Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies

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Academic literature on the topic 'Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies"

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Murphy, Debra A., Mary-Lynn Brecht, Diane Herbeck, Elizabeth Evans, David Huang, and Yih-Ing Hser. "Longitudinal HIV Risk Behavior Among the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS) Adult Sample." Evaluation Review 32, no. 1 (February 2008): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x07307411.

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Klein, R., and S. Mannuzza. "Is there stimulant sensitivity in children?" Journal of Attention Disorders 6, no. 1_suppl (April 2002): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370200601s08.

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It has been suggested that exposure to stimulants alters the dopamine system and thus enhances sensitivity to stimulants and possibly other drugs. Sensitization has been induced experimentally in animals, especially in rats, and has been shown to be long-lasting. In addition, cross-sensitization across different compounds has been demonstrated. The animal data have raised concern that exposure to methylphenidate in childhood may enhance the risk for later abuse of stimulants and other drugs. We review the evidence bearing on sensitization in children treated with stimulants and followed into adulthood. None of four clinic-based studies found an excess of drug abuse in children previously treated with stimulants. A school-based longitudinal study obtained a relationship between early stimulant treatment and later drug use, without controlling for clinical confounds. The single prospective-controlled study of children who received placebo or methylphenidate does not support the sensitization hypothesis.
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Maremmani, Icro, Matteo Pacini, Francesco Lamanna, Pier Paolo Pani, Giulio Perugi, Joseph Deltito, Ihsan M. Salloum, and Hagop Akiskal. "Mood Stabilizers in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders." CNS Spectrums 15, no. 2 (February 2010): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900027346.

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ABSTRACTIndividuals suffering from drug addiction may also manifest features of bipolar spectrum disorders. Hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperaments may render individuals vulnerable to later development of substance abuse. Bipolar disorders themselves may be altered or precipitated by substance use, most notably by stimulants (amphetamines), alcohol, and cannabinoids.The clinical usefulness of mood stabilizers, particularly antiepileptics, has been established as safe and effective in substance abusers with and without comorbid mood disorders. Most studies on this issue have been of short duration and focused on the resolution of a currently manifest period of illness. Few studies have been conducted on the usefulness of these drugs on the long-term longitudinal course of these diseases, such as frequently encountered recurrent relapses into states of agitation, impulsivity, and/or dissatisfaction. As opposed to the clinical experience with traditional antidepressants and neuroleptics, antiepileptics do not induce counter-polar states (depressed patients abruptly turning manic or hypomanic; nor patients currently hypomanic or manic turning abruptly depressed). Many clinicians consider antiepileptic mood stabilizers to be the preferred category of medications for the treatment of such patients. Valproate appears to be a potentially fruitful medication to study in these dual diagnosis patients due to preliminary evidence demonstrating its anticraving efficacy.
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Ravndal, Edle, Per Vaglum, and Elisiv Hårstad Skjei. "Use of treatment among drug abusers. A five-year prospective study of a treatment-seeking cohort." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 2 (April 2001): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101800203.

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Background: There is little longitudinal research concerning the number and length of different inpatient and outpatient treatment episodes among drug abusers. Most studies follow clients through one or a few treatment episodes and over short time-periods only. Design: Two-hundred Norwegian drug abusers (31 % females, mean age 27.5 year), who consecutively applied for treatment at Phoenix House, Oslo, were personally followed up on average 5 years after the first evaluation. Material: The material consists of 139 drug abusers, 79 % of the original 200 (12 % deceased). Method: Both at first and second evaluation all were interviewed with a structured research interview schedule covering sociodemographic data, substance abuse, legal problems, social adjustment, personality disorder (MCMI), nervous symptoms (SCL-90) and all kinds of treatment received, both number and length of treatment episodes. Results: All except six persons had at least one inpatient treatment stay during the observation period. Average time was 17.6 months in inpatient treatment and 26.0 months in outpatient settings. This means that during 73 % of the observation time the subjects took part in some kind of treatment. Subjects with many inpatient stays had a shorter drug career before the first evaluation. Subjects with few and long inpatient stays were in a somewhat better situation at follow-up, while subjects with manyand short inpatient stays had more alcohol problems but shorter drug careers. Conclusion: Frequency or duration of treatment episodes is not related to client characteristics. It is not the availability of treatment that is lacking but rather treatment effects.
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Thapa, Purushottam B., Maureen A. Walton, Rebecca Cunningham, Ronald F. Maio, Xiaotong Han, Patricia E. Savary, and Brenda M. Booth. "Longitudinal Substance Use following an Emergency Department Visit for Cocaine-Associated Chest Pain." Journal of Drug Issues 38, no. 4 (October 2008): 929–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260803800401.

