Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drop size

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Drop size'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Drop size"

1

Powell, M. R., and R. Mahalingam. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMULSION DROP SIZE AND SOLIDIFIED DROP (CELL) SIZE." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (1992): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932699208943292.

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Sarkar, R., B. K. Chatterjee, B. Roy, and S. C. Roy. "Size distribution of drops in superheated drop detectors." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 71, no. 3-4 (2004): 735–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.04.083.

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Maleki, A., S. Hormozi, A. Roustaei, and I. A. Frigaard. "Macro-size drop encapsulation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 769 (March 25, 2015): 482–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.81.

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Viscoplastic fluids do not flow unless they are sufficiently stressed. This property can be exploited in order to produce novel flow features. One example of such flows is viscoplastically lubricated (VPL) flow, in which a viscoplastic fluid is used to stabilize the interface in a multi-layer flow, far beyond what might be expected for a typical viscous–viscous interface. Here we extend this idea by considering the encapsulation of droplets within a viscoplastic fluid, for the purpose of transportation, e.g. in pipelines. The main advantage of this method, compared to others that involve capillary forces is that significantly larger droplets may be stably encapsulated, governed by the length scale of the flow and yield stress of the encapsulating fluid. We explore this set-up both analytically and computationally. We show that sufficiently small droplets are held in the unyielded plug of a Poiseuille flow (pipe or plane channel). As the length or radius of the droplets increases, the carrier fluid eventually yields, potentially breaking the encapsulation. We study this process of breaking and give estimates for the limiting size of droplets that can be encapsulated.
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Babinsky, E., and P. E. Sojka. "Modeling drop size distributions." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 28, no. 4 (2002): 303–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(02)00004-7.

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Gholam Samani, M., A. Haghighi Asl, J. Safdari, and M. Torab-Mostaedi. "Drop size distribution and mean drop size in a pulsed packed extraction column." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 90, no. 12 (2012): 2148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2012.06.002.

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Yadav, Preeti S., Prashant Bahadur, Rafael Tadmor, Kumud Chaurasia, and Aisha Leh. "Drop Retention Force as a Function of Drop Size." Langmuir 24, no. 7 (2008): 3181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la702473y.

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Van Santvliet, Luc, and Annick Ludwig. "Determinants of eye drop size." Survey of Ophthalmology 49, no. 2 (2004): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2003.12.009.

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Maciel, Leandro R., and Mauro S. Assis. "Tropical rainfall drop-size distribution." International Journal of Satellite Communications 8, no. 3 (1990): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.4600080310.

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Marshak, Alexander, Yuri Knyazikhin, Michael L. Larsen, and Warren J. Wiscombe. "Small-Scale Drop-Size Variability: Empirical Models for Drop-Size-Dependent Clustering in Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 2 (2005): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-3371.1.

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Abstract By analyzing aircraft measurements of individual drop sizes in clouds, it has been shown in a companion paper that the probability of finding a drop of radius r at a linear scale l decreases as lD(r), where 0 ≤ D(r) ≤ 1. This paper shows striking examples of the spatial distribution of large cloud drops using models that simulate the observed power laws. In contrast to currently used models that assume homogeneity and a Poisson distribution of cloud drops, these models illustrate strong drop clustering, especially with larger drops. The degree of clustering is determined by the observed exponents D(r). The strong clustering of large drops arises naturally from the observed power-law statistics. This clustering has vital consequences for rain physics, including how fast rain can form. For radiative transfer theory, clustering of large drops enhances their impact on the cloud optical path. The clustering phenomenon also helps explain why remotely sensed cloud drop size is generally larger than that measured in situ.
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Stamatoudis, Michael, and Christina Apostolidou. "On the Drop Size Distribution Functions and Drop Size Relationships in Stabilized Agitated Dispersions." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 39, no. 10 (2006): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.39.1035.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drop size"

1

Maleki, Amir. "Macro-size drop encapsulation." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50071.

