Journal articles: 'Drug abuse – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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Shegute, Tewodros, and Yared Wasihun. "Prevalence of Substance Use in University Students, Ethiopia." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 15 (January 2021): 117822182110035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11782218211003558.

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Background: Although substance use is a known public health problem and a pressing issue in Ethiopia, its real extent and magnitude are not yet properly explored. The current study aimed to determine the extent and predictors of substance use among regular undergraduate students in the Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was carried among 794 undergraduate regular students at the Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, using a self-administered structured questionnaire filled by study participants. Data entry, cleaning, and coding were performed by EPI-INFO version 3.5.1. Statistical Package for Social Sciences; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio (SPSS) SPSS version 21 software was used to analyze data by performing descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: 73.7% of the study participants used substances at least once. The lifetime use of each substance includes alcohol (68.2%), khat (53.6%), cigarettes (46.1%), and illicit drugs (23.3%). Loss of family (AOR [95%CI], 34.50 [7.569, 157.263]), pocket money between 500 and 999 Ethiopian birr (AOR [95%CI], 9.978 [1.240, 80.280]), and above 1000 Ethiopian birr (AOR [95%CI], 10.831 [1.333, 87.971]) were identified predictors for khat use. The odds of lifetime alcohol use was higher among students coming from a divorced family (AOR [95%CI], 9.346 [3.162, 27.625]), lost one (AOR [95%CI], 37.406 [11.375, 123.008]), or both of their parents (AOR [95%CI], 18.750 [5.798, 60.633]). Students of urban origin (AOR [95%CI], 3.214 [1.950, 5.296]), and students with anxiety symptoms (AOR [95%CI], 2.655 [1.981, 3.557]) have a higher odds of lifetime cigarette smoking. The lifetime exposure to illicit drugs is higher among students in age groups between 20 and 24 years (AOR [95%CI], 5.963 [1.361, 26.135]), students coming from substance user family (AOR [95%CI], 2.172 [1.161, 4.063]), and students of urban origin (AOR [95%CI], 2.661 [1.202, 5.889]). Conclusion: A higher prevalence of substance use requiring administrative and educational interventions was observed. Awareness creation interventions on the potential impacts of substance abuse should be performed.

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Tadesse, Fikadu. "Risk Factors for Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Universal Journal of Public Health 3, no. 2 (March 2015): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2015.030203.

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Kebede, Binyam, Teferi Gedif, and Ashebir Getachew. "Assessment of drug use among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 18, no. 6 (March 30, 2009): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1732.

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Chargualaf, Michael J., Tieumy T. Giao, Anna C. Abrahamson, David Steeb, Miranda Law, Jill Bates, Teshome Nedi, and Benyam Muluneh. "Layered learning pharmacy practice model in Ethiopia." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 7 (January 7, 2019): 1699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155218820105.

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Purpose Ethiopia is home to a growing population of more than 100 million people. Healthcare in the region functions with a shortage of oncologists. Pharmacists as well as other healthcare providers can assist with expanding patient access to cancer care. A pilot project was proposed to provide education, determine areas to expand pharmacy services in oncology, and recommend interventions at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University. Methods A layered learning practice model comprising of a clinical pharmacist, a post-graduate year two oncology pharmacy resident, and two fourth-year student pharmacists was constructed for the experience. Through collaboration with the College of Pharmacy at Addis Ababa University, an international experience was developed to provide education and advance pharmacy practice at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Results Based on findings from a needs assessment, the participants collaborated with key stakeholders to develop practices and procedures for the implementation of high-dose methotrexate and for comprehensive chemotherapy order review. In addition, 17 didactic lectures were provided to nine students enrolled in the Master of Pharmacy in Pharmacy Practice at the College of Pharmacy at Addis Ababa University. Conclusion This experience provided educational and clinical impact using a layered learning practice model, consisting of a clinical pharmacist, pharmacy resident, and pharmacy students in an international setting. There is significant potential for clinical pharmacy to positively impact patient care in the oncology setting in Ethiopia. Future initiatives for advancement include the safe handling of hazardous agents, additional therapeutic drug monitoring, and outpatient oncology pharmacist practice.

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Mulugeta, Kidist, Hone Mandefro, and Ajanaw Alemie. "Vulnerability, Legal Protection, and Work Conditions of Female Domestic Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Social Work 20, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 532–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23674.

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Domestic workers are one of the most vulnerable groups of workers. In Ethiopia, however, the vulnerability, legal protection, and work conditions of female domestic workers are not well-documented and researched. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the vulnerability, legal protection, and work conditions of female domestic workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional qualitative research design was employed using in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. The study participants were 15 domestic workers, three officials from the Office of Labor and Social Affairs, and five brokers of domestic workers. Findings indicate that female domestic workers experienced abuse in various forms including verbal or psychological abuse, physical abuse, and sexual assault. Female domestic workers in the study area had few or no labor rights or protection. They rarely had clear contractual relations, worked long hours for low pay, and had little or no privacy. There is neither a proper state institution to promote the rights of domestic workers nor a strong viable movement among or on behalf of domestic workers. Hence, a relevant legislative framework developed by the city and national governments, and strong advocacy efforts to expose their working conditions are needed to improve the work conditions of female domestic workers.

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Tekele, Saba Gebremichael, Dejenie Shiferaw Teklu, Melese Hailu Legese, Daniel Gebretsadik Weldehana, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Kassu Desta Tullu, and Samuel Kinde Birru. "Multidrug-Resistant and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2021 (June 11, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9999638.

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Background. The emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a public health problem in recent years. For the last many years, carbapenem antibiotics have been used successfully to treat infections caused by MDR Enterobacteriaceae. However, recently, Enterobacteriaceae producing carbapenemases have emerged, which confer broad resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics including carbapenems. Therefore, this study is aimed at determining the magnitude of MDR and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) isolated from various clinical specimens in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to April 2018. A total of 312 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were identified from various clinical specimens. The Phoenix automated system (BD Phoenix100) was used for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Potential carbapenemase producers were confirmed by the modified carbapenem inactivation test, and KPC, MBL, and OXA-48 were phenotypically characterized by the disk diffusion method. The data obtained were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Descriptive statistics, chi square, bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. P value ≤ 0.05 with corresponding 95% confidence interval was considered for statistical significance. Results. A total of 312 Enterobacteriaceae were recovered. Of these isolates, 68.6% were MDR and 2.6% were CPE with different classes including OXA-48 1.6% (5/312), MBL 0.6% (2/312), and KPC and OXA-48 0.3% (1/312). The predominant bacterial isolates were E. coli 72.4% (226/312) followed by K. pneumoniae 13.8% (43/312). The antibiotic resistance rates of CPE isolates were significantly higher than other MDRE including ampicillin (100% versus 77.6%), cefoxitin (75% versus 20.6%), and piperacillin/tazobactam (50% versus 13.1%). Conclusion. In this study, a relatively higher prevalence of MDR was observed, and the highest resistance was recorded against ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Detection of CPE is important for implementing appropriate antimicrobial therapy and in controlling the spread of the infection. Furthermore, continuous screening and investigations, including genotypic characterization of CPE, are required for the prevention and control of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.