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Substance abuse is a chronic, relapsing condition, yet some individuals over time seem to cease use for factors that are largely unclear. A life threatening episode of cocaine-associated chest pain requiring an emergency department (ED) visit may influence subsequent use. A consecutive cohort (n = 219) of patients who presented to a large, urban ED with cocaine-associated chest pain was interviewed at baseline, three months, six months, and 12 months to evaluate longitudinal rates of subsequent drug use. Overall, there was a significant decrease in cocaine use over time (baseline = 100.0%, three months = 56.5%, six months = 54.2%, and 12 months = 51.7%, p < .05 for baseline versus each follow-up interval). Findings suggest that substance use declines following an ED visit for cocaine-related chest pain. However, about half of the subjects were still using cocaine one year later. Future studies examining the potential impact of brief interventions or case management to intervene with this not-in-treatment ED population are warranted.
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Chinchilla, A., M. Vega, A. Cebollada, T. Alvarez, M. Gómez, F. Pando, C. Erausquin, R. Martinez de Velasco, and D. De La Vega. "Comorbidity in Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71446-4.

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Introduction:The coexistence of comorbidity in schizophrenia (somatic, dual pathology, personality…) can conditionate evolution and prognosis in this severe mental illness, those aspects should be taken in account to planify treatments and follow up issues.Objective:We are interested in this work in evaluate previous and developed comorbidity in schizophrenic patients; we also analyzed comorbidity consequences in clinical, therapeutical management, treatment adherence, relapses and hospitalizations.Material and method:In 50 Schizophrenic patients (DSM-IV TR Diagnostic criteria) with at least one previous psychotic episode we have studied longitudinal and transversally sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutical variables, related comorbidity (somatic, drugs related and dual pathology) and evolution, prognosis, clinical, treatment adherence and tolerance variables were also studied. We also evaluate psychopathologic and medical status (EEG, EKG, Chest RX, BMI, body weight, general analysis) secondary effects were registered. Uxue and CGI were the scales used.Results:Between 20% and 25% had other medical conditions, and 25-30% had some kind of drug abuse, those were who had worse prognosis, more secondary effects and usually were treated with classic antipsychotics.Conclusions:The results are discussed, and we propose integrative treatments for schizophrenia and the co morbidities, focusing on affectivity and tolerance.
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Siegfried, Nandi. "A Review of Comorbidity: Major Mental Illness and Problematic Substance Use." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (October 1998): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113127.

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Objective: The aim of this paper is to critically review the literature on major mental illness and problematic substance use in order to provide clinicians and policymakers with evidence to support proposed directions for management of the above. Method: The available literature was accessed using computerised databases and manual searching. Results: The predominantly North American-based literature is largely descriptive. Those studies which attempt empirical evaluation are limited by methodological weaknesses which include small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, inadequate measurement of substance use, lack of experimental design, and treatment drift over time. However, there is consensus among most studies regarding prevalence rates and treatment. Conclusions: Problematic substance use is the most common comorbid condition among people with a major mental illness and is associated with poorer patient outcomes. There is evidence to suggest that the integration of mental health and drug and alcohol services will result in improved detection, assessment and management of comorbidity. Integration refers to the provision of comprehensive services by a single service with staff who are competent in both mental health and drug and alcohol skills. A tolerant, non-confrontational approach to substance use is most appropriate for people with a major mental illness. Treatment programs need to recognise the longitudinal nature of substance abuse and dependence. More research needs to be conducted in this field in order to establish guidelines for effective management.
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Lund, Ingunn O., Håvar Brendryen, and Edle Ravndal. "A Longitudinal Study on Substance Use and Related Problems in Women in Opioid Maintenance Treatment from Pregnancy to Four Years after Giving Birth." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 8 (January 2014): SART.S15055. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s15055.

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Background Women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) have a past characterized by drug abuse, which is a challenging start for parenthood. Studies of mothers in OMT are typically limited to pregnancy and early infancy. Knowledge about how they cope with substance use and related problems in the years following birth is therefore important. The aims of the study were to examine changes in mothers’ substance use, psychological problems, and other challenges; from one to four years after their children were born, and describe kindergarten attendance and prevalence and type of child protective services involvement when the children were four years old. Method A four-year prospective cohort study of mothers in OMT. The European severity index was used to map substance use and related problems during the third trimester of pregnancy, one and four years after birth. Results At the four-year follow-up, use of illegal substances remained low (4%) and use of legal substances (39%) was similar to the one-year follow-up. The proportion of women with psychological problems was significantly higher than at one-year follow-up (69 vs. 39%, P = .009). At age four, most children (89%) attended kindergarten, and the child protective services were following 73% of the families, mostly with voluntary measures. Conclusion Mothers in OMT cope well with substance use over time, given access to sufficient support. The findings imply that a preventive governmental strategy with close support of mother and child, have a positive impact contributing to making OMT and motherhood more compatible.
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Helgason, T. "Present trends in psychiatric research in Iceland." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 2, no. 2 (1987): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00000729.

