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Singh, Kamal. "Drought, relief and rural communities : special report no. 9." Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68651.
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The Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA) has run a Drought Project since October 1992. The project's primary focus was to monitor drought conditions in the AFRA's operational area and to assist communities to access relief through providing them with relevant information and helping them to submit proposals to relief agencies. In attempting to do this, it became clear that the effects of drought on rural black communities was not a well understood phenomenon. We also found that relief strategies were informed more by economic, agricultural and meteorological criteria than social ones. This Special Report aims to contribute to the development of a more appropriate drought management strategy, especially with regard to rural communities. In attempting to make this contribution, the Report examines the factors involved in redefining drought and drought relief perspectives in relation to rural communities. However, the range of factors involved and the scarcity of useful information on them, dictate that this is merely an introduction. The complexities and implications arising from the introduction of these factors into drought management in South Africa should be explored on an on-going basis. Because of the scarcity of relevant information about the effects of drought on black rural communities in South Africa, this Report has relied on AFRA's limited monitoring of such communities. Some information was also gathered through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. There were also difficulties in getting information about relief schemes and their operations as most relief agencies were reluctant to release this information. As a result, almost all the relief related information in this Special Report was obtained from publications and reports of the National Consultative Forum on Drought.
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Dube, Carolina. "The impact of Zimbabwe's drought policy on Sontala rural community in Matabeleland South Province /." Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1768.
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Stols, J. A. (Jeanne Anine). "Review of small business tax relief measures in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41575.
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Small businesses form an essential part of any country’s economy and these businesses are essential for growth and employment opportunities. It is however recognised that the success of small businesses are dependent on a few factors of which tax relief measures are one. The South African Government is supporting small businesses in our country through various initiatives and current small business tax relief measures form part of these initiatives.
This study focuses on only two such tax relief measures namely section 12E of the Income Tax Act for entities that qualify as a small business corporation and Turnover Tax for entities that qualify as micro businesses. These two tax relief measures aim to give small businesses reduced tax rates to assist them to grow and contribute towards job creation in South Africa. The unemployment rate in South Africa in the second quarter of 2013 was 25.6%. This is thus one indication that the tax relief measures per section 12E of the Income Tax Act and Turnover Tax are possibly not meeting the objectives of assisting small businesses to grow and alleviate unemployment.
This study focuses on researching the current small business tax relief measures in South Africa. The study thus commences with a literature review regarding the small business tax relief measures per section 12E of the Income Tax Act and Turnover Tax. It also includes detailed discussions regarding the criteria which should be met by small businesses to qualify for the tax relief per section 12E and Turnover Tax. The study then proceeds to obtain and analyse data through a questionnaire to accountants regarding their opinion of the current small business tax relief measures. Finally the study researches the objectives set out by SARS for section 12E of the Income Tax Act and Turnover Tax to determine whether these objectives have been met or not and to critically compare this to the responses from the accountants on the same subject.
As a result this study will assist the South African Government to determine areas for possible improvement in the current small business tax relief measures. Improvements in such tax relief measures could then contribute positively towards the economy of South Africa as a whole.
The small business tax relief measures were however limited to those already implemented in South Africa and further research could possibly be conducted regarding such tax relief measures in other developing countries similar to South Africa.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
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Masilela, David Davi. "Discharge as a component of debt relief in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43172.
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Phiri, Darius. "Biomass modelling of selected drought tolerant Eucalypt species in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85739.
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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study aims at developing models for predicting aboveground biomass for selected drought tolerant Eucalyptus (E) species (E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala and E. grandis x camaldulensis) from the dry west coast. Biomass models were fit for each of the species and a cross-species model was parameterised based on pooled data for all the three species. Data was based on destructive sampling of 28 eucalypt trees which were 20 years of age and additional five five-year old E. gomphocephala trees. Preliminary measurements on diameter at breast height (dbh), height (h) and crown height were recorded in the field. The sampled trees were then felled and samples of discs, branches and foliage were collected. Density of the wood discs and the bark was determined by a water displacement method and computer tomography scanning (CT-scanner). Stem biomass was reconstructed using Smalian’s formula for volume determination and the calculated densities. Upscaling of the crown was carried out by regression equations formulated by employing the sampled branches. Further assessment was carried out on a sub-sample by subjecting the samples to different drying temperatures in a series between 60 and 105ºC. Linear models were parameterised by a simultaneous regression approach based on Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) using the “Systemfit” R statistical package. The predictor variables employed in the study were dbh, d2h and h in which the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Standard Error (MSE) and Root Mean Standard Error (RMSE) were used to determine the goodness of fit for the models. Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was also used in the selection of the best fitting model. A system of equations consisting of five models was formulated for each Eucalyptus species. The biomass prediction models had degrees of determination (R2) ranging from 0.65 to 0.98 in which dbh and d2h were the main predictor variable while h improved the model fit. The total biomass models were the best fitting models in most cases while foliage biomass had the least good fit when compared to other models. When the samples were subjected to different drying temperatures, stem wood had the largest percentage change of 6% when drying from 60ºC to 105ºC while foliage had the lowest percentage change of less than 2%.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel met hierdie studie is om modelle vir die voorspelling van die bogrondse biomassa van drie droogte-bestande Eucalyptus (E) spesies (E. cladocalyx, E. gomphocephala en E. grandis x camaldulensis), gekweek op die droë kusvlakte in Wes-Kaapland, te ontwikkel. Biomassa modelle vir elk van die spesies is gepas en ’n model gegrond op die gekombineerde data van al drie die spesies, is geparameteriseer. Verder is die biomassa variasie onder verskeie droogingstemperature vasgestel. Die data versameling is uitgevoer gegrond op die destruktiewe mostering van 28 Eucalyptus bome wat 20 jaar oud was en ’n bykomende vyf vyfjarige E. gomphocephala bome. Die aanvanklike mates, naamlik deursnee op borshoogte (dbh), boomhoogte (h) en kroonhoogte is in die veld opgemeet. Die gemonsterde bome is afgesaag en monsters van stamhout skywe, takke en die bas is versamel. Die digtheid van die skywe en die bas is deur die waterverplasing metode, en Rekenaar Tomografie skandering (“CT-scanning”) vasgestel. Stam biomassa is rekonstrukteer deur gebruik te maak van Smalian se formule vir die vasstelling van volume en berekende digtheid. Die opskaal van die kroon biomassa is gedoen met behulp van regressie vergelykings van gekose takmonsters. Submonsters is onderwerp aan ’n reeks van verskillende drogingstemperature tussen 60 en 105ºC. Lineêre modelle is deur ’n gelyktydige regressie benadering gegrond op die Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) wat ’n“Systemfit” R statistiese pakket gebruik, parameteriseer. Die voorspeller veranderlikes wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, is dbh, d2h en h waarin die koëffisient van bepaling (R2), gemiddelde standaardfout (MSE) en vierkantswortel van die gemiddelde standaardfout (RMSE) gebruik is om vas te stel hoe goed die model pas. Akaike Inligting Kriteria is gebruik vir die seleksie van die gepaste model. ’n Reeks vergelykings wat bestaan uit vyf modelle is vir elke Eucalyptus spesie geformuleer. Die biomassa voorspelling model het waardes vir die koëffisiente van bepaling (R2) opgelewer wat strek van 0.65 to 0.98% en waarin dbh en d2h die hoof voorspelling veranderlikes is, terwyl h die pas van die model verbeter. Die totale biomassa model het in die meeste gevalle die beste gepas en die blaarbiomassa die swakste as dit met die ander modelle vergelyk word. Tydens droging vind die grootste persentasie verandering van 6% by stamhout plaas tussen temperature van 60ºC tot 105ºC, en die kleinste persentasie verandering van minder as 2% by blare.
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Nondoda, Sibulele Phefumlela. "Macrophyte distribution and responses to drought in the St Lucia Estuary." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1012330.
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This study investigated the response of the macrophytes in St Lucia Estuary, northern KwaZulu-Natal to drought. The present distribution of vegetation (2010 / 2011) was mapped and changes over time recorded from past aerial photographs. The changes in macrophyte cover in response to environmental factors (sediment and groundwater characteristics) was measured along four transects in 2010 and compared with results from previous years, in 2005 and 2006. In the current study, 1960 images were digitized to illustrate macrophyte distribution and cover of the Narrows, Makakatana and the Eastern Shores during a low rainfall period which started in 1958. The 2001 images were digitized to illustrate vegetation distribution and cover of the same area prior to the current drought which started in June/ July 2002. The 2008 images were digitized to illustrate vegetation distribution and cover of estuarine vegetation within the floodplain during the drought (after 6 years). The sites were visited in June 2011 for verification of the distribution and boundaries of each macrophyte habitat. The area covered by the water column varied over time. In 1960 during a low rainfall period the water was 32705 ha, 33320 ha in 2001 and reduced to 30443 ha in 2008. The area cover of inundated and dry reeds fluctuated with the water level. Under high water levels, low-lying areas such as Fanies Island and Selley‟s Lake were flooded and under low water levels, intertidal sand and mudflats were exposed and colonised by succulent salt marsh (Sarcocornia spp. and Salicornia meyeriana). Similar conditions were observed at Makakatana. Mangroves were observed from the mouth to the Forks. Avicennia marina was the dominant mangrove species and primary colonizer of dredge spoil. The area cover of mangroves in the vicinity of the mouth fluctuated as a result of fluctuating water levels, dredging operations, excavation of the Back Channel and Cyclone Gamede which killed intertidal vegetation. Between 2001 and 2008, mangrove expansion was faster in the Mfolozi Swamps area (± 1.4 ha yr -1) compared to the Narrows (± 0.4 ha yr -1). Long term monitoring transects were set up in 2005, at Makakatana, Charters Creek, Catalina Bay and at Listers Point to document changes in sediment conditions and vegetation cover. These were sampled in July 2005, October 2005, February 2006 and May 2010. Silt was the dominant particle size at Catalina Bay, Charters Creek and Makakatana. At Makakatana, average ground water salinity was 17.2 ± 6.6 ppt, 4.1± 4.9 ppt at Catalina Bay and 32.9 ± 19.3 ppt at Charters Creek. Drought resulted in the accumulation of salt on the surface sediment layer at Listers Point and Charters Creek due to low rainfall. Listers Point, the site with the lowest freshwater input and habitat diversity had the lowest macrophyte species richness with only three species. The dominant species at this site were Sporobolus virginicus and Chenopodium album L. which are highly salt tolerant species. Catalina Bay had the highest species richness (18 to 27); as a result of freshwater input via groundwater seepage from the sand dune aquifers on the Eastern Shores. Along the Eastern Shores, vegetation was dominated by species of Cyperaceae, Juncaceae and Juncaginaceae. Fluctuations in groundwater depth were observed at all sites, Listers Point groundwater depth in February 2006 was 80 cm and the ground water level was not reached during the May 2010 field trip. During the May 2010 field trip, the water column salinity of the St Lucia system was highly variable, Makakatana had the lowest water column salinity of 7.1 ppt, 42.1 ppt at Catalina Bay, 44 ppt at Charters Creek and Listers Point had the highest water column salinity of 95 ppt. An assessment of the changes in macrophyte cover along the transects showed that cover fluctuated in response to rainfall, water level and drought. At Listers Point, there was a continuous decline in the abundance of Sporobolus virginicus over time which was sparsely distributed in the first 40 m of the transect. Sarcocornia natalensis, a succulent and obligate halophyte, was recorded, in areas with high sediment conductivity. In May 2010, bare ground increased to an average percentage cover of 96.5% and was covered with dead organic matter and a salt crust at Listers Point. At Makakatana, there was a significant decrease in bare ground from July 2005 to May 2010 (H = 24.58, N = 197, p<0.001) as bare areas were colonized by salt marsh. Multivariate analysis showed that the abundance of Sporobolus virginicus was positively influenced by sediment moisture content and Paspalum vaginatum abundance was strongly influenced by the water column salinity. At Catalina Bay, low sediment conductivity at the groundwater seepage area resulted in terrestrial vegetation encroaching on estuarine vegetation. Sarcocornia natalensis became more abundant towards the water column. During the period of study, species richness at St Lucia ranged from 2 (Listers Point, May 2010) to 27 (Catalina Bay, February 2006). Salinity and water level fluctuation have a significant impact on the distribution of macrophytes at St Lucia during the drought. In saline areas salt marsh plants have colonized exposed shorelines and along the Eastern Shores groundwater seepage has increased macrophyte species richness. Low water levels have resulted in the exposure and desiccation of submerged macrophytes, which are replaced by macroalgae.