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Temesgen, Abrham, Yohannis Eshetu, and Muluken Nigatu. "Comparative Evaluation of Different Brands of Loratadine Tablets Marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 12, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 4580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2019.12.4.3.

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The impact of counterfeit and substandard medicines has been increasing and becoming a public health problem as it significantly increases mortality and morbidity in low income countries. Loratadine is among the drug classes which are most falsified worldwide and is a frequently prescribed anti-allergy medication. As Ethiopia is one of the low-income countries and depends mostly on imported pharmaceutical products, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of drug products being marketed. This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating and comparing the quality of different brands of loratadine 10 mg tablets collected from pharmacy outlets in Addis Ababa city. Tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and in vitro drug release. All products complied with the pharmacopeial specifications for weight variation and friability. With regard to disintegration time, all sample products disintegrate in less than 15 min as per the pharmacopeial requirement except one product (product E) which is out of the pharmacopeial specification. Dissolution test showed that all the tested products released more than 80% of drug content within 60 min which is in agreement with the pharmacopeial specification.

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Diriba, Getu, Abebaw Kebede, Habteyes Hailu Tola, Ayinalem Alemu, Bazezew Yenew, Shewki Moga, Desalegn Addise, et al. "Mycobacterial Lineages Associated with Drug Resistance in Patients with Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2021 (September 18, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5239529.

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Background. In Ethiopia, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common causes of illness and death. However, there is limited information available on lineages associated with drug resistance among extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia. In this study, researchers looked into Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages linked to drug resistance in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. On 151 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, a cross-sectional analysis was performed. Spoligotyping was used to characterize mycobacterial lineages, while a phenotypic drug susceptibility test was performed to determine the drug resistance pattern. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results. Among 151 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genotyped isolates, four lineages (L1–L4), and Mycobacterium bovis were identified. The predominantly identified lineage was Euro-American (73.5%) followed by East-African-Indian (19.2%). Any drug resistance (RR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis was identified among 16.2% and 7.2% of the Euro-American lineage, respectively, while it was 30.8% and 15.4% among the East-African-Indian lineages. Among all three preextensively drug-resistance (pre-XDR) cases identified, two isolates belong to T3-ETH, and the other one strain was not defined by the database. There was no statistically significant association between any type of drug resistance and either lineage or sublineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conclusion. A higher proportion of any type of drug resistance and MDR was detected among the East-African-Indian lineage compared to others. However, there was no statistically significant association between any type of drug resistance and either lineages or sublineages. Thus, the authors recommend a large-scale study.

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Eberle, Madeline S., Ayenew Ashenef, Heran Gerba, Patrick J. Loehrer, and Marya Lieberman. "Substandard Cisplatin Found While Screening the Quality of Anticancer Drugs From Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00365.

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PURPOSE A postmarket evaluation of chemotherapy dosage forms in Ethiopia was conducted to test the accuracy of the chemoPAD, a paper analytical device for drug quality screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS In September of 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 41 anticancer drug dosage forms (representing 4 active ingredients, 5 brands, and 7 lot numbers) were collected and were rapidly screened for quality using a chemotherapy paper analytical device (chemoPAD). Confirmatory analysis via high performance liquid chromatography was conducted. RESULTS The chemoPAD showed that the correct active pharmaceutical ingredient was present in doxorubicin, methotrexate, and oxaliplatin injectable dosage forms. However, 11 of 20 cisplatin samples failed the screening test. Confirmatory assay by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that all 20 cisplatin samples—comprising three lot numbers of a product stated to be Cisteen—were substandard, containing on average 54% ± 6% of the stated cisplatin content. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis of five representative samples found 57% to 71% of the platinum that should have been present. The sensitivity of the chemoPAD for detection of falsified products could not be measured (as none were present in these samples), but the selectivity was 100% (no false positives). The sensitivity for detection of substandard products was 55%, and the selectivity was 100% (no false positives). CONCLUSION Although instrumental analysis by pharmacopeia methods must remain the gold standard for assessing overall drug quality, these methods are time consuming and patients could be exposed to a bad-quality drug while clinical workers wait for testing to be performed. The chemoPAD technology could allow clinicians to check at the point of use for serious problems in the quality of chemotherapy drugs on a weekly or monthly schedule.

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Anberber, A., D. Berihun, and W. Shibeshi. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Polypharmacy and Drug-Drug Interaction in Afincho Ber Health Centre, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal 31, no. 1 (August 27, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/epj.v31i1.7.

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Bilal, Arebu I., Tariku Shimels, and Mahlet Tsegaye. "Prevalence of topical corticosteroids related adverse drug events and associated factors in selected community pharmacies and cosmetic shops of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 14, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/sjms.v13i1.1689.

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Introduction: Inappropriate use of topical corticosteroids was found to cause different dermatological complications. Despite its complex adverse effects, misuse of topical corticosteroids has been a common practice throughout the world. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of misuse of topical corticosteroids and its associated factors in selected community pharmacies and cosmetics shops of Addis Ababa.

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Kalayu, Alem A., Ketema Diriba, Chuchu Girma, and Eman Abdella. "Incidence and Bacterial Etiologies of Surgical Site Infections in a Public Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Open Microbiology Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801913010301.

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Background: Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are among the frequently reported healthcare-acquired infections worldwide. Successful treatment of SSIs is affected by the continuous evolvement of drug-resistant microbes. This study investigated the incidence of SSIs, identifying the major etiologic agents and their drug resistance patterns in Yekatit 12 Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 649 patients who underwent surgery at Yekatit 12 hospital from April 2016 to April 2017. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected from each patient on admission. After surgery, they were followed for SSI occurrence. SSI was initially diagnosed by a senior surgeon based on standard clinical criteria and then confirmed by culture. Isolates were tested for drug resistance according to the clinical and laboratory standards institute guideline. Results: Of the 649 study participants, 56% were females. Their age ranged from 9 months to 88 years with a median age of 37 years. The incidence of culture-confirmed SSI was 10.2% (66/649) where 73 isolates were recovered. About two-third of the isolates were Gram-positive bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently isolated (27/73, 37%) followed by Coagulase-negative staphylococci (18/73, 24.7%), Escherichia coli (11/73, 15.1%) and Klebsiella species (10/73, 13.7%). About 89% and 44% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. MRSA constituted 11% of the S. aureus isolates. All the Gram-negative isolates were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole but susceptible to amikacin and meropenem. Klebsiella species showed 70-100% resistance to ceftazidime, cefuroxime, augmentin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cefepime and gentamicin. About 82% of E. coli isolates were resistant for chloramphenicol, cefepime, ceftazidime, augmentin, cefuroxime and 64% for gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: The incidence of surgical site infection in Yekatit 12 hospital is 10.2%. Most of the SSIs were due to Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative isolates showed high resistance to the most commonly prescribed drugs. No resistance was found for meropenem indicating the absence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria. SSI treatments should be guided by culture and drug resistance test. Better infection prevention practices and continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital are recommended for better patient care.

