Academic literature on the topic 'Drosophila melanogaster Variation'

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Journal articles on the topic "Drosophila melanogaster Variation"

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NOOR, MOHAMED A. F., MALCOLM D. SCHUG, and CHARLES F. AQUADRO. "Microsatellite variation in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila persimilis." Genetical Research 75, no. 1 (2000): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672399004024.

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We have isolated, characterized and mapped 33 dinucleotide, three trinucleotide and one tetranucleotide repeat loci from the four major chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Average inferred repeat unit length of the dinucleotide repeats is 12 repeat units, similar to D. melanogaster. Assays of D. pseudoobscura and populations of its sibling species, D. persimilis, using 10 of these loci show extremely high levels of variation compared with similar studies of dinucleotide repeat variation in D. melanogaster populations. The high levels of variation are consistent with an average mutation rate of approximately 10−6 per locus per generation and an effective population size of D. pseudoobscura approximately four times larger than that of D. melanogaster. Consistent with allozymes and nucleotide sequence polymorphism, the dinucleotide repeat loci reveal minimal structure across four populations of D. pseudoobscura. Finally, our preliminary recombinational mapping of 24 of these microsatellites suggests that the total recombinational genome size may be larger than previously inferred using morphological mutant markers.
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TINSLEY, M. C., S. BLANFORD, and F. M. JIGGINS. "Genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster pathogen susceptibility." Parasitology 132, no. 6 (2006): 767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006009929.

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Genetic variation in susceptibility to pathogens is a central concern both to evolutionary and medical biologists, and for the implementation of biological control programmes. We have investigated the extent of such variation in Drosophila melanogaster, a major model organism for immunological research. We found that within populations, different Drosophila genotypes show wide-ranging variation in their ability to survive infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Furthermore, striking divergence in susceptibility has occurred between genotypes from temperate and tropical African locations. We hypothesize that this may have been driven by adaptation to local differences in pathogen exposure or host ecology. Genetic variation within populations may be maintained by temporal or spatial variation in the costs and benefits of pathogen defence. Insect pathogens are employed widely as biological control agents and entomopathogenic fungi are currently being developed for reducing malaria transmission by mosquitoes. Our data highlight the need for concern about resistance evolution to these novel biopesticides in vector populations.
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DAVID, J., and P. CAPY. "Genetic variation of Drosophila melanogaster natural populations." Trends in Genetics 4, no. 4 (1988): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9525(88)90098-4.

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Moschetti, Roberta, Corrado Caggese, Paolo Barsanti, and Ruggiero Caizzi. "Intra- and Interspecies Variation Among Bari-1 Elements of the Melanogaster Species Group." Genetics 150, no. 1 (1998): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.1.239.

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Abstract We have investigated the distribution of sequences homologous to Bari-1, a Tc1-like transposable element first identified in Drosophila melanogaster, in 87 species of the Drosophila genus. We have also isolated and sequenced Bari-1 homologues from D. simulans, D. mauritiana, and D. sechellia, the species constituting with D. melanogaster the melanogaster complex, and from D. diplacantha and D. erecta, two phylogenetically more distant species of the melanogaster group. Within the melanogaster complex the Bari-1 elements are extremely similar to each other, showing nucleotide identity values of at least 99.3%. In contrast, Bari-1-like elements from D. diplacantha and D. erecta are on average only 70% similar to D. melanogaster Bari-1 and are usually defective due to nucleotide deletions and/or insertions in the ORFs encoding their transposases. In D. erecta the defective copies are all located in the chromocenter and on chromosome 4. Surprisingly, while D. melanogaster Bari-1 elements possess 26-bp inverted terminal repeats, their D. diplacantha and D. erecta homologues possess long inverted terminal repeats similar to the terminal structures observed in the S elements of D. melanogaster and in several other Tc1-like elements of different organisms. This finding, together with the nucleotide and amino acid identity level between D. diplacantha and D. erecta elements and Bari-1 of D. melanogaster, suggests a common evolutionary origin and a rapid diversification of the termini of these Drosophila Tc1-like elements.
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Aguadé, Montserrat. "Variation in natural populations of Drosophila as revealed by four-cutter analysis." Genome 31, no. 2 (1989): 784–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-138.