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Viscoplastic fluids do not flow unless they are sufficiently stressed. While in some flows this leads to unwanted features, this property can also be exploited in order to produce novel flow features. One example of such flows are visco-plastically lubricated (VPL) flows, in which a viscoplastic fluid is used to stabilize the interface in a multi-layer flow, far beyond what might be expected for a typical viscous-viscous interface. Here we extend this idea by considering the encapsulation of droplets within a viscoplastic fluid, for the purpose of transportation, e.g. in pipelines. The main advantage of this method, compared to others that involve capillary forces is that significantly larger droplets may be stably encapsulated, governed by the length scale of the flow and yield stress of the encapsulating fluid. We explore this setup both analytically and computationally. We show that sufficiently small droplets are held in the unyielded plug of the Poiseuille flow. As the length or radius of the droplets increase the carrier fluid eventually yields, potentially breaking the encapsulation. We study this process of breaking and give estimates for the limiting size of droplets that can be encapsulated.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Mechanical Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Olesen, Mark Jørn. "Prediction of drop-size distributions based on ligament breakup." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq22488.pdf.

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Amirfazli, Alidad. "Drop size dependence of contact angles and line tension." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ59012.pdf.

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Boodoo, Sudesh. "Estimation of drop-size distributions from deconvolved doppler radar data." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69698.

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A 915 MHz Doppler radar was able under certain conditions to provide Doppler spectra containing separate and distinct modes due to scattering by rain and by the clear air. The rain spectra are broadened and shifted on the velocity axis due to turbulent air motions. Information in the clear air mode is used to correct for these effects, leaving in the rain spectra the reflectivity-weighted distribution of drop fall speed, from which the drop-size distribution can be computed.<br>The fast Fourier transform and two iterative methods of deconvolution were applied to simulated Doppler spectra. We concluded that the iterative methods of deconvolution are more appropriate than the fast Fourier transform. Of the two iterative methods, Jansson's method of deconvolution, including prefiltering of the data, was found to give better results than Van Cittert's method.<br>Jansson's method was applied to biomodal spectra obtained from the HARP project of 1990 in Hawaii and to spectra obtained from a similar radar operated in Montreal. Evident is the different characteristics of rainfall in both regions and the appropriateness of the same deconvolution method to different classes of spectra.
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Carrillo, De Hert Sergio. "Drop size distribution analysis of mechanically agitated liquid-liquid dispersions." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/drop-size-distribution-analysis-of-mechanically-agitated-liquidliquid-dispersions(02a0af25-3d1c-47e0-8a4e-8b2cc98cdaea).html.

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Many daily life products consist of mixtures of oil and water. When an immiscible material is dispersed an interface in-between the two phases is created which gives rise to rheological phenomena which can be exploited for product formulation; this is the case in products such as hand-creams and food products. Furthermore emulsions are used to transport hydrophobic materials, for example, many pharmaceuticals are injected as emulsions into the bloodstream. The performance of such products depends on their microstructure, which is determined by its formulation and how its constituents are mixed together; therefore the microstructure depends on the properties of the dispersed phases, the emulsifier used, the equipment used and its processing conditions. Emulsified products are seldom mono-dispersed due to the complex drop breakup mechanism in the turbulent fields inside the equipment in which the phases are forced together. The chaotic breakup mechanism of highly viscous dispersed phases yield complex and broad drop size distributions (DSD) as a result of the dominating viscous cohesive stresses inside the parent drop. Former studies have used the Sauter mean diameter and/or the size of the largest drop as the characteristic measure of central tendency of the DSD to correlate their results and to prove mechanistic or phenomenological models; however these parameters in isolation are insufficient to characterise the whole DSD of highly polydisperse emulsions. In this dissertation a vast amount of silicon oils of different viscosity were used as dispersed phase to study the effect of various processing conditions and formulations on the resulting DSD. The effect of several formulation and processing parameters were studied for two different mixing devices: stirred vessels and in-line high-shear mixers. (1) For stirred vessels, the effect of stirring speed, continuous phase viscosity and dispersed phase volume fraction were studied in combination with the viscosity of the dispersed phase for steady-state systems. (2) For in-line high-shear mixers a model that links batch and multi-pass continuous emulsification for multimodal DSD was derived from a transient mass balance. Processing parameters such as time and volume, flow rate and number of passes through the mixer, and stirring speed were studied for a wide dispersed phase viscosity range. The analytical methodology implemented included the use of one or more probability density functions to describe the shape of the DSD. The models proposed gave reasonable approximations of the Sauter mean diameter and allowed to study the drop size changes and the relative amount of different types of drops resulting from different breakup mechanisms.
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Rajapakse, Achula, and s9508428@student rmit edu au. "Drop size distribution and interfacial area in reactive liquid-liquid dispersion." RMIT University. Civil Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080717.163619.

