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1

Bouzid, Yasser. "Guidance and control system for autonomous aerial vehicles navigation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE014.

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Cette thèse traite du guidage et du pilotage de véhicules aériens qui peuvent assurer des missions dans des lieux particulièrement hostiles, dangereux ou inaccessibles avec des véhicules conventionnels. Nous sommes tout d'abord motivés par le scénario de couverture, qui est généralement un processus long pouvant utiliser un grand nombre de personnes et d'équipements. Or, la nature de la couverture nécessite un véhicule aérien avec des capacités de vol stationnaire. Pour cela, nous nous intéressons alors aux multirotors, qui sont considérés comme une bonne étude de cas pour concevoir, analyser et mettre en œuvre des stratégies de contrôle de vol.En réalité, de nombreux défis sont encore ouverts pour ce qui concerne le scénario de couverture comme la faisabilité, l’optimalité en visitant tous les points d’intérêts. De plus, un système de contrôle robuste est indispensable pour contrer des effets néfastes tel le vent. Par ailleurs, la conception d'un algorithme de contrôle répondant à certaines exigences (structure simple, précision, énergie minimale consommée) constitue un défi supplémentaire. Ensuite, notre travail introduit un modèle mathématique générique pour les multi-rotors en considérant l’effet du vent.Dans la première partie du manuscrit, nous proposons des planificateurs en utilisant comme base l'algorithme RRT* (optimal Rapidly-exploring Random Tree). En fait, dans les grands espaces, un grand nombre de nœuds est généré augmentant alors le temps de calcul et la mémoire consommée. Pour y remédier, une procédure de suppression est impliquée pendant le processus « ReWire » pour les réduire. De plus, un planificateur multidirectionnel qui renvoie un ensemble de chemins optimaux à partir d'un point de départ et d'un ensemble de points objectifs est proposé. Notre travail introduit également une stratégie CPP (Coverage path-planning) optimale dans un espace contraint. Celle-ci consiste à procéder par un algorithme en deux phases. Dans la première, un planificateur multidirectionnel est utilisé pour définir les chemins les plus courts de chaque point à ses voisins. Dans la seconde phase, au moyen des coûts entre les points, le chemin global le plus court est obtenu en résolvant un problème de voyageur en utilisant des algorithmes génétiques. Puis, compte tenu de l'énergie embarquée limitée, un problème de routage est adapté et est résolu par la méthode de savings. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes penchés sur la conception d'un système de pilotage efficace permettant au véhicule de suivre une trajectoire paramétrée dans le temps. D’une part nous proposons une extension de la commande par modèle interne au non-linéaire (NLIMC). Notre technique repose sur l’utilisation du principe de base IMC pour synthétiser un contrôleur non linéaire qui fait intervenir la propriété de platitude. D’autre part, nous proposons une autre forme de contrôleur dont la structure apparente est un PID mais dans lequel est incorporée la technique des modes glissants que l'on appellera aussi PID non linéaire bien qu’il diffère de l’existant. Cette combinaison a l’avantage de conduire à un bon niveau de robustesse fourni par les modes glissants et en même temps à un bon comportement spécifié par la structure PID. En outre, en guise de complément, nous proposons deux contrôleurs redondants basés sur deux principes distincts afin de booster et d’améliorer les capacités de tout contrôleur. Le premier est basé sur l’approche MFC (Model-Free Control) tandis que le second est basé sur les modes glissants dynamiques DSMC (Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller). Enfin, pour montrer les performances de ces contrôleurs, nous avons effectué une série de tests avec plusieurs illustrations et scénarios, nous avons dressé un tableau de comparaison avec les approches conventionnelles. Les résultats issus des simulations numériques et ceux des tests expérimentaux réalisés sur un drone quadrotor se sont avérés cohérents et semblent bien prometteurs<br>This thesis deals with the guidance and control of aerial vehicles, which can also ensure missions in hostile, dangerous environments, or inaccessible workspaces with conventional vehicles. First, we are motivated by the coverage scenario, which is in general a long process, requiring a large number of individuals and specific equipment. However, the nature of sensing coverage requires an aerial vehicle with hovering capabilities. For this purpose, we are interested in multirotors that are considered as a good case study to design, analyze and implement flight control strategies.As matter of fact, many challenges are still open with respect to the coverage scenario such as for instance the feasibility and the optimality when passing through the Points of Interest. In addition, a robust control system is essential to mitigate the adverse effects such as the wind. Moreover, designing a control algorithm, which meet some requirements (simplicity, accuracy, consumed energy, etc.) constitutes a complementary challenge. Then, our work introduces a generic mathematical model for multirotors flying under the effect of wind.In a first part, we propose planners using as a basis the optimal Rapidly-exploring Random Tree (RRT*) algorithm. In fact, in large workspaces, a large number of nodes is generated and then increasing the computation time and the consumed memory. To counter these latter, a removal procedure is involved during the rewiring process. In addition, a multidirectional planner that returns a set of optimal paths from a starting point and a set of objective points is proposed. Our work also introduces an optimal Coverage path-planning (CPP) strategy in a constrained workspace. This one proceeds through a two-phases algorithm. In the first one, a Connected Multi-directional planner is used to define the shortest paths from each point to its neighbors. In the second phase, by means of the pair-wise costs between points, the overall shortest path is obtained by solving a Traveling Salesman Problem using Genetic Algorithms. Then, taking into account the limited on-board energy, a Capacitated-Vehicle Routing Problem is adapted and solved by the savings approach.In a second part, we study the design of an effective control system allowing the vehicle to track a trajectory parameterized in time. On the one hand, we propose an extension to nonlinear systems of the Internal Model Control (NLIMC). Our technique is based on the use of the basic IMC principle to synthesize a nonlinear controller that involves the property of flatness. On the other hand, we propose another form of controller whose apparent structure is a PID but in which the technique of sliding modes is incorporated that will also call the nonlinear PID (NLPID). This combination has the advantage to lead to a good level of robustness provided by the sliding modes and at the same time to a good behavior specified by the PID structure. Besides, as a complement, we present two redundant controllers based on two distinct principles in order to boost and to improve the capabilities of any controller. The first one is based on the Model-Free Control (MFC) approach while the second one is based on Dynamic Sliding Mode Controller (DSMC).Finally, to highlight the performance of these controllers, we have performed a series of tests with several illustrations and scenarios and we have drawn up a comparison table with conventional approaches. The results of both the numerical simulations and the experimentation that are performed on a quadrotor are consistent and seem to be quite promising
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2