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Deressa, Meseret A., and Meaza Demissie. "Risk Factors of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Matched Case-Control Study." OALib 01, no. 03 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100489.

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Birarra, Mequanent Kassa, Tigist Bacha Heye, and Workineh Shibeshi. "Assessment of drug-related problems in pediatric ward of Zewditu Memorial Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 39, no. 5 (July 8, 2017): 1039–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-017-0504-9.

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Tesema, E., F. Wares, A. Bedru, C. Negeri, Y. Molla, D. Gemechu, A. Kassa, F. Tsegaye, and L. Taye. "Experiences of introducing new drugs for drug-resistant TB at the ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2017–2019." Public Health Action 11, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.20.0065.

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BACKGROUND: Drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) remains a major public health concern. DR-TB patient data from ALERT (All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Centre) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, who received bedaquiline (BDQ) and/or delamanid (DLM) containing regimens were analysed.RESULTS: From 2017 to 2019, 51 DR-TB patients were enrolled. Of 33 patients, 31 (93.9%) had culture converted at 6 months. Of those with final outcomes, 77% (n = 10) were cured. Thirty (58.8%) developed adverse events, the most frequent of which were gastrointestinal disorders (70%), haematological disorders (16.7%) and QTc prolongation (16.7%). Twenty patients discontinued the offending drug permanently.CONCLUSION: With close monitoring, introduction of new DR-TB regimens brought good early results, which encouraged wider programmatic implementation in Ethiopia.

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Diriba, Getu, Abebaw Kebede, Habteyes Hailu Tola, Bazezew Yenew, Shewki Moga, Desalegn Addise, Ayinalem Alemu, et al. "Molecular characterization and drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): e0243493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243493.

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Background Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is important to understand the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis (TB). However, there is limited information on molecular characteristics and drug-resistant patterns of MTB in patients with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and drug resistance patterns of MTB in patients with EPTB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods This study was conducted on frozen stored isolates of EPTB survey conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A drug susceptibility test was performed using BACTEC-MGIT 960. Species and strain identification were performed using the Geno-Type MTBC and spoligotyping technique, respectively. Data were entered into the MIRU-VNTRplus database to assess the spoligotype patterns of MTB. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 23, and participants’ characteristics were presented by numbers and proportions. Results Of 151 MTB isolates, 29 (19.2%) were resistant to at least one drug. The highest proportion of isolates was resistant to Isoniazid (14.6%) and Pyrazinamide (14.6%). Nine percent of isolates had multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), and 21.4% of them had pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB). Among the 151 MTB isolates characterized by spoligotyping, 142 (94.6%) had known patterns, while 9 (6.0%) isolates were not matched with the MIRU-VNTRplus spoligotype database. Of the isolates which had known patterns, 2% was M.bovis while 98% M. tuberculosis. Forty-one different spoligotype patterns were identified. The most frequently identified SpolDB4 (SIT) wereSIT149 (21.2%), SIT53 (14.6%) and SIT26 (9.6%). The predominant genotypes identified were T (53.6%), Central Asia Strain (19.2%) and Haarlem (9.9%). Conclusion The present study showed a high proportion of MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB among EPTB patients. The strains were mostly grouped into SIT149, SIT53, and SIT26. The T family lineage was the most prevalent genotype. MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB prevention is required to combat these strains in EPTB. A large scale study is required to describe the molecular characteristics and drug resistance patterns of MTB isolates in EPTB patients.

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Abate, Dereje, Bineyam Taye, Mohammed Abseno, and Sibhatu Biadgilign. "Epidemiology of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance patterns and trends in tuberculosis referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BMC Research Notes 5, no. 1 (2012): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-462.

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Assefa, Yelbeneh Abayneh, Ansha Kedir, and Wubayehu Kahaliw. "Survey on Polypharmacy and Drug-Drug Interactions Among Elderly People with Cardiovascular Diseases at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Integrated Pharmacy Research and Practice Volume 9 (January 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s231286.

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Abatea, Kassa, Abrham Temesgen, and Muluken Nigatu. "Comparative In Vitro Evaluation Of Different Brands Of Metformin Hydrochloride Film Coated Tablets Marketed In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 8, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v8i3.746.

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Metformin hydrochloride is a biguanide class of drug widely used to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its oral bioavailability is about 50 to 60 % with a half-life of about 3 h. This study focused on evaluation and comparison of the physicochemical properties of different brands of metformin hydrochloride (500mg) film coated tablets available in drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Some different in vitro tests including hardness, weight variation, disintegration time, dissolution study, and assay were conducted as per United States Pharmacopeia. To compare dissolution profiles of the generic products against the innovator product (product A), a model independent method, similarity factor (f2), was also used. Weight variation result showed that all brand fall within the 5% limit from the average which is acceptable. Disintegration time of less than 15 minutes was observed for all brands. The in vitro drug release study results for the products ranged between 82 and 93% release within 30 minutes which is above 80% limit as per the United States Pharmacopeia requirement. The similarity f2 values for generic products ranged from 53 to 75%. Furthermore, assay value of the studied brands varied from 95.60 to 104.37% which was within standard limit (95-105%). It can be concluded that all brands of metformin hydrochloride tablets met pharmacopoeial specification for the tested parameters of physicochemical properties like weight variation, hardness of tablets, disintegration time, drug release study and assay.

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Aynalem, Getasew A., Tadesse A. Bekele, and Feven A. Alemayehu. "Drug use evaluation of vancomycin at medical ward of Yekatit 12, hospital medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018." International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, no. 10 (September 21, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20204029.