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SummaryThe small population of an island with very low rates of emigration and immigration creates a fairly unique situation for epidemiological research. This has set the trend for research in psychiatry as well as in other branches of medicine. A few ongoing studies are reviewed briefly.A longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 5,395 probands has made it possible to estimate disease expectancy, incidence, and prevalence at different age levels. The probands still alive have reached the average age of 87 years. One half of the probands has been assigned a psychiatric diagnosis during their lifetime. The prevalence of mental disorders increases from 24% at the average age of 61 years to 40% at the average age of 87 years. The increase is caused mainly by a steeply rising prevalence of organic brain syndromes with advancing age and to a lesser extent by a rise in the prevalence of affective syndromes until the age of 75 years. The incidence of new depressive episodes increases markedly after the age of 60 years in contrast to the incidence of new manic episodes, which remains at the same level as it does until that age. An attempt is made to separate different depressive syndromes among the aged. The mortality of probands with mental disorders, especially those with organic brain syndromes and alcoholism, is increased in comparison with those without such disorders.A random sample of the population aged 20-49 years in 1974 has been surveyed three times during a period of 10 years in order to study changes in alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse as well as in the prevalence of mental illness. A study of the consumption of general health services by psychiatric patients and reports on the attendances at psychiatric walk-in clinics and their affects on the general practitioners image of psychiatric services are mentioned.In recent years there has been a great expansion in the treatment facilities for alcoholism. This has resulted in a very marked increase in the admission rates to in-patient treatment for alcohol abuse in spite of no increase in the average per capita alcohol consumption in Iceland, which is the lowest in Europe.Finally an ongoing study of prescription for psychotropic drugs is referred to briefly.
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Holmberg, M. B. "Longitudinal studies of drug abuse a fifteen-year-old population." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 71, no. 2 (February 1985): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb01271.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies"

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Long, Amanda H. "Family dependency treatment courts case studies from Mecklenburg County's families in recovery Staying Together (First) Program /." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-2/longa/amandalong.pdf.

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Pack, Robert P. "Prescription Drug Abuse/Misuse in Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1365.

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Ferrelli, Erica Jean. "A New Low in Getting High: Illegal Drug Use and Crime." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1123.

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The current research analyzed the relationship between methamphetamine use, cocaine use and marijuana use within the last 12 months and crime committed within the last 12 months. Crime is defined as drug sales, property and violent crime. The research design is a quantitative approach which uses secondary data analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to provide evidence toward the research question; does illegal drug use increase the risk of committing a crime?The public access, 2008 Wave III data results of this nationally representative sample of adolescents in grades 7 through 12 in the US in the 1994-95 school year was used for analysis. Methamphetamine use was associated with an increased risk of committing all crime, only until cocaine use was controlled for. Once cocaine use was controlled for, methamphetamine use became non-significant. Cocaine use and marijuana use were significant and associated with an increased use of committing a crime.
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Pack, Robert P., and Nicholas E. Hagemeier. "Prescription Drug Abuse in Appalachia and ETSU’s Process & Vision." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1434.

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Hagaman, Angela M., and Stephanie M. Mathis. "Bridging Research and Practice: The East Tennessee State University Prescription Drug Abuse and Misuse Working Group." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3204.

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Pack, Robert P., S. Loyd, Angela M. Hagaman, A. McCaffrey, and S. Livesay. "A Local Prescription for Success." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3196.

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Drevzehner, John, Lori Monkeboe, Angela M. Hagaman, and Tommy Farmer. "Prescribing a Healthier Tennessee." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3197.

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Tennessee is ranked second in the nation for pain relievers also known as "opioid" prescriptions and it's affecting individuals, families and communities. Please join us as Tennessee Commissioner of Health Dr. John Dreyzehner kicks off this session with a plenary presentation of our health status as a state, an overview of the main challenges we are facing in this multifaceted issue, and ways we can work together to shape our environment for a healthier future. In conjunction with Governor Haslam's Prescription for Success initiative for Tennessee, partners across the state are supporting the efforts of the lead agency, the Tennessee Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Service, to improve the health and safety of our residents. The panel participants will discuss current and future efforts to secure additional drug disposal options, revise and improve state and local legislation, develop proactive workforce programs, and more.
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Hagaman, Angela M., Jeffery A. Gray, Nicholas Hagemeier, Billy Brooks, Stephanie M. Mathis, Karilynn Dowling, and Robert P. Pack. "Impact of an Organized Marketing Campaign on Drug Take Back Event Outcomes in South Central Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3195.