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Four-cutter restriction enzyme analysis, a recently developed electroblotting technique, enables the survey of restriction site and insertion–deletion polymorphism in natural populations at a fine level of resolution. Using this technique, the distribution of polymorphism among geographically isolated populations of Drosophila melanogaster and in different structural–functional domains of the genome has been studied. A summary of these results is presented and discussed. Recent investigations of molecular variation within and between different chromosome arrangements in Drosophila are presented. Levels of variation in different regions of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster are also discussed.Key words: populations, DNA polymorphisms, Drosophila, restriction enzymes.
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England, Phillip R., David A. Briscoe, and Richard Frankham. "Microsatellite polymorphisms in a wild population of Drosophila melanogaster." Genetical Research 67, no. 3 (1996): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300033760.

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SummaryHighly variable DNA polymorphisms called microsatellites are rapidly becoming the marker of choice in population genetic studies. Until now, microsatellites have not been utilized for Drosophila studies. We have identified eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in Drosophila melanogaster and used them to characterize the genetic variation in a wild population from the Tyrrell's winery in Australia. Microsatellites were isolated from a partial genomic DNA library. All microsatellites consist of (AC)n repeats ranging from n = 2 to n = 24. Six loci were assigned to chromosomal location by genetic mapping, with three loci on chromosome II, one locus on chromosome III and two loci on the X chromosome. Up to four microsatellite loci were multiplexed in the same reaction. Microsatellite variation is substantially greater than allozyme variation in the Tyrrell's Drosophila population. 80% of the microsatellite loci examined are polymorphic, compared with 28% of allozymes. The mean number of alleles per polymorphic locus is 5·2 in microsatellites compared with 30 in allozymes. The average observed heterozygosity of polymorphic microsatellites is 47% compared with 26% for allozymes. Microsatellite variation in Drosophila melanogaster is similar to that reported for other insects. Higher variability commends microsatellites over allozymes for genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Aquadro, C. F., K. M. Lado, and W. A. Noon. "The rosy region of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. I. Contrasting levels of naturally occurring DNA restriction map variation and divergence." Genetics 119, no. 4 (1988): 875–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.4.875.

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Abstract A 40-kb region around the rosy and snake loci was analyzed for restriction map variation among 60 lines of Drosophila melanogaster and 30 lines of Drosophila simulans collected together at a single locality in Raleigh, North Carolina. DNA sequence variation in D. simulans was estimated to be 6.3 times greater than in D. melanogaster (heterozygosities per nucleotide of 1.9% vs. 0.3%). This result stands in marked contrast to results of studies of phenotypic variation including proteins (allozymes), morphology and chromosome arrangements which are generally less variable and less geographically differentiated in D. simulans. Intraspecific polymorphism is not distributed uniformly over the 40-kb region. The level of heterozygosity per nucleotide varies more than 12-fold across the region in D. simulans, being highest over the hsc2 gene. Similar, though less extreme, variation in heterozygosity is also observed in D. melanogaster. Average interspecific divergence (corrected for intraspecific polymorphism) averaged 3.8%. The pattern of interspecific divergence over the 40-kb region shows some disparities with the spatial distribution of intraspecific variation, but is generally consistent with selective neutrality predictions: the most polymorphic regions within species are generally the most divergent between species. Sequence-length polymorphism is observed for D. melanogaster to be at levels comparable to other gene regions in this species. In contrast, no sequence length variation was observed among D. simulans chromosomes (limit of resolution approximately 100 bp). These data indicate that transposable elements play at best a minor role in the generation of naturally occurring genetic variation in D. simulans compared to D. melanogaster. We hypothesize that differences in species effective population size are the major determinant of the contrasting levels and patterns of DNA sequence and insertion/deletion variation that we report here and the patterns of allozyme and morphological variation and differentiation reported by other workers for these two species.
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Gaspar, Pedro, Saad Arif, Lauren Sumner-Rooney, et al. "Characterization of the Genetic Architecture Underlying Eye Size Variation Within Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 3 (2020): 1005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400877.