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Background: Drug use evaluation is an ongoing systematic process designed to maintain the appropriate medication during & after dispensing in order to assure appropriate therapeutic decision making and positive patient outcome.Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted to analyze drug use of vancomycin by using medication charts and medical note of patients that were admitted in the medical ward of Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Patients who were admitted from medical ward and whose age were ≥18 years were eligible provided that they take Vancomycin during the study period were included and Patients with medical records of insufficient or illegible information’s were excluded. Structured check list was used for data collection, and the sample size was 169. Convenience sampling technique was used. Results: Among 169 patients 136 (80.5%) had empiric treatments, the remaining 33 (19.5%) had specific treatments. Among 169 patients 61 (36.1%) had Infection during his/her stay in hospital of which 47 (77%) were hospital acquired pneumonia, 169 patients 39 (23.08%) had Vancomycin indication for hospital acquired pneumonia followed by 21 (12.4%), 21 (12.4%), meningitis and PCP respectively. The finding indicated that only 135 (79.9%) were appropriate regarding frequency, 124 (73.4%) were appropriate regarding dose, 104 (61.6%) were appropriate regarding duration, and the appropriate indication were only 128 (75.7%).Conclusions: Vancomycine was mostly indicated as empiric therapy and only 135 (79.9%) were appropriately prescribed with respect to frequency, 128 (75.7%) were appropriate regarding indication and 124 (73.4%) were appropriate regarding to dose, 104 (61.6%) were appropriate regarding to duration. All physicians should prescribe drugs according to the guidelines.

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Bergicho, Mustefa, Mohammed Mohammed, and Nasir Wabe. "Assessment of the pattern of drug prescribing in pediatrics ward in tertiary setting hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Gaziantep Medical Journal 18, no. 2 (2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/gmj-30-2012-73.

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Nadew, Solomon Shiferaw, Kidanemariam G/Michael Beyene, and Solomon Worku Beza. "Adverse drug reaction reporting practice and associated factors among medical doctors in government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): e0227712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227712.

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Samuel, Fantawork, Helen Dawit, and Ayenew Ashenef. "Utilization of Recently Established Drug Information Centers Located in the Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An Assessment." Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science 48, no. 3 (May 2014): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2168479013516775.

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Muhammed, Oumer Sada, Getachew Alemkere, and Beshir Bedru Nasir. "Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Isolates from Neonatal Sepsis in Yekatit 12 Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal 36, no. 1 (November 3, 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/epj.v36i1.8.

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Sepsis is one of the commonest reasons of neonatal deaths. It is accountable for about 30 - 50% of the whole baby deaths in the developing ountries. The current study aimed to assess drug susceptibility patterns of isolates from cases of neonatal sepsis. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 neonates admitted to Yekatit 12 teaching hospital with the diagnosis of sepsis and who had a positive result for culture and sensitivity test. Data was collected through medical chart review using data abstraction tool. The data was analyzed using excel and reported using descriptive tables. Gram-negative bacteria were the commonest organisms identified 124 (93.9%), followed by gram-positive isolates (6.1%). Klebsiella (87.9%) was the predominant gram-negative bacteria. Of the gram-positive organisms, coagulase negative staphylococci (3.03%) were the commonest pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (2.27%). Among the gram-negative isolates, overall sensitivity was high to meropenem (96.0%), amikacin (94.3%) and amoxicillin + clavulanate (74.2%) but sensitivity was very low to ampicillin (2.7%), and amoxicillin (7.3%).Generally, the isolated pathogens were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the study setting and resistance of gram-positive pathogens Against penicillins and cephalosporins was also high. Hence, rational and tailored antibiotic use based on the susceptibility data is recommended and regular antibiotic susceptibility surveillance should be conducted. Keywords: neonatal sepsis, cross-sectional study, antibiotics, culture, sensitivity, resistance

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Tuem, Kald Beshir, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Helen Bitew, Ebrahim M. Yimer, and Derbew Fikadu Berhe. "Drug Resistance Patterns ofEscherichia coliin Ethiopia: A Meta-Analysis." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4536905.

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Background. Antimicrobial drug resistance is a global threat for treatment of infectious diseases and costs life and money and threatens health delivery system’s effectiveness. The resistance ofE. colito frequently utilized antimicrobial drugs is becoming a major challenge in Ethiopia. However, there is no inclusive countrywide study. Therefore, this study intended to assess the prevalence ofE. coliresistance and antimicrobial-specific resistance pattern amongE. coliclinical isolates in Ethiopia.Methods. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and grey literature from 2007 to 2017. The main outcome measures were overallE. coliand drug-specific resistance patterns. A random-effects model was used to determine pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI), using DerSimonian and Laird method. In addition, subgroup analysis was conducted to improve the outcome. The study bias was assessed by Begg’s funnel plot. This study was registered in PROSPERO as follows: PROSPERO 2017: CRD42017070106.Results. Of 164 articles retrieved, 35 articles were included. A total of 19,235 study samples participated in the studies and 2,635E. colistrains were isolated. Overall,E. coliantibacterial resistance was 45.38% (95% confidence interval (CI): 33.50 to 57.27). The resistance pattern ranges from 62.55% in Addis Ababa to 27.51% in Tigray region. The highest resistance ofE. colireported was to ampicillin (83.81%) and amoxicillin (75.79%), whereas only 13.55% ofE. coliisolates showed resistance to nitrofurantoin.Conclusion.E. coliantimicrobial resistance remains high with disparities observed among regions. The bacterium was found to be highly resistant to aminopenicillins. The finding implies the need for effective prevention strategies for theE. colidrug resistance and calls for multifaceted approaches with full involvement of all stakeholders.

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Tesfaye, Siranesh, Nigussie Debencho, Teresa Kisi, and Minale Tareke. "Prevalence of Antipsychotic Polypharmacy and Associated Factors among Outpatients with Schizophrenia Attending Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Psychiatry Journal 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6191074.

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Background.Despite recommendations by guidelines to avoid combinations of antipsychotics unless after multiple trials of antipsychotic monotherapy, it is quite a common practice to use combinations. This practice leads to unnecessary expenses and exposes the patient to severe drug adverse effects.Methods. An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2014. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select 423 study subjects. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify associated factors of antipsychotic polypharmacy among schizophrenia outpatients.Result. The overall prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy was found to be 28.2%. Extra pyramidal side effects (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.38, 5.71), repeated psychiatric hospitalization (AOR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.45, 5.50), history of substance use (AOR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.36, 5.88), longer duration of treatment (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.14, 3.87), and drug nonadherence (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.98) were found to be significantly associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy.Conclusion. Prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy was found to be high among the current study participants. Individuals who had extra pyramidal side effects, admission, substance use, duration of treatment, and drug nonadherence were associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy.

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Mussie, K. "Exploring local realities: Healthcare workers’ perspectives on the management and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.244.

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Nigussie, Yosef, Achenef Melaku, Misgana Tadese, Bizuayehu Belete, and Elias Kebede. "Quality of injectable oxytetracycline circulating in legal markets of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia using physiochemical and sterility analysis." Ethiopian Veterinary Journal 25, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/evj.v25i2.2.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of different brands of injectable oxytetracycline solutions circulating in the legal markets of Addis Ababa with respect to physicochemical characteristics and sterility. Nine brands of oxytetracycline with thirteen different batches were randomly purchased from veterinary drug stores in the city. The physical assessment was performed by using a checklist that was prepared based on the World Health Organization guidelines. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) was performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. The sterility test was assessed by using the direct inoculation method. All samples passed the identity, the assay, and the sterility tests. However, there were statistically significant differences (P<0.05) among brands in the quantity of API. The highest percentage of the API was recorded in brand G (112.12%± 1.86) while the lowest was seen in brand H (92.61%± 1.5). This study revealed that all brands passed both physicochemical and sterility tests except for the differences in the API level among brands. Strict regulation, monitoring, and wider-scale surveillance are required to assure sustainable control of substandard, unsterile, and falsified pharmaceutical products in the country.