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Emulsion explosives have become the preferred choice as blasting agents for numerous industries including mining, agriculture, and construction. One of the most important components in such an emulsion is an emulsifier, which controls the emulsification properties of the explosive. The present study involves the production of one such emulsifier, which is produced by reacting two immiscible liquids, PIBSA (polyisobutylene succinic anhydride) and MEA (monoethanolamine). The study examines the effect of design variable such as the impeller speed, impeller type and the dispersed phase volume fraction on interfacial area. Experiments were carried out in a 0.15 m diameter fully baffled stirred tank using a 6-bladed Rushton turbine impeller and a marine propeller. Drop size was determined using a microscope with a video camera and image processing system. The transient concentration of PIBSA was determined using FTIR analysis and used to estimate the volume fraction of the dispersed phase (ƒÖ). The effective interfacial area was calculated using the Sauter mean drop diameter, d32 and ƒÖ. Impeller speeds ranging from 150 to 600 rpm and dispersed phase volume fractions, ƒÖ ranging from 0.01 to 0.028 were examined in the experimental study. It was found that that the evolution of Sauter mean drop diameter, d32 has four different trends depending on ƒÖ and impeller speed. At high impeller speeds and high ƒÖ, d32 values decrease initially and reach constant values after a long period of time. This trend is consistent with the findings in previous investigations. Under certain operating conditions, d32 values increase initially with stirring time to reach a maximum value and then decrease to reach a steady state value. The presence of these trends has been attributed to the effect of changing physical properties of the system as a result of chemical reaction. Results indicate that, in general, Sauter mean drop diameter d32 decreases with an increase in agitation intensity. However a decrease in the dispersed phase volume fraction is found to increase d32. These trends are found to be the same for both impeller types studied. Comparing the drop size results produced by the two impellers, it appears that low-power number propeller produces s ignificantly smaller drops than the Rushton turbine. It was found that the concentrations of reactants decrease with time for all impeller speeds thereby leading to a decrease in interfacial area with the progress of the reaction. Interfacial area values obtained at higher impeller speeds are found to be lower in spite of lower d32 values at these speeds. Also, these values decrease with time and become zero in a shorter duration indicating the rapid depletion of MEA. The interfacial area values obtained with the propeller at a given impeller speed are lower as compared to those for Rushton turbine. They also decrease and become zero in a shorter duration as compared to those for Rushton turbine suggesting propeller¡¦s performance is better in enhancing the reaction rate.
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Fernandez-Alonso, Diego. "Experimental study of hydrodynamics in laboratory-scale venturi scrubbers with two different types of liquid injection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323190.

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Schlauch, Sonja. "Modeling and simulation of drop size distributions in stirred liquid-liquid systems." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/tuberlin/volltexte/2007/1518.

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Slaymaker, Elizabeth Ann. "Effects of surface active agents on drop size in liquid-liquid systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10260.

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Oosthuizen, Henry Randolph. "Enhancement of cooling tower performance by manipulation of rain zone drop size." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/54736.

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Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 1995.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlikheid om die warmteoordrag in die reensone van 'n natuurlike trek nat koeltoring te vcrbeter deur die gemiddelde druppel diameter van die sproei te verminder is ondersoek. Eksperimentele wcrk was daarop gerig om tipiese druppelgrootte verspreidings onder druppakking te bepaal, asook die verkryging van werklike verrigtings-data vir verskiJlende pakking en reensone kombinasies in 'n koeltoring toetsfasiliteit. 'n Fotografiese metode wat gebruik maak van beeldverwerkingstegniekc is ontwikkel om die druppelgrootte verspreidings wat in die )meltoring toetsfasiliteit gevind word te bepaal. 'n Rekenaar simulasieprogram wat ontwikkel is deur Dreyer [940Rl] is verder gebruik om reensone verrigtingsdata ( oordragskarakteristieke en druppelgrootte verspreidings) teoreties te vcorspel, vir vergelyking met en evalusie van die eksperimentele resultate. Dit is bewys dat die plasing van 'n laag spatroosters reg onder druppakking die gerniddelde druppeldiameter in die reensone verrninder het, wat gelei het tot 'n ooreenstemmende toename in oordragskarakteristiek. Met die gebruik van 'n rekenaar simulasie program is bereken dat hierdie opstelling die termiese kapasiteit van 'n koeltoring met tot 5 % kan verbeter.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The possibility of improving the heat transfer in the rain zone of large natural draft wet cooling towers, by decreasing the mean drop diameter in this region, has been investigated. Experimental studies were aimed at determining typical drop size distributions under trickle packs and obtaining actual performance data for packing and rain zone combinations in a cooling tower test facility. A photography-based method, which utilizes image processing techniques, was develo!Jed t() determine the drop size distributions found in the test facility. A computer simulation program developed by Dreyer [94DRI] was used to theoretically predict rain zone performance data (i.e., transfer coefficients and drop size distribution data) for comparison with and evaluation of the experimental data. I: was found that by placing a layer of splash grids beneath a trickle pack the mean drop diameter in the rain zone was decreased, resulting in corresponding increases in transfer characteristic. Using a computer simulation program it was calculated that this arrangement could increase the thermal capacity of a large natural draft cooling tower by up to 5 %.
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Books on the topic "Drop size"