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Jooste, Guillaume Hendrik Christiaan. "Periodic drought effects on afrotemperate forests in the Southern Cape of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96834.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Understanding the effects of climate change is one of the cardinal issues within the natural resource management circles. Increased droughts are part of these changes. Afrotemperate forests, as well as their drier Afromontane counterparts suffer from periodic and seasonal droughts respectively. To better understand the effect of droughts on these forests, three key species namely Olea capensis (Iron wood), Podocarpus latifolius (Common Yellow wood) and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (Candle wood), were analysed using dendroecologic techniques. Two sites in the Southern Cape were selected according to a West-to-East moisture gradient, with the drier site being close to George and the medium moist site at the Diepwalle estate in the vicinity of Knysna. Growth ring measurements from each of the species were used to calculate basal area and basal area increment during the lifetime of the trees. Drought years for the sites were then selected based on the Standardised Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), also indicated by the growth during the drought periods. Differences in growth patterns for all three species were observed. An event analysis was then used to quantify the difference in the resistance (Rt), recovery (Rc), resilience (Rs) and relative resilience (RRs). With values standardised around one (Rt, Rc and Rs) and zero (RRs), it was seen that the Candle wood had the highest (~0.92) resistance and the Yellow wood had the highest (~1.3) recovery after the drought. Iron wood stood apart from the other two species in the sense that it only reacted negatively towards the drought one year after the event in most cases. It was concluded that each of the species were significantly different in their reactions towards drought. This specific difference in drought reaction can give way to the possibility that the species together adapted to relieve the stress of a short drought by splitting the available resources over a longer period.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is van uiterse belang vir bestuur doeleindes om die veranderende klimaat oor die wêreld te verstaan, insluitend die droogtes wat daarmee gepaard gaan. Die Afrotemperate woud-tipe, asook sy droeër teenstaander, die Afromontane, lei gereeld aan sporadiese en seisonale droogtes. Om hierdie woud-tipe se reaksie tot droogtes beter te verstaan, was drie boom spesies naamlik Ysterhout (Olea capensis), Kershout (Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus) en gewone Geelhout (Podocarpus latifolius), gekies vir die gebruik in ‘n dendro-ekologiese studie. Twee areas was gekies van ‘n wes-tot-oos droogte gradient, met die droeër blok in die George omgewing en die meer vogtige een naby aan Knysna. Die jaarring metings van elke boom was gebruik om beide die basale oppervlakte en die basale oppervlak groei per jaar aan te teken. ‘n Gestandardiseerde reenval en evapotranspirasie indeks (SPEI) was gebruik om vas te stel jare waarin matige tot sterk droogtes gebeur het. Hierdie gekose jare het aanduiding gegee dat daar wel ‘n verskil waargeneem was in die groei patrone van elke spesie gedurende die droogtes. ‘n Gebeurtenis analise is gebruik om ‘n kwantitatiewe verskil te kon sien in die weerstand (Rt), herstel (Rc), weerstandbiedendheid (Rs) en relatiewe weerstandbiedendheid (RRs). Die was waargeneem dat Kerhout die hoogste weerstand (0.92) toon, terwyl die Geelhout ‘n hoër herstel waarde (1.3) gehad het. Ysterhout het apart van die ander twee spesies gestaan in dìe dat dit eers een jaar na die droogte ‘n reaksie getoon het teenoor die droogte. Dit was dus gevind dat daar spesifieke verskil is tussen al drie van die spesies teen opsigte van stres reaksies was. Hierdie verskil kan dan wel ook moontlik aandui dat hierdie spesies en woud-tipe op so ‘n anier aangepas is dat dit die stress gedurende ‘n kort droogte versprei oor ‘n langer tydperk.
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Araujo, Julio. "Impact of drought on grape yields in the Western Cape, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9106.
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Includes bibliographical references.Droughts remain a threat to grape yields in South Africa. Previous studies on the impact of climate variability on grape yield in South Africa have focussed on either the rainfall or the impact of temperature on the grape yields; meanwhile, the grape yields may be more influenced by impacts of drought (which is function of water balance) than that of rainfall or temperature. This study investigates the impact of drought on grape yields in the Western Cape. A drought index that is based on water balance (called, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index; hereafter SPEI) was used to analyse drought events at both farm and district scale (Robertson, Olifants River and Stellenbosch districts). Correlation analysis was used to identify the association between drought and grape yield. In addition, the performance of a grape yield model (Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator, APSIM) in simulating the grape yield at farm scale and investigating the sensitivity of yields to drought, with and without irrigation was evaluated.
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Granlund, Stefan. "The Right to Social Security : South Africa in Between Rights and Relief." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254630.
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Social protection has become an important tool in efforts to eradicate poverty in developing countries and also risen strongly on the global development agenda the last decade. This thesis will look at different approaches to social protection and their relation to the human right to social security with South Africa as a case study. In using different scholars in the field of social protection and social justice together with qualitative fieldwork, the thesis explores the importance of social protection and the politics underlying efforts to protect the right to social security of South Africans living in poverty. The thesis suggests that South Africa’s social protection system lies somewhere in between rights and relief and more universal systems comply better with a rights based approach to social protection. Although significant progress has been made to social protection in South Africa the last decade, more needs to be done for South Africa to reduce rampant inequalities and combat poverty in the future.
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Dube, Carolina. "The impact of Zimbabwe’s drought policy on Sontala rural community in Matabeleland South province." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2138.
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Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.The climate of southern Africa varies greatly spatially and temporally. Tyson‟s (1987) examination of long-term rainfall records has shown an 18-year cyclical pattern of wet spells alternating with dry spells. Recurrent droughts are thus a feature of southern Africa‟s climate. Although climate change resulting from global warming could intensify future droughts, current predictions of regional climate change are unreliable. This study evaluates the nature, adequacy and effectiveness of Zimbabwe‟s drought policy in reducing the vulnerability of rural communities to the impact of drought. The objectives of the study are to explore the different meanings of the concept of drought; to explain the relevant concepts and frameworks of the hazard assessment and management discipline; to describe the current status of disaster management in general and drought in particular; to identify the mechanisms used by small-scale farmers in Sontala ward for coping with drought; and to evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of Zimbabwe‟s drought policy in reducing the vulnerability of rural communities to drought impacts. A qualitative approach was used which involved analysis of government documents and academic literature. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with government officials at provincial level and small-scale farmers at ward level in Matabeleland South province. The data collection exercise was, however, constrained by the current political instability in the country. The study established that the Civil Protection Act No 10:06 of 1989, complemented by relevant sections of other laws, provides a legal framework for disaster management. The Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and Urban Development has a coordinating role. Coordinating committees at national, provincial and district level formulate disasterresponse plans to be activated when a disaster occurs. The Civil Protection System uses existing government, private and non-governmental organizations whose regular activities contain elements of disaster risk prevention and community development. The enactment of the Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Management Act will remove some of the shortcomings of the Civil Protection System.
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Samuels, Mogamat Igshaan. "Patterns of resource use by livestock during and after drought in a communal rangeland in Namaqualand." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7198_1209039727.
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Pastoralists in Africa have developed complex mechanisms by which they can alleviate the threat of drought. They practice mobility as one of the strategies to avoid the worst effects of natural stress and disperse grazing pressure. In the past in South Africa, the indigenous Nama people occupied large areas of land and moved around extensively to exploit seasonal differences in the availability of forage and water. With the settlement of the Europeans in the Cape the indigenous people lost most of their land to the colonists. The Nama people were, therefore, restricted to smaller rangelands and their patterns of rangeland use had to adapt to the spatial constraints. Descendants now herd livestock from semi-permanent stockposts that are scattered throughout the commons. Herders use a range of practices to manage their livestock. The aims of this study was to assess the agro-ecological knowledge of livestock keepers
assess the condition of the rangeland during drought
determine the herding strategies of herders during drought.
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Edossa, D. C., Y. E. Woyessa, and W. A. Welderufael. "Comparison between two meteorological drought indices in the central region of South Africa." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 3: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/309.
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Published ArticleThe objective of this study was to characterize meteorological droughts in the Central Region of South Africa, Modder River Basin, C52A quaternary catchment using two popular drought indices: Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and to compare the two indices. Drought events were characterized based on their frequency, duration, magnitude and intensity. The indices were computed for the time-scales that are important for planning and management of water resources, i.e. 3-, 6- and 12-month time-scales. The basic meteorological input data used in the computation of these indices were 57 years (1950-2007) of monthly precipitation and monthly temperature data which were recorded at The Cliff weather station in the quaternary catchment. It was found that both SPI and SPEI responded to drought events in similar fashion in all time-scales. During the analysis period, a total of 37, 26 and 17 drought events were identified in the area based on 3-, 6-, and 12-month times-scales, respectively. Considering event magnitude as severity parameter, results from both indices identified the periods 1984-1985, 1992-1993 and 2003-2005 as the severest drought periods in the area. However, when the effects of both drought duration and magnitude are considered (drought intensity), the most severest drought events were identified during the years 1982/83, 1966 and 1973 based on 3-, 6- and 12-month timescales, respectively. It was concluded that although the SPEI generally exhibits veracity over SPI by including, apart from precipitation, additional meteorological parameter, mean temperature, SPI should be adopted as an appropriate drought monitoring tool in an area, like Africa, where meteorological data are scarce.
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Makhalane, Vuyisile. "The assessment of factors contributing to the sustainability of poverty relief projects in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1005.
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The current study aimed at assessing the factors contributing to sustainability of Poverty Relief Projects by the Department of Social Development. The study was conducted in the Eastern Cape within Chris Hani District at Sakhizwe Local Municipality. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Purposive sampling procedures have been seen as most suitable for this study and have been utilized to identify participants of the study. The sample consisted of thirty project members from six different projects and also included five Community Development Practitioners from the Department of Social Development. Semi- structured interviews, document review and focus group discussion were used to collect data for the study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic methods. The study revealed factors that contribute to the sustainability of the projects. These factors include the capacity of the project members and the departmental officials to implement and monitor the projects. Management and organization of the project plays an important role in determining the sustainability. Active participation of the project members in the planning of the project is important. Stakeholder participation and sharing of expertise is another important factor in determining the sustainability of the projects. Lastly, the study shows that monitoring and evaluation of the progress is necessary to ensure that the project achieve the desired outcome. It is recommended that the Department of Social Development should consider these factors and add them in the checklist before the funding of the project is approved. It is also important to determine the duration of the project in order to be able to measure its impact in a given period of time.
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Hall, Andrew. "The Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on the 2015-2017 Hydrological Drought in the South-Western Cape, South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33674.
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The Western Cape Province in South Africa recently experienced below-average rainfall during the period 2015−2017, this resulted in a three-year compound hydro-meteorological drought event in the Province. The 2015−2017 Western Cape hydro-meteorological drought was the worst drought event since 1904 and caused severe unprecedented water shortages throughout the Western Cape region, with many municipal water supply systems close to failure by the first quarter of 2018; most especially the Western Cape Water Supply System that serves Cape Town. The drought gained a lot of interest from the public, media and climate scientists alike. The main aim of this study was to assess the extent to which human influence on climate from fossil fuel emissions has changed the likelihood of a hydrometeorological drought event with the magnitude of that experienced in 2015−2017 in the SouthWestern Cape. The Pitman hydrological model was set up for the Berg River catchment in a way that enabled multiple simulations with different rainfall inputs so that attribution experiments could be undertaken. The key differences to the standard Pitman model set up included: (i) constant abstractions, return flows, and land use conditions; (ii) reservoir and dam storages were set to reflect current storage volumes; and (iii) extending the observed rainfall inputs to include the drought period. A hydrological model evaluation was then undertaken, using updated streamflow gauging station data, to assess the ability of the Pitman model to realistically simulate runoff in the Berg River catchment. The model was deemed suitable for the purposes of this study in simulating runoff. To generate the climate attribution experiments, Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 historical simulations (1861−2010) were merged with the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 greenhouse gas scenario simulations (2011−2100) of rainfall from 77 simulations From 42 models to create a long-term (150 years) time series. Attribution experiments were constructed by considering the average conditions in the 31 year period centred on the years of the event, i.e. 2002−2031 to represent current climate conditions and the period 1861−1890 to represent pre-industrial climate conditions. Five 150-year long stochastic time series of rainfall for each individual simulation were then generated conditioned on observed rainfall characteristics this was done to increase the sample size of the models available. These stochastic rainfall time series were then used as input to the Pitman model to generate outputs/realisations of runoff for a pre-industrial and current world; thus generating impact attribution experiments. To determine the role of anthropogenic climate change on the 2015−2017 hydro-meteorological drought in the South-Western Cape the risk-based approach was applied to the rainfall and runoff attribution outputs. The 2015−2017 meteorological/hydrological drought event was defined in terms of three-year mean annual rainfall/runoff received in the Berg River catchment and its individual 12 quaternary catchments. This event definition was used as a rainfall/runoff threshold in the attribution analysis for the 2015−2017 meteorological/hydrological drought in the South-Western Cape. The three-year minimum averages of rainfall/runoff were identified in each of the 150-yearstochastic time series generated from the 77 simulations; resulting in 385 values for both current and pre-industrial climates for rainfall and runoff. A normal distribution was then fitted to the 385 values of the current and pre-industrial rainfall/runoff. From this distribution, the probability of the current rainfall/runoff occurring, based on the defined threshold, was identified and compared to the pre-industrial time series to calculate the risk ratios of the Berg River catchment and its 12 quaternary catchments. Results show that the risk of the meteorological drought event occurring in the Berg River catchment was increased by a factor of 28.5, 95% confidence interval: 26.0−32.4, (but ranged from 11.5−41.0 in the individual quaternary catchments) due to anthropogenic climate change. The occurrence of the hydrological drought event in the Berg River catchment was found to be increased by a factor of 12.9, 95% confidence interval: 11.3−13.5 (2.7−61.0 in the quaternary catchments) due to anthropogenic climate change. The risk ratio for runoff was higher than for rainfall in the wetter southern quaternary catchments, while it was lower than for rainfall in the drier more northern quaternary catchments. Thus, the human influence on meteorological drought appears to have been amplified in those catchments most important to the Western Cape Water Supply System.