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The compound eyes of insects exhibit striking variation in size, reflecting adaptation to different lifestyles and habitats. However, the genetic and developmental bases of variation in insect eye size is poorly understood, which limits our understanding of how these important morphological differences evolve. To address this, we further explored natural variation in eye size within and between four species of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. We found extensive variation in eye size among these species, and flies with larger eyes generally had a shorter inter-ocular distance and vice versa. We then carried out quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of intra-specific variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both D. melanogaster and D. simulans. This revealed that different genomic regions underlie variation in eye size and inter-ocular distance in both species, which we corroborated by introgression mapping in D. simulans. This suggests that although there is a trade-off between eye size and inter-ocular distance, variation in these two traits is likely to be caused by different genes and so can be genetically decoupled. Finally, although we detected QTL for intra-specific variation in eye size at similar positions in D. melanogaster and D. simulans, we observed differences in eye fate commitment between strains of these two species. This indicates that different developmental mechanisms and therefore, most likely, different genes contribute to eye size variation in these species. Taken together with the results of previous studies, our findings suggest that the gene regulatory network that specifies eye size has evolved at multiple genetic nodes to give rise to natural variation in this trait within and among species.
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Choudhary, M., and Rama S. Singh. "A Comprehensive Study of Genic Variation in Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. III. Variations in Genetic Structure and Their Causes Between Drosophila melanogaster and Its Sibling Species Drosophila simulans." Genetics 117, no. 4 (1987): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/117.4.697.

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ABSTRACT The natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans were compared for their genetic structure. A total of 114 gene-protein loci were studied in four mainland (from Europe and Africa) and an island (Seychelle) populations of D. simulans and the results were compared with those obtained on the same set of homologous loci in fifteen worldwide populations of D. melanogaster. The main results are as follows: (1) D. melanogaster shows a significantly higher proportion of loci polymorphic than D. simulans (52% vs. 39%, P < 0.05), (2) both species have similar mean heterozygosity and mean number of alleles per locus, (3) the two species share some highly polymorphic loci but they do not share loci that show high geographic differentiation, and (4) D. simulans shows significantly less geographic differentiation than D. melanogaster. The differences in genetic differentiation between the two species are limited to loci located on the X and second chromosomes only; loci on the third chromosome show similar level of geographic differentiation in both species. These two species have previously been shown to differ in their pattern of variation for chromosomal polymorphisms, quantitative and physiological characters, two-dimensional electrophoretic (2DE) proteins, middle repetitive DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Variation in niche-widths and/or genetic "strategies" of adaptation appear to be the main causes of differences in the genetic structure of these two species.
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Gardner, Michael P., Kevin Fowler, Nicholas H. Barton, and Linda Partridge. "Genetic Variation for Total Fitness in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 169, no. 3 (2004): 1553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.032367.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drosophila melanogaster Variation"

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Hutter, Stephan. "Natural variation in Drosophila melanogaster." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-74185.

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Robinson, Sarah Jane. "Latitudinal variation in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394029.

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Adrian, Andrew B. "Fine scale recombination variation in Drosophila melanogaster." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2175.

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The study of natural variation is a principle component of biology. One process that affects levels of natural variation is meiotic recombination—the process by which homologous chromosomes break and interchange genetic information with one another during the formation of gametes. Surprisingly, this factor that shapes levels of natural variation across the genome itself presents with a great deal of variation. That variation manifests itself at many levels: within genomes, between individual organisms, across populations, and among species. The factors and mechanisms responsible for the non-random patterning of recombination events across the genome remain particularly elusive in most cases. Herein, I utilize a combination of bioinformatic and molecular genetic approaches to better explain recombination patterning. I explore several factors that are now known to contribute to the distribution of recombination events across genomes. In particular, I demonstrate that transcriptional activity during meiosis is associated with, and partially predictive of crossing over events in Drosophila melanogaster. Additionally, I present a model which is capable of accounting for approximately 40% of the variation in crossover rates in Drosophila based on the localization of several previously identified DNA motifs. Lastly, I present preliminary data describing how recombination patterns are altered under naturally stressful conditions, a key insight that is necessary for uniting our findings at one level of variation with the many others. These findings support a multifactorial model for crossover distribution that includes both genetic and epigenetic factors and will further progress the field in developing a comprehensive understanding of recombination localization.
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Crompton, Tom. "Mobile DNA and genetic variation in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30330.