Saied, Majd. "Fault-tolerant control of an octorotor unmanned aerial vehicle under actuators failures." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2287.

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La sûreté de fonctionnement est devenue indispensable pour tous les systèmes critiques où des vies humaines sont en jeu (comme l’aéronautique, le ferroviaire, etc.). Ceci a conduit à la conception et au développement des architectures tolérantes aux fautes, l’objectif de ces architectures étant de maintenir un service correct délivré par le système malgré la présence de fautes, et en particulier de garantir la sécurité-innocuité et la fiabilité du système. La tolérance aux fautes sur les drones aériens multirotors a récemment reçu une attention importante de la part de la communauté scientifique. En particulier, plusieurs travaux ont été développés sur la tolérance aux fautes des quadrirotors suite à des fautes partielles sur les actionneurs, et récemment des recherches ont abordé le problème de panne totale de l’un des actionneurs. D’après ces études, il a été montré qu’une défaillance totale d’un actionneur dans un quadrirotor rend le système non complètement contrôlable. Une solution proposée est de considérer des multirotors avec des actionneurs redondants (hexarotors ou octorotors). La redondance inhérente disponible dans ces véhicules est exploitée, en cas de défaillance sur les actionneurs, pour redistribuer les efforts de commande sur les moteurs sains de façon à garantir la stabilité et la contrôlabilité complète du système. Dans ce travail de thèse, des approches pour la conception de systèmes de commande tolérants aux fautes des drones multirotors sont étudiées et appliquées au contrôle des octorotors. Toutefois, les algorithmes sont conçus de manière à être applicables sur les autres types de multirotors avec des modifications mineures. D’abord, une analyse de contrôlabilité de l’octorotor après l’occurrence de défaillances sur les actionneurs est présentée. Ensuite, un module de détection et d’isolation de pannes moteurs basé sur un observateur non-linéaire et les mesures de la centrale inertielle est proposé. Les mesures des vitesses et des courants de moteurs fournis par les contrôleurs de vitesse sont également utilisées dans un autre algorithme de détection pour détecter les défaillances des actionneurs et distinguer les pannes moteurs des pertes des hélices. Un module de rétablissement basé sur la reconfiguration du multiplexage est proposé pour redistribuer les efforts de commande d’une manière optimale sur les actionneurs sains après l’occurrence de défaillances dans le système. Une architecture complète, comprenant la détection et l’isolation des défauts suivie par le rétablissement du système est validée expérimentalement sur un octorotor coaxial puis elle est comparée à d’autres architectures basées sur l’allocation de commande et la tolérance aux fautes passive par mode glissant<br>With growing demands for safety and reliability, and an increasing awareness about the risks associated with system malfunction, dependability has become an essential concern in modern technological systems, particularly safety-critical systems such as aircrafts or railway systems. This has led to the design and development of fault tolerant control systems (FTC). The main objective of a FTC architecture is to maintain the desirable performance of the system in the event of faults and to prevent local faults from causing failures. The last years witnessed many developments in the area of fault detection and diagnosis and fault tolerant control for Unmanned Aerial rotary-wing Vehicles. In particular, there has been extensive work on stability improvements for quadrotors in case of partial failures, and recently, some works addressed the problem of a quadrotor complete propeller failure. However, these studies demonstrated that a complete loss of a quadrotor motor results in a vehicle that is not fully controllable. An alternative is then to consider multirotors with redundant actuators (octorotors or hexarotors). Inherent redundancy available in these vehicles can be exploited, in the event of an actuator failure, to redistribute the control effort among the remaining working actuators such that stability and complete controllability are retained. In this thesis, fault-tolerant control approaches for rotary-wing UAVs are investigated. The work focuses on developing algorithms for a coaxial octorotor UAV. However, these algorithms are designed to be applicable to any redundant multirotor under minor modifications. A nonlinear model-based fault detection and isolation system for motors failures is constructed based on a nonlinear observer and on the outputs of the inertial measurement unit. Motors speeds and currents given by the electronic speed controllers are also used in another fault detection and isolation module to detect actuators failures and distinguish between motors failures and propellers damage. An offline rule-based reconfigurable control mixing is designed in order to redistribute the control effort on the healthy actuators in case of one or more motors failures. A complete architecture including fault detection and isolation followed by system recovery is tested experimentally on a coaxial octorotor and compared to other architectures based on pseudo-inverse control allocation and a robust controller using second order sliding mode
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3

Valdivia, Tuesta Janier Albert. "Sistema mecatrónico automático para intercambio de baterías en una plataforma de aterrizaje para drones de tipo multirotor." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/17035.