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Monyela, Bellinda Mashoene. "A two-year long drought in summer 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 over South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27111.
Full textAbstract:
Droughts occurred over South Africa during the summer seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. At the same time, the Pacific Ocean was warmer than normal starting in 2014 and leading to the very strong 2015/2016 El Niño. The first objective of this study is to document the ocean and climate conditions that occurred during the summer seasons 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 in southern Africa. NCEP Reanalysis data is used to compute the monthly and seasonal scale composite mean and anomalies of large-scale circulations during the summer seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. Results obtained from the study suggest that some months of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 were canonical to the effect of El Niño over southern Africa, but not all of them during the summer seasons were dry. The wetter than normal conditions in northeast South Africa, Botswana and Zimbabwe during December 2014 are unfamiliar for a canonical summer El Niño event over southern Africa. Anomalous cooler than normal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) occurred over the west coast and south coast during December 2014 and February 2015, while it is usually warmer during El Niño. Additionally, the colder than normal SST at the south coast during February 2016 and Namibian and West Coast during March 2016 does not mimic the canonical El Niño patterns. However, this did not influence the El Niño-like warmer seasonal SST average during 2015/2016. The lower than normal pressure anomalies over the subcontinent during December 2014 and January 2015 were not portraying a canonical El Niño pattern but the other months were. The seasonal larger than normal pressure at 500 hPa over the subcontinent was more typical of El Niño during summer 2015/2016 and acted to suppress rainfall. Secondly, the study uses the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) at different time scales (3 months duration, 5 months duration and 17 months duration) to assess the severity of 2015/2016 summer drought compared to the other droughts of the 20th and 21st century (1921 to 2016) and to analyse the relationship between droughts and ENSO. The South African Weather Service (SAWS) rainfall data shows that KwaZulu-Natal was the only region within South Africa, to have the 2015/2016 as the strongest summer drought since 1921 but 2015/2016 was still one of the worst droughts on record in South Africa, especially at the 2 consecutive seasonal scales. In general, droughts are favored by El Niño and wetter conditions by La Niña, but the second strongest El Niño of 1997/1998 led to near normal rainfall over the north-eastern region at all time-scales. The SPI has proven to be very versatile, flexible and very effective to monitor the 2015/2016 summer drought in the complex South African rainfall regime. However, there was little difference between 3 months SPI at the end of February and 5 months SPI at the end of March. For South Africa, the summer rainfall 2015/2016 season had the fifth worst drought after El Niño related drought of 1982/1983 and 1991/1992 and the non-El Niño related droughts of 1967/1968 and 1944/1945. At the 17-month scale, an index that encompasses two summer seasons 2015/2016 was the third worst drought since summer 1921/1922 due to dry conditions in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016.
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Fischer, Phillip Murray. "δ13C as indicator of soil water availability and drought stress in Pinus radiata stands in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6588.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the use of carbon isotopes as a potential measure for water availability and drought stress in Pinus radiata in the Western and Southern Cape, South Africa. An understanding of water availability and its variation in space is fundamental to the implementation of increasingly site-specific management regimes that have the potential to greatly improve productivity across sites in the region. Fifteen plantation compartments situated on water shedding sites were identified where good weather data existed and a water balance model could be run. In addition, late wood samples were analysed from four co-dominant trees in the same stand to determine the δ13C values of five tree rings, each representing a specific growth year before first thinning. Detailed water balances were constructed for each trial site and drought stress indicators (a) relative canopy conductance (after Granier et al., 2000) and (b) the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration (supply / demand ratio), were related to δ13C values in latewood. Maximum available soil water ranged from 52 to 313 mm across trial sites. The water balance model used adequately described soil water availability throughout each growing season and indicated that stand stress due to the lack of available soil water mainly occurred during the summer months of the study period (November to April). The supply / demand ratio for this period as well as the relative canopy conductance proved to be good measures of drought stress. The six-month supply demand ratio (calculated for the period November to April) ranged from 0.04 to nearly 1 (winter rainfall zone) and 0.35 to 1 (all-year rainfall zone) and were strongly related to δ13C values (p < 0.001; r2 = 0.7822). It appears that using δ13C values, it may be possible to classify sites into three water availability classes. This classification may assist in the implementation of intensive silvicultural operations on an increasingly site-specific basis. Where sites are enriched with water from lateral flow or upslope positions, δ13C may be the only reliable technique to quantify soil water availability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van koolstof isotope as 'n moontlike maatstaf vir die beskikbaarheid van water en droogtestremming in Pinus radiata in die Wes-en Suid-Kaap, Suid-Afrika. 'n Begrip van die beskikbaarheid van water en die ruimtelike variasie daarvan is fundamenteel vir die implementering van groeiplek-spesifieke bestuur sisteem wat die potensiaal het om baie verbeterde produktiwiteit oor persele in die streek teweeg te bring. Vyftien plantasievakke, geleë op waterskeidingsterreine is geïdentifiseer waar goeie weer data bestaan en 'n water balans model uitgevoer kon word. Daarmee saam is laathout monsters vanuit vier ko-dominante bome in dieselfde kompartement geanaliseer en die δ13C waardes van laathout in vyf jaarringe bepaal wat elk 'n spesifieke jaar van groei voor die eerste dunning verteenwoordig. Gedetailleerde water balanse is vir elke proef perseel bereken en aanwysers van droogtestremming, nl.: (a) relatiewe kroon geleiding (na Granier et al., 2000) en (b) die verhouding van die werklike teenoor potensiële evapotranspirasie (vraag / aanbod verhouding) is gekorreleer met 13C waardes in laat hout. Die maksimum hoeveelheid water beskikbaar op die verskeie proefpersele wissel van 52 tot 313 mm. Die water balans model wat gebruik is beskryf die beskikbare grondwater met genoegsame akkuraatheid. vir die hele groeiseisoen. Die model dui ook aan dat die kompartemente droogtestremming as gevolg van die gebrek aan beskikbare grond water ervaar gedurende die somer maande van die studie tydperk (November tot April). Die vraag / aanbod verhouding vir hierdie tydperk, asook die relatiewe kroon geleiding is geskik om as maatstawwe van droogtestremming gebruik te word. Die vraag / aanbod verhouding (bereken vir die tydperk November tot April) het gewissel van 0,04 tot byna 1 (Winter reënval gebied) en 0,35 tot 1 (die heel jaar reënval sone) en is sterk verwant aan 13C waardes (p <0,001; r2 = 0,7822). Dit blyk dat met die gebruik van δ13C waardes, dit moontlik kan wees om kompartemente te klassifiseer in drie klasse van water beskikbaarheid. Hierdie klassifikasie kan help met die implementering van intensiewe boskultuur bedrywighede op 'n meer vak-spesifieke basis. Waar vakkeverryk is met water vanuit laterale vloei of hoër liggende posisies, mag δ13C dalk die enigste betroubare tegniek wees om die beskikbaarheid van water te kwantifiseer.
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Ndlala, Noluthando. "Remote sensing drought impacts on wetland vegetation productivity at the Soetendalsvlei in the Heuningnes Catchment, South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8329.
Full textAbstract:
>Magister Scientiae - MScThis work aimed at assessing the response of wetland vegetation productivity to the 2014-2017 climate-induced drought at the Soetendalsvlei wetland system in the Western Cape province of South Africa. To achieve this objective, firstly a literature review on the progress of remotely sensed data applications in assessing and monitoring wetland vegetation productivity was conducted. The review elaborates on the role of remote sensing in monitoring and assessing wetland vegetation productivity, with a detailed discussion of the climate change and variability impacts on wetland vegetation productivity. Accurate assessment results are produced when suitable processing techniques are selected as well as appropriate spatial and spectral resolution for extracting spectral information of wetland vegetation productivity. Secondly, wetland vegetation changes and productivity status was assessed using multi-temporal resolution Landsat series imagery and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) during the wet and dry seasons for the period between 2014 and 2018.
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Lebese, Ally Hanyani. "Assessing Rural domestic water demand and use for local groundwater governance during drought, Halambani area, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5927.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Scientiae - MSc (Environ & Water Science)Groundwater demand (abstraction) and use during drought continues to be a vital aspect in rural areas. However, the lack of systematic data to assess the availability, demand and use of such resource in addition to lack of having appropriate implementation plan for governing such resources at local scale especially in unmetered areas remain a problem. The argument in this study was that designing appropriate implementation plan that considers local context, informs the basis for implementing local groundwater good governance practice that would sustain utilisation and management of groundwater resources. The Ha-Lambani Village in Limpopo Province of South Africa was used as case study. The aim of this study was to assess rural domestic water demand and use that would inform a basis for designing an appropriate implementation plan for local groundwater good governance as an intervention during drought in rural unmetered areas. To achieve such an aim, i), physiographic factors that influence groundwater availability were explained to establish availability of groundwater; ii), rural domestic water demand and use were assessed to showcase the procedure of generating quantitative data on groundwater abstraction and consumption; iii), factors that determine rural domestic water demand and use were established; iv), appropriate implementation plan for local groundwater governance was designed with evaluation indicators built in. The capability, resilience and sustainable livelihoods approaches were applied as theoretical and conceptual frameworks for the study which informed better understanding of coping strategies during drought.
2019-04-30
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Gudlhuza, Shalati Rebecca. "The effects of drought on small scale farmers in Ba-Phalaborwa Municipality, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2584.
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Thesis (MBA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018This article investigates the effects of drought on small scale beef cattle farmers of Ba- Phalaborwa Municipality in Limpopo Province. Drought and its financial implications have caused critical problems to small scale farmers especially beef cattle farmers in the municipality. Most rural households depend on agriculture as their source of food and income. Agriculture thus plays a prominent role in the stability of rural communities. Drought is a factor that affects farmers not only during the drought season, but also the following season as the previous year’s reduced profits influence the next seasons spending. The changes in price of input commodities the season after drought also affect farmer’s decisions. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effects of drought on small scale beef cattle farmers in Ba-Phalaborwa municipality in Limpopo province. 25 Small scale livestock farmers from Lulekani A and B village in Ba-Phalaborwa municipality were randomly selected to participate in the study. The quantitative study applied a survey design and primary data were collected using open and close ended questionnaires. The findings of the study revealed that drought is a major concern for livestock farmers and the agricultural sector at large, resulting in high loss of livestock due to mortality and enforced sales. Furthermore, due to the devastating effects of drought farmers responses were characterized by the increased reliance on the Department of agriculture and rural development in the form of drought relief. It is therefore recommended that the country needs to prepare for this natural phenomenon and the key to drought preparedness and readiness is about knowing the what, how and when of the drought. To achieve this goal the scientific expertise to monitor and predict, the capability of the observation networks, information systems for drought early warning have to be improved. Furthermore, the provision of financial assistance to address long-term developmental needs (such as investment in water infrastructure and water-harvesting techniques) of the farming community, thereby improving their resilience, may prove more beneficial in the long run than short-term drought relief assistance in the form of fodder supply. Key words: Ba-Phalaborwa, drought, small scale livestock farmers,
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Swartz, Andrew Mervyn. "An evaluation of the school feeding programme as a service delivery mechanism to improve academic performance of needy learners in Bonteheuwel." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1662.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009The study centres on the school feeding programme in the Bonteheuwel area, which is a predominantly Coloured residential area in close proximity to Cape Town International Airport. The school feeding programme is a national initiative that is driven by the Western Cape Education Department on a provincial level. The research investigated whether the school feeding scheme is being implemented effectively and efficiently. This implies that it was necessary to determine: The current status of school feeding in Bonteheuwel; Whether it adequately meets the needs of needy learners; and If the current scheme is found to be inadequate, what can be done to improve the situation? As the study uses both descriptive and empirical approaches, a questionnaire was constructed to obtain views of selected members of Bonteheuwel’s community. Responses to the questions/statements in the questionnaire were analysed by a Cape Peninsula University of Technology registered statistician and the statistical analysis provided positive answers to the above determinations, which revealed that the school feeding programme was not effective and that more should be done to improve its delivery. The final chapter proposes a number of recommendations to improve implementation of the school feeding programmme.
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Van, der Merwe Anika. "A comparative study of tax relief measures for small and medium enterprises in South Africa and New Zealand." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31069.