1

Hall, Joanna. Drop a Size for Life. HarperCollins, 2008.

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Dodge, Lee G. Representation of average drop sizes in sprays. AIAA, 1987.

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Dodge, Lee G. The physics of fuel sprays. Vol.1 - Experimental measurements. Southwest Research Institute, 1986.

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Paloposki, Tuomas. Drop size distributions in liquid sprays. Finnish Academy of Technology, 1994.

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Bachalo, W. D. Evolutionary behavior of sprays produced by pressure atomizers. AIAA, 1986.

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Qingyuan, Han, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A near-global survey of cirrus particle size using ISCCP. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Hall, Joanna. Drop a Size Calorie and Carb Counter. HarperCollins, 2008.

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Okatan, Leyla. A study of drop size dependence of contact angles for small drops. National Library of Canada, 2002.

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Hayes, Warren D. Literature survey on drop size data, measuring equipment, and a discussion of the significance of drop size in fire extinguishment. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Hayes, Warren D. Literature survey on drop size data, measuring equipment, and a discussion of the significance of drop size in fire extinguishment. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drop size"

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Déchelette, A., E. Babinsky, and P. E. Sojka. "Drop Size Distributions." In Handbook of Atomization and Sprays. Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7264-4_23.

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Lefebvre, Arthur H., and Vincent G. McDonell. "Drop Size Distributions of Sprays." In Atomization and Sprays. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315120911-3.

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Gaukel, Volker, Richard Bernewitz, and Heike Schuchmann. "Emulsions’ Drop Size Distribution, Measurement of." In Encyclopedia of Membranes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44324-8_1885.

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Gaukel, Volker, Richard Bernewitz, and Heike Schuchmann. "Emulsions’ Drop Size Distribution, Measurement of." In Encyclopedia of Membranes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1885-1.

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Ekerete, K’ufre-Mfon E., Francis H. Hunt, Ifiok E. Otung, and Judith L. Jeffery. "Multimodality in the Rainfall Drop Size Distribution in Southern England." In Wireless and Satellite Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25479-1_13.

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Lécot, Christian, Moussa Tembely, Arthur Soucemarianadin, and Ali Tarhini. "Numerical Simulation of the Drop Size Distribution in a Spray." In Monte Carlo and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods 2010. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27440-4_30.

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Manetto, Giuseppe, Emanuele Cerruto, Domenico Longo, and Rita Papa. "Error on Drop Size Measurement Due to Image Analysis Digitisation." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98092-4_37.

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Caserta, S., M. Simeone, and S. Guido. "Evolution under shear flow of drop size distribution in bipolymer mixtures." In Special Publications. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781847551214-00280.

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Liu, Yan, Debin Su, and Hongyu Lei. "Rain-Drop Size Distribution Case Study in Chengdu Based on 2DVD Observations." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9409-6_45.

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Pratibha, C., K. Manish Reddy, L. Bharathi, M. Manasa, and R. Gandhiraj. "Simulation of Dual Polarization Radar for Rainfall Parameter and Drop Size Distribution Estimation." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30465-2_47.

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Conference papers on the topic "Drop size"

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Keo, Van Dong, Xuan Tran Hiep, Quoc Nguyen Banh, Tran Anh Son, and Duong Huyen Lynh. "Determination of Geometrical Parameters to Balance the Pressure Drop of Channels on a Microfluidic Chip." In 2024 International Conference on Machining, Materials and Mechanical Technologies. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-me24oh.