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Mussie, Kirubel Manyazewal, Christoph Gradmann, and Tsegahun Manyazewal. "Bridging the gap between policy and practice: a qualitative analysis of providers’ field experiences tinkering with directly observed therapy in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." BMJ Open 10, no. 6 (June 2020): e035272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035272.

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ObjectivesDrug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is one of the major public health threats in low-income countries such as Ethiopia. It is intertwined with larger socioeconomic and political factors that complicate its management and control. Whether directly observed therapy (DOT) is serving its purpose—better patient adherence and treatment outcome—still remains a debatable issue. To contribute to this discussion, this study explored health workers’ field experiences tinkering with DOT in patients with DR-TB in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.DesignA qualitative study using in-depth interviews and focus group discussion.SettingTen public healthcare facilities: eight health centres at Addis Ababa Health Bureau level and two TB-specialised hospitals at the Federal Health Bureau level in Ethiopia.Participants18 healthcare providers working with DR-TB patients.ResultsThree findings emerged from the analysis. First, the purpose of DOT is to ensure that patients go to healthcare facilities and swallow pills under the observation of a healthcare provider. Thus, its rigid application could lead to the emergence of more DR-TB. Second, DOT should be tinkered with and its practice improved by incorporating more counselling and health education, with more flexibility towards, and attentiveness of, patient context. Third, there exists a family-like patient-provider relationship, and providers do understand their patients and empathise with them to provide better healthcare services.ConclusionIf rigidly implemented, DOT could lead to more DR-TB—a problem DOT was invented to resolve. Front-line healthcare providers are sensitive to the tragic experiences of DR-TB patients and empathise with them. Thus, they do not strictly implement DOT and are willing to take any blame resulting from tinkering with it. It is high time to shape the practice of DOT for DR-TB patients, with meaningful contributions from front-line healthcare providers.

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Bezu, Haregewoin, Daniel Seifu, Getnet Yimer, and Tesfamariam Mebrhatu. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Adverse Drug Reactions Associated Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatments in Selected Treatment Centers in Addis Ababa Ethiopia." Journal of Tuberculosis Research 02, no. 03 (2014): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jtr.2014.23018.

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Dessie, Walelign, Gebru Mulugeta, Surafael Fentaw, Amete Mihret, Mulu Hassen, and Engida Abebe. "Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens and Their Susceptibility Isolated from Surgical Site Infections at Selected Referral Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2418902.

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Background. The emergence of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens in hospitals is becoming a challenge for surgeons to treat hospital acquired infections.Objective. To determine bacterial pathogens and drug susceptibility isolated from surgical site infections at St. Paul Specialized Hospital Millennium Medical College and Yekatit 12 Referral Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2013 and March 2014 on 107 surgical site infected patients. Wound specimens were collected using sterile cotton swab and processed as per standard operative procedures in appropriate culture media; and susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20.Result. From a total of 107 swabs collected, 90 (84.1%) were culture positive and 104 organisms were isolated.E. coli(24 (23.1%)) was the most common organism isolated followed by multidrug resistantAcinetobacterspecies (23 (22.1%)). More than 58 (75%) of the Gram negative isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance (resistance ≥ 5 drugs). Pan-antibiotic resistance was noted among 8 (34.8%)Acinetobacterspecies and 3 (12.5%)E. coli. This calls for abstinence from antibiotic abuse.Conclusion. Gram negative bacteria were the most important isolates accounting for 76 (73.1%). Ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, cephazoline, and tetracycline showed resistance while gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were relatively effective antimicrobials.

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Seyoum, Berhanu, Meaza Demissie, Alemayehu Worku, Shiferaw Bekele, and Abraham Aseffa. "Prevalence and Drug Resistance Patterns ofMycobacterium tuberculosisamong New Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Eastern Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/753492.

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The study aimed at determining the prevalence and drug resistance patterns ofMycobacterium tuberculosisamong new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients visiting TB diagnosis and treatment facilities at selected health facilities in eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2011 and May 2013. A total of 408 new adult pulmonary TB patients (≥ 18 years) were enrolled in this study. Three consecutive sputum samples (spot, morning, and spot) were collected from each patient and transported to the Armauer Hansen Research Institute TB laboratory located in Addis Ababa for culture on Lowenstein Jensen slant media. DST was performed on 357 (87.5%) of the patient samples for isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), and streptomycin (S) using the standard proportion method. The rate of resistance to any one drug was 23%. Any resistance to H, S, R, and E was 14%, 11.5%, 2.8%, and 0.3%, respectively. The highest proportion of monoresistance was observed against H (9.5%). MDRTB was detected in 1.1% of the patients. Any drug resistance was associated with HIV infection (COR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.905–7.222) (P= 0.000). Although the prevalence of MDRTB is relatively low in the study area, high prevalence of H resistance is a serious concern demanding close monitoring. Expanding diagnostic capacity for mycobacterial culture and DST is a vital step in this regard.

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Sime, Wondewosen Tseagye, Habtamu Biazin, Tamrat Abebe Zeleke, and Zelalem Desalegn. "Urinary tract infection in cancer patients and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): e0243474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243474.

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Background Urinary tract infections are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. The emergence of multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of gram-negative bacteria causing urinary tract infection has become a serious concern in cancer patients. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the spectrum and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates related to urinary tract infections among cancer patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods and materials Hospital based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for three months from January to March 2018 in tertiary care hospital located in the capital city of the country. Gram-negative bacteria isolated from urine specimens from hospitalized patients with cancer were characterized using standard microbiological methods. Modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique was applied for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in accordance with CLSI 2019 criteria. Results Of totally 292 urine samples tested, eighteen (6.3%) were culture positive cases, Escherichia coli (44.4%) was the highest proportion isolated uropathogen followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.2%) and Citrobacter diversus (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility results showed meropenem and nitrofurantoin as the most effective antibiotics for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Citrobacter diversus isolates. The rate of multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were 33.3% (6/18), and meropenem and nitrofurantoin were the most effective antibiotic against MDR isolates. Conclusion The study findings showed a significant distribution of MDR gram-negative bacteria which may increase the burden of urinary tract associated infections in cancer patients. Carbapenem (meropenem) can be considered as effective agents to treat MDR cases in our region.