Full textAbstract:
The Government of South Africa recognised the vital role that small businesses play in stimulating economic activity, creating jobs, alleviating poverty and improving the living standards of all South Africans. Therefore, the South African Revenue Service (SARS) and the National Treasury introduced a number of initiatives to empower small businesses by simplifying tax and creating certain tax relief measures specifically relating to small businesses. The first of these was introduced by the previous Minister of Finance, Trevor Manual, in his 2000 budget speech and related to small business corporations. In this study, the tax relief measures available to small businesses in South Africa were evaluated followed by the evaluation of the tax relief measures available to small business in New Zealand. Thereafter, the tax relief measures were compared and analysed in order to determine whether the tax relief measures in South Africa are on par with the tax relief measures available in New Zealand. By analysing the comparative study of the tax relief measures available to small business in South Africa and the tax relief measures available to small business in New Zealand, it was found that the South African Government has come a long way to assist and empower small business in South Africa. Furthermore, it was found that the tax relief measures available to small business in South Africa are on par and in most instances exceed the tax relief measures available to small business in New Zealand. The following recommendations were made based on the tax relief measures available in New Zealand: - small businesses, which have not elected the turnover tax system, should be allowed to account for VAT on the payment basis and
- the R1,5 million threshold for Category F vendors should be increased to allow small businesses to only file VAT returns every four months as opposed to every two months.
AFRIKAANS : Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering erken die belangrike rol wat klein ondermings in die stimulering van die ekonomie, skepping van werksgeleenthede, verligting van armoede en verbetering van lewenstandaarde van alle Suid-Afrikaners speel. Daarom het die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomste Diens (SAID) en die Nasional Tesourie ’n aantal maatreëls, wat belastingverligting aan klein ondernemings verleen, geïmplementeer. Die eerste van hierdie maatreëls is deur die vorige Minister van Finansies, Trevor Manual, in sy 2000-begrotingsrede bekend gemaak en was gemik op klein sake-ondernemings. In hierdie studie word die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls vir klein ondernemings in Suid-Afrika geëvalueer gevolg deur die evaluering van die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls vir klein ondernemings in Nieu-Seeland. Daarna word die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls vergelyk en gronding ontleed om te bepaal of die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls in Suid-Afrika ooreenstem met die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat in Nieu-Seeland beskikbaar is. Deur ontleding van die vergelykende studie van die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat in Suid Afrika geld en die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls in Nieu-Seeland is gevind dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering ver gevorder het om klein ondernemings in Suid-Afrika te ondersteun. Verder is daar gevind dat die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls in Suid-Afrika op gelyke voet staan met en in die meeste gevalle beter is as die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat vir klein ondernemings in Nieu-Seeland geld. Die volgende aanbevelings, wat gegrond is op die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat in Nieu-Seeland geld, word gemaak:
- dat klein ondernemings wat nie vir omsetbelasting geregistreer is nie, vir BTW mag verantwoord volgens die betalingsbasis;
- dat die R1,5 miljoen-drempel vir kategorie F-ondernemers verhoog moet word. Hierdeur sal meer klein ondernemings kwalifiseer om BTW-opgawes slegs elke vier maande in plaas van elke twee maande in te dien.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Taxation
Unrestricted
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Aucamp, Janetta. "A comparative study of tax relief measures for small medium and micro enterprises in South Africa and Australia." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26691.
Full textAbstract:
It has been acknowledged internationally and locally that small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) play a vital role in the economic growth of a country. SMMEs enhance a country’s economy by reducing unemployment and thus poverty through job creation. Unemployment in South Africa was 25,3% in the second quarter of 2010. It is thus important for the South African Government to support SMMEs in order to reduce the country’s unemployment rate. SMMEs should therefore have efficient tax systems with effective tax relief measures to facilitate their establishment as well as their future development. South Africa’s tax legislation currently does contain tax relief measures for SMMEs. However, improvement is still needed due to the country’s high unemployment rate. Much can be learnt from Australia as new legislation has recently been introduced in Australia which standardises the criteria for an entity to qualify as an SMME for tax purposes. As the focus of this research was on SMMEs, the study commenced with an analysis of the definition of an SMME. Thereafter, the tax relief measures currently available in South Africa and in Australia were identified. The reasons for the implementation of these relief measures together with previous research performed were included in the discussion. Finally, the South African and Australian tax relief measures were critically compared. As a result, this study will assist the South African Government to enhance the formation and development of SMMEs through identifying tax relief measures available in Australia, which have not yet been incorporated into South African tax legislation. It was not possible from the information obtained in this study to determine whether the tax relief measures currently available in Australia are suitable to be implemented in South Africa. Further research should be conducted to determine whether South African SMMEs will benefit from the tax relief measures available in Australia and whether it is appropriate to include those relief measures in South African tax legislation. AFRIKAANS : Daar word internasionaal en plaaslik erken dat klein, medium en mikro-ondernemings (KMMO’s) ʼn belangrike rol in ʼn land se ekonomiese groei speel. Deur werkskepping verminder KMMO’s die land se werkloosheid en dus armoede en sodoende word die land se ekonomie bevorder. Die werkloosheidsyfer in Suid-Afrika vir die tweede kwartaal van 2010 was 25,3%. Dit is dus belangrik vir die regering om KMMO’s te ondersteun om sodoende die land se werkloosheidsyfer te verlaag. KMMO’s behoort dus doeltreffende belastingstelsels te hê, met geskikte belastingverligtingsmaatreëls, om die stigting sowel as toekomstige ontwikkeling van hierdie entiteite te vergemaklik. Suid-Afrika se belastingwetgewing bevat tans belastingverligtingsmaatreëls vir KMMO’s. Weens die hoë werkloosheidsyfer, kan dit egter nog verbeter. Suid-Afrika kan baie van Australië leer, aangesien Australië onlangs nuwe wetgewing ingestel het wat die kriteria vir ʼn entiteit om as ʼn KMMO vir belastingdoeleindes te kwalifiseer, standaardiseer. Aangesien hierdie ondersoek gerig is op KMMO’s, begin die studie met ʼn ontleding van die definisie van ʼn KMMO. Daarna is die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat tans in Suid-Afrika en Australië beskikbaar is, geïdentifiseer. Die redes vir die implementering van hierdie belastingverligtingsmaatreëls sowel as vorige navorsing wat gedoen is, is ingesluit in die bespreking. Ten laaste is die Suid-Afrikaanse en die Australiese belastingverligtingsmaatreëls krities vergelyk. Die studie behoort die Suid-Afrikaanse regering te help om die stigting en toekomstige ontwikkeling van hierdie entiteite te vergemaklik deur Australiese belastingverligtingsmaatreëls, wat nog nie in die Suid-Afrikaanse belastingwetgewing vervat is nie, te identifiseer. Dit is nie moontlik om uit die inligting wat in hierdie studie verkry is, te bepaal of die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat tans in Australië beskikbaar is, geskik is om in Suid-Afrika toegepas te word nie. Verder navorsing sal kan bepaal of Suid-Afrikaanse KMMO’s voordeel sal trek uit die belastingverligting wat in Australië beskikbaar is en of dit geskik is om hierdie belastingverligting in Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing in te sluit.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Taxation
unrestricted
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Pereira, Ricardo Jorge Ribeiro. "Asymmetry and agency : the United States President's emergency plan for aids relief in Botswana, Ethiopia and South Africa." Doctoral thesis, FEUC, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/20793.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de doutoramento em Relações Internacionais (Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos), apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra, sob a orientação de Paula Duarte Lopes.In the last thirty years, the discipline of International Relations has witnessed a shift of analytical scope from the conventional world of states towards populationand social forces-related concerns. According to major scholarship, this occurs as a result of interrelated processes of economic globalisation, United States hegemony and emergence of the human security paradigm among Western policy circles. However, this assumption has entailed problems to the research of human agency in the actual practice of international affairs, since Western hegemony is arguably entrenched in the international system to the point of “hijacking” sovereign states, as suggested by Oliver Richmond, particularly in the developing world. Focusing its analysis on states, this dissertation sets out to argue that, rather than essentialised in the hegemonic structure, postcolonial states, notably in Africa, hold agency. When interacting with the leading international powers, and even if highly constrained by external policies and actions, they act with autonomy by identifying their own policy problems, defining strategies and seeking political goals. States’ agency is influenced by three independent variables: the broader realm of foreign policy relations maintained with international actors (public and private), namely leading states; the encompassing arena of domestic policies of the state at stake; and the actual practices of the state, particularly with its local constituents. The employed theoretical framework builds on Kenneth Waltz’s concepts of state as unit with agency in an international system that, nevertheless, is asymmetric. Moreover, the state is taken as a social relation, as suggested by Justin Rosenberg, in which internal and external spheres of state action are interconnected historically and sociologically.The case study consists of the process of implementation of the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) in Botswana, Ethiopia and South Africa. Since 2003, PEPFAR has been a major tool of United States foreign policy, especially in Eastern and Southern Africa, serving security, economic and humanitarian purposes. It is a very large public-private partnership that includes United States government agencies and United States-based nongovernmental organisations, governmental and nongovernmental entities from the countries under intervention, as well as international multilateral organisations. Through PEPFAR, the United States of America exerts significant power, at various levels (individual, community and national), in the countries that accept it, despite principles of ‘shared responsibility’ and country ownership. More broadly, PEPFAR displays the problems that arguably feature global health governance, namely as far as utter asymmetric relations between donor and recipient states are concerned, in which the latter are rendered the role of facilitator or ‘rogue’ with regard to the former’s policies. Accordingly, the three states have acted as facilitators, with the exception of South Africa under President Thabo Mbeki. This dissertation’s argument is illustrated by the analysis of agency held by the three states in light of PEPFAR’s implementation and overall relations with the United States of America. The Botswana state behaves towards the survival of the national population, since close to one quarter of the adult population lives with HIV/AIDS in a context of shrinking developmental prospects. In the case of Ethiopia, self-help is also the main concern, yet centralised in the current political regime, in which human development, including improvement of health care, is considered fundamental in that effort. Finally, in the case of South Africa, the transmission of values domestically and internationally on the dignity of Africans has driven the way in which the governments have addressed the HIV/AIDS issue
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Pyle, Desmond Mark. "Severe convective storm risk in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005529.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the temporal, spatial and impact characteristics of severe convective storm hazard and risk in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Using historical data on severe convective storms dating from 1897, patterns of the hazard threat and risk to various geographic populations were investigated. A conceptual framework that emphasises the combined role hazard and vulnerability play in defining risk was used for the study. A methodology for ranking the severity of the storms in the historical dataset, based on recorded damage/impact, was specifically developed for the study. It is intended that this methodology will have a potentially wider application and may be adapted to a range of hazard impact and risk studies in South Africa and internationally. The study was undertaken within the context of the South African Disaster Management Act of 2002. Findings of the study show that severe convective storms can occur throughout the province, but there are clearly demarcated areas of higher frequency and concentration. The impact of storms is particularly severe on impoverished and vulnerable rural populations in the eastern parts of the province, where there is an urgent need for building capacity in disaster risk management. A major outcome of the study is the production of a severe convective storm hazard/risk map of the Eastern Cape, which it is hoped will be of benefit to a number of stakeholders in the province, particularly disaster management, but also the South African Weather Service, agricultural organisations, development/planning authorities, educational authorities and risk insurers. It is hoped that this map and the study in general will assist in guiding the operational responses of the various authorities, especially in terms of those interventions aimed at disaster risk reduction in the Eastern Cape.
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Youmans, Hernandez Pamela M. "The doctrine of odious debt : a solution for post apartheid South Africa." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/347.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Van, der Watt Susanna Maria Elizabeth. ""It is drought, locusts, depression ... and the Lord knows what else" : a socio-environmental history of white agriculture in the Union of South Africa, with reference to the Orange Free State c. 1920-1950." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2404.
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Thesis (MA (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.Although the environment is of obvious and primary importance in agriculture, the historical relationship between agriculture and the environment has not been widely researched. A socio-environmental paradigm provides a useful, inter-disciplinary framework for writing history. It takes into account the fact that ‘natural disasters’ are not merely happening to farmers, governments and communities, subsequently disturbing economic growth-patterns and reverberating amongst policy-makers and politicians. The relationship is much more reciprocal. The environment is not perceived as a player that sometimes disrupts the historical narrative, forcing the plot in a certain direction before returning to the wings. It is rather percieved as an agent within agricultural history. The social-cultural as well as material relationships between people (in this case white farmers), state and the environment are explored as an ecosystem. The thesis focuses on a time period after the First World War to just after the Second World War (c.1920 – c.1950). It asks questions: whom and what has informed the ideas of the state with regards to agriculture and to what extent did it filtered through to the farming communities themselves? The motives behind these approaches are explored. The thesis will also look at how officials translated the policies, legislation and education into what was perceived as functional for the farmers and effective for the environment, tracing how it changed over time. The shifting perception of the farmers about the environment and themselves, and the role of the state played in ‘management’ of the environment are analysed, using press correspondence, marketing campaigns and popular texts. Two themes that garnered much debate in the agricultural sector at the state, farmer and environment interface, include the ‘disasters’ of soil erosion and locust plagues. On the level of ‘scientific agriculture,’ the shift from Europe as a point of reference to the United States is discussed. This is done against the backdrop of South Africa’s semi-arid landscape and how farmers came to grips with this ostensibly hostile environment in an era where mechanisation and urbanisation are thought to have radically altered the conceptualisation of the natural environment.
