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1

Löffler-Mang, M., K. D. Beheng, and H. Gysi. "Messung von Tropfengrößenverteilungen in Regen — ein Vergleich zweier Meßmethoden." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 5, no. 4 (1996): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/5/1996/139.

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2

Lima, João L. M. P. de, Valdemir P. Silva, M. Isabel P. de Lima, João R. C. B. Abrantes, and Abelardo A. A. Montenegro. "Revisiting simple methods to estimate drop size distributions: a novel approach based on infrared thermography." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (2015): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0025.

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Abstract The infrared thermography has been successfully applied as a tool for high resolution imaging in different hydrological studies. This exploratory experimental study aimed at evaluating the possibility of using infrared thermography to determine the diameter of raindrops. Rain samples are collected on a pre-heated acrylic board, which is exposed to rain during an instant, and thermograms are recorded. The area of the thermal stains (“signatures” of the raindrops) emerging on the board is measured and converted to drop diameters, applying a calibration equation. Diameters of natural rai
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3

Brkić, Dejan. "Two Iterative Methods for Sizing Pipe Diameters in Gas Distribution Networks with Loops." Computation 12, no. 2 (2024): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation12020025.

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Closed-loop pipe systems allow the possibility of the flow of gas from both directions across each route, ensuring supply continuity in the event of a failure at one point, but their main shortcoming is in the necessity to model them using iterative methods. Two iterative methods of determining the optimal pipe diameter in a gas distribution network with closed loops are described in this paper, offering the advantage of maintaining the gas velocity within specified technical limits, even during peak demand. They are based on the following: (1) a modified Hardy Cross method with the correction
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4

Cai, Wenlu, Cherdpong Jomdecha, Yingsong Zhao, Li Wang, Shejuan Xie, and Zhenmao Chen. "Quantitative evaluation of electrical conductivity inside stress corrosion crack with electromagnetic NDE methods." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2182 (2020): 20190589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0589.

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This paper presents a comparison of studies on the local distributed electrical conductivity in stress corrosion crack (SCC) from signals of eddy current testing (ECT) and direct current potential drop (DCPD) aiming to improve SCC sizing accuracy when using electromagnetic non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. Experimental setups of ECT and DCPD were established, respectively, to collect measurement signals due to artificial SCCs in a plate of austenitic stainless steel. The local conductivity in the SCC region was reconstructed from the feature parameters extracted from the measured ECT and
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5

Singleton, E. W. "Development of a High-Performance Choke Valve with Reference to Sizing for Multiphase Flow." Measurement and Control 24, no. 9 (1991): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029409102400902.

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The paper describes events leading up to the development of a variable choke valve for high-pressure drop service on multiphase fluids. During the evolvement of the design, which has now been proved in service, it was found necessary to discard some of the accepted precepts and conventions of control valve design. This work also led to an investigation into the various methods of sizing valves for multiphase fluids. The results obtained from available methods were compared and a new method was devised which appears to maintain a higher level of accuracy over a wide range of multiphase flow con
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6

Satyarnarayan, L., D. M. Pukazhendhi, Krishnan Balasubramaniam, C. V. Krishnamurthy, and D. S. Ramachandra Murthy. "Phased Array Ultrasonic Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Profiles in Stainless Steel Pipes." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 129, no. 4 (2006): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2767367.

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This paper reports experimental sizing of fatigue crack profiles that are initiated from artificially made circumferential starter notches in stainless steel pipes of 169mm outer diameter and 14.33mm thickness, which were subjected to cyclic bending loads in a four point bending load arrangement using two nondestractive evaluation (NDE) methods: (a) phased array ultrasonic technique and (b) alternating current potential drop technique. The crack growth estimated using the two NDE techniques were compared with the beach marks that were present in the fracture surface. A simulation study using t
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Gyürki, Dániel, Benjamin Csippa, György Paál, and István Szikora. "Impact of Design and Deployment Technique on the Hydrodynamic Resistance of Flow Diverters." Clinical Neuroradiology 32, no. 1 (2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00062-021-01106-1.

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Abstract Purpose Despite the high efficacy of flow diverters (FD) in treating sidewall intracranial aneurysms, failures are reported. One of the physical factors determining efficacy is the flow reducing capacity of the FD that is currently unknown to the operator. Our aim was to measure the flow reducing capacity expressed as the hydrodynamic resistance (HR), the metallic surface area (MSA) and pore density (PD) of two different FD designs and quantitatively investigate the impact of sizing and the deployment technique on these parameters. Methods Altogether 38 Pipeline (Medtronic) and P64 (P
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Kalioudjoglou, Loïck, Clément Bonneau, Vincent Melot, Bruno Auvity, Christophe Josset, and Yoann Merriaux. "Prediction or hydraulic performance of shell-and-tube heat exchanger: comparison of 1D and CFD-porous media approaches." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824002008.