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erku, Daniel asfaw, Abebe basazn Mekurie, Abdrrahman Surrur, and Begashaw melaku Gebresillassie. "Extent of dispensing prescription-only medications without a prescription in community drug retail outlets in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a simulated-patient study." Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety Volume 8 (July 2016): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/dhps.s106948.

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Mussie, Kirubel Manyazewal, Solomon Abebe Yimer, Tsegahun Manyazewal, and Christoph Gradmann. "Exploring local realities: Perceptions and experiences of healthcare workers on the management and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): e0224277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224277.

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Yismaw, Malede Berihun, Haileyesus Adam, and Ephrem Engidawork. "Identification and Resolution of Drug-Related Problems among Childhood Cancer Patients in Ethiopia." Journal of Oncology 2020 (March 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6785835.

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Background. Even though medications play a major role in the cure, palliation, and inhibition of disease, they also expose patients to drug-related problems. Drug-related problems are frequent and may result in reduced quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Objectives. The study was aimed to identify, characterize, and resolve drug-related problems in the Pediatric Hematology/Oncology ward of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A prospective observational study was conducted from 25 June to 25 October 2018 to assess DRPs on patients admitted at the pediatric hematology/oncology ward of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, which is the highest level governmental tertiary care hospital in Ethiopia. Data were obtained from patients’ medical charts, physicians, patients/caregivers, pharmacists, and nurses. All the collected data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25e. Descriptive statistics were used to represent the data. Results. Among the total 156 participants, DRPs were identified in 68.6% of the study subjects. Dosing problems which include dosage too low and high were the top ranking (39.3%) of all DRPs followed by needs additional therapy (27.2%) and nonadherence (14.0%). Systemic anti-infectives were the most common class of drugs involved in DRPs. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, methotrexate, vincristine, ondansetron, and metoclopramide were frequently involved in DRPs. The addition of drugs and change in drug dose were the two most proposed intervention types. Among the proposed interventions, 223 (92.15%) were fully accepted, 9 (3.72%) partially accepted, and 10 (4.13%) not accepted. Conclusion. DRPs are common among Pediatric Hematology/Oncology ward patients. The hospital should develop a pediatric dosing chart for the commonly prescribed medications to prevent drug-related morbidity and mortality. The integration of clinical pharmacists can mitigate risks associated with DRPs.

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Wagner, Abram L., Nina B. Masters, Gretchen J. Domek, Joseph L. Mathew, Xiaodong Sun, Edwin J. Asturias, Jia Ren, et al. "Comparisons of Vaccine Hesitancy across Five Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (October 18, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040155.

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Vaccine hesitancy is a continuum of behaviors ranging from delay in receipt to vaccination refusal. Prior studies have typically focused on high-income countries, where vaccine hesitancy is particularly prevalent in more affluent groups, but the relationship between socioeconomic status and vaccine hesitancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) is less clear. The aim of this study was to describe vaccine hesitancy in five LMICs. Mothers of children in Sirajganj, Bangladesh (n = 60), Shanghai, China (n = 788), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (n = 341), Guatemala City and Quetzaltenango, Guatemala (n = 767), and Chandigarh, India (n = 309), completed a survey between 2016 and 2018 using the WHO’s 10-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale. The scores of different constructs were compared across countries and by the mother’s education level using linear regression models with generalized estimating equations. Compared to mothers in China, mothers in Bangladesh perceived less vaccination benefit (β: 0.56, P = 0.0001), however, mothers in Ethiopia (β: −0.54, P < 0.0001) and Guatemala (β: −0.74, P = 0.0004) perceived greater benefit. Education level was not significantly linked with vaccine hesitancy. Local circumstances are important to consider when developing programs to promote vaccines. We did not find consistent associations between education and vaccine hesitancy. More research is needed to understand socio-cultural influences on vaccine decision-making.

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Arega, Balew, Yimtubezinash Woldeamanuel, Kelemework Adane, Abdulaziz Abubeker, and Daniel Asrat. "Microbial spectrum and drug-resistance profile of isolates causing bloodstream infections in febrile cancer patients at a referral hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 11 (September 2018): 1511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s168867.

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Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Alemseged Beyene Berha, Minyahil Alebachew Woldu, Helen Yifter, Workineh Shibeshi, and Ephrem Engidawork. "Drug therapy problems, medication adherence and treatment satisfaction among diabetic patients on follow-up care at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): e0222985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222985.

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Seid, Mohammed Assen, Mohammed Biset Ayalew, Esileman Abdela Muche, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, and Tadesse Melaku Abegaz. "Drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment success and associated factors in Ethiopia from 2005 to 2017: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 8, no. 9 (September 2018): e022111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022111.

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ObjectivesThe main aim of this study was to assess the overall tuberculosis (TB) treatment success in Ethiopia and to identify potential factors for poor TB treatment outcome.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature was conducted. Original studies were identified through a computerised systematic search using PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q test and I2statistic. Pooled estimates of treatment success were computed using the random-effects model with 95% CI using Stata V.14 software.ResultsA total of 230 articles were identified in the systematic search. Of these 34 observational studies were eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis. It was found that 117 750 patients reported treatment outcomes. Treatment outcomes were assessed by World Health Organization (WHO) standard definitions of TB treatment outcome. The overall pooled TB treatment success rate in Ethiopia was 86% (with 95% CI 83%_88%). TB treatment success rate for each region showed that, Addis Ababa (93%), Oromia (84%), Amhara (86%), Southern Nations (83%), Tigray (85%) and Afar (86%). Mainly old age, HIV co-infection, retreatment cases and rural residence were the most frequently identified factors associated with poor TB treatment outcome.ConclusionThe result of this study revealed that the overall TB treatment success rate in Ethiopia was below the threshold suggested by WHO (90%). There was also a discrepancy in TB treatment success rate among different regions of Ethiopia. In addition to these, HIV co-infection, older age, retreatment cases and rural residence were associated with poor treatment outcome. In order to further improve the treatment success rate, it is strategic to give special consideration for regions which had low TB treatment success and patients with TB with HIV co-infection, older age, rural residence and retreatment cases.

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Beyene, Getenet, Satheesh Nair, Daniel Asrat, Yohannes Mengistu, Howard Engers, and John Wain. "Multidrug resistant Salmonella Concord is a major cause of salmonellosis in children in Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 5, no. 01 (January 31, 2011): 023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.906.