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Smit, Barend Johannes. "The impact of anti-avoidance tax legislation on mergers in the mining industry in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26427.
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The mining industry is a major contributor towards the South African economy. There are several types of corporate transactions that could typically be found in the mining industry and these include merger transactions. Mergers could lead to a number of tax consequences which could include capital gains tax, the recoupment of capital allowances and dividends tax. Merger transactions do not necessarily lead to an immediate increase in profits. Therefore, the tax authorities provide for relief in respect of merger transactions. The relief takes place in the form of tax roll-overs that effectively postpone tax consequences until such time as a true economic profit is realised in the future. Taxpayers typically wish to minimise the amount of tax which they pay. Therefore, they may abuse the relief provided to avoid paying tax. In an attempt to protect the state’s revenue and to prevent tax avoidance, the tax authorities introduce anti-avoidance provisions into the tax legislation. The roll-over relief provided in respect of merger transactions, as well as the provisions dealing with mining capital allowances contain a number of provisions to combat opportunities for tax avoidance. The study explains the principles of tax avoidance and anti-avoidance in the mining industry in South Africa, and indicates the need for tax relief in the context of merger transactions in the mining industry in South Africa. The study further illustrates how tax relief presents opportunities for tax avoidance and how anti-avoidance legislation restricts these opportunities. The study also shows that there is a cycle in which an onerous tax leads to a need for relief which in turn leads to opportunities for tax avoidance which in turn leads to anti-avoidance provisions. The research conducted as part of this study shows that this cycle is an international trend that often affects the manner in which merger transactions are structured. AFRIKAANS : Die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika lewer 'n aansienlike bydrae tot die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Samesmeltings is een van verskeie tipe korporatiewe transaksies wat in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika aangetref word. Samesmeltings gee ook aanleiding tot verskeie belastingimplikasies, soos Kapitaalwinsbelasting, die verhaling van belastingtoelaes en die belasting op dividende. Samesmeltings lei nie noodwendig tot 'n onmiddellike verhoging in ekonomiese voordele nie. Die belastingowerhede maak voorsiening vir belastingverligting ten opsigte van hierdie gebeure. Die verligting word gewoonlik verskaf in die vorm van die uitstel van belastingverpligtinge tot ‘n datum wanneer ‘n ekonomiese wins in die toekoms gerealiseer word. Belastingbetalers streef gewoonlik na 'n vermindering in hul belastinglas, en mag dus die verligting wat voorsien word probeer misbruik. Die belastingowerhede daarenteen maak voorsiening vir wetgewing om hierdie pogings van die belastingbetalers om belasting te vermy, teen te werk en so die inkomste van die staat te beskerm. Die uitstel wat aan samesmeltingsooreenkomste verleen word asook die voorsiening van mynboukapitaaltoelaes bevat verskeie voorsorg maatreëls om pogings tot belastingvermyding teen te werk. Die studie ontleed die beginsels van belastingvermyding en teen-vermyding wetgewing in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika, en wys op die behoefte vir verligting ten opsigte van samesmeltings in die mynbedryf in Suid-Afrika. Die studie toon verder ook hoe die verligting lei tot geleenthede vir belastingvermyding en hoe teen-vermyding wetgewing dit kan teenwerk. Die studie toon ook dat daar ‘n siklus bestaan, waarin die behoefte vir verligting as gevolg van n oormatige belastinglas tot geleenthede vir belastingvermyding lei, en wat op sy beurt lei tot wetgewing om die belastingvermyding te ontmoedig. Die navorsing wat as deel van hierdie studie uitgevoer is dui daarop dat hierdie siklus ‘n internasionale neiging is wat dikwels die struktuur van samesmeltingsooreenkomste affekteer.Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
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Hajdu, Flora. "Local Worlds : Rural Livelihood Strategies in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7235.
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Stewart, Jackie. "Space and survival : the aftermath of a fire disaster in a Cape Town informal settlement." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/906.
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Frole, Kristen Marie. "Drought responses of C3 and C4 (NADP-ME) Panicoid grasses." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1716/.
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De, Kock Carinus. "Farming in the Langkloof : coping with and adapting to environmental shock and social stress." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97054.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the period 2006-2012, the Langkloof area, situated in the Eden District Municipality, suffered severely from environmental shocks and social stress including drought, flooding, hail, wildfire, heatwaves and reduced labour demand. These events negatively impacted many farmers and their livelihoods. In response to these external shocks and stressors, large-, medium- and small-scale farmers adopted numerous coping and adaptive strategies. This study performed a comprehensive livelihoods analysis of large-, medium- and small-scale farmers in the Langkloof area, using the widely recognized sustainable livelihoods framework developed by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development, with a particular focus on coping and adaptive strategies against severe environmental shock and social stress. Variables used in the analysis were the vulnerability context in which farmers pursue a livelihood; livelihood assets (social, human, financial, natural and physical); the policies, institutions and processes in the external environment that influence the degree of ownership and access to assets; livelihood strategies pursued; and the various livelihood outcomes ultimately produced. The analysis of coping and adaptive strategies employed by farmers during these periods formed an integral part of this study. Sixteen livelihood asset indicators were identified to determine the total assets (human, social, physical, financial and natural) of the farmers. After scaling the indicators, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to assign weights to each indicator and to subsequently calculate the total assets of each household. Regarding the coping and adaptive strategies employed by farmers against environmental shock and social stress, the average number of strategies was calculated for each household. Spearman’s rank correlations were calculated for total assets achieved (capacity) and the number of strategies employed against environmental shock and social stress.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Langkloofgedied, geleë in die Eden Distriksmunisipalitiet, is gedurende die tydperk 2006-2012 geweldig geteister deur omgewings- en sosiale gebeure, wat droogte, vloede, hael, veldbrande, hittegolwe en ʼn gevolglike verlaagde arbeidsaanvraag sluit. Hierdie rampe het verreikende nadelige gevolge op boere se lewensbestaan gehad. Terwyl hulle lewensbestaan tot die uiterste uitgedaag is, is verskeie hanterings- en aanpassingstrategieë teen omgewingskok en sosiale stres geïmplementeer. Met die gebruik van die Verenigde Koninkryk se Departement van Internasionale Ontwikkeling se volhoubare lewensbestaansraamwerk is ʼn gedetailleerde en alomvattende analise van groot, medium- en kleinskaalboere in die Langkloof se lewensbestaan gedoen, met ʼn sterk skem op hul hanterings- en aanpassingstrategieë teen omgewingskok en sosiale stress. Die analise veranderlikes het die kwesbaarsheidskonteks waarin boere hul lewensbestaan aanpak; hul verskeie bates (menslik, sosiaal, finansieel, fisies en natuurlik); die beleide, instansies en prosesse in die eksterne omgewing wat toegang tot en eienaarskap van bates reguleer; hul lewensbestaanstrategieë; en die lewensbestaansuitkomste wat bereik word, behels. Die analise van die boere se hanterings- en aanpassingstrategieë geïmplementeer teen omgewingskok en sosiale stres gedurende hierdie tydperk was ʼn integrale rol van hierdie studie. Sestien aanwysers is geïdentifiseer om die totale lewensbestaansbates (menslik, sosiaal, fisies, finansieel en natuurlik) van die boere te bepaal. Nadat die aanwysers geskaal is, is ‘n Hoofkomponentanalise (PCA) uitgevoer om gewigte aan elke aanwyser toe te ken vir die berekening van totale bates van huishoudings. Die hanterings- en aanpassingstrategieë ingestel deur boere teen omgewingskok en sosiale stres, is die gemiddelde aantal strategieë per huishouding. Spearman se rangorde korrelasies is bereken vir die totale bates (kapasiteit) en die getal strategieë geïmplementeer teen omgewingskok en sosiale stres.
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Makonya, Givemore Munashe. "Thermo and drought tolerance markers and regulation of heat stress proteins for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.; Fabaceae) production in NE South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Science, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32397.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an important legume crop globally ranked third after dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and field pea (Pisum sativum). It constitutes 20% of the total global pulse production and around 95% of its production and consumption takes place in developing countries. Major constraints to chickpea production in sub Saharan Africa (SSA) have broadly been related to abiotic stresses, particularly drought and heat stresses, predicted to increase due to the global climatic changes.Dueto the imperativeness of research for identifying heat tolerance markers for potential chickpea genotype selection, in chapter two of the thesis, the response of four chickpea genotypes to a natural temperature gradient in the field was assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence, non-structural carbohydrate, gas exchange and grain yield. Field experiments were carried out in two winter seasons at three locations with known differences in temperature in NE South Africa. Results showed two genotypes (Acc#3 and Acc#7) were tolerant to heat stress with an Fᵥ/Fₘ of 0.83-0.85 at the warmer site, while the two sensitive genotypes (Acc#RR-2 and Acc#8) showed lower Fᵥ/Fₘ of 0.78-0.80. Both chlorophyll fluorescence measurements: dark-adapted Fᵥ/Fₘ and Fq'/Fₘ' (where Fq' =Fₘ'–F) measured at comparable high light levels correlated positively with grain yield. The two tolerant genotypes also showed higher photosynthetic rates,starch, sucrose and grain yield than the sensitive genotypes at the warmer site. However, these parameters were consistently higher at the cooler than at the warmer sites. It was concluded that genotypes Acc#RR-3 and Acc#7 are heat tolerant and chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf carbohydrates are suitable tools for selection of heat tolerant chickpea genotypes under field conditions. The coolest site of Polokwane showed favourable conditions for chickpea production.Heat and drought stresses are two abioticfactors that often occur simultaneously and are predicted to increase, consequently hampering plant growth. Response of different species to either stresses is well documented but information on the response of the same genotypes to both stresses in chickpea is limited. We aimed to determine whether previously noted heat stress tolerant genotype (Acc#7) is drought tolerant and the heat sensitive (Acc#8) is drought sensitive, and whether intermittent moisture supply at vegetative stage would induce priming effect to later drought at flowering. At vegetative stage, plants were divided into three groups, non-stressed (watered to 75% field capacity (FC), severe water stress (moisture-withholding for 14 days) and treated to 40% FC throughout the experiment (mild-stress), with recovery for the severely stressed plants after which they were stressed (double-stress) at flowering. Drought treatments at vegetative and flowering growth stages decreased physiological parameters and biomass accumulation in both genotypesexcept low water supply at 40% FC that decreased biomass in Acc#7 but not Acc#8. Double drought stress resulted in priming effect in Acc#7, having higher biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis, and relative water content in comparison to the introduction of stress only at flowering growth stage, as well as in comparison to Acc#8. These results showed that both Acc#7 and Acc#8 are sensitive to drought whereas after priming Acc#7 is better acclimated to drought than Acc#8 associated with osmotic adjustment on leaf relative water content (RWC) and higher capacity to protect photosynthetic activity, making Acc#7 potentially ideal for areas associated with intermittent drought spells. This observation, however, disapproved the hypothesis that Acc#7 is more drought tolerant than Acc#8 but is rather better acclimated than Acc#8, because of its superiority only in primed plants and not those stressed only at either vegetative or flowering stages. The findings emphasise the importance of matching chickpea physiological performance to expected rainfall amounts and distribution in drought prone areas during genotype selection. Chapter four of the thesis was an interrogative proteome analysis of the differences in the heat tolerant and sensitive chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.; Fabaceae) genotypes along a temperature gradient under field conditions which will help in identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the crop's tolerance. Few studies have thus far combined chickpea physiological and proteome analysis to elucidate the changes in abundance and/or activity of relevant enzymes and expression of heat responsive proteins. In this study, analyses of chlorophyll concentrations, gas exchange, flavonoids and anthocyanin concentrations from a chamber experiment, as well as proteomic parameters from field studies in both the heat tolerant and sensitive genotypes are presented. The heat tolerant genotype Acc#7 maintained unaltered physiological performance at flowering growth stage when exposed to high (35/30°C) and moderate (30/25°C) heat stress, under climate chamber conditions compared to the two heat susceptible genotypes (Acc#RR-2 and Acc#8). Results from the proteomic studies showed an up-regulation in proteins related to protein synthesis (e.g. ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase), intracellular traffic (e.g. mitochondrial dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate transporter DTC), defence (e.g. HSP70) and transport (e.g. GTP-binding protein SAR1A-like) in heat tolerant Acc#7 compared to the susceptible Acc#8. Results from KEGG analyses support the involvement of probable sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose-phosphate phosphatase proteins in the starch and sucrose pathway,that were up-regulated in the heat tolerant genotype Acc#7. This result was in support of our earlier report where tolerant genotype Acc#7 had higher leaf starch and sucrose concentrations in comparison to the susceptible genotype Acc#8. The presence of these differentially regulated proteins including HSP70, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase, plastocyanin and protoporphyrinogen oxidase shows their potential role in field grown chickpea tolerance to heat stress at flowering growth stage. In conclusion, chlorophyll fluorescence (both Fᵥ/Fₘ and Fq'/Fₘ') and leaf carbohydrates were identified as selection markers that can potentially be used for chickpea phenotyping for heat stress under field conditions with the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters correlating positively with seed yield. Due to its higher biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fᵥ/Fₘ), stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and RWC, heat tolerant genotype Acc#7 was identified to have better adaptive tolerance to drought stress after priming through exposure to intermittent dry spells than Acc#8. Furthermore, under controlled climate chamber conditions, Acc#7 consistently showed characteristics of tolerance to heat stress while Acc#RR-2 and Acc#8 were heat susceptible. Higher chlorophyll fluorescence, grain yield, chlorophyll concentrations, gas exchange, flavonoids and anthocyanin concentrations for Acc#7 compared to Acc#8 in the climate chamber was further validated by the higher up-regulation of proteins involved in protein synthesis, intracellular traffic, defence and transport in Acc#7 compared to Acc#8. The incorporation of proteomics in heat and drought stress studies will potentially help further the understanding of mechanisms by which the crop responds to these stresses.