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La presente tesis aborda el problema del abastecimiento de batería de los drones siendo su periodo de duración insuficiente para cubrir operaciones de mayor durabilidad. En la actualidad, la utilidad de los drones ha ido en aumento en los diversos campos en los que se desenvuelve, así como también su automatización. Con respecto a ello, con la constante evolución de la tecnología y la creciente demanda de automatizar los procesos en los que son requeridos estos dispositivos, se ha logrado que los UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) sean autónomos en las operaciones que se requieren. De esta forma, ya no es necesario que sea controlado por algún operario en tiempo real, sino que puede funcionar de forma autónoma. Sin embargo, como se mencionó brevemente, las operaciones realizadas por estos dispositivos pueden tomar un tiempo mayor al de la duración de su batería, por lo que más tiempo implica menos operaciones por día y esto afecta a la productividad. De aumentar esta característica en los drones, se podrían usar, por ejemplo, como sistemas de vigilancia, ya que estos sistemas requieren una continuidad en su operación. Como segundo ejemplo podrían usarse para el envío de objetos a largas distancias de forma autónoma. Se propuso realizar el diseño preliminar de un sistema mecatrónico automático que realizará el abastecimiento de batería de los drones con baterías LiPo 6S (6 celdas). Para lograr este diseño son necesarios los siguientes subsistemas: subsistema de transporte de batería, subsistema de sujeción de dron y el subsistema de adaptación de batería. El subsistema de transporte de batería estará conformado por un robot cartesiano ensamblado con un gripper magnético y un anaquel para guardar las baterías. Este arreglo permitirá la sujeción, extracción y colocación de la batería. El segundo subsistema está conformado por dos actuadores lineales, los cuales se encargarán mantener el dron fijo para poder realizarse el proceso de abastecimiento de la batería. Por último, el subsistema de adaptación de batería, que es el diseño de un sistema mecánico que se ubicará en la parte media del dron para facilitar la extracción y colocación de la batería. Las baterías a emplear en este diseño son baterías LiPo 6S y estas tienen unas dimensiones aproximadas de 59 mm x 64 mm x 158 mm. Además, su peso es aproximadamente de 1.5 kg. Esto permitirá realizar un mejor diseño para las consideraciones mostradas. Eventualmente, se delimitó a este tipo de batería ya que son las que más se usan en promedio para drones de dimensiones mayores a un metro de diámetro. El sistema procesará la información en un controlador y estará constantemente validando, enviando y recibiendo data de internet, es decir, monitoreando en la nube. Se realizará un monitoreo de la información en la nube ya que estos sistemas operan de forma automática y además porque es necesario alertar sobre los posibles fallos para que el sistema sea reparado lo antes posible.<br>Trabajo de investigación
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4

Valdivia, Tuesta Janier Albert. "Sistema mecatrónico automático para intercambio de baterías en una plataforma de aterrizaje para drones de tipo multirotor." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/19749.

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La presente tesis aborda el problema del abastecimiento de batería de los drones siendo su periodo de duración insuficiente para cubrir operaciones de mayor durabilidad. En la actualidad, la utilidad de los drones ha ido en aumento en los diversos campos en los que se desenvuelve, así como también su automatización. Con respecto a ello, con la constante evolución de la tecnología y la creciente demanda de automatizar los procesos en los que son requeridos estos dispositivos, se ha logrado que los UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) sean autónomos en las operaciones que se requieren. De esta forma, ya no es necesario que sea controlado por algún operario en tiempo real, sino que puede funcionar de forma autónoma. Sin embargo, como se mencionó brevemente, las operaciones realizadas por estos dispositivos pueden tomar un tiempo mayor al de la duración de su batería, por lo que más tiempo implica menos operaciones por día y esto afecta a la productividad. De aumentar esta característica en los drones, se podrían usar, por ejemplo, como sistemas de vigilancia, ya que estos sistemas requieren una continuidad en su operación. Como segundo ejemplo podrían usarse para el envío de objetos a largas distancias de forma autónoma. Se propuso realizar el diseño preliminar de un sistema mecatrónico automático que realizará el abastecimiento de batería de los drones con baterías LiPo 6S (6 celdas). Para lograr este diseño son necesarios los siguientes subsistemas: subsistema de transporte de batería, subsistema de sujeción de dron y el subsistema de adaptación de batería. El subsistema de transporte de batería estará conformado por un robot cartesiano ensamblado con un gripper magnético y un anaquel para guardar las baterías. Este arreglo permitirá la sujeción, extracción y colocación de la batería. El segundo subsistema está conformado por dos actuadores lineales, los cuales se encargarán mantener el dron fijo para poder realizarse el proceso de abastecimiento de la batería. Por último, el subsistema de adaptación de batería, que es el diseño de un sistema mecánico que se ubicará en la parte media del dron para facilitar la extracción y colocación de la batería. Las baterías a emplear en este diseño son Baterías LiPo de 6S y estas tienen unas dimensiones aproximadas de 59 mm x 64 mm x 158 mm. Además, su peso es aproximadamente de 1.5 kg. Esto permitirá realizar un mejor diseño para las consideraciones mostradas. Eventualmente, se delimitó a este tipo de batería ya que son las que más se usan en promedio para drones de dimensiones mayores a un metro de diámetro. El sistema procesará la información en un controlador y estará constantemente validando, enviando y recibiendo data de internet, es decir, monitoreando en la nube. Se realizará un monitoreo de la información en la nube ya que estos sistemas operan de forma automática y además porque es necesario alertar sobre los posibles fallos para que el sistema sea reparado lo antes posible.
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5

Mikkelsen, Markus. "Development, Modelling and Control of a Multirotor Vehicle." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110889.

