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Journal articles on the topic 'Drowning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Fiser, Debra H. "Near-Drowning." Pediatrics In Review 14, no. 4 (1993): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.4.148.

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Definition Drowning is defined as death caused by submersion, whereas near-drowning connotes survival for some time period following submersion. The following remarks pertain to the near-drowning victim who presents for acute medical management. Epidemiology Because reporting of near-drowning incidents is incomplete, most of the available epidemiologic information focuses on drowning deaths, which number more than 6500 per year in the United States. Data from King County, Washington, however, suggest that near-drownings slightly out-number drownings. Drowning rates are highest for children und

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2

Barnsley, Paul, and Amy Peden. "A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Cohort Study Examining the Risk of Unintentional Fatal Drowning during Public Holidays in Australia." Safety 4, no. 4 (2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety4040042.

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Australia’s celebration of its public holidays often involves aquatic recreation, frequently mixed with consumption of alcohol, both of which are risk factors for drowning. This study examines how the demographics and circumstances of public holiday drownings compare to the average day drownings. A total population survey (1 July 2002 to 30 June 2017) of unintentional fatal drownings in Australia were extracted from the Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database. Date of drowning and state/territory of residence were used to determine if the drowning occurred on a public holiday in the

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Ellis, Lindsey T., Madeleine Opsahl, Deiter J. Duff, and Carl C. Stacy. "Application of the Drowning Index to Opioid & Multidrug Intoxication Deaths: A Retrospective Analysis." Academic Forensic Pathology 9, no. 1-2 (2019): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1925362119851115.

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Introduction: Drowning deaths present a challenge for forensic pathologists, because the autopsy findings may occur in many nondrowning scenarios. Previous studies have attempted to identify patterns in organ weights that may be specific for drowning. The drowning index (DI) has been defined as the weight ratio of the lungs and pleural effusion fluid to the spleen. Studies have suggested DI may be useful in confirming drowning as the cause of death. No studies have yet compared autopsy findings in drownings to those in drug-related deaths, in spite of their qualitative similarities. Materials

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Fortuin, Jill, Innocent Karangwa, Nongcebo Mahlalela, and Cleeve Robertson. "A South African Epidemiological Study of Fatal Drownings: 2016–2021." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (2022): 15121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215121.

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Drowning is a serious public health concern. Low-and-middle-income countries are the most affected by drowning, as they carry 90% of the global drowning burden. The purpose of this retrospective epidemiological study is to provide an overview of fatal drownings in South Africa between 2016 and 2021. The data used for the study were obtained from the South African Police Service. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Statistical analyses included a t-test and chi-square test. The results indicate that the average number of fatal drownings per annum is 1477 in South Africa, wit

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Gorsuch, Marina Mileo, Samuel L. Myers Jr., Yufeng Lai, Devan Steward, and Rachel Motachwa. "Vanishing racial disparities in drowning in Florida." Injury Prevention 25, no. 6 (2018): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042872.

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ObjectivesTo examine the change in the racial disparity in drowning in Florida from 1970 to 2015 and to analyse the contextual factors associated with white, black and Hispanic drowning rates in Florida from 2007 to 2015.MethodsOur outcome variable is county-level annual drowning rates by race, ethnicity, sex and age group. We computed county-level contextual data, including emergency weather events, temperature, extreme weather, number of pools, quality of pools, coastline, swimming participation rates and prominent black competitive swim teams.ResultsBetween 1970 and 1990, the disparity in d

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6

Wijaya, Felicia Anita, and I. Gde Doddy Kurnia Indrawan. "Complications of drowning: A case report." Paediatrica Indonesiana 59, no. 5 (2019): 284–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi59.5.2019.284-8.