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Burton, Michael St John Whitehead. "Graphicacy and the third dimension: an investigation into the problem of poor performance in relief mapwork in South African secondary schools." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001424.
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Three-dimensional graphicacy is the part of map work that appears to be the most problematIcal. Bartz (1970) says that thinking and visualising in three-dimensional space is difficult enough, but trying to derive notions in three-dimensions, when you have only seen them as they are represented in distorted two-dimensional fashion, is even more difficult. Yet pupils of geography are required to learn such three-dimensional concepts from the two-dimensional distorted map presentations. The geography teacher has an important educational role to play in promoting graphicacy and Balchin (1965), who coined the term, felt that it should be an essential underpinning of an integrated education. The problem is that children perform badly, teachers are not successfully imparting three-dimensional graphicacy skills and as Board and Taylor (1977) indicate, for some time now it has been fashionable to dismiss maps as being irrelevant or useless in geographical research. This thesis attempts to analyse this reported malady, the problems are exposed and solutions offered. Investigation of the literature, with the aim of clarifying the problems involved, follows four leads. These are the part played by the map as a mode of communication, the physical processes involved in mapwork revealed by work in the realm of neurophysiology, the process of visualisation in the field of perception and psychology, and finally the stage of conceptual development of the mapworker. The state of affairs in South Africa is disclosed by an analysis of teacher-directed literature, of examination syllabuses, of text-book treatment of three-dimensional mapwork in South Africa and overseas, of past examination questions, and finally of teachers' views. Experimental exercises have been executed in an attempt to link the key findings of published research to the local scene. Conclusions are then drawn, and recommendations made for improving three-dimensional graphicacy in South African secondary schools.
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Strauss, Carien. "The availability of treaty relief for secondary transfer pricing adjustments taking the form of a deemed distribution of an asset in specie in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25465.
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The number of MNEs have increased substantially in recent years, putting a strain on international tax rules which have not developed at the same pace. Many of these MNEs have kept their tax bill at a minimum by shifting profits to low tax jurisdictions by using transfer prices that do not accord with economic reality. In response hereto, many tax jurisdictions have implemented domestic anti-avoidance legislation to assist tax authorities in curbing tax avoidance resulting from the manipulation of transfer prices. SA is an example of such a country. These anti-avoidance provisions typically involve a primary and secondary adjustment. The primary adjustment requires that an adjustment be made to the transfer price used by the MNE in the event that the said price does not reflect an arm's length price. The secondary adjustment concerns itself with making the actual allocation of funds consistent with the primary adjustment by deeming there to be another transaction, i.e. the secondary transaction. In SA, this secondary adjustment takes the form of a deemed distribution of an asset in specie in the case of residents who are companies. As such, this secondary transaction (i.e. the deemed dividend) is subject to Dividends Tax in SA levied at the domestic rate. This study considered whether such a deemed dividend will qualify for treaty relief in the form of the reduced rate provided for by Article 10 of the OECD MTC and UN MTC. In making this analysis, three main issues where specifically considered, namely (i) whether the SA company paying the Dividends Tax will have access to treaty relief in cases where Dividends Tax is not listed as a covered tax in the relevant tax treaty, (ii) whether a deemed dividend under a secondary adjustment in terms of SA domestic law falls within the dividend definition contained in Article 10.3 of the OECD and UN MTC, and finally (iii) whether the relevant deemed dividend can be regarded as 'paid' for purposes of Article 10.1 and 10.2 of the OECD MTC and UN MTC. It was concluded that the SA Company will not qualify for the reduced rate provided for by tax treaties modelled on the OECD MTC and UN MTC as the deemed dividend does not fall within the ambit of the dividend definition contained in these model treaties. However, some of SA's tax treaties currently in force, deviate from the wording used in these model treaties to such an extent that it brings deemed dividends under a secondary adjustment in SA within the scope of the dividend definition, and in doing so, provides the SA Company with access to the reduced rates provided for in tax treaties. Examples hereof are the tax treaties that SA have concluded with the UK and NZ. Should SA decide to adopt a more 'forgiving' approach towards the availability of relief for secondary adjustments, it is recommended that SA either amend the domestic relief provisions to allow access to such relief, or amend the dividend definition contained in the tax treaties it currently has in force to include deemed dividends in terms of secondary adjustments in SA. The first approach is preferred as it is not always possible and timely to amend tax treaties currently in force.
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Johnson, Shelley. "This little chicken went to Africa : a historical survey into the development of narrative structures within relief printmaking in community centres in South Africa and a formal analysis of the relevance of the medium in contemporary children's picture book illustration." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1725.
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Thesis (MPhil (Visual Arts. Illustration))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.When dealing with emergent literacy in South Africa, the didactic aspects of picture books are often privileged over their aesthetic quality and the idea of reading for pleasure. The themes of the books are not always locally relevant and for economic reasons, they often fail to reach the communities that need them the most. By looking at the history of relief printing within a community environment, I hope to highlight how communities themselves may be able to develop locally relevant children’s picture books, instituting a ‘grassroots’ approach rather than the paternalistic ‘top down’ approach of the past. I will also be looking at the narrative and stylistic elements of relief printing that are complimentary to the picture book genre and how these can be utilised for a pleasurable rather than didactic approach to the narratives.
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Ramaselele, P. N. "Effect of planting dates and cutting stages on the production of five selected winter cereals in Moloto District Gauteng and Nooitgedacht in Mpumulanga Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1208.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Pasture Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2014Due to shortage of adequate pasture in large parts of South Africa, winter survival poses a problem to farmers. A shortage in winter grazing is the major problem on most farms in South Africa. Animals loose weight in winter which leads to low reproduction, production of milk, mutton and meat. The winter feed shortages counteract also the possible good performance of animals during summer. Winter supplementation contributes largely to high input costs in livestock production, which can make this enterprise uneconomically. This study was done at two different localities: Hygrotech’s experimental farm at Dewageningsdrift, Gauteng and Nooitgedacht Agricultural Development center, Mpumalunga. Five winter fodder crop cultivars (Witteberg oats, Overberg oats, LS 35 stooling rye, LS 62 stooling rye and Cloc 1 Triticale) were planted on six planting dates (05 April, 04 May, 06 June, 20 July, 20 August and 26 September). Five cutting treatments were applied on Dewageningsdrift: First cut 8 weeks after planting and after that re-growth every six weeks (Ct 8), First cut 10 weeks after planting and after that re-growth every six weeks (Ct 10), First cut 12 weeks after planting and after that re-growth cut every six weeks (Ct 12), First cut 14 weeks after planting and after that re-growth cut every six weeks (Ct 14), First cut when more than 50% of plants were in the reproduction stage (RS). The same cultivars that were used at Dewageningsdrift were used on Nooitgedacht ADC. Only one planting date was applied here that was 02 February 2007. The cutting treatments differed also from that on Dewageningsdrift. Material was cut for the first time when it reached a grazing stage (± 50-60 cm high) and after that re-growth was measured four weeks. The main conclusions from the study were that, Witteberg oats has retained its nutritional value longer than other cultivars. LS 35 stooling rye was an early or short duration growing cultivar, if planted in February to April it will provide grazing early/Mid-winter. However it can also be planted in July to grow in spring. LS 62 stooling rye is a medium to long duration growing cultivar which optimum production period will be in late winter and spring. Witteberg oats is a medium/late producer and a long duration growing cultivar, thus if planted early (April) it can provide grazing until late winter. Overberg oats is an early/med long duration growing type, if planted in April it will produce mid-winter, planted in May to July it will produce late winter and planted in August it will provide spring grazing. Cloc 1 triticale is a long duration growing type. It will produce late winter when planted in April to July and in spring when planted in August/September.
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Mamburu, David Nyadzani. "Evaluation of the Poverty Relief Programme in the Limpopo Province within the context of the Reconstruction and Development Programme a Social Work perspective /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01142005-082757.
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Begg, Nazreen. "A technical analysis of the difference in treatment of technical fees in relation to the receipt of management fees by a resident of South Africa, sourced from Botswana and Zambia, including the impact of domestic and treaty relief." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31212.
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With international developments there has over the past few years been an increase in the provision of cross border services. By nature, services are often intangible and can in most cases be provided remotely. As such, an individual or enterprise providing personal services can substantially be involved in another state’s economy without establishing a permanent establishment or fixed base. This phenomenon proved problematic, especially in developing countries who are large importers of services, in that the country paying for the services would not be in a position to tax these activities however would, in terms of application of their domestic laws, be required to provide a deduction in relation to the payment for services where it relates to legitimate costs incurred in the production of income. In light of this, and in an attempt to protect their tax base, it is found that majority of developing countries would incorporate in domestic law a tax on technical services paid to nonresidents. This is usually in the form of a withholding tax. This practice was undesirable for both taxpayers and tax authorities in that it resulted in unrelieved double taxation or double non-taxation which in turn causes difficult disputes whilst consuming scarce resources. In light of this, a new Article 12A- Fees on technical services had been drafted into the 2017 United Nation Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (the “UN Model”). This article provides a Source State to tax certain technical services defined as “any payment in consideration for any service of a managerial, technical or consultancy nature, at a rate agreed between the two States, on a gross basis”. By performing qualitative research, based on a simplistic scenario for management fees, it is found that the inclusion in a treaty of an article similar to Article 12A makes the application of treaty relief easier and neutralises the tax effect for a South African resident. However, where no distributive rules to technical services (in particular management fees) apply in a treaty it may become burdensome to prove that treaty relief should apply in a case where double taxation occurs. Based on the results of the research (due to the economic impact it may have on South Africa), it is recommended that South African treaties with other developing countries which levy a withholding tax on management fees, should be updated by protocol or renegotiation of the treaty to include a similar article to the new Article 12A in the UN Model.
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Mobie, Titus Risimati. "The impact of privatization of water system towards the poor a challenge to pastoral care : with special reference to the rural communities of Bushbuckridge /." Thesis, Pretoria : [S.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11062008-170236/.