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In the past few years, micro-droplets have been widely used in diverse fields of biological and chemical research, spanning from drug delivery and material synthesis to point-of-care diagnostics, digital PCR, and single-cell analysis. Droplet-based microfluidics offers a powerful platform for conducting complex experiments, screening processes, and analyses with enhanced precision, efficiency, and versatility. While creating droplets with uniform sizes is a common objective of microfluidics, it is not limited to producing droplets of a single size per chip. Creating microdroplets with different sizes on a microfluidic chip holds significant importance in various applications. This can provide flexibility in controlling chemical processes, biological reactions, or product quality. By controlling the size of the microdroplets, researchers can precisely regulate the release kinetics of the encapsulated substances, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes and reduced side effects for patients. In chemical analysis, microfluidic platforms can produce microdroplets of different sizes to enable high-throughput screening of chemical reactions or biological assays. By manipulating the droplet size, researchers can enhance reaction efficiency, increase sample throughput, and reduce reagent consumption, making the analysis process more cost-effective and time-efficient. To create microdroplets with different sizes on a microfluidic chip, adjusting process parameters such as pressure, flow rate, and channel design is an approach. In this research, geometrical parameters of the channel such as shape, size, and length are calculated to ensure the pressure drop from the inlet to the creation point droplets of each branch is the same, ensuring the stable operation of the system. The input solution in the research is glucose, which fully exhibits the behavior of a non-Newtonian liquid under defined conditions. The power law viscosity model is used to describe the rheological behavior of glucose liquids.
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Carollo, Francesco Giuseppe, Maria Angela Serio, Roberto Caruso, Costanza Di Stefano, Vito Ferro, and Vincenzo Pampalone. "Measurement Method of Rainfall Energetic Characteristics Applying the Weibull Drop Size Distribution." In 2024 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/metroagrifor63043.2024.10948833.

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Kohler, Volkhard, Martin Vorbach, Christian Weib, and Rolf Marr. "ANALYSIS OF DROP SIZE SPECIFIC COALESCENCE RATES BASED ON BIVARIATE DROP SIZE / DROP CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS." In International Symposium on Liquid-Liquid Two Phase Flow and Transport Phenomena. Begellhouse, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.1997.intsymliqtwophaseflowtranspphen.120.

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Tembely, Moussa, Arthur Soucemarianadin, and Christian Le´cot. "Physically-Based Drop Size Distribution Evolution of Atomized Drops." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30818.

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We report in this work the evolution of a physically-based drop size-distribution of atomized drops coupling the Maximum Entropy Formalism (MEF) and the Monte Carlo method. The atomization is performed using a Spray On Demand (SOD) print-head which exploits ultrasonic generation via a Faraday instability. The physically-based distribution is a result of the coupling of a MEF specific formulation and a general Gamma distribution. The prediction of the drop size distribution of the new device is performed. The dynamic model which prediction capability is fairly good is shown to be sensitive to operating conditions, design parameters and physico-chemical properties of the fluid. In order to achieve the drop size-distribution evolution, we solve the distribution equation, reformulated via the mass flow algorithm, using a convergent Monte Carlo Method able to predict coalescence of sprayed droplets.
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Paloposki, Tuomas. "DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS IN LIQUID SPRAYS." In ICLASS 94. Begellhouse, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/iclass-94.1160.

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Jawad, Badih A., Chris H. Riedel, and Ahmad Bazzari. "Spray Penetration and Drop Size Analysis." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77461.

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Understanding the disintegration mechanism, spray penetration, and spray motion is of great importance in the design of a high quality diesel engine. The atomization process that a liquid would undergo as it is injected into a high-temperature, high-pressure air, is investigated in this work. The purpose of this study is to gain further insight into the atomization mechanism, the variation over time in droplet size distribution and spray penetration. This is done based on the effects of chamber pressure, injection pressure, and type of fuel. A laser diffraction method is used to determine droplet mean diameters, single injection with synchronized time mechanism allowed the time dependent studies. Obscuration signals are obtained through a digital oscilloscope from which arrival time of spray can be measured. A spray penetration correlation is reported.
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Post, S. L., and A. M. Hales. "Experimental Study of Binary Drop Collisions for Drops of Greatly Unequal Size." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41140.