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Introduction: S. Concord in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the aetiology of febrile and diarrhoeic illness in Ethiopian children focussing on Salmonella. Methodology: Paediatric patients (n = 1,225) presenting with diarrhoea or fever from the paediatric outpatient department of Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa (n = 825), and Jimma University Hospital, South West Ethiopia (n = 400), were investigated for pathogens from January to August 2006. Results: Parasites were detected in 337 cases, Salmonella in 65, and Shigella in 61. Serotyping of Salmonella (including 48 stored isolates) demonstrated the dominance of S. Concord: S. Concord (85), S. Typhimurium (7), S. Paratyphi B (2), S. Haifa (1), S. Typhi (2), S. Enteritidis (4), S. Butantan (2), S. Infantis (1), S. Pomona (1), Salmonella group M (28:y:-) (1), and S. Oskarshamn (1). Six isolates in serogroups B and D were untypeable. Of 81 S. Concord isolates, 30% were invasive, most (86.5%) were positive for ESBL production by E-test and 70% were multiply resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamethaxole, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, of which over one quarter (27%) also showed reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Multi-drug resistant S. Concord was the major cause of salmonellosis in two regions of Ethiopia. The strain isolated was highly invasive, highly antibiotic-resistant, and represents a threat to heath care globally.

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Gebre-Yohannes, A., and B. S. Drasar. "Plasmid profiles of antibiotic-resistantShigella dysenteriaetypes 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 isolated in Ethiopia during 1976–85." Epidemiology and Infection 105, no. 1 (August 1990): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800047658.

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SUMMARYPlasmid profile analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis was carried out on 37 drug-resistant strains ofShigella dysenteriaetypes 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7. These strains were collected between 1976 and 1985 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.The plasmid profile ofS. dysenteriaetype 2 strains with R-type CSSuT did not show middle-sized plasmids likely to code for CSSuT resistance. All strains contained a large plasmid of about 120 megadaltons (MDa), and a cryptic plasmid of about 2·2 MDa. The plasmid profiles ofS. dysenteriaetype 3 with R-types ACSSuT, SSuT and SSu showed a 4·2 MDa SSu-determinant, which was demonstrated inEscherichia coliK12 recipients resulting from triparental crosses. The ACT determinant inS. dysenteriaetype 3 with R-type ACSSuT is probably chromosomally mediated. Cryptic plasmids of about 3·0 and 2·2 MDa were found in allS. dysenteriaetype 3 isolates. The 4·2 MDa plasmid featured prominently in the plasmid profiles ofS. dysenteriaetypes 4, 6 and 7 with R-types SSuT and SSu. However, this plasmid was not mobilizable by triparental crosses. There was a relative paucity of transferable plasmids in non-Shiga bacillus isolates. However, incompatibility group N plasmids, coding for tetracycline resistance, were detected.

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Mekonnen, Biruk, Adane Mihret, Muluwork Getahun, Tsegaye Hailu, Sabeen Sidiki, Holden V. Kelley, Julia M. Scordo, et al. "Evaluation of the tuberculosis culture color plate test for rapid detection of drug susceptible and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a resource-limited setting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 5 (May 28, 2019): e0215679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215679.

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Kassew, Tilahun, Demeke Demilew, Addis Birhanu, Mesele Wonde, Biks Liyew, and Shegaye Shumet. "Attitude towards Antipsychotic Medications in Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Study at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Schizophrenia Research and Treatment 2019 (May 22, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5094017.

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Background. Poor attitude towards antipsychotic drugs is high, and it is a factor for non-adherence to treatment. This increases the risk of relapse, associated healthcare utilization, and costs. This study aimed to assess attitude towards antipsychotic medication among patients with schizophrenia. Objectives. The aim of this institution based cross-sectional study was to assess attitude towards antipsychotic medications and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia who attend the outpatient clinics at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, 2018. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, 393 schizophrenic patients from Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital were recruited by a systematic random sampling technique. Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI-10) was used to assess attitude, experience, and belief about antipsychotics. Glasgow antipsychotic side effect scale modified version, positive and negative syndrome scale, and Birch wood’s insight scale for psychosis were the instruments used to assess the associated factors. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis models were fitted, and the adjusted unstandardized beta (β) coefficient at 95% confidence interval was used. Results. The mean score of attitude towards antipsychotic medications was 6.51 with standard deviation (SD) of 2.22. In multiple linear regression, positive symptoms (β= -0.07, 95% CI: (-0.09, -0.05)), negative symptoms (β= -0.04, 95% CI: (-0.06,-0.02)), shorter (≤5 years) duration of illness (β= -0.39, 95% CI: (-0.63, -0.15)), first generation antipsychotics (β = -0.35, 95% CI: (-0.55,-0.14)), having sedation (β= -0.28, 95% CI: (-0.52, -0.02)), and extra-pyramidal side effects (β= -0.34, 95% CI: (-0.59,-0.09)) were factors negatively associated with attitude towards antipsychotic medication treatment. Insight to illness (β= 0.24, 95% CI: (0.20, 0.27) was a factor positively associated with attitude towards antipsychotic medications. Conclusion. The result suggests that the mean score of participants’ attitude towards antipsychotic medications was good. Prevention of side effects particularly due to first generation antipsychotics is necessary.

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Meshesha, Solomon Getnet, Mariamawit Yonathan Yeshak, Gebremedhin Beedemariam Gebretekle, Zelalem Tilahun, and Teferi Gedif Fenta. "Concomitant Use of Herbal and Conventional Medicines among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (June 16, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4871459.

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Introduction. The majority of the population in developing countries including Ethiopia still relies on traditional medicines (TMs). Patients with chronic illness like diabetes mellitus (DM) are dissatisfied with conventional medicines and thus are more likely to simultaneously use herbal medicines (HMs). However, such practice could result in potential herb-drug interaction. This study aimed to identify the commonly used HMs among patients with DM and determine the magnitude of concomitant use of herbal and conventional antidiabetic medicines. Method. A health facility-based cross-sectional study design was employed using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods to determine the magnitude of concomitant use. Patients with DM and prescribers from four public hospitals were the study population for the quantitative and qualitative study, respectively. Simple descriptive statistics were used to describe variables for the quantitative data, and content analysis had been conducted manually for qualitative data. Result. Out of 791 respondents, 409 (51.7%) used traditional medicine at least once in their life time, and 357 (45.1%) used traditional medicine in the last six months prior to data collection. A majority (288 (80.7%)) of the respondents used HMs after starting the conventional antidiabetic medicines within the last six months. Moringa stenopetala, Thymus vulgaris, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Nigella sativa, and Allium sativum were among the frequently mentioned HMs. Prescribers were requesting patients’ HM use when they saw sign of liver toxicity and skin disease, and they were not documenting their history in the patient’s chart. Conclusion. Concomitant use of herbal and conventional antidiabetic medicines was a common practice. Cognizant of its potentially serious herb-drug interactions, efforts should be made to improve awareness and knowledge of healthcare providers about HM potential effects. Further studies on dose, frequency, duration, and modes of interaction are recommended.

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Bitew, Adane, and Estifanos Tsige. "High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Cross-Sectional Study at Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020 (April 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6167234.