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Morris, Linzette Deidre. "Virtual reality exposure therapy as treatment for pain catastrophizing in Fibromyalgia patients : proof-of-concept." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79876.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Research objective To test a novel concept that exposing patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) to visuals of exercise activities elicits neurophysiological changes in functional brain areas associated with pain catastrophization; thereby providing preliminary support for the further development/testing of a virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) exercise program aimed at reducing pain catastrophization toward exercise therapy in patients with FMS. Methods The main study of this research consisted of a three-phase exploratory fMRI study. Phase 1 involved the development/validation of the fMRI visual task. Phase 2 involved the exploration of the differences in neural correlates associated with pain catastrophizing between participants with FMS and healthy controls when exposed to various visuals of exercise and passive/relaxing activities. Phase 3 involved the testing of the preliminary efficacy of a novel VRET exercise program on pain catastrophization in participants with FMS. The fMRI task consisted of two stimuli: active (exercise activity visuals)/passive (relaxing activity visuals). Structural images as well as blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) contrasts were acquired for the conditions and compared within-subjects/groups and between-groups. The condition of interest was the active>passive condition (where brain activations for the passive condition were subtracted from the active condition). The brain volumes collected during ‗on‘ conditions were compared with the brain volumes collected during ‗off‘ conditions using Students‘ t test. Statistic images were thresholded using clusters determined by Z>2.3 and a (corrected) cluster significance threshold of p=0.05. Results The right (R) middle and inferior frontal gyrus and R posterior cerebellum were significantly activated for the participants with FMS, and not the healthy control group, during the active>passive condition (phase 2). At baseline, during the active>passive condition (phase 3), the intervention/VRET group showed significant activation (p<0.05) in the R insular cortex, R anterior and posterior cerebellum, R parahippocampal gyrus, R middle frontal gyrus, R corpus callosum, R thalamus, R supramarginal gyrus and R middle and superior temporal gyrus; the control group showed significant activation in the R anterior and posterior cerebellum, R middle and superior temporal gyrus, R middle frontal gyrus, R insular cortex, R supramarginal gyrus and R precentral gyrus. Post-intervention, during the active>passive condition, R posterior cerebellum activation was still significant (p<0.05) for the intervention group; R anterior cerebellum, left (L) middle and inferior frontal gyrus, and R superior parietal lobe activation was found to be significant (p<0.000) for the control group, although these areas were not found to be significantly activated at baseline for the control group. Conclusion We could not provide confirmatory evidence for the efficacy of a novel VRET program for pain catastrophization in patients with FMS. However, the findings of this study does suggest that pain catastrophization in patients with FMS could be confirmed with fMRI. Research is therefore warranted to further develop a proper VRET exercise program and to test the effect of this program on pain catastrophization in patients with FMS.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Navorsing doelstelling Om 'n nuwe konsep dat die blootstelling van pasiënte met fibromialgie sindroom (FMS) aan beeldmateriaal van oefening, ontlok neurofisiologiese veranderinge in funksionele brein-areas wat verband hou met pyn katastrofering te toets; sodoende voorlopige steun vir die verdere ontwikkeling/toetsing van 'n virtuele realiteit blootstelling terapie (VRET) oefenprogram wat gemik is op die vermindering van pyn katastrofering na oefenterapie in pasiënte met die FMS te bied. Metodes Die hoofstudie van hierdie navorsing bestaan uit 'n drie-fase verkennende fMRI studie. Fase 1 het die ontwikkeling/validering van die fMRI visuele taak behels. Fase 2 het die ondersoek van die verskille in die neurale korrelate geassosieer met pyn katastrofering tussen deelnemers met FMS en gesonde kontroles wanneer hulle blootgestel word aan verskeie beeldmateriaal van oefening en passiewe/ontspannende aktiwiteite behels. Fase 3 het die toets van die voorlopige effektiwiteit van 'n nuwe VRET oefenprogram op pyn katastrofering in deelnemers met FMS behels. Die fMRI taak het bestaan uit twee stimuli: aktiewe (oefening aktiwiteit beeldmateriaal)/passiewe (ontspannende aktiwiteit beeldmateriaal). Strukturele beelde sowel as bloed-suurstof-vlak-afhanklike (BSVA) kontraste is vir die toestande verkry en vergelyk binne-deelnemers/groepe en tussen-groepe. Die toestand van belang was die aktiewe>passiewe toestand (waar brein aktivering vir die passiewe toestand afgetrek is van die aktiewe toestand). Die brein volumes wat ingesamel tydens die 'aan' toestande is vergelyk met die brein volumes wat ingesamel is gedurende die 'af' toestande met die gebruik van Studente se t-toets. Drempel statistiek beelde is gegroepeer deur Z> 2,3 en 'n (gekorrigeerde) groepeerde betekenisvolle drempel van p = 0.05. Resultate Die regter (R) middel- en inferior-frontale gyrus en R posterior serebellum is betekenisvol geaktiveer vir die deelnemers met FMS, maar nie vir die gesonde kontrole groep nie, gedurende die aktiewe>passiewe toestand (fase 2). By basislyn, tydens die aktiewe>passiewe toestand (fase 3), die intervensie / VRET groep het betekenisvolle aktivering (p <0.05) in die R insulaire korteks, R anterior en posterior serebellum, R para- hippokampus gyrus, R middel-frontale gyrus, R korpus kallosum, R talamus, R supramarginale gyrus en R middel- en superior-temporale gyrus; die kontrole groep het betekenisvolle aktivering in die R anterior en posterior serebellum, R middel- en superior-temporale gyrus, R middel-frontale gyrus, R insulaire korteks, R supramarginale gyrus en R presentrale gyrus. Post-intervensie, tydens die aktiewe>passiewe toestand, was R posterior serebellum aktivering betekenisvol (p <0.05) vir die intervensie groep; R anterior serebellum, links (L) middel- en inferior-frontale gyrus en R superior pariëtale lob aktivering was betekenisvol (p <0.000) vir die kontrole groep, alhoewel geen betekenisvolle basislyn aktivering in hierdie areas by die kontrole groep plaasgevind het nie. Gevolgtrekking Ons kan nie bewyse vir die effektiwiteit van 'n nuwe VRET program vir pyn katastrofering in pasiënte met FMS bevestig nie. Nietemin, dui die bevindinge van hierdie studie wel daarop dat pyn katastrofering in pasiënte met FMS bevestig kon word met fMRI. Verdere navorsing is dus geregverdig om 'n behoorlike VRET oefenprogram te ontwikkel en die uitwerking van hierdie program op pyn katastrofering in pasiënte met FMS te toets.
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Strandow, Daniel. "Fighting for Aid : Foreign Funding and Civil Conflict Intensity." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-231034.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation focuses on the sub-national impact of foreign aid on civil conflicts by asking the question: How does foreign aid committed to contested areas affect the intensity of violence in those areas? The main theoretical contribution is to focus on how aid influences warring parties’ decisions to engage in contests over territorial control and how that in turn influences violence intensity. The study introduces two concepts: funding concentration and barriers to exploiting aid. A contested area has greater concentration of funding if warring parties expect a high value of aid to be distributed to only a few locations. Funding is instead diffused if the parties expect aid to be spread over many locations. A low barrier to exploiting aid is present if it is of a type that both state and non-state actors could potentially misuse. There is a high barrier if territorial control is required in order to exploit funding channels. The theory introduces three testable implications: First, greater funding concentration encourages conventional contests over territorial control, which increases military fatalities. The second proposal is that if there is a low barrier to exploiting aid (e.g. humanitarian and food aid) then there will be increased competition between warring parties and civilians, and hence more civilian fatalities. Third, high barrier funding (e.g. education aid) will motivate contests over territorial control and increase military fatalities. This dissertation uses geo-coded aid commitments data and introduces data of warring parties’ battleground control in sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2008. The research design relies on propensity score matching where pairs of observations are matched based on a range of covariates. The results concerning barriers to exploitation are partially supported. High barrier aid increases military fatalities whereas low barrier aid has little impact on violence. Greater funding concentration increases military fatalities substantially compared to if there is low or no funding concentration. In line with theory, greater funding concentration does not increase civilian fatalities.
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Rukema, Joseph Rudigi. "An exploration of rural communities' and government response strategies to drought in South Africa : the case of Msinga villages in KwaZulu-Natal province." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10431.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis seeks to explore and examine the application and use of indigenous
knowledge systems (IKS) in the management of drought through a case study of
Msinga village communities in the northern parts of KwaZulu-Natal Province, paying
specific attention to droughts that have been recorded and that prevail in the area.
Government's policy aimed at mitigating and the effect of drought on communities
and its effectiveness is examined as well. The question is whether government policy
measures supplement rural communities' drought management strategies.
The findings demonstrated that droughts are endemic in the study area and that
drought-management strategies are as intrinsic to local livelihood systems as are
seasonal-adjustment strategies. The findings also indicated that communities in
Msinga have knowledge of drought management. However, this knowledge
contributes very little to the management of drought. The findings also demonstrated
that there is poor capacity in government to deal with disasters and this has serious
repercussions for poor rural communities in Msinga. Disaster management requires
disaster reduction, planning, and capacity to reduce the losses borne by
impoverished households. This process will be more effective if there is efficient
mobilization of resources, rapid responses, and a long-term strategy to prevent
drought and reduce the risks of vulnerable groups, rather than transferring risks. The
new legislation, the Disaster Management Act of 2002, should ensure that any form
of financial and bureaucratic bottlenecks are eliminated so that assistance reaches
people more quickly and is based on developing a long-term programme targeting
the reduction of risks from the drought prevailing in Msinga. It is also important that
NGOs in the area are empowered and involved in disaster management and are
able to play their full role.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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Mathivha, Fhumulani Innocentia. "Drought in Luvuvhu River Catchment - South Africa: Assessment, Characterisation and Prediction." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1522.
Full textAbstract:
PhDHDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources
Demand for water resources has been on the increase and is compounded by population growth and related development demands. Thus, numerous sectors are affected by water scarcity and therefore effective management of drought-induced water deficit is of importance. Luvuvhu River Catchment (LRC), a tributary of the Limpopo River Basin in South Africa has witnessed an increasing frequency of drought events over the recent decades. Drought impacts negatively on communities’ livelihoods, development, economy, water resources, and agricultural yields. Drought assessment in terms of frequency and severity using Drought Indices (DI) in different parts of the world has been reported. However, the forecasting and prediction component which is significant in drought preparedness and setting up early warning systems is still inadequate in several regions of the world. This study aimed at characterising, assessing, and predicting drought conditions using DI as a drought quantifying parameter in the LRC. This was achieved through the application of hybrid statistical and machine learning models including predictions via a combination of hybrid models. Rainfall and temperature data were obtained from South African Weather Service, evapotranspiration, streamflow, and reservoir storage data were obtained from the Department of Water and Sanitation while root zone soil moisture data was derived from the NASA earth data Giovanni repository. The Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), Standardised Streamflow Index (SSI), and Nonlinear Aggregated Drought Index (NADI) were selected to assess and characterise drought conditions in the LRC. SPI is precipitation based, SPEI is precipitation and evapotranspiration based, SSI is based on streamflow while NADI is a multivariate index based on rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, streamflow, and storage reservoir volume. All indices detected major historical drought events that have occurred and reported over the study area, although the precipitation based indices were the only indices that categorised the 1991/1992 drought as extreme at 6- and 12- month timescales while the streamflow index and multivariate NADI underestimated the event. The most recent 2014/16 drought was also categorised to be extreme by the standardised indices. The study found that the multivariate index underestimates most historical drought events in the catchment. The indices further showed that the most prevalent drought events in the LRC were mild drought. Extreme drought events were the least found at 6.42%, 1.08%, 1.56%, and 4.4% for SPI, SPEI, SSI, and NADI, respectively. Standardised indices and NADI showed negative trends and positive upward trends, respectively. The positive trend showed by NADI depicts a decreased drought severity over the study period. Drought events were characterised based on duration, intensity, severity, and frequency of drought events for each decade of the 30 years considered in this study i.e. between 1986 – 1996, 1996 – 2006, 2006 – 2016. This was done to get finer details of how drought characteristics behaved at a 10-year interval over the study period. An increased drought duration was observed between 1986 - 1996 while the shortest duration was observed between 1996 - 2006 followed by 2006 - 2016. NADI showed an overall lowest catchment duration at 1- month timescale compared to the standardised indices. The relationship between drought severity and duration revealed a strong linear relationship across all indices at all timescales (i.e. an R2 of between 0.6353 and 0.9714, 0.6353 and 0.973, 0.2725 and 0.976 at 1-, 6- and 12- month timescales, respectively). In assessing the overall utilisation of an index, the five decision criteria (robustness, tractability, transparency, sophistication, and extendibility) were assigned a raw score of between one and five. The sum of the weighted scores (i.e. raw scores multiplied by the relative importance factor) was the total for each index. SPEI ranked the highest with a total weight score of 129 followed by the SSI with a score of 125 and then the SPI with a score of 106 while NADI scored the lowest with a weight of 84. Since SPEI ranked the highest of all the four indices evaluated, it is regarded as an index that best describes drought conditions in the LRC and was therefore used in drought prediction. Statistical (GAM-Generalised Additive Models) and machine learning (LSTM-Long Short Term Memory) based techniques were used for drought prediction. The dependent variables were decomposed using Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD). Model inputs were determined using the gradient boosting, and all variables showing some relative off importance were considered to influence the target values. Rain, temperature, non-linear trend, SPEI at lag1, and 2 were found to be important in predicting SPEI and the IMFs (Intrinsic Mode Functions) at 1, 6- and 12- month timescales. Seven models were applied based on the different learning techniques using the SPEI time series at all timescales. Prediction combinations of GAM performed better at 1- and 6- month timescales while at 12- month, an undecomposed GAM outperformed the decomposition and the combination of predictions with a correlation coefficient of 0.9591. The study also found that the correlation between target values, LSTM, and LSTM-fQRA was the same at 0.9997 at 1- month and 0.9996 at 6- and 12- month timescales. Further statistical evaluations showed that LSTM-fQRA was the better model compared to an undecomposed LSTM (i.e. RMSE of 0.0199 for LSTM-fQRA over 0.0241 for LSTM). The best performing GAM and LSTM based models were used to conduct uncertainty analysis, which was based on the prediction interval. The PICP and PINAW results indicated that LSTM-fQRA was the best model to predict SPEI timeseries at all timescales. The conclusions drawn from drought predictions conducted in this study are that machine learning neural networks are better suited to predict drought conditions in the LRC, while for improved model accuracy, time series decomposition and prediction combinations are also implementable. The applied hybrid machine learning models can be used for operational drought forecasting and further be incorporated into existing early warning systems for drought risk assessment and management in the LRC for better water resources management. Keywords: Decomposition, drought, drought indices, early warning system, frequency, machine learning, prediction intervals, severity, water resources.
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Alberts, Marius. "Business rescue in South Africa : a critical review of the regulatory environment." Diss., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23946.