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The collisions and coalescence of liquid drops is important in many spraying applications. Those sprays with high injection velocities tend to generate a very turbulent flow field, which induces relative velocities between the spray drops leading to collisions. If those collisions result in frequent coalescence, this will increase the mean drop size of the spray and reduce the overall vaporization rate, and generally result in poorer spray performance. Multi-dimensional spray simulation codes are commonly used in computational simulations of spray. These codes have sub-models for the drop collision rate and coalescence efficiency. The model that is most commonly used for the coalescence efficiency was developed more than thirty years ago, and was validated with binary drop collision experiments for water drops of comparable size to each other. This model is used in simulations with many different spray liquids, and in sprays that have a wide drop size distributions. The experimental results presented here show that the commonly used model is not valid for collisions between drops whose sizes differ by an order of magnitude.
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ZHAO, Y., M. HOU, and J. CHIN. "Further investigation on drop size distribution measurement." In 21st Joint Propulsion Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1985-1321.

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Cerruto, Emanuele, Giuseppe Manetto, Domenico Longo, and Rita Papa. "Spray Drop Size Measurement via Image Analysis." In 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroagrifor52389.2021.9628876.

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Jawad, Badih A., and Chris H. Riedel. "Analysis of Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) for Fuel Sprays." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37643.

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The spray-tip penetrations and the drop sizes of intermittent fuel sprays were measured by using a modified pulsed optical spray sizer. The average spray tip speeds were determined from simultaneously recorded needle lift signals and obscuration traces. The speeds of a sequence of fuel pulses injected at ∼103 Hz were analyzed to elucidate penetration mechanisms. A correlation that relates penetration distance to time, pressure drop across the nozzle, fuel density, and ambient gas density was obtained. The temporal variations of drop size in penetrating pulses of sprays were measured. The concentration of drops were calculated by combining drop size and obscuration data. The Sauter mean diameter of penetrating fuel drops increased with an increase of the chamber pressure and decreased with an increase of the injection pressure.
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Reports on the topic "Drop size"

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Hayes, Warren D. Literature survey on drop size day=ta, measuring equipment and discussion of the significance of drop size in fore extinguishment. National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3100.

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Hayes, Warren D. Literature survey on drop size data, measuring equipment, and a discussion of the significance of drop size in fire extinguishment. National Bureau of Standards, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3100-1.

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3

Springston, Stephen R., and Michael Furey. Instrument Development of Real Time Holographic Water Drop Size Measurement System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973830.

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Dutton, Evan. Effects of Drop–Size Distribution and Climate on Millimeter–Wave Propagation Through Rain. Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, 1986. https://doi.org/10.70220/7tjmwqr8.

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ELLINGSON, S. D. 236-Z and 291-Z Vacuum Pump System Pressure Drop Analysis for Line Size Selection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/803649.

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Crowley. L41044 Technical Note Review of Multiphase Pipeline Research by PRCI. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011274.

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Tis report�reviews research by the Pipeline Research Committee (PRC) of the Pipeline Research Council International Inc. (PRCI, Inc.) related to multiphase flow in pipelines. For the past decade the PRC has sponsored field tests to obtain multiphase data from operating pipelines, laboratory experiments at large pipe size and high gas density, the development of a Design Manual for multiphase methods, and assessment of the methods against data from the fieId and the laboratory, Validation and assessment of mechanistic multiphase predictions against operating data shows a significant improvement of pressure drop and holdup calculations over empirical methods used by many designers and in several popular computer programs. Pressure drop and holdup can be predicted within about 25% with mechanistic methods, whereas correlations are often unreliable except for pipe sizes and flow conditions for the data from which they are derived.
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Kiefner and Duffy. L51509 Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes at Large Pipe Size and High Gas Density. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010275.

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Knowledge of flow regime, holdup and pressure drop is needed in order to design gas and oil pipelines confidently and to minimize construction and operating costs. Previous public studies of two-phase flow in inclined pipes have used small diameter pipes two inches in diameter or less, and have primarily used air and water as the working fluids at low pressure (near one atmosphere). Present design methods are based upon the results of these experiments. In most advanced analyses available today, the flow regime transition is governed by a Froude number, the balance between inertial and buoyancy forces. The primary objective of the work has been to obtain experimental data to challenge the present two-phase flow analysis methods for large pipe size, high gas density, and pipe inclination. Present analysis and design methods for two-phase flow in pipelines are based on correlations of data from small pipes of order 2-inches diameter or less, for air-water flows at pressures near one atmosphere. To achieve this objective, Creare performed experiments in an existing test facility with a special test section assembled for this project. Pipe diameter and gas density are closer to prototypical oil and gas pipeline conditions than previous experiments reported in the literature. The key experimental results include flow regime observations, pressure drops, and holdup measurements. The instrumentation in the test facility allows detailed characteristics of the flow such as slug velocity, slug frequency, liquid film velocity, and slug length to be measured in the slug flow regime.
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Svedeman. L51729 Gas Scrubber Performance Evaluation - Measurement Methods. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010420.