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Whilst it is commonly accepted that transposable elements can generate genetic variation, the significance of this for the maintenance and dissemination of such elements is controversial. Here long-term laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster, maintained at two discrete temperatures, are screened by Southern blotting for the patterns of insertion of several transposable elements (copia, mdg-2, mdg-4 and P). Consistent with a temperature-specific adaptive role for some insertions, several are apparently found at higher frequency in lines at one temperature. Further characterisation of these putatively temperature-selected insertions was attempted. Of three distinct approaches taken towards cloning these insertions, a single-stranded DNA-ligation for PCR-amplification technique, not thought to have been previously exploited for isolating transposable element insertion sites, generated the best results. One copia insertion was successfully sequenced, although single fly PCR experiments suggested that the frequency of this in caged populations was not related to temperature. A major collection of D. melanogaster from the French and Spanish Pyrenees was undertaken along four discrete altitudinal clines, with a view to screening for specific transposable element insertions. A novel strategy was developed for correlation of altitude with mean seasonal temperature of each collection site. Altitudinal variation in the frequency of Thr-Gly length polymorphism at the period locus was found to be consistent with predictions based on known latitudinal clines. This is the first known example of putatively adaptive clinal genetic variation in European populations of Drosophila collected along altitudinal transects. Finally, a fundamental re-examination of the theoretical issues surrounding the possible adaptive significance of transposable elements is developed. It is demonstrated that he extension of ideas on the 'units of selection' to transposable elements has led to confusion. A model of transposable element evolution which presents a coherent alternative to the selfish DNA approach is presented.
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Cao, Chuan. "Genetic variation in antiviral resistance in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708593.

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Dolphin, Kimberly E. "Variation in mating preferences and behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585517.

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<p> I found that in inbred females <i>D. melanogaster,</i> physical condition plays a major role in the amount of polyandry. In some systems there is evidence that the ability to self assess allows inbred females to vary their reproductive behavior to increase promiscuity. I predicted that this may be true in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> females, but we found that inbred females behaved less promiscuously in three proxies than outbred females. Inbred females mated with fewer total males, fewer different males, and had longer copulation latency than their outbred conspecifics. However, male mate choice is not predicted in <i>Drosophila melanogaster </i> because males invest less than females, but recently the importance of male preference has been gaining support. How these males are making decisions is an important component to understanding the evolutionary impacts of the male's behaviors. I found that male mate choices are heavily influenced by previous experiences, and the lack of experience causes significant changes in courtship latency and overall preferences.</p>
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Carr, Martin. "Genetic variation on the fourth chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324481.

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Chana, Kamaldeep. "Natural genetic variation underlying UVR sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42537.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation has been a major environmental factor throughout the evolution of life. Nature has evolved a plethora of defence mechanisms against this biologically harmful agent, and the genes underlying these mechanisms (e.g. DNA repair) have been the direct target of natural selection. The main aim of this study was to assess the level of genetic diversity in Drosophila, and phenotypic variation in Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) sensitivity amongst a naturally-derived panel of fly strains (DGRP), and to evaluate the extent of genetic variation underlying this trait. The DGRP strains were screened for UVR-sensitivity using simulated solar radiation, and substantial phenotypic variation was identified. A genome-wide association analysis detected 114 SNPs across all three major chromosomes, at a FDR of 0.0001. Some of these SNPs lie within known UV response genes (Xpac, hay), and some novel UVR-associated genes were identified (TwdIB, raw). Subsequently, a significant association, SNP 3R:12383617 in gene CG42342 was validated using complementation tests. In addition, enriched network analysis detected both novel UVR-associated pathways (e.g. GPCRs), and pathways wholly implicated in UV response. In parallel, a candidate gene focussed approach was taken to identify natural phenotypic variation in an allelic series of p53 strains (27 congenic strains) derived from European populations. These strains exhibited both phenotypic and genotypic variation. Association analysis revealed single intronic SNP (3R:18875989), which was associated with UVR-induced oxidative stress. Another set of experiments addressed the role of BTK, a kinase triggered by UVR, in ageing. Two BTK inhibitors (X and Y) were tested as potential novel anti-ageing drugs. The drugs were administrated at different doses in the food, and both extended lifespan, in a p53-dependent manner. The treated flies also showed a weight gain and improved motor function. Patents are currently pending for these two drugs in anti-ageing therapy.
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Long, Evan Michael. "Genomic Structural Variation Across Five Continental Populations of Drosophila melanogaster." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7335.