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Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Nethavhani, Ntavhanyeni G. "Assessment of small-holder farmers' vulnerability to the 2004/2005 drought in Makhado municipality." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12785.
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A research report for the partial fulfillment of Masters degree in the school of Geography and Environmental studies, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2007.Unable to load abstract
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Austin, Wayne Devlin. "Drought in South Africa : lessons lost and/or learnt from 1990 to 2005." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/5991.
Full textAbstract:
Drought and its associated impacts have been causing critical problems for
agriculture, vulnerable communities and overall development for many years in
South Africa. Impacts of drought such as the effects on a regions’ climatology,
increases in food insecurity and food prices and the integration of drought with
factors such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic have led government to introduce various
policies dealing, in particular, with drought risk. By means of examining
government documents, journal articles and media publications the methods
government has employed to reduce the impacts of drought are traced. The way
government has handled drought in the recent past, such as during 1991/92 and
2003/04, with regard to maize farming and vulnerable populations, is of great
importance for learning lessons in drought-risk reduction for the future. Lessons
Government has learnt include shifting drought management policy and those lost
from recent drought episodes include improving early warning systems and
incorporating HIV/AIDS in drought strategies. The research also presents
suggestions for alleviating the impacts of drought and for better managing the
events. The Government, with at least a twenty year history of drought situations
and drought governance, provides an interesting range of experience that can
present a useful set of cases that may yield valuable insights into the future.
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Nembilwi, Ndamulelo. "Vulnerability and Adaptation to Drought Hazards in Mopani District Municipality, South Africa: Towards Disaster Risk Reduction." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1500.
Full textAbstract:
MENVSCDepartment of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences
South Africa was badly affected by the recent 2015/16 severe drought. Water levels in dams declined drastically resulting in decimation of livestock herds and widespread crop failure. Mopani District Municipality is comprised of many agricultural activities that contribute to the economy and social development of the country. The study evaluated the nature of the drought hazard - its impacts, vulnerability and adaptation strategies employed by rural communities of Mopani District. The study used a mixed method approach with both quantitative and qualitative datasets. The district was divided into two distinct climatic areas, the eastern lowveld which includes the Greater-Giyani, Ba-Phalaborwa and Maruleng Local Municipalities and the western highveld which includes Greater- Tzaneen and Greater- Letaba Local Municipalities. Questionnaires were administered among community members whilst key informant interviews were conducted among relevant government and municipal officials. Anomalies in long term climate data were analysed to determine the frequency and intensity of drought in the district. Drought characterisation was done using a Standardised Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index whilst vegetation anomaly maps, maize yields and dam level data were used to analyse the impacts of drought across the district. Levels of vulnerability to drought were determined using the Household Vulnerability Index. Spatially distinct patterns of drought conditions across the district were remarkable with wet conditions on the western highveld along the escarpment and harsh dry conditions towards the eastern lowveld. It was found that nearly half the time there is some form of drought or another in the district which may be linked to the remote El Nino phenomenon. Community vulnerabilities have a direct impact on human welfare and different strategies are employed to adapt to drought hazards both at community and district levels. The study showed a link between drought hazard extent and vulnerability. Community members are adapting using conservation agriculture, selling fire-wood, accessing boreholes and rearing chickens, amongst other means to survive in these harsh climatic conditions. Local government intervention strategies include supply of seeds and fertilisers, selling fodder at a cheaper price and supplying water using trucks. The findings of this study contribute to disaster risk reduction efforts in Mopani District Municipality
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Rakgwale, Thabang Jantjie. "Adaption to drought conditions by smallholder livestock farmers : lessons from2014-2016 drought conditions in the Limpopo region." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27290.
Full textAbstract:
Summaries in English, Afrikaans and SepediThe Limpopo Province is a disaster-prone province, with drought being the most common natural disaster. From the year 2012 onwards, the province experienced extremely dry conditions that culminated in a severe drought in 2016. This negatively impacted the livelihoods of smallholder livestock farmers and the welfare of their livestock. The study investigated the coping strategies that were adopted by smallholder livestock farmers during drought conditions and the factors that were associated with animal loss during the drought that affected the region between 2014 and 2016. A randomly selected sample of 281 smallholder livestock farmers aged 18 years and older from the Greater Letaba Local Municipality participated in the study. Structured interviews, aided by questionnaires were used to collect the primary data. Proportions of categorical variables and the mean and standard deviation for continuous variables were computed and presented as tables and figures. A Poisson regression model was fitted to the data to identify factors that were significantly associated with loss of animals during the drought. More than half (55.50%; n=116) of the participants were made aware of the 2014–2016 drought through the agricultural extension officers, followed by 19.14% (n=40) who got to know about it through radio channels. More than half of the participants (58.29%; n=123) were aware of the impending drought. The most common support received from government agencies to help cope with the drought was in the form of animal feed (80%; n=124). Although most of the farmers (73.55%; n=114) benefitted from the support they received, slightly more than half (53.74%; n=151) did not cope well with the drought conditions. While Bellevue (B=-0.199; 95% CI: -0.380 -0.019) was negatively associated with loss of animals, Mokwakwaila (B=0.568; 95% CI: 0.405 0.731) had a strong positive association with loss of animals. Being married (B=-0.060; 95% CI: -0.305 0.183) or divorced (B= -0.035; 95% CI: -0.316 0.246) was negatively associated with loss of animals. Years of experience in farming (B=0.022; 95% CI: 0.010 0.033) and not receiving support during were strongly positively associated with loss of animals (B=0.324; 95% CI: 0.189 0.459). The low number of farmers who were aware of the impending drought and the large number of farmers who did not cope well suggests that many farmers in the area were not prepared for the drought. Groups such as widows, widowers and farmers who have many years of farming experience are high-risk groups and should be targeted for interventions in the event of a drought. More measures are needed to ensure that all agricultural centres are prepared and supported in event of a drought so as to minimise the impact of drought on local communities.
Die provinsie Limpopo is 'n rampgevoelige provinsie, met droogte as die mees algemene natuurramp. Vanaf 2012 het die provinsie uiters droë toestande beleef wat in 2016 op 'n ernstige droogte uitgeloop het. Dit het 'n negatiewe uitwerking gehad op die lewensonderhoud van kleinboere en die welstand van hul vee. Die studie het ondersoek ingestel na die hanteringstrategieë wat deur veeboere in kleinvee tydens droogtetoestande aangeneem is, en die faktore wat verband hou met diereverlies tydens die droogte wat die streek tussen 2014 en 2016 geraak het. 'N Lukraak geselekteerde steekproef van 281 kleinboere van 18 jaar en ouer van die Greater Letaba Local Munisipaliteit het aan die studie deelgeneem. Gestruktureerde onderhoude, gehelp deur vraelyste, is gebruik om die primêre data in te samel. Verhoudings van kategoriese veranderlikes en die gemiddelde en standaardafwyking vir deurlopende veranderlikes is bereken en as tabelle en figure aangebied. 'N Poisson-regressiemodel is op die data toegepas om faktore te identifiseer wat beduidend verband hou met die verlies aan diere tydens die droogte. Meer as die helfte (55,50%; n=116) van die deelnemers is bewus gemaak van die droogte 2014–2016 deur die landbouvoorligtingsbeamptes, gevolg deur 19,14% (n =40) wat dit via radiokanale leer ken het. Meer as die helfte van die deelnemers (58,29%; n=123) was bewus van die dreigende droogte. Die mees algemene steun van regeringsinstansies om die droogte die hoof te bied, was in die vorm van veevoer (80%; n=124). Alhoewel die meerderheid van die boere (73,55%; n=114) voordeel getrek het uit die steun wat hulle gekry het, het die droogtetoestande nie goed hanteer nie (53,74%; n=151). Terwyl Bellevue (B= -0.199; 95% CI -0.380 -0.019) negatief geassosieer is met verlies aan diere, is Mokwakwaila (B= 0,568; 95% CI 0,405 0,731) sterk positief geassosieer met verlies aan diere. Om getroud te wees (B= -0.060; 95% CI -0.305 0.183) of geskei (B= -0.035; 95% CI 0.316 0.246) was negatief geassosieer met verlies aan diere. Jare se ondervinding in die boerdery (B=0,022; 95% CI 0,010 0,033) en om nie ondersteuning gedurende te ontvang nie, was sterk positief geassosieer met die verlies van diere (B=0.324; 95% CI 0.189 0.459). Die lae aantal boere (ongeveer die helfte) wat bewus was van die dreigende droogte, dui daarop dat baie boere in die omgewing nie voorbereid was op die droogte nie. Groepe soos weduwees, wewenaars en boere met baie jare se boerdery-ervaring, is hoërisikogroepe en moet geteiken word vir ingrypings in die geval van 'n droogte. Meer maatreëls is nodig om te verseker dat alle landbousentrums voorberei en ondersteun word in geval van 'n droogte om die impak van droogte op plaaslike gemeenskappe te verminder.
Komelelo ke bothata bjo bogolo kudu go tsa temo/bolemi, segolothata re lebeletse balemirui ba bannyane. Limpopo province e na le kgatelelego ye kgolo kudu ka komelelo gagolo ge re lebeletse tsa bolemi. Nako le nako komelelo e tsea karolo ye kgolo moo e feleletsago e gatelela tsa temo. Tabakgolo ya rena kego lebelela ditsela le mehuta ye e fapanego yeo e shomishitshwego ke balemi go lwantshana le bothata bja komelelo gareng ga ngwaga wa 2014- 2016. Thuto ye e kgobokantshitshwe gotwsa go masepala wa motse selegae wa Greater Letaba Local Municipality, karolo ya Mopani, profenseng ya Leboa mo Afrika Borwa. Tshedimosho ye e hweditshwe ka mokgwa wa poledisano le balemi bao ba fapanego ba go lekana nomoro ya 281 ya balemi go dinaga tsa go fapanafapana. Poledisano ebile ka mokgwa wa peakanyanyo ya dopotsisho. Tshedimosho ye e kopantshitshwe le go hlathollwa ka mokgwa wa go ikgetha wa Strata Version 14. Hlathollo ya go ikgetha e berekishitshwe ka mokgwa wa ditiragalo yoya ka nako le dipalopalo tsa go kopantswa fao tahlegelo e sa tsebjego go ka lekanywa.le bokae la diperesente. Mabakakgolo ao a hlolago tahlegelo ya diruiwa a nyakishitswe ka mokgwa wa Poisson Regression Model. Bogolo bja (64.77%) go bao ba arabilego ebile banna le bogolo bja (74.38%) bja balemi ba be ba tseba ka komelelo ye e batamelago. Go feta halofo (55.50%) ya bao ba arabilegoba tsebishitshwe ka komelelo yeo e batamelang go tswa go bagakolodi, gomme gwa latela thelebisheni (8.13%) le dikuranta (1.44%). Go feta bogolo bja (58.29%) bja bao ba ikarabetsego ba laeditswe gore ba be ba tseba ka komelelo yeo e batamelago ke fao ba bego ba ikemiseditse. Bontshi bja thekgo (80%) yeo balemi ba e hweditsego ebile ka mokgwa wa dijo tsa diphoofolo, gwa latela latela thekgo yeo e filwego ka mokgwa wa meets le dithibela malwetsi go diphoofolo. Bogolo bjago makatsa (73.55%) bo laeditse gore thekgo yeo ba e hweditsego e ba tshwetsi molemo le diphoofolo tsa bona, go feta bonnyane (26.45%) bjoo bo rilego thekgo yeo ba e hweditsegobka nako ya komelelo ga se ya ba tshwela mohola goba gaya ba hola ka selo. Go ba modudi wa Bellevue (B= -0.199; 95% CI: -0.380 -0.019, p= 0.031) le Mokwakwaila (B=0.568; 95% CI: 0.405 0.731, p= 0.0001) ebile nthla ye bohlokwa go tahlegelo ya dirui. Go oketsa seo, go nyadiwa (B=0.942; 95% CI: 0.737 1.201), go hladiwa (B= 0.966 (95% CI: 0.729 1.279), le palo ya mengwaga ya botsebingo tsa temo (B=1.022; 95% CI: 1.010 1.034, p= 0.0001), le ge eba molemi ga se a hwetse thusho ka nako ya komelelo (B=0.324; 95% CI: 0.189 0.459, p= 0.0001) ebile dinhla tsa bohlokwa go tahlegelo ya dirui ka nako ya komelelo. Palo ya fase ba balemi bao ba bego bas a tsebe ka komelelo yeo e bego e batamela, e kgathile tema ye kgolo mo tabeng ya go paledisha balemi go ipeakanyela kgahlanong le komelelo yeo e bego e batamela. Ka fao seo se ba amile gampe. Mo nakong ye e tlang, matsapa a mantsi a swanetswi go tseiwa go kgonthishisha gore tsa temo ka moka di itokishetsa ka go lekana. Mmusho o swanetse go beeletsa kudu go lefapha la bagakolodi ka go oketsa palo ya mafapha a bagakolodi.
Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
M.Sc. (Agriculture)
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