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Unintentional drowning is the sixth most common cause of accidental death, accounting for 4,086 deaths (1.4 per 100,000) in the United States in 2007.1 In children, drowning is the second leading cause of injury-related death, and those aged 1–3 years have the highest rate of drowning.2 More than 1,400 pediatric drownings were reported in the United States in 2008.3 Many drowning deaths are due to lack of supervision in the bathtub, unprotected access to a pool, or lack of swimming skills.3 For every death by drowning, six children are hospitalized for drowning, and up to 10% of survivors expe

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7

Bista, Saroj, and Nichole L. Michaels. "A descriptive study of fatal drownings among children and adolescents in the United States, with a focus on retention pond deaths, 2004–2020." PLOS Global Public Health 5, no. 1 (2025): e0004106. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0004106.

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The objective of this study was to characterize fatal drownings among children and adolescents, with a focus on retention pond drownings, and identify risk factors for these fatalities using child death review data. We acquired 2004–2020 National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System data for drowning deaths among youth 0–19 years. Retention pond drownings were identified through case narratives. We analyzed demographics, primary caregiver, supervisor, death investigation, and drowning-related variables across age groups (<1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, and 15–19 years) using either the Chi-square tes

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Sharma, Sapna, Kevin Blagrave, Simon R. Watson, et al. "Increased winter drownings in ice-covered regions with warmer winters." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0241222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241222.

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Winter activities on ice are culturally important for many countries, yet they constitute a high safety risk depending upon the stability of the ice. Because consistently cold periods are required to form stable and thick ice, warmer winters could degrade ice conditions and increase the likelihood of falling through the ice. This study provides the first large-scale assessment of winter drowning from 10 Northern Hemisphere countries. We documented over 4000 winter drowning events. Winter drownings increased exponentially in regions with warmer winters when air temperatures neared 0°C. The larg

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N. Alsdairi, Ghadah, Alreem M. Almarshadi, Raghad A. Alsdairi, Amal A. Alsadun, and Mona M. Shahin. "KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PEDIATRIC DROWNING FIRST AID AMONG PARENTS IN HAIL POPULATION, SAUDI ARABIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 02 (2021): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12506.

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Background: Around the world, drowning is one of the top three causes of death from unintentional injury, and children at the highest risk. Aim: Our study aims to assess the parents knowledge, attitude and practice towards pediatric drowning risks, causes and first aid. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study was conducted on males and females parents at any age in Hail, Saudi Arabia, Through a self-administrated online questionnaire which divided into two sections: demographic information (age, gender, marital state and education level) and information about pediatric drowning (risk fact

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Kozlov, Eduard, and Ruslan Gibadullin. "Prerequisites for developing the computer vision system for drowning detection." E3S Web of Conferences 474 (2024): 02031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447402031.

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The problem of drowning is one of the most serious issues in terms of human life and health safety. Drowning victims often fall victim to accidental circumstances or unintentional actions, and the number of such incidents is significant. Thousands of drownings occur worldwide every year, resulting in a significant loss of lives, both among adults and children. This article focuses on exploring the prerequisites and developing a computer vision system for drowning detection. Drowning is a serious problem that poses substantial social, economic, and medical consequences for human life and health

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Baral, Madan Prasad, and Nuwadatta Subedi. "Demographic and autopsy characteristics of drowning deaths in a major autopsy center of Gandaki province of Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 14, no. 1 (2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v14i1.32661.

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Background: Autopsy examination is mandatory in all unnatural deaths as per law of Nepal and thus all deaths due to drowning are undergone medico legal autopsy. This study aims to analyze the demographic and autopsy characteristics of drowning deaths in cases brought for medico legal autopsy at a major autopsy center of Gandaki province of Nepal. Methods: This study was conducted based on review of database in a period of two years among 53 corpses of drowning related deaths. The demographic data and relevant information from the inquest and autopsy report of such cases were collected an

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Saunders, Colleen Jayne, Robyn Adriaanse, Abigail Simons, and Ashley van Niekerk. "Fatal drowning in the Western Cape, South Africa: a 7-year retrospective, epidemiological study." Injury Prevention 25, no. 6 (2018): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042945.