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The interest of drones in all forms has exploded in the recent years. The development of multirotor vehicles such as quadcopters and octocopters, has reached a point where they are cheap and versatile enough to start becoming a part of everyday life. It is clear to say that the future applications seem limitless. This thesis goes through the steps of development, modelling and control design of an octocopter system. The developed octocopter builds on a concept of using the mini computer Raspberry Pi together with the code generation functionality of Matlab/Simulink. The mathematical modelling of the octocopter includes the thrust and torques generated by the propellers, added with gyroscopic torque. These are combined with the aerodynamic effects caused by incoming air. The importance of modelling the later mentioned effects has increased with the demand of precise controlled extreme manoeuvres. A full state feedback based hybrid controller scheme is designed against a linearized model, which makes use of the motor dynamics. The controllers show good performance in simulations and are approved for flight tests, which are conducted on two separate occasions. The octocopter makes two successful flights, proving that the concept can be applied on multirotor vehicles. However, there is a miss-match between the mathematical model and the physical octocopter, leaving questions for future work.
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6

Bennetts, Alexander. "Aerodynamic interactions of non-planar rotors." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/aerodynamic-interactions-of-nonplanar-rotors(ede657de-a7d8-43d2-a659-453f31c086c1).html.

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The aim of this thesis is to improve understanding of the effects of rotor-rotor interference on small scale rotor systems used on Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). Previous research on rotor-rotor interactions has focused primarily on planar co-axial and tandem rotors of large scale rotorcraft. The work presented is distinct from prior research not only in its consideration of non-planar rotor systems, but also because of the lower Reynolds numbers and the use of fixed-pitch variable-speed propulsion systems. A design for a novel adjustable rotor interaction test-rig is presented along with a methodology for acquiring accurate and repeatable steady state performance data for two interacting rotor systems. Two six-axis force balances are used to acquire instantaneous and time averaged force and torque data and PIV is used to derive instantaneous and time-averaged flow field data for single and interacting rotor cases. The resulting performance and flow field data represents a unique dataset that can be used in the analysis of small scale rotor interactions, and in the validation of CFD investigations. Results show that for disc angles of between 180 degrees and 90 degrees interactions between rotors are negligible. As the disc angle is reduced from the orthogonal case to the coaxial case interactions significantly effect thrust, pitching moment, and efficiency. It is recommended that in the design of non-planar multirotor vehicles disc angles greater than 75 degrees are utilised to avoid the strong rotor-rotor interactions seen at lower disc angles. A review of existing and future non-planar multirotor concepts shows that the majority avoid significant rotor interactions by virtue of large disc angles.
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7

Sandi, Nathanyel. "Modelagem e análise de topologias para veículos aéreos não-tripulados do tipo multirotor." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2817.

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Com a evolução dos projetos de multirotores e dos seus componentes, os projetistas vem tendo inúmeras opções de combinações de componentes na fase de projeto do multirotor, buscando melhor performance e menor custo. Isto deixa um problema em aberto: como atingir o multirotor pode atingir uma boa performance ainda na fase de projeto. A motivação para realização deste estudo se justifica no fato que não há trabalhos relacionado ao levantamento de métricas e análise de performance dos multirotores. Assim como o fator de não haver formas de mensurar a qualidade dos projetos e ter possibilidade de comparação, uma vez que tem-se várias formas de projetar um multirotor para diferentes aplicações. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem para a análise do projeto de multirotores em termos de sua capacidade de voo (definida como voabilidade), levando em consideração as características de seus rotores, peso e topologia. O principal objetivo é apresentar uma forma de qualificar e quantificar uma aeronave multirotor para otimizar seu projeto. A abordagem discutida tem como objetivo analisar as habilidades de voo dos multirotores em seu projeto teórico para suportar os requisitos de projeto (como tamanho da hélice, torque do motor, topologia de armação), garantindo as capacidades de voo exigidas pela tarefa. Como resultado deste trabalhos, um conjunto de índices foi proposto para avaliar a qualidade de projeto de multirotores, sendo eles: voo, estabilidade, posicionamento e flutuação. A soma destes índices compõem o índice de voabilidade. Este índice oferece a possibilidade de comparação da análise do veículo em função das especificações do conjunto motor, hélice, topologia e tamanho do quadro. Para a validação destas métricas, uma análise das topologias tradicionais foi realizada, permitindo uma comparação em função do desempenho e esforço delas.<br>With an evolution of the multi-curral projects and their components, the designers have been having numerous options of combinations of components in the multirotor design phase, seeking better performance and lower cost. This leaves an open problem: as what the multirotor can achieve a good performance still in the design phase. One motivation to carry out this study is justified in that there are no works related to the survey of metrics and analysis of the performance of multirotors. As well as the factor there are no ways to measure a quality of projects and possibility of comparison, since there are several ways to design a multirotor for different applications. This work proposes an approach for an analysis of the design of multirotors in terms of their flight capacity, defining as characteristics of their rotors, weight and topology. The main objective is to present a way to qualify and quantify a multirotor aircraft to optimize its design. An approach approached for design design to support design requirements (such as power size, engine torque, frame topology), ensuring as required flight capabilities. As a result of this work, a set of indexes proposed to evaluate a multirole project quality, being: flight, stability, hover and heading. The sum of these indices compose the voleability index. This index offers a possibility of comparing the vehicle analysis according to the specifications of the engine assembly, propeller, topology and frame size. For a metric validation, an analysis of the topologies was performed, allowing a comparison for the performance function and their effort.
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Mazzei, Augusto. "Modellazione e simulazione di scenario multiagente con velivoli multirotore non cooperativi." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16987/.