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The present paper deals with Heat Exchanger sizing methods and offers a comparison between two of them: 1D global method and CFD porous media method. Following Prithiviraj et al. work [1], new developments are based on recent knowledge acquired on porous media, using a coupling strategy of a three-dimensional commercial code with an in-house code library. The distributed hydraulic resistance concept and the numerical model are briefly described and confronted with pressure drop measurements from an experimental E-type STHE setup (shell-and-tube heat exchanger) from the literature. The present
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9

Martinez, Gabrielle L., Farzad Poursadegh, Gina M. Magnotti, et al. "Measurement of Sauter mean diameter in diesel sprays using a scattering–absorption measurement ratio technique." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 1 (2018): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418819912.

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A new diagnostic for the quantification of Sauter mean diameter in high-pressure fuel sprays has been recently developed using combined optical and X-ray measurements at the Georgia Institute of Technology and Argonne National Laboratory, respectively. This diagnostic utilizes liquid scattering extinction measurements from diffuse back-illumination imaging, conducted at Georgia Tech, and liquid absorption measurements from X-ray radiography, conducted at Argonne’s Advanced Photon Source. The new diagnostic, entitled the scattering–absorption measurement ratio, quantifies two-dimensional distri
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10

Grossmann, Wolf, Iris Grossmann, and Karl W. Steininger. "Solar electricity supply isolines of generation capacity and storage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 12 (2015): 3663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316781112.

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The recent sharp drop in the cost of photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation accompanied by globally rapidly increasing investment in PV plants calls for new planning and management tools for large-scale distributed solar networks. Of major importance are methods to overcome intermittency of solar electricity, i.e., to provide dispatchable electricity at minimal costs. We find that pairs of electricity generation capacity G and storage S that give dispatchable electricity and are minimal with respect to S for a given G exhibit a smooth relationship of mutual substitutability between G and S.
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11

Li, Yang, Zhenggan Zhou, and Jun Wang. "Analysis of Linear Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation Methods for Thin-Walled Structure Inspection Using Ultrasonic Array." Coatings 9, no. 2 (2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9020146.

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The ultrasonic array used for thin-walled structure non-destructive inspection usually has a high central frequency so that the thickness-to-acoustic wavelength ratio is greater than 10. When the ratio is much smaller than 10, the reliability of the conventional ultrasonic array method will dramatically decrease due to the influence of the acoustic near-field. This situation is unavoidable since the available central frequency of the array transducer cannot be an arbitrarily large value. To optimize the inspection performance in this case, the testing of an ultrasonic array and the evaluation
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12

Barestrand, Henrik, Anna-Lena Ljung, Jon Summers, and Staffan Lundström. "Modeling Convective Heat Transfer of Air in a Data Center Using OpenFOAM." OpenFOAM® Journal 3 (August 7, 2023): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51560/ofj.v3.59.

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Achieving energy and cooling efficiency in data center convective air flow and heat transfer can be a challenging task. Among different numerical methods to work with such issues is the Finite Volume Method in Computational Fluid Dynamics. This work evaluates the performance of two such solvers provided by OpenFOAM® in solving this type of convective heat-transfer problem, namely BuoyantBoussinesqPimpleFOAM and BuoyantPimpleFOAM. This is done for two different flow configurations of significantly different Richardson number. To sufficiently resolve the flow, grid sizing effects are elucidated
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13

Liu, Longquan, and Wenjun Xu. "A Study on the In-Plane Shear-after-Impact Properties of CFRP Composite Laminates." Materials 15, no. 14 (2022): 5029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15145029.

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Impact loading on carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix (CFRP) composite laminates can result in a significant reduction in their residual properties, and the (ShAI) properties of the composite material are essential to obtain the material allowable values of the shear dominated composite structures. In order to obtain the ShAI properties of the composite material in pure shear stress at a coupon level, this study presents theoretical, experimental, and numerical methods and analysis work on the in-plane shear and ShAI properties of the composite laminates. Theoretically, a method of sizing t
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14

Whitehead, Christopher, and Courtney Hall. "31 Establishing Pressure Parameters and Viability of a 3D Printed Dynamic Microstomia Prevention Orthosis." Journal of Burn Care & Research 45, Supplement_1 (2024): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irae036.031.

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Abstract Introduction Microstomia prevention orthoses (MPOs) are a standard of care for perioral burns to prevent and correct contractures due to hypertrophic burn scar. A simple, cost effective 3D printed MPO was designed with a dynamic middle component and two mouthpieces. Our goal was to establish parameters for providing appropriate pressure and to examine the viability of the design before implementation. Although effective pressure standards for dynamic MPOs have not been established, our objective is 15-25 mmHg based on the current literature for effective pressure therapy of hypertroph
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15

DUTTA, ROBI, and MALGORZATA MAREK-SADOWSKA. "ALGORITHM FOR WIRE SIZING OF POWER AND GROUND NETWORKS IN VLSI DESIGNS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 02, no. 02 (1992): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126692000118.