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IntroductionDrowning is a neglected public health threat in low-income and middle-income countries where the greatest drowning burden is observed. There is a paucity of drowning surveillance data from low-resource settings, particularly in Africa. Understanding local epidemiological factors will enable the development of context-specific drowning prevention initiatives and the appropriate allocation of resources.AimThe primary aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of fatal drowning in the Western Cape, South Africa.MethodThis retrospective study describes fatal drowning incidents

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Buick, Jason E., Steve Lin, Valeria E. Rac, Steven C. Brooks, Gérald Kierzek, and Laurie J. Morrison. "Drowning: an overlooked cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Canada." CJEM 16, no. 04 (2014): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/8000.2013.131069.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Drowning is a major public health concern, yet little is known about the characteristics of drowning patients. The objectives of this study were to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) attributed to drowning in Ontario and to compare the characteristics of OHCA attributed to drowning to those of presumed cardiac etiology. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was carried out of consecutive OHCA patients of drowning etiology in Ontario between August 2006 and July 2011. Bivariate analysis was used to evalua

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Peden, Amy E., Alison J. Mahony, Paul D. Barnsley, and Justin Scarr. "Understanding the full burden of drowning: a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of fatal and non-fatal drowning in Australia." BMJ Open 8, no. 11 (2018): e024868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024868.

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ObjectivesThe epidemiology of fatal drowning is increasingly understood. By contrast, there is relatively little population-level research on non-fatal drowning. This study compares data on fatal and non-fatal drowning in Australia, identifying differences in outcomes to guide identification of the best practice in minimising the lethality of exposure to drowning.DesignA subset of data on fatal unintentional drowning from the Royal Life Saving National Fatal Drowning Database was compared on a like-for-like basis to data on hospital separations sourced from the Australian Institute of Health a

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15

Jagnoor, Jagnoor, Medhavi Gupta, Aliki Christou, et al. "Challenges in Documenting Non-Fatal Drowning Disability in Bangladesh: A Community-Based Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189738.

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Limited access to health care and the lack of robust data systems means non-fatal drownings are largely missed in low-and middle-income countries. We report morbidity among individuals who experienced non-fatal drowning in the Barishal Division, Bangladesh. A representative household survey was conducted in the Barishal Division in southern Bangladesh between September 2016 and February 2017, covering a population of 386,016. The burden of non-fatal drowning was assessed using the WHODAS 2.0 disability assessment tool, a generic assessment instrument for health and disability. A total of 5164

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Rasolofoson, Ranaivo A., Horace Owiti Onyango, Fonda Jane Awuor, Christopher Mulanda Aura, and Kathryn J. Fiorella. "Climate change: A pointer to increased small-scale fisher drowning deaths." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0302397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302397.

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Drowning is an overlooked public health concern and drowning risk is dependent on environmental risk factors. The preponderance of drowning deaths occurs in low- and middle-income countries. Small-scale fishers face high occupational risk of drowning. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of storms, thereby exacerbating fishers’ risks and creating a need to examine the contribution of storms to fisher drowning deaths for the development of mitigation strategies. We examined this relationship between weather and fisher drowning deaths in Lake Victoria, which is Africa’s largest l

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Murray, Kathryn, and Peter Carter. "Fatal Drownings in Fiji." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 1 (2017): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539516685610.

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Drowning is a newly comprehended public health concern in Fiji. Defined as “the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersions or immersion in liquid,” drowning has been identified as one of Fiji’s 5 leading causes of death for those aged 1 to 29 years. The aim of this article was to develop the most parsimonious model that can be used to explain the number of monthly fatal drowning cases in Fiji. Based on a cross-section of 187 drowning incidents from January 2012 to April 2015, this observational study found the number of monthly drownings in Fiji was significantly affected

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Armstrong, Erica J., and Kevin L. Erskine. "Investigation of Drowning Deaths: A Practical Review." Academic Forensic Pathology 8, no. 1 (2018): 8–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2018.002.