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La tesi discute sulle problematiche della realizzazione di un sistema da più agenti in grado di agire in totale autonomia. Lo scenario realizzato consiste nell'inseguimento di un velivolo multirotore, Drone Target, da parte di un altro, Drone Hunter. Filo conduttore di tutto l'elaborato è l'applicazione di un modello efficiente di navigazione per la riuscita dell'inseguimento, modello che si identifica con quello della Navigazione Proporzinale (PN), solitamente utilizzato per altri tipi di velivolo. Vengono inoltre discusse le caratteristiche minime per elaborare interfacce grafiche di facile utilizzo, con cui creare ed assistere a nuove simulazioni.
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9

Bouzgou, Kamel. "Contribution à l'architecture, la modélisation et la commande d'un bras manipulateur aérien." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG012.

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Les véhicules aériens sans pilote (UAV), de plus en plus utilisés pour différentes applications militaires comme civiles, ont la possibilité de se déplacer dans un environnement 3D en coordonnées cartésiennes pour assister l'homme, inspection des zones cibles ou bien photographier. Parmi ces missions, certaines nécessitent une interaction avec l'environnement comme par exemple la manipulation d'objet en vol. Pour satisfaire ce type de mission, la thèse a permis de choisir et concevoir un double système composé d'un bras manipulateur attaché à la base d'un multirotor. Le problème majeur émanant de cette nouvelle structure concerne la faculté à stabiliser le système simultanément avec un changement permanent de son inertie dû au mouvement du manipulateur. Dans ce manuscrit, une nouvelle conception de manipulateur aérien est proposée, capable de stabiliser le système avec la mise en œuvre d'une articulation prismatique pour agir sur le centre de gravité du système global tout en le maintenant le plus proche possible de l'axe vertical. Une contribution complémentaire a permis de présenter une nouvelle classification des systèmes de manipulation aérienne basée sur une formule symbolique, capable de définir le type et le nombre de multirotors et de manipulateurs utilisés au sein de la structure mécanique. Un nouvel algorithme de calcul des solutions du modèle géométrique inverse, basé sur une approche analytique, est ainsi développé et comparé à des algorithmes itératifs issus de la littérature. Le modèle dynamique du système global est obtenu à l'aide d'outils mathématiques symboliques et de fonctions développées dans ce projet. Deux approches de modélisation, couplées et découplées, sont développées. La partie contrôle-commande est conçue en utilisant trois lois de commande pour un système couplé et appliquées sur différents scénarios, chacun se composant de multiples couches (planification de trajectoire, couche interne de contrôle de position et d'attitude, bloc de contrôle d'entrée virtuelle). L'efficacité de l'articulation prismatique est étudiée et examinée pour différentes valeurs d'angles des articulations du bras manipulateur. Trois approches d'interaction de l'organe terminal du bras robotisé avec l'environnement sont implémentées et simulées. Une étude de cas et l'application du module d'impédance de contrôle sont simulées. Finalement, les approches et méthodes mises en œuvre sont validées à l'aide d'un prototype virtuel dans l'environnement SimMechanics où une interface utilisateur graphique GUI est conçue pour manipuler et visualiser le système lors de scénarios programmés, montrant ainsi l'apport des contributions principales de la thèse<br>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), progressively used by different military and commercial tasks, have the possibility to move in a 3D environment in Cartesian coordinates to assist humans, inspect dangerous areas or photography. Some of these missions require contact with the environment, such as handling objects in flight. In order to accomplish this kind of mission, that thesis made it possible to consider and design a dual system consisting of a manipulator arm connected to the base of a multirotor. The main problem resulting from this new structure involves the ability to stabilize the mechanism concurrently with a permanent change in its inertia due to the movement of the manipulator. In this manuscript, a new concept of the aerial manipulator is proposed, capable of stabilizing the system with the implementation of a prismatic joint to operate the center of gravity of the whole system while keeping it as close as possible to the vertical axis. A further contribution in this study, when a new classification of aerial manipulation systems based on a symbolic formula is introduced, capable of specifying the type and number of multirotors and manipulators used within the mechanical structure. A new algorithm for calculating the solutions of the inverse geometric model, based on an analytical approach, is thus developed and compared to iterative algorithms presented in the literature. The dynamic model of the overall system is obtained by the use of symbolic mathematical tools and functions developed in this project. Two modeling methods, coupled and decoupled, have been introduced. The control part is designed for a coupled system using three control laws and applied to various scenarios, each consisting of multilayer blocks (trajectory planning, internal layer of position and attitude control, control block of virtual entry). Different values of the angles of the manipulator arm joints are analyzed and tested for the efficiency of the prismatic joint. Three approaches to the interaction of the end organ of the robotic arm with the environment are implemented and simulated. A case study and the application of the control impedance module are simulated. Finally, the approaches and methods implemented in this thesis are validated using a virtual prototype in the SimMechanics environment, where a graphical user interface GUI is designed to manipulate and visualize the system during programmed scenarios, thus demonstrating the interest of the main thesis contributions
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Lucena, Alysson Nascimento de. "Desenvolvimento de um ve?culo a?reo n?o tripulado com sustenta??o e propuls?o h?brida." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM ENGENHARIA MEC?NICA, 2018. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24977.