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Distributing power and ground to the elements present in a VLSI chip is a very crucial task in the design process. Power networks carry substantial currents and wires carrying them have to be carefully designed to avoid damage caused by electromigration and should not experience significant voltage drops. This paper presents a fast and efficient method for sizing power/ground networks. No restrictions on network topology or the number of supplying pads are imposed. Wire widths are calculated such that the weighted area of wire segments is minimized while electromigration and voltage drops cons
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16

Bekker, Eric Botha, Daniel J. Holland, and Aaron Timothy Marshall. "Electrical Resistive Tomography to Analyse the Flow Behaviour in Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 48 (2022): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01482016mtgabs.

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are re-emerging as a safe, scalable, efficient and versatile means of large-scale energy storage. Growing adoption of renewable energy generation has ushered a new optimism regarding future reduction in fossil fuel dependency; limiting further harm dealt to the climate and wider environment. However, this momentum demands more efficient energy storage solutions to reconcile power demand and the intermittent nature of wind, solar and tidal energy generation [1]. Without proper storage, reliable back-up generation – largely provided by fossil fuels – will continue to
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17

Habib, Habib Ur Rahman, Asad Waqar, Sharoze Sohail, et al. "Optimal Placement and Sizing Problem for Power Loss Minimization and Voltage Profile Improvement of Distribution Networks under Seasonal Loads Using Harris Hawks Optimizer." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (June 30, 2022): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8640423.

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Improving efficiency with sustainable radial distribution networks (RDNs) is challenging for larger systems and small grid-connected RDNs. In this paper, the optimal placement of DGs with the Harris hawks optimizer (HHO) under seasonal load demands is proposed to simultaneously reduce total active and reactive power losses and minimize bus voltage drops with the consideration of operational constraints of RDNs. HHO is a newly inspired metaheuristic optimization algorithm primarily based on the Harris hawks’ intelligent behaviors during the chasing of the prey. Furthermore, the authors have inv
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18

Pabón, Francisco, Esteban Inga, and Miguel Campaña. "Planning Underground Power Distribution Networks to Minimize Negative Visual Impact in Resilient Smart Cities." Electricity 3, no. 3 (2022): 463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity3030024.

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This paper presents the application of heuristic methods in conjunction with graph theory in the optimal routing and sizing of underground distribution networks in georeferenced (GIS) scenarios, which are modeled and simulated in the advanced engineering tool CYMDIST. The tool allows the deployment of underground networks to facilitate the design, planning, and implementation of networks, taking into consideration distribution company regulations, thus allowing overview and future planning in the growth of distribution systems. Further, this method is modeled in real georeferenced scenarios, w
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19

Kreishan, Maen Z., and Ahmed F. Zobaa. "Mixed-Integer Distributed Ant Colony Optimization of Dump Load Allocation with Improved Islanded Microgrid Load Flow." Energies 16, no. 1 (2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010213.

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Dump load (DL) utilization at low demand hours in highly penetrated islanded microgrid is of great importance to offer voltage and frequency regulation. Additionally, load flow (LF) convergence is vital to optimize the working states of the DL allocation problem. Hence, more analysis is necessary to highlight the significance of DL in power regulation while observing the influence of LF on solution accuracy. This article proposes two LF techniques derived from backward/forward sweep (BFS), viz., general BFS (GBFS) and improved special BFS (SBFS-II). The latter is based on global voltage shared
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20

Abbas, Asad, Saeed Mian Qaisar, Asad Waqar, Nasim Ullah, and Ahmad Aziz Al Ahmadi. "Min-Max Regret-Based Approach for Sizing and Placement of DGs in Distribution System under a 24 h Load Horizon." Energies 15, no. 10 (2022): 3701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103701.

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Load variations in any power system result in loss escalation and voltage drops. With the sensible and optimal allocation of distributed generators (DGs), these problems could be considerably mitigated. It has been seen in existing methods that, ideally, the allocation of DGs has been carried out during fixed loads and constant power requirements. However, in real scenarios the loads are always variable and the allocation of DGs must be done in accordance with the variations of the connected load. Therefore, the current paper addresses the aforementioned problem by the distinctive optimal allo
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21

Chen, H. L., S. D. Wilson, and T. G. Monger-McClure. "Determination of Relative Permeability and Recovery for North Sea Gas-Condensate Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 04 (1999): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57596-pa.