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Drowning, which typically involves a watery environment, remains a serious public health concern claiming an estimated 362 000 lives per year worldwide across all socioeconomic classifications and has remained under close observation by the World Health Organization and its signatories. A significant number of water-related deaths are attributed to accidental drowning, while a smaller but still significant number represent suicidal or homicidal drowning. Others involve a combination of drowning precipitated by injury, intoxication, or environmental extremes. Still others involve victims that d

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Shubhendu, Kumar, Bhoopendra Singh, Rohan Kumar, Anand Kumar, Ajit Chaudhary, and Suchita Kumari. "Profile of Deaths Due to Drowning among Autopsies Conducted at Autopsy Center of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi." Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13, no. 4 (2020): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijfmp.0974.3383.13420.16.

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Introduction: Drowningis the 3rd leading cause of unintentional injury death, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. The global burden and death from drowning is found in all economies and regions. In this study we aim to find out the demographic profile of drowning among cases brought for autopsy in the Department of FMT, RIMS, Ranchi. Material and Method: This Observational study was carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, during the period from January 2019 to December 2019, wherein a total of 3342 autopsies

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20

Lerner, Neil D., Catherine A. Sedney, and Janis Cannon-Bowers. "Effectiveness of Protective Devices to Prevent Child Drownings in Home Swimming Pools." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 15 (1988): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118188786761758.

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Drowning in home swimming pools is one of the leading causes of accidental death for children under age five. This paper considers the effectiveness of protective devices, such as fencing, for the prevention of residential pool child drownings. Empirical studies of barrier effectiveness are limited and methodologically flawed. Current codes and standards suffer serious inadequacies. The typical child drowning scenario is discussed, and an approach to a safety system providing layers of protection is described.

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21

Peden, Amy E., and Richard C. Franklin. "Exploring Flood-Related Unintentional Fatal Drowning of Children and Adolescents Aged 0–19 Years in Australia." Safety 5, no. 3 (2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5030046.

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Disasters, such as flooding, are predicted to increase. Drowning is one of the leading causes of death during times of flood. This study examined the little explored topic of child drowning during floods, with the aim of identifying risk factors to inform prevention strategies. A retrospective, total population examination of cases of children and adolescents aged 0–19 years who died from unintentional flood-related drowning in Australia for the 16-year period 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2018 was undertaken. Univariate and chi-square analysis was conducted, with Fisher’s exact test used for cell co

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Dimitrić, Goran, Nebojša Maksimović, Elena Tabakova, et al. "Personality Dimensions of Serbian Lifeguards." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (2021): 12927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412927.

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According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global drowning report (2017), drowning is the third leading cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. Drowning can occur anywhere there is water: oceans, seas, lakes, pools, bathtubs, rivers or water collection on the side of the road, etc. In many countries, there are drowning prevention programs for children and adults. The two most commonly used strategiesagainst drowning are the presence of lifeguards in public places and the use of protected areas that could prevent most of the drownings. The main aim of the present study is to exam

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23

Orlowski, James P. "Drowning, Near-Drowning, and Ice-Water Drowning." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 3 (1988): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410030106040.

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Orlowski, J. P. "Drowning, near-drowning, and ice-water drowning." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 3 (1988): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.260.3.390.

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25

Griest, Karen J., and Ross E. Zumwalt. "Child Abuse by Drowning." Pediatrics 83, no. 1 (1989): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.1.41.

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Drowning as a form of subtle fatal child abuse is difficult to distinguish from accidental immersion or from sudden unexpected natural death when the circumstances of immersion are concealed. Homicidal drownings are unwitnessed, usually occurring in the home, and the victims are young, either infants or toddlers. Accidental drownings are more likely to involve toddlers or older children in public areas such as swimming pools, drainage ditches, lakes, and rivers. This is especially true in rural areas. In cities, bathtubs remain a major site of accidental childhood drownings. Perpetrators of de

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Al Abdwani, Raghad, Shimaa Al Sarour, Rahma Al-Sadi, Sachin Jose, and Saif Awladthani. "Pediatric drowning in Oman: A comprehensive multi-center study of epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical outcomes." International Journal of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 12, no. 2 (2025): 113–18. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpam.ijpam_78_25.