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Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-04-02T12:49:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AlyssonNascimentoDeLucena_DISSERT.pdf: 4569473 bytes, checksum: 34d0b14b7d7d70819c4d05eb81951a77 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-04-04T14:25:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AlyssonNascimentoDeLucena_DISSERT.pdf: 4569473 bytes, checksum: 34d0b14b7d7d70819c4d05eb81951a77 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-04T14:25:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlyssonNascimentoDeLucena_DISSERT.pdf: 4569473 bytes, checksum: 34d0b14b7d7d70819c4d05eb81951a77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-31<br>Este trabalho busca apresentar o desenvolvimento de um Ve?culo A?reo n?o Tripulado (VANT) duplamente h?brido, capaz de conciliar as vantagens de dois tipos de aeronaves (asa fixa e multirotor), utilizando motores a combust?o e el?tricos para a propuls?o e para a sustenta??o em voo a asa e o multirotor, capaz de decolar e pousar verticalmente, executar voos lentos ou parados, tamb?m executar voo horizontal com sustenta??o pela asa e propuls?o por motor a combust?o que garante maior autonomia. Para a realiza??o desse estudo foram desenvolvidas tr?s aeronaves, inicialmente uma asa voadora e um multirotor tric?ptero com objetivo de analisar separadamente cada tipo de aeronave, ap?s os testes e an?lises foi desenvolvido um VANT duplamente h?brido, uma asa voadora e um hexac?ptero, propuls?o por motores el?tricos e ? combust?o. A partir dos testes e c?lculos te?ricos da aeronave h?brida observou-se a viabilidade de um novo tipo de aeronave, com caracter?sticas pr?prias, capaz de conciliar as vantagens de dois tipos de aeronaves.<br>This work aims to present the development of a double hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), capable of reconciling the advantages of two types of aircraft (fixed wing and multirotor), using combustion and electric motors for propulsion and in flight support the wing and the multirotor, able to take off and land vertically, to perform slow or stopped flights, also to execute horizontal flight with support by the wing and propulsion by combustion engine that guarantees greater autonomy. In order to carry out this study, three aircraft were developed, initially a flying wing and a tricopter multirotor with the objective of analyzing separately each type of aircraft, after the tests and analyzes a double hybrid VANT was developed, a flying wing and a hexacopter, motor propulsion electrical and combustion. From the theoretical tests and calculations of the hybrid aircraft, the viability of a new type of aircraft, with its own characteristics, was able to reconcile the advantages of two types of aircraft.
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11

Sodi, Alberto. "Modellazione e controllo avanzato di un velivolo multirotore : presso il Laboratorio di meccanica del volo." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6995/.

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Grazie alla loro versatilità, i velivoli multirotore hanno ricevuto sempre più interesse durante gli ultimi anni, in ambito accademico e di recente anche industriale. Il lavoro presentato è volto a studiare e confrontare le moderne tecniche di navigazione e di controllo di questo tipo di velivoli. Difatti, spesso, gli algoritmi utilizzati sono stati limitati dalla capacità di calcolo del processore imbarcato e dalla qualità dei sensori utilizzati. Negli ultimi anni, però, lo sviluppo della microelettronica ha ricevuto un forte impulso (dovuto principalmente alla ricerca nell’ambito della telefonia), che ha portato all’abbattimento dei costi e alla nascita di progetti opensource, tra i quali le famose schede Arduino prodotte da Olivetti, attorno alle quali si sono sviluppati molti progetti di velivoli opensource. L’importanza di ciò, in ambito accademico, è rilevante, poiché consente l’utilizzo di algoritmi e di configurazioni hardware comprovati, lasciando spazio a modifiche e migliorie. Nel nostro caso, in particolare, si vuole osservare come complessi algoritmi di navigazione, resi possibili da un processore più potente, possano migliorare le prestazioni del noto progetto opensource ArduPilot [3]. Tali miglioramenti possono essere rilevanti in applicazioni per le quali sia richiesta una certa precisione nel posizionamento, come ad esempio lo studio di formazioni o la navigazione in ambienti angusti.
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12

Hamadi, Hussein. "Fault-tolerant control of a multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle under hardware and software failures." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2555.

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Le but de ce travail est de proposer des mécanismes pour les drones multirotors qui permettent d'une part de tolérer des fautes sur le drone, et d'autre part de prendre en compte les effets du vent en extérieur. Les fautes visées comportent des fautes d'actionneurs, de capteurs, mais également des fautes logicielles sur les algorithmes de fusion de données. Dans nos travaux, nous avons développé un contrôleur robuste et un observateur des perturbations extérieures capables de coopérer avec la méthode de reconfiguration des commandes, pour tolérer de façon simultanée les défaillances de moteurs et les perturbations extérieures du vent par des techniques de tolérance aux fautes active. Egalement, nous avons proposé une nouvelle technique de tolérance aux fautes des actionneurs pour un drone octorotor coaxial. Cette technique est basée sur une loi de commande robuste avec des gains reconfigurables "self tuning sliding mode control (STSMC)", où les gains de contrôle sont réajustés en fonction de l'erreur détectée afin de maintenir la stabilité du système. Des expériences à l'intérieur ont été menées pour montrer et comparer notre solution avec deux autres techniques de tolérances aux fautes. L'efficacité et le comportement de chaque méthode ont été étudiés après des injections de fautes successives dans les actionneurs. Les principaux avantages et inconvénients de chaque méthode sont déduits en analysant les résultats obtenus. En outre, nous proposons une approche pour la tolérance aux fautes des capteurs et mécanismes logiciels de fusion de données du drone. Cette approche est basée sur la redondance des capteurs et la diversification des composants logiciels<br>The aim of this work is to propose mechanisms for multirotor drones that allow, on the one hand, to tolerate faults on the drone, and on the other hand to take into account the effects of the wind outdoors. The faults targeted include fault in actuators, sensors, but also software faults on the data fusion algorithms. ln our work, we have developed a robust controller and an exterior disturbance observer capable of cooperating with th, contrai reconfiguration method, to simultaneously tolerate motor failures and exterior wind disturbances through active fault tolerance techniques… We have also proposed a new technique for tolerating actuator faults for a coaxial octorotor drone. This technique is based on a robust command law with reconfigurable "self tuning sliding mode control (STSMC)" gains, where the control gains are readjusted according to the detected error in order to maintain the stability of the system. lndoor experiments are conducted to show and compare our solution with two other fault tolerance techniques. The efficiency and behavior of each method are studied after successive fault injections into the actuators. The main advantages and disadvantages of each method are deduced by analyzing the results obtained. Additionally, we provide an approach for fault tolerance of drone data fusion sensors and software mechanisms. This approach is based on the redundancy of sensors and the diversification of software components
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13

D'Elia, Jasmine. "Studio di un sistema meccanico per il fissaggio di carichi sospesi su velivoli pilotati da remoto." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22996/.