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Chromosomal structure variations (SV) including insertions, deletions, inversions, and translocations occur within the genome and can have a significant effect on organismalphenotype. Some of these effects are caused by structural variations containing genes. Modern sequencing using short reads makes the detection of large structural variations (> 1kb) very difficult. Large structural variations represent a significant amount of the genetic diversity within a population. We used a global sampling of Drosophila melanogaster (Ithaca, Zimbabwe, Beijing, Tasmania, and Netherlands) to represent diverse populations. We used long-read sequencing and optical mapping technologies to identify SVs in these genomes. Because the average read length used for these approaches are much longer than traditional short read sequencing, these maps facilitate the identification of chromosomal SVs of greater size and with more clarity. We found a wide diversity of structural variations in each of the five strains. These structural variations varied greatly in size and location, and significantly affected exonic regions of the genome. Structural variations accounted for a much larger difference in number of base pairs between strains than single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
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Cruz, Corchado Johnny. "Causes and consequences of crossing over variation in Drosophila melanogaster." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6558.

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Under most conditions, meiotic recombination is essential for ensuring that organisms adapt to ever changing biotic and abiotic conditions and, as such, it shapes evolutionary change within and between species. The interplay between selection and recombination plays a role shaping levels diversity within populations. Remarkably, recombination is itself an evolving trait that varies at many levels: between distant species of eukaryotes, between closely related species and among populations (and individuals) of the same species. Recombination rates also vary across genomes. Most of the causes and mechanisms of this plasticity in recombination rates and distribution are not clearly understood. Also, our understanding of how this variability in recombination rates influences levels of diversity within populations and across genomes is incomplete. Here, I present a study combining molecular genetics with bioinformatic techniques to characterize recombination landscapes in Drosophila melanogaster. I present a model that accounts for a significant fraction of the variation in crossover rates across the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Our predictive model suggests that crossover distribution is influenced by both meiosis-specific chromatin dynamics and very local constitutively open chromatin associated with DNA motifs that prevent nucleosome stabilization. I also present a novel method for genomic scans to identify recent events of adaptation in using nucleotide diversity data. In addition, I characterized variability in recombination rates in different populations of D. melanogaster and detected that the highest degree of variability in recombination rates across the genome is associated with intermediate genomic scales, and that this intermediate scale also plays a major role in explaining differences in recombination among populations. Our report is the first linking variation in recombination rates across genomes (genomic) and among populations (evolutionary), possibly suggesting a common mechanistic/genomic cause. Finally, I present preliminary data of the first large-scale project to study the effects of multiple environmental conditions in recombination rates at genome-wide level. In conclusion, these studies provide a new framework to investigate variation in recombination rates and to understand the genomic causes and evolutionary consequences.
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Books on the topic "Drosophila melanogaster Variation"

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Chapman, Karen E. Genetic variation in the "white" region of populations of "Drosophila melanogaster". University of Birmingham, 1991.

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Cross, Stephen R. H. Restriction endonuclease map variation and natural selection in populations of Drosophila melanogaster. University of Birmingham, 1985.

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Joshi, Amitabh. Coevolution and variation in competition between Drosophila species. 1993.

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Marsteller, Patricia A. Temperture heterogeneity and geographic variation in life history patterns of Drosophila melanogaster. 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drosophila melanogaster Variation"

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Kulathinal, Rob J., and Rama S. Singh. "The nature of genetic variation in sex and reproduction-related genes among sibling species of the Drosophila melanogaster complex." In Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans: So Similar, So Different. Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0965-2_20.

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Klarenberg, A. J. "The Functional Significance of Regulatory Gene Variation: The α-Amylase Gene-Enzyme System of Drosophila melanogaster." In Population Genetics and Evolution. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73069-6_19.

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David, J. R., A. Alonso-Moraga, P. Capy, A. Muñoz-Serrano, and J. Vouidibio. "Short Range Genetic Variations and Alcoholic Resources in Drosophila melanogaster." In Evolutionary Biology of Transient Unstable Populations. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74525-6_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Drosophila melanogaster Variation"

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Wang, Jonathan B. "The genetic basis for variation in resistance to fungal infection in Drosophila melanogaster." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113799.

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