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Scrubbers and separators are used in natural gas pipelines to remove solid and liquid materials from the gas stream. Failure to remove the entrained materials from the gas can result in equipment damage, increased pressure drop due to liquid accumulation, flow measurement errors, and corrosion. The performance of separators is rarely tested after a separator is installed because there is a lack of test instrumentation and it is difficult to conduct tests at the high pressures. The only indicators of poor separator performance are recurring problems in downstream equipment or the detection of accumulated materials in downstream piping. Instrumentation is needed that can verify separator performance when the unit is installed and to periodically monitor separator performance. The report documents results of instrument tests. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. One important result was that the separator minimum removable drop size increased as the operating pressure increased. This trend is not generally known, since there is a lack of test results for pressures above atmospheric pressure. The separator performance test results are documented in this report. Two different particle measuring instruments were evaluated for documenting separator performance. The two instruments were the video imaging system with automatic image analysis and the laser-based phase Doppler particle measuring system. The instruments were evaluated in laboratory tests that were conducted on a commercially available vane-type separator. The objectives of the instrument evaluations were to verify that the instruments could be used to measure particles penetrating a separator, to provide a comparative evaluation of the two instruments, and to identify any measurement problems that could be encountered in field testing. The video imaging system has a number of attractive attributes, but it was not able to measure the small diameter drops at the separator exit. The primary limitation was that the optical system could not clearly image the small drops (in the range from 5 to 30 um). The phase Doppler particle measuring system was capable of measuring all of the parameters needed to document the separator performance. Based on the instrument evaluations, future efforts on developing measurement methods for documenting separator performance should focus on adapting the phase Doppler system to field testing.
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Rahai, Hamid, and Jeremy Bonifacio. Numerical Investigations of Virus Transport Aboard a Commuter Bus. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2048.

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The authors performed unsteady numerical simulations of virus/particle transport released from a hypothetical passenger aboard a commuter bus. The bus model was sized according to a typical city bus used to transport passengers within the city of Long Beach in California. The simulations were performed for the bus in transit and when the bus was at a bus stop opening the middle doors for 30 seconds for passenger boarding and drop off. The infected passenger was sitting in an aisle seat in the middle of the bus, releasing 1267 particles (viruses)/min. The bus ventilation system released air from two linear slots in the ceiling at 2097 cubic feet per minute (CFM) and the air was exhausted at the back of the bus. Results indicated high exposure for passengers sitting behind the infectious during the bus transit. With air exchange outside during the bus stop, particles were spread to seats in front of the infectious passenger, thus increasing the risk of infection for the passengers sitting in front of the infectious person. With higher exposure time, the risk of infection is increased. One of the most important factors in assessing infection risk of respiratory diseases is the spatial distribution of the airborne pathogens. The deposition of the particles/viruses within the human respiratory system depends on the size, shape, and weight of the virus, the morphology of the respiratory tract, as well as the subject’s breathing pattern. For the current investigation, the viruses are modeled as solid particles of fixed size. While the results provide details of particles transport within a bus along with the probable risk of infection for a short duration, however, these results should be taken as preliminary as there are other significant factors such as the virus’s survival rate, the size distribution of the virus, and the space ventilation rate and mixing that contribute to the risk of infection and have not been taken into account in this investigation.
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Montolio, Daniel. The Unintended Consequences on Crime of "Pennies from Heaven". Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011719.

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This paper examines how an infrastructure investment policy, implemented nationwide at the local level, has affected local crime rates. This policy, developed in the wake of the global recession of 2008-09, was designed to boost local economies through job creation. Using monthly figures from the Spanish region of Catalonia's more than 900 municipalities, the paper exploits geographic and time variation in the Spanish Ministry of Public Administration's random approvals of local investment policies, to estimate their impact on both (un)employment and crime. The combination of difference-in-differences and IV estimates makes it possible to precisely assess both the size and timing of the policy's impact on the local labor market and on municipal-level crime rates. While the policy apparently did not tackle the economic recession over the long run, local public finances did experience a boost over the short term, resulting in a temporary reduction in local unemployment rates (as legally required by the policy), as well as a significant drop in crime rates.
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