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Negli ultimi tempi sono stati condotti numerosi studi sugli aeromobili a pilotaggio remoto o UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) per la loro notevole versatilità, sia per applicazioni in ambito civile, ad esempio operazioni di “ricerca e soccorso” e trasporto merci, che militare, quindi per attività di ricognizione. Durante il trasporto di carichi sospesi, questi assumono un comportamento simile a un pendolo. Questo moto oscillatorio può causare non solo diversi disturbi al drone, che possono portare a instabilità e a riduzione della controllabilità del velivolo, ma anche al danneggiamento del drone e del carico stesso. L'obiettivo di questo studio è progettare un sistema passivo di controllo del moto causato dall'oscillazione del carico in modo tale da non destabilizzare il drone durante il trasporto. In primo luogo, sarà necessario elaborare un modello matematico che illustri la cinematica e la dinamica di un drone, in questo caso verrà considerato l'esacottero DJI S800. In seguito si studierà una strategia di controllo passivo dell'oscillazione, il cui scopo è mantenere il baricentro del drone e quello del carico allineati durante l'intera operazione di trasporto in modo tale da mantenere la stabilità del velivolo senza che vi sia alcun tipo di azione da parte del pilota sui comandi di volo.
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14

Medeiros, Neto Manoel Pedro de. "Ve?culos a?reos n?o tripulados e sistema de entrega: estudo, desenvolvimento e testes." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM SISTEMAS E COMPUTA??O, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/21459.

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Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-12-15T16:27:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelPedroDeMedeirosNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 3664081 bytes, checksum: f1856f73174bde3b90b40604d7d1ae0e (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-15T16:36:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelPedroDeMedeirosNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 3664081 bytes, checksum: f1856f73174bde3b90b40604d7d1ae0e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-15T16:36:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManoelPedroDeMedeirosNeto_DISSERT.pdf: 3664081 bytes, checksum: f1856f73174bde3b90b40604d7d1ae0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29<br>Ve?culos n?o tripulados est?o cada vez mais presentes no cotidiano das empresas e das pessoas, pois esse tipo de ve?culo est? de forma crescente desempenhando atividades que anteriormente eram apenas executadas por seres humanos. No entanto, para se compreender melhor o potencial de ve?culos n?o tripulados, ? importante conhecer seus tipos, caracter?sticas, aplica??es, limita??es e desafios, pois somente com esse conhecimento pode-se entender as potencialidades do uso de ve?culos dessa natureza em aplica??es variadas. Nesse contexto, na primeira parte desta pesquisa foram estudados os diferentes tipos de ve?culos n?o tripulados, i.e. terrestres, aqu?ticos, a?reos e h?bridos. Durante a segunda fase da pesquisa, foi realizado um aprofundamento tendo como foco as interfaces de usu?rio para controle dos ve?culos a?reos n?o tripulados. Esses dois levantamentos iniciais do dom?nio, permitiram a identifica??o de desafios e oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de novas aplica??es para esse contexto. Com base no conhecimento adquirido com esses estudos, ent?o, foi desenvolvido um sistema de entrega automatizada de objetos para o campus de Universidades, denominado de PostDrone University, e desenvolvido um ve?culo a?reo n?o tripulado para realizar as entregas, denominado de PostDrone University UAV K-263. O sistema possui uma interface de usu?rio de f?cil uso, que n?o requer conhecimentos de dom?nios espec?ficos como avia??o ou controle de aeronaves para sua opera??o. Por fim, diversos testes foram realizados com o intuito de validar e identificar as limita??es da solu??o desenvolvida nesta pesquisa.<br>Unmanned vehicles are increasingly present in the daily of companies and people, because this kind of vehicle is performing ever more tasks that were previously only executed by human beings. However, to better understand the potential of unmanned vehicles, it is important to know their types, features, applications, limitations and challenges, thus with this knowledge it is possible to comprehend the possibilities of use of these vehicles in several applications. In this context, the first step of the present research consists in studying the different kinds of unmanned vehicles, i.e., ground, surface and underwater, aerial, and hybrid. During the second step of the research, a deepening study was accomplished, with focus on user interfaces of unmanned aerial vehicles. These two initial reviews of the domain allowed the identification of challenges and opportunities to the development of new applications for this context. Based on the acquired knowledge from these studies, then, an automated goods delivery system was developed for universities? campuses, called PostDrone University, and an unmanned vehicle to make the deliveries, called PostDrone University UAV K-263, was also developed. The system has an easy use UI, which does not require the user to have knowledge about specific domains, as aviation or aircraft control, for the operation of the system. Lastly, several test were accomplished aiming to validate the solution proposed in the present research and identify its limitations<br>2018-03-31
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15

Bosso, Alessandro. "Osservatore e controllore sensorless ad elevate prestazioni per propulsione elettrica di Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11885/.