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Summary Coreflood experiments on gas condensate flow behavior were conducted for two North Sea gas condensate reservoirs. The objectives were to investigate the effects of rock and fluid characteristics on critical condensate saturation (CCS), gas and condensate relative permeabilities, hydrocarbon recovery and trapping by water injection, and incremental recovery by subsequent blowdown. Both CCS and relative permeability were sensitive to flow rate and interfacial tension. The results on gas relative permeability rate sensitivity suggest that gas productivity curtailed by condensate dropout c
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22

Jensen, Jørgen B., Stuart P. Beaton, Jeffrey L. Stith, et al. "The Giant Nucleus Impactor (GNI)—A System for the Impaction and Automated Optical Sizing of Giant Aerosol Particles with Emphasis on Sea Salt. Part I: Basic Instrument and Algorithms." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 9 (2020): 1551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-19-0109.1.

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AbstractSize distributions of giant aerosol particles (dry radius larger than 0.5 μm, sometimes referred to as coarse-mode aerosol particles) are not well characterized in the atmosphere. Measurements are problematic for these particles because they (i) occur in low concentrations, (ii) have difficulty in passing through air inlets, (iii) may be dry or deliquesced particles, and (iv) if sampled by impaction, typically require labor-intensive methods. In this study, a simple, high-volume impaction system called the Giant Nucleus Impactor (GNI), based on free-stream exposure of polycarbonate sli
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23

Ghasemi, Ali, and Ali Elham. "Multi-objective topology optimization of pin-fin heat exchangers using spectral and finite-element methods." Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, July 3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00158-021-02964-6.

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AbstractForced convective pin-fin heat exchangers, due to the high wet surface area per volume and the hindered thermal boundary layers, feature low thermal resistances. However, the considerable coolant pressure drop, particularly for densely packed fin arrays, imposes operational costs for pumping power supply. This paper develops a multi-objective topology optimization approach to optimize sink geometries in order to minimize thermal resistance and pressure loss, concurrently. In accordance to the pin-fin geometrical characteristics, a dedicated pseudo-3D conjugate heat transfer model is ut
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24

Wunderlich, T. F., S. Dähne, L. Reimer, and A. Schuster. "Global aero-structural design optimization of composite wings with active manoeuvre load alleviation." CEAS Aeronautical Journal, May 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13272-022-00585-3.

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AbstractIn the scope of the DLR project VicToria (Virtual Aircraft Technology Integration Platform), an integrated process for aero-structural wing optimization based on high fidelity simulation methods is continuously developed and applied. Based upon a parametric geometry, flight performance under transonic flight conditions and manoeuvre loads are computed by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. Structural mass and elastic characteristics of the wing are determined from structural sizing of the composite wing box for essential manoeuvre load cases using computational struc
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25

Haworth, Lauren, Karen May, Jessie Janssen, James Selfe, and Ambreen Chohan. "Does an alternative breast support garment provide symptomatic relief for larger breasted women with chronic non-specific back pain?" Prosthetics & Orthotics International, October 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pxr.0000000000000277.

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Background: Nonsurgical guidelines recommend implementing a correctly fitted bra when managing back pain among larger breasted women. Achieving this is challenging with current bra solutions, sizing principles, and fitting approaches. Persistent wearing of an ill-fitting bra can cause negative health implications, including non-specific back pain. Objectives: This study investigated immediate and short-term biomechanical and pain responses to changing breast support garment among larger breasted women with non-specific back pain. Methods: Participants (n = 24) performed a standing task, drop j
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26

Alessio-Mazzola, Mattia, Pietro Colombo, Niccolo’ Barducci, et al. "Direct anterior approach with conventional instruments versus robotic posterolateral approach in elective total hip replacement for primary osteoarthritis: a case–control study." Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 25, no. 1 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s10195-024-00753-7.

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Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to compare peri-operative and short-term outcomes in patients who underwent elective total hip replacement (THA) for primary osteoarthritis (OA) with direct anterior approach (DAA) versus a pair-matched cohort of patients who underwent robotic-assisted THA with posterolateral approach. Materials and methods Data from consecutive patients who underwent elective hip replacement from 2021 to 2023 for primary OA were retrospectively retrieved and divided into two groups: the DAA group, who underwent THA with the DAA approach using conventional instr
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27

"DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT & ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT DROOP NOSE RIBS BY USING OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE." International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology 10, no. 5 (2021): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijesrt.v10.i5.2021.4.

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This master thesis work presents the development of a parameterized automated generic model for the structural design of an aircraft wing. Furthermore, in order to perform finite element analysis on the aircraft wing geometry, the process of finite element mesh generation is automated. The generic model that is developed in this regard is able to automate the process of creation and modification of the aircraft wing geometry based on a series of parameters which define the geometrical characteristics of wing panels, wing spars and wing ribs. Two different approaches are used for the creation o
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