology/approach Owing to an undetected area resulting from a front sensor malfunction, the proposed ADS first creates virtual vehicles to replace existing vehicles in the undetected area. Afterward, the virtual vehicles are assumed to perform the most hazardous driving behavior toward the host vehicle; an adaptive model predictive control algorithm is then presented to optimize the control task during the fallback procedure, avoiding potential collisions with surrounding vehicles. This fallback approach was tested in typical cases related to car-following and lane changes. Findings It is confirmed that the host vehicle avoid collision with the surrounding vehicles during the fallback procedure, revealing that the proposed method is effective for the test scenarios. Originality/value This study presents a model for the path-planning problem regarding an automated vehicle under perceptive sensor failure, and it proposes an original path-planning approach based on virtual vehicle scheme to improve the safety of an automated vehicle during a fallback procedure. This proposal gives a different view on the fallback safety problem from the normal strategy, in which the mode is switched to manual if a driver is available or the vehicle is instantly stopped.
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Yang, Yong, Xiao Jun Zhou, and Chen Long Yang. "Models of Two-Axle Driving Vehicle Used for Dynamometer Test Bench." Applied Mechanics and Materials 528 (February 2014): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.528.353.
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In this paper, some vehicle models used for dynamometer test bench are put forward to adapt different performance tests of two-axle vehicle. Firstly, the vehicle driving model with two degrees of freedom is established by analyzing the force condition of a moving vehicle. And it can be used in performance tests which do not need complex road condition, such as acceleration test. Secondly, considering pitching motion of vehicle, the driving model with three degrees of freedom is proposed and applied to performance tests which need complex road condition, like thermal balance test or road simulation experiment. Finally, in order to do steering performance test in dynamometer test bench, the driving model is modified by considering the influence caused by steering and combines steering model to become a whole steering model of vehicle. Those models mentioned above provide theoretical support in dynamometer test bench researching.
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Bodisco, Timothy, and Ali Zare. "Practicalities and Driving Dynamics of a Real Driving Emissions (RDE) Euro 6 Regulation Homologation Test." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2019): 2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122306.
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One of the most important sources of air pollution, especially in urban areas, is the exhaust emissions from passenger cars. New European emissions regulations, to minimize the gap between manufacturer-reported emissions and those emitted on the road, require new vehicles to undergo emission testing on public roads during the certification process. Outlined in the new regulation are specific boundary conditions to which the route on which the vehicle is driven must comply during a legal test. These boundary conditions, as they relate to the design and subsequent driving of a compliant route, are discussed in detail. The practicality of designing a compliant route is discussed in the context of developing a route on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia, in a prescriptive manner. The route itself was driven 5 times and the results compared against regulation boundary conditions.
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Acosta Lúa, Cuauhtémoc, Gerardo De Jesus Díaz, Stefano Di Gennaro, and Tarek Kabbani. "Vehicle Reference Generator for Collision-Free Trajectories in Hazardous Maneuvers." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4604395.
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This paper presents a reference generator for ground vehicles, based on potential fields adapted to the case of vehicular dynamics. The reference generator generates signals to be tracked by the vehicle, corresponding to a trajectory avoiding collisions with obstacles. This generator integrates artificial forces of potential fields of the object surrounding the vehicle. The reference generator is used with a controller to ensure the tracking of the accident-free reference. This approach can be used for vehicle autonomous driving or for active control of manned vehicles. Simulation results, presented for the autonomous driving, consider a scenario inspired by the so-called moose (or elk) test, with the presence of other collaborative vehicles.
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Rehrl, Karl, and Simon Gröchenig. "Evaluating Localization Accuracy of Automated Driving Systems." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 5855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175855.
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Automated driving systems are in need of accurate localization, i.e., achieving accuracies below 0.1 m at confidence levels above 95%. Although during the last decade numerous localization techniques have been proposed, a common methodology to validate their accuracies in relation to a ground-truth dataset is missing so far. This work aims at closing this gap by evaluating four different methods for validating localization accuracies of a vehicle’s position trajectory to different ground truths: (1) a static driving-path, (2) the lane-centerline of a high-definition (HD) map with validated accuracy, (3) localized vehicle body overlaps of the lane-boundaries of a HD map, and (4) longitudinal accuracy at stop points. The methods are evaluated using two localization test datasets, one acquired by an automated vehicle following a static driving path, being additionally equipped with roof-mounted localization systems, and a second dataset acquired from manually-driven connected vehicles. Results show the broad applicability of the approach for evaluating localization accuracy and reveal the pros and cons of the different methods and ground truths. Results also show the feasibility of achieving localization accuracies below 0.1 m at confidence levels up to 99.9% for high-quality localization systems, while at the same time demonstrate that such accuracies are still challenging to achieve.