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Negli ultimi anni, tra le varie tecnologie che hanno acquisito una sempre maggiore popolarità e diffusione, una di particolare rilevanza è quella degli Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Di questi velivoli, quelli che stanno riscuotendo maggiore successo sono i multirotori, alimentati esclusivamente da azionamenti elettrici disposti in opportune posizioni della struttura. Particolari sforzi sono stati recentemente dedicati al miglioramento di questa tecnologia in termini di efficienza e precisione, tuttavia quasi sempre si trascura la vitale importanza dello sfruttamento efficiente dei motori elettrici. La tecnica di pilotaggio adottata nella quasi totalità dei casi per questi componenti è il BLDC sensorless, anche se la struttura si dimostra spesso essere PMSM, dunque inadatta all’uso di questa strategia. Il controllo ideale per i PMSM risulterebbe essere FOC, tuttavia per l'implementazione sensorless molti aspetti scontati nel BLDC devono essere affrontati, in particolare bisogna risolvere problemi di osservazione e identificazione. Durante la procedura di avviamento, efficienti strategie di self-commissioning vengono adottate per l’identificazione dei parametri elettrici. Per la fase di funzionamento nominale viene proposto un osservatore composto da diversi componenti interfacciati tra loro tramite un filtro complementare, il tutto al fine di ottenere una stima di posizione e velocità depurata dai disturbi. In merito al funzionamento in catena chiusa, vengono esposte valutazioni preliminari sulla stabilità e sulla qualità del controllo. Infine, per provare la validità degli algoritmi proposti, vengono mostrati i risultati delle prove sperimentali condotte su un tipico azionamento per UAV, pilotato da una scheda elettronica progettata appositamente per l’applicazione in questione. Vengono fornite inoltre indicazioni sull’implementazione degli algoritmi studiati, in particolare considerazioni sull’uso delle operazioni a virgola fissa per velocizzare l'esecuzione.
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16

Wang, Yan-Ren, and 王研任. "The design of the multirotor drones with high load capability." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96482234757276550687.

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碩士<br>樹德科技大學<br>電腦與通訊系碩士班<br>104<br>Multirotor drones have been widely applied to various industries, such as aerial photography, transport of goods, disaster relief, topographic surveying, air sampling etc. However, the load capability of the multirotor drones is relatively limited. In the study, a relation of weight and flight duration is simulated and verified by experiments. The experimental result shows that a multirotor drone with a wheelbase of 1620 mm, a battery of 17000 mAh and a loading of 8 kg can fly 8.4 mins.
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17

KE, MIN-HUNG, and 柯旻宏. "Monocular Depth Estimation and Collision Avoidance on a Multirotor Drone." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7z7n9k.

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碩士<br>國立聯合大學<br>電機工程學系碩士班<br>107<br>The thesis mainly presents a multirotor drone capable of autonomous flight and obstacle avoidance in an outdoor environment. The system consists of Pixhawk, Raspberry Pi and notebook. It uses deep learning, image processing and control strategies to achieve outdoor autonomous flight. The overall system is composed of a multirotor drone and a ground control station. We used a single-lens camera to get a single image,and the image is transmitted back to the ground control station by real time messaging protocol. Then, Socket API method returns obstacle avoidance information to Raspberry Pi on the multirotor drone. Moreover, obstacle distance detection is based on deep learning. We applied offline training to collect the training data that are captured by stereo camera. Left and right images at the same time and the same level input to the convolutional neural network. The output is a disparity map of a single image. In order to find the conversion relationship between the disparity value and the real distance, we used the curve fitting method. The true distance is measured using a laser range finder. Therefore, we can get the true distance of each pixel in a single image. Then, we have depth map and use image processing techniques to find the flightable area. And use the flightable area to calculate the multirotor that should go straight or turn left or turn right to carry out the mission. Finally, Raspberry Pi and Pixhawk communicate using Dronekit-Python when Raspberry get obstacle avoidance information on the multirotor dorne. When the multirotor drone encounters obstacle during the autonomous flight, it can instantly change the flight attitude and smoothly avoid the obstacles ahead to complete the multirotor drone automatic obstacle avoidance function. The user can set a target to make the multirotor dorne take off toward the target after taking off. During the flight, if the multirotor drone encounters an obstacle, the obstacle information can be obtained and the original flight path can be taken to avoid obstacles. The multirotor drone flies towards the target point again after the obstacle avoidance is completed. In the end, the multirotor dorne arrives at set target point for landing to complete the function of automatic obstacle avoidance during the autonomous flight.
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18

Bates, Jordan Steven. "Oblique UAS imagery and point cloud processing for 3D rock glacier monitoring." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/94396.

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Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies<br>Rock glaciers play a large ecological role and are heavily relied upon by local communities for water, power, and revenue. With climate change, the rate at which they are deforming has increased over the years and is making it more important to gain a better understanding of these geomorphological movements for improved predictions, correlations, and decision making. It is becoming increasingly more practical to examine a rock glacier with 3D visualization to have more perspectives and realistic terrain profiles. Recently gaining more attention is the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) used separately and combined to gather high-resolution data for 3D analysis. This data is typically transformed into highly detailed Digital Elevation Models (DEM) where Differences of DEM (DoD) is used to track changes over time. This study compares these commonly used collection methods and analysis to a newly conceived multirotor UAS collection method and to a new point cloud Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M32C) change detection seen from recent studies. Data was collected of the Innere Ölgrube Rock Glacier in Austria with a TLS in 2012 and with a multirotor UAS in 2019. It was found that oblique imagery with terrain height corrections, that creates perspectives similar to what the TLS provides, increased the completeness of data collection for a better reconstruction of a rock glacier in 3D. The new method improves the completeness of data by an average of at least 8.6%. Keeping the data as point clouds provided a much better representation of the terrain. When transforming point clouds into DEMs with common interpolations methods it was found that the average area of surface items could be exaggerated by 2.2 m^2 while point clouds were much more accurate with 0.3 m^2 of accuracy. DoD and M3C2 results were compared and it was found that DoD always provides a maximum increase of at least 1.1 m and decrease of 0.85 m more than M3C2 with larger standard deviation with similar mean values which could attributed to horizontal inaccuracies and smoothing of the interpolated data.
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