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Background: Drowning is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality among children, ranking as the third leading cause of unintentional injury-related deaths globally. Despite advances in critical care, outcomes following pediatric drowning incidents vary widely and are influenced by multiple risk factors. Objectives: This study aims to analyze pediatric drowning cases in Oman, focusing on demographics, clinical outcomes, risk factors, and predictors for poor prognosis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two tertiary centers in Oman, including children under 13 yea

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Haddon, R. W. J. "Drowning and Near Drowning." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 81, no. 2 (1995): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-81-112.

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Levin, Daniel L., Frances C. Morriss, Luis O. Toro, Lela W. Brink, and Gary R. Turner. "Drowning and Near-Drowning." Pediatric Clinics of North America 40, no. 2 (1993): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38513-3.

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Moon, Richard E., and Robert J. Long. "Drowning and near-drowning." Emergency Medicine Australasia 14, no. 4 (2002): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00379.x.

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Sahu, Manas R., Alagarasan Naveen, Manoj K. Mohanty, Mukund N. Sable, and Baishwanar Banerjee. "A rare case of fatal thalamic hemorrhage with intraventricular extension complicating drowning in an underweight woman." Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 9, no. 2 (2022): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfcm.2022.017.

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Death from natural diseases prior to or after entering the water is relatively rare but does occur. These underlying natural diseases lead to the incapacitation of the water victims and culminate in accidental or unintentional drownings. People who are unaware or ignorant of their disease status, living in rural areas with nearby open water sources, and belonging to economically backward communities in developing countries are more vulnerable to these unintentional drownings and pose a substantial challenge in determining the cause of death. Here we present a 45-year-old, underweight woman who

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Somers, Gino R., Charles R. Smith, Gregory J. Wilson, Maria Zielenska, Raymond Tellier, and Glenn P. Taylor. "Association of Drowning and Myocarditis in a Pediatric Population: An Autopsy-Based Study." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 129, no. 2 (2005): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2005-129-205-aodami.

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Abstract Context.—Drowning is a frequent cause of accidental death in childhood, but the association of myocarditis and drowning has only rarely been reported. Objective.—To report 5 cases of drowning in children with coexistent myocarditis. Design.—A retrospective review of autopsy records of patients 0 years to 18 years of age was performed during a 6-year period (1998–2003, total cases reviewed = 1431). Results.—Twenty-two drownings were identified, in 14 male and 8 female children. Five patients (23%), 3 female and 2 male children, had coexistent myocarditis. The 5 patients ranged in age f

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Szpilman, David. "Near-Drowning and Drowning Classification." Chest 112, no. 3 (1997): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.3.660.

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Morgan, G. A. R., and R. J. Winter. "Points: Drowning and near drowning." BMJ 293, no. 6543 (1986): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6543.395.

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Harries, M. "Points: Drowning and near drowning." BMJ 293, no. 6546 (1986): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6546.568.

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Golden, F. S., M. J. Tipton, and R. C. Scott. "Immersion, near-drowning and drowning." British Journal of Anaesthesia 79, no. 2 (1997): 214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/79.2.214.

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Sugiantoro, M. Fani, and Wahid Tri Wahyudi. "Pengaruh Promosi Kesehatan Terhadap Tingkat Pengetahuan Dan Sikap Masyarakat Nelayan Tentang Pertolongan Pertama Korban Tenggelam Air Laut Di Dusun Mutun Desa Sukajaya Lempasing Kabupaten Pesawaran Lampung." Malahayati Nursing Journal 3, no. 3 (2021): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v3i3.3155.