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Background. Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae particularly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers have become a major public health threat. Despite efforts to limit their spread, rates of multidrug-resistance members of the Enterobacteriaceae continue to increase throughout the world causing increased morbidity and mortality and raised costs for medical care. Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Methods. Four hundred forty Enterobacteriaceae isolates from outpatients referred to Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory were identified and assessed for their antimicrobial resistance pattern by using the automated VITEK 2 compact system. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was determined by the VITEK 2 automated compact system using the extended-spectrum β-lactamase test panel as per the instruction of the manufacturer. Results. The overall resistance rates of Enterobacteriaceae against cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones were high. Nitrofurantoin with a resistance rate of 14.3% and piperacillin/tazobactam combination with a resistance rate of 17.3% were better active against this group of Gram-negative bacteria. Out of 440 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, 42.1% were multidrug-resistant of which 34.3% and 8.95% were extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug resistant, respectively. Among 185 multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, 63.9% of the isolates produced extended-spectrum β-lactamase of which 75.4%, 19.5%, 1.7%, 2.5%, and 0.8% were E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, E. cloacae, and P. mirabilis, respectively. Conclusions. The present study demonstrated high prevalence rates of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. In order to combat these problems, infection control strategy and proper antibiotic policies should be formulated.

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Abib, Berhanu Abera, and Mulatu Gashaw Abiyselassie. "Retrospective analysis of patterns of drug resistant bacteria isolated from swabs and discharges of patients at Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.7.3.0047.

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Bifftu, Berhanu Boru, and Berihun Assefa Dachew. "Perceived Stigma and Associated Factors among People with Schizophrenia at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Institution Based Study." Psychiatry Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/694565.

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Background. While effective treatments are available for people with schizophrenia, presence of perceived stigma prevents them from accessing and receiving the help they need to get.Objectives. To assess the prevalence and associated factors of perceived stigma among people with schizophrenia attending the Outpatient Department of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods. Institution based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 411 subjects using an Amharic version of the perceived devaluation and discrimination scale. Single population proportion formula was used to calculate sample size. Subjects were selected by systematic sampling techniques. Binary logistic regression and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were used to identify the association factors of outcome variables.Results. A total of 411 subjects participated in the study giving a response rate of 97.4%. The prevalence of perceived stigma was found to be 83.5%. Education status (not able to read and write) (AOR=2.64, 95% CI: 1.118, 6.227), difficulties of adherence to antipsychotic drug (AOR=4.49, 95% CI: 2.309, 8.732), and duration of illness less than one year (AOR=3.48, 95% CI: 2.238, 5.422) were factors associated with perceived stigma.Conclusion. Overall, the prevalence of perceived stigma was found to be high. Education status (not able to read and write), difficulties of adherence to antipsychotic medication, and duration of illness were factors associated with perceived stigma. Adherence to antipsychotic medication particularly during the early stage of the illness and strengthening the educational status of the participants were suggested in the clinical care setting.

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Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, and Tadesse Bedada Haye. "Factors Associated with Anemia among People Living with HIV/AIDS Taking ART in Ethiopia." Advances in Hematology 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9614205.

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Background. Globally, anemia, among people living with HIV/AIDS, is a major public health problem. It has a significant effect on the progression of HIV/AIDS to advanced stages and there are a number of factors that often affect anemia. However, there is little insight regarding factors affecting anemia among HIV/AIDS patients in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Objective. This study aimed at investigating factors affecting anemia among people living with HIV/AIDS taking ART drug at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. A hospital based cross-sectional study design was used to assess factors affecting anemia among people living with HIV/AIDS. Structured checklist was used to gather information from charts of patients selected by simple random sampling method. We analyzed the data to identify factors associated with anemia among people with HIV/AIDS using logistic regression models. Results. A total of 301 selected charts were reviewed. The median age was 38 ± 10.38. The majority (62.5%) of the patients were taking ZDV-containing ART drug (ZDV/3TC/NVP). The overall anemia prevalence was 34.6%, while about 5%, 15.6%, and 14% of the patients had severe, moderate, and mild prevalence of anemia, respectively. Factors that were found to affect anemia among these patients include gender (OR = 2.26 [95% CI: 1.22, 4.16]), occupation (OR: 0.57 [95%CI: 0.35, 0.92]), WBC count (OR = 2.30 [95% CI: 1.29, 4.09]), platelet count (OR = 2.89 [95% CI: 0.99, 8.41]), nutritional status (OR = 2.05 [95% CI: 0.69, 6.02]), and WHO clinical stage of HIV/AIDS (OR = 3.69 [95% CI: 1.86, 7.31]). Conclusions. About one in three patients was found to be anemic. Intervention aimed at diagnosing and treating anemia among people living with HIV/AIDS should be considered.

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Negash, Zenebe, Alemseged Beyene Berha, Workineh Shibeshi, Abdurezak Ahmed, Minyahil Alebachew Woldu, and Ephrem Engidawork. "Impact of medication therapy management service on selected clinical and humanistic outcomes in the ambulatory diabetes patients of Tikur Anbessa Specialist Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): e0251709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251709.

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Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are at increased risk of developing drug therapy problems (DTPs). The patients had a variety of comorbidities and complications, and they were given multiple medications. Medication therapy management (MTM) is a distinct service or group of services that optimize therapeutic outcomes for individual patients. The study assessed the impact of provision of MTM service on selected clinical and humanistic outcomes of diabetes patients at the diabetes mellitus clinic of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH). Methods A pre-post interventional study design was carried out at DM clinic from July 2018 to April 2019. The intervention package included identifying and resolving drug therapy problems, counseling patients in person at the clinic or through telephone calls, and providing educational materials for six months. This was followed by four months of post-intervention assessment of clinical outcomes, DTPs, and treatment satisfaction. The interventions were provided by pharmacist in collaboration with physician and nurse. The study included all adult patients who had been diagnosed for diabetes (both type I & II) and had been taking anti-diabetes medications for at least three months. Patients with gestational diabetes, those who decided to change their follow-up clinic, and those who refused to participate in the study were excluded. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, t-test, and logistic regressions were performed for data analyses. Results Of the 423 enrolled patients, 409 fulfilled the criteria and included in the final data analysis. The intervention showed a decrease in average hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 0.92%, 25.04 mg/dl, and 6.62 mmHg, respectively (p<0.05). The prevalence of DTPs in the pre- and post-intervention of MTM services was found to be 72.9% and 26.2%, respectively (p<0.001). The overall mean score of treatment satisfaction was 90.1(SD, 11.04). Diabetes patients of age below 40 years (92.84 (SD, 9.54)), type-I DM (93.04 (SD, 9.75)) & being on one medication regimen (93.13(SD, 9.17)) had higher satisfaction score (p<0.05). Conclusion Provision of MTM service had a potential to reduce DTPs, improve the clinical parameters, and treatment satisfaction in the post-intervention compared to the pre-intervention phase.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drug abuse – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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