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Chen, Kuan-Ting, and Huei-Yen Winnie Chen. "Driving Style Clustering using Naturalistic Driving Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 6 (May 12, 2019): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119845360.
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Knowledge of driving styles may contribute to traffic safety, riding experience, and support the design of advanced driver-assistance systems or highly automated vehicles. This study explored the possibility of identifying driving styles directly from driving parameters using data from the Strategic Highway Research Program 2 database. Partitioning Around Medoids method was implemented to cluster driving styles based on 14 variables derived from time series records. Principal component analysis was then conducted to understand the underlying structure of the clusters and provide visualization to aid interpretation. Three clusters of driving styles were identified, for which the influential differentiating factors are speed maintained, lateral acceleration maneuver, braking, and longitudinal acceleration. Chi-square test of homogeneity was performed to compare the proportions of trips assigned to the three driving style clusters across levels of each driver attribute (age, gender, driving experience, and annual mileage). The results showed that all four attributes examined had an impact on how the trips were clustered, thus suggesting that the clusters capture individual differences in driving styles to some extent. While our results demonstrate the potential of naturalistic vehicle kinematics in capturing individuals’ driving styles, it was also possible that the identified clusters were classifying mostly drivers’ transient behaviors rather than habitual driving styles. More vehicle parameters and information about road conditions are necessary to obtain deeper insights into driving styles.
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Younglove, Theodore, George Scora, and Matthew Barth. "Designing On-Road Vehicle Test Programs for the Development of Effective Vehicle Emission Models." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1941, no. 1 (January 2005): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105194100107.
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Mobile source emission models for years have depended on laboratory-based dynamometer data. Recently, however, portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) have become commercially available and in widespread use, and make on-road real-world measurements possible. As a result, the newest mobile source emission models (e.g., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's mobile vehicle emission simulator) are becoming increasingly dependent on PEMS data. Although on-road measurements are made under more realistic conditions than laboratory-based dynamometer test cycles, they introduce influencing variables that must be carefully measured for properly developed emission models. Further, test programs that simply measure in-use driving patterns of randomly selected vehicles will result in models that can effectively predict current-year emission inventories for typical driving conditions. However, when predicting more aggressive transportation operations than current typical operations (e.g., higher speeds, accelerations), the model predictions will be less certain. In this paper, various issues associated with on-road emission measurements and modeling are presented. Further, an example on-road emission data set and the reduction in estimation error through the addition of a short aggressive driving test to the in-use data are examined. On the basis of these results, recommendations are made on how to improve the on-road test programs for developing more robust emission models.
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Tucki, Karol. "A Computer Tool for Modelling CO2 Emissions in Driving Tests for Vehicles with Diesel Engines." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020266.
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The dynamic development of transport in recent decades reflects the level of economic development in the world. The transport sector today is one of the main barriers to the achievement of the European Union’s climate protection objectives. More and more restrictive legal regulations define permissible emission limits for the amounts of toxic substances emitted into the atmosphere. Numerical CO2 modeling tools are one way to replace costly on-road testing. Driving cycles, which are an approximation of the vehicle’s on-road operating conditions, are the basis of any vehicle approval procedure. The paper presents a computer tool that uses neural networks to simulate driving tests. Data obtained from tests on the Mercedes E350 chassis dynamometer were used for the construction of the neural model. All the collected operational parameters of the vehicle, which are the input data for the built model, were used to create simulation control runs for driving tests: Environmental Protection Agency, Supplemental Federal Test Procedure, Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule, Federal Test Procedure, New European Driving Cycle, Random Cycle Low, Random Cycle High, Mobile Air Conditioning Test Procedure, Common Artemis Driving Cycles, Worldwide Harmonized Light-Duty Vehicle Test Procedure. Using the developed computer simulation tool, the impact on CO2 emissions was analyzed in the context of driving tests of four types of fuels: Diesel, Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, rapeseed oil, butanol (butyl alcohol). As a result of the processing of this same computer tool, mass consumption of fuels and CO2 emissions were analyzed in driving tests for the given analyzed vehicle.