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ABSTRACT : THE INFLUENCE OF HEALTH PROMOTION TO THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF THE PEOPLE OF FISHERMEN ABOUT THE FIRST AID SEA WATER DROWNING VICTIMS IN SUKAJAYA VILLAGE LEMPASING REGENCY PES LAMPUNG Introduction: Drowning is an injury caused by immersion resulting in death in less than 24 hours. the community should have basic knowledge of how to provide proper and quick first aid to help drowning victims and also have basic knowledge of first aid in drowning. Basic knowledge can be gained through health education. There have been 10 drownings since 2014, 7 deaths and three near drow

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Mann, N. Clay, Susan C. Weller, and Renae Rauchschwalbe. "Bucket-Related Drownings in the United States, 1984 Through 1990." Pediatrics 89, no. 6 (1992): 1068–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.6.1068.

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The purpose of the study is to document the incidence of bucket-related drowning in the United States and to identify factors associated with this type of submersion injury. Analysis of Consumer Product Safety Commission data revealed 160 bucket-related drownings for the years 1984 through 1989, representing a mortality rate of 0.367 per 100 000 persons (younger than 2 years old) per year in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of bucket drownings occurred in toddlers aged 7 to 15 months old. Black children were six times more likely to drown in a bucket than white children of similar age (

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Simcock, Anthony D. "Hospital Management of Cold Water Drowning." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044691.

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There have been 81 patients brought to Treliske Hospital, Truro, UK in the last 6 years, having been rescued from near-drowning. Only 5 have been declared dead on arrival and not treated. We consider that hypothermia is a major factor in patients who have apparently drowned, particularly when it has been known that they were strong swimmers. In 1980, 45% of all drownings had rectal temperatures less than 35°C. The sea temperature around our shores varies between 5°C in January and 15.5°C in September. Hypothermia causes little problem until a central temperature of 35°C or less is reached. Bet

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Jonáš, Jakub. "Drowning." Česko-slovenská pediatrie 77, Suppl.1 (2022): S35—S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55095/cspediatrie2022/028.

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Ladd, Aedan. "Drowning." Canadian Family Physician 67, no. 7 (2021): e202-e202. http://dx.doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6707e202.

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Szpilman, David, Joost J. L. M. Bierens, Anthony J. Handley, and James P. Orlowski. "Drowning." New England Journal of Medicine 366, no. 22 (2012): 2102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1013317.

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Handley, A. J. "Drowning." BMJ 348, apr16 2 (2014): bmj.g1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1734.

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Hasibeder, Walter R. "Drowning." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 16, no. 2 (2003): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-200304000-00006.

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44

Desforges, Jane F., and Jerome H. Modell. "Drowning." New England Journal of Medicine 328, no. 4 (1993): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199301283280407.

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Lew, Edward K. "Drowning." Academic Emergency Medicine 26, no. 10 (2019): 1205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.13820.

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Modell, Jerome H. "Drowning." Critical Care Medicine 21, no. 3 (1993): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199303000-00003.

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Layon, A. Joseph, Jerome H. Modell, David S. Warner, and Mark A. Warner. "Drowning." Anesthesiology 110, no. 6 (2009): 1390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181a4c3b8.

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Abstract:

Over the past four decades, we have learned considerably more about the pathophysiology and treatment of drowning. This, coupled with increased emphasis in improvement in water safety and resuscitation, has produced a threefold decrease in the number of deaths, indexed to population, from drowning in the United States yearly. This review presents the current status of our knowledge of the epidemiology, the pathophysiology of drowning and its treatment, updates the definitions of drowning and the drowning process, and makes suggestions for further improvement in water safety.

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Warner, David S., Joost J. L. M. Bierens, Stephen B. Beerman, and Laurence M. Katz. "Drowning." Anesthesiology 110, no. 6 (2009): 1211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181a4c3d3.

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Bierens, Joost J. L. M., Johannes T. A. Knape, and Harry P. M. M. Gelissen. "Drowning." Current Opinion in Critical Care 8, no. 6 (2002): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075198-200212000-00016.

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Orlowski, James P., and David Szpilman. "DROWNING." Pediatric Clinics of North America 48, no. 3 (2001): 627–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70331-x.

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