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Background: Prescription drug abuse is a major public health concern in the United States, associated with dramatic increases in morbidity and mortality over the past two decades. In recent years, disposal of unwanted, unused, and expired medications has been a pillar of national prevention efforts. Acknowledging increased policy and advocacy emphasis on improving prescription drug disposal behaviors of consumers, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impacts of a targeted promotional campaign on participation in community-based drug take back events (TBE) in NE Tennessee. Methods: Between October 2013 and October 2017, 45 drug take-back events were held in 5 municipalities across NE Tennessee. A region-wide, promotional campaign including direct to consumer advertising (television, print, radio, etc) initiated spring 2014. Two methods of data collection were implemented: 1) donor surveys; and 2) drug donation weights (pounds) and dosage units collected. Controlled substance (CS) donations with identifiable dispensing dates were used to calculate donors’ possession time in months. One-way ANOVA, paired t-tests, and chi-square procedures were utilized to assess trends in donation weights, time to donation, and donor characteristics across the study period. Results: Total Disposal donations increased by 2.35 times (CS 2.61 times) from baseline after the initial promotional campaign. A total of 2300 CS donations were collected, with a spike in total pounds collected observed in spring of 2014 following initial marketing interventions. Donor possession time hdecreased by approximately one year during the length of the study (62.01 to 50.5 months). More than 1500 donor surveys were administered during the study. Half of all participants reported hearing about TBE through television promotions. Participants at urban events were 52.6% more likely than rural participants to hear about the event through newspaper promotion. Conclusion: Collaborative marketing across a TBE concentrated region increases CS disposal weight and decreases donor possession time.
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Hagaman, Angela M., and K. Foster. "Tennesseans Largely Unaware of HIV/HCV Risk but Support Best Practices to Avoid Potential Outbreak." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3194.

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O'Brien, Siobhan. "The ultimate alternative : a single case study understanding Jason's journey from addiction to self-recovery." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Health Sciences, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3110.

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The purpose of this research was to understand the lived experience of a person with a substance addiction that uses or has used alternative therapies for treatment. A single-case study approach was used to understand the lived experiences of Jason, a male in his mid-forties who is healing from a substance addiction. Through in-person interviewing and reading personal manuscripts written by the participant, data were collected. The data were analysed and interpreted using phenomenological and integral hermeneutics. Through the interpretations, it was clear that a major contributing factor to Jason’s drug use was the negative experiences he was carrying from his past. Once he was able to let go of the negativity and let his higher power guide him, his healing journey took a positive turn. Today, Jason lives in the moment and does not need drugs to heal the hurt he is feeling inside. He uses his ultimate alternative method, derived from within himself, to guide his journey in recovery.
viii, 155 leaves ; 29 cm
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Books on the topic "Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies"

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M, Bray Robert, Hubbard Robert L, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Division of Clinical Research., Research Triangle Institute, and Treatment Outcome Prospective Study, eds. Drug use before and during drug abuse treatment: 1979-1981 TOPS admission cohorts. Rockville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Clinical Research, 1985.

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Robin, Nelson. SATOS: Substance abuse treatment outcome study : first report. Austin, Tex: Texas Commission on Alcohol and Drug Abuse, 1992.

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Solarz, Artur. Vem blir drogmissarbrukare: Droger, kriminalitet och kontroll : delrapport. Stockholm: Brottsförebyggande rådet, 1990.

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Nigel, South, ed. Helping drug users: Social work, advice-giving, referral, and training services at three London "street agencies". Aldershot, Hants: Gower, 1985.

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Calkins, Richard F. State demand and needs assessment studies--alcohol and other drugs: Final report. [Lansing?]: Division of Substance Abuse Quality and Planning, Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, 2001.

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Ellickson, Phyllis L. Drug prevention in junior high: A multi-site longitudinal test. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1990.

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McCloskey, Deborah. Addiction--what's really going on?: Inside a heroin treatment program. Ann Arbor, MI: Loving Healing Press, 2009.

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Eriksson, Ingalill. Missbrukskarriär och behandling: En studie av ett behandlingshem i 80-talets Sverige. Stockholm: Liber, 1987.

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The development of infants of drug dependent mothers. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1991.

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Gravelaine, Frédérique de. Vivre sans drogues: Substances toxiques, passions destructrices, l'expérience de ceux qui s'en sortent. Paris: R. Laffont, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies"

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Hagan, Holly, Don C. Des Jarlais, and David Purchase. "The Tacoma Syringe Exchange studies: Public health practice influences research." In Drug abuse treatment through collaboration: Practice and research partnerships that work., 71–84. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10491-005.

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Post, Robert M. "Lithium and related mood stabilizers." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1198–208. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0154.

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Lithium is the paradigmatic mood stabilizer. It is effective in the acute and prophylactic treatment of both mania and, to a lesser magnitude, depression. These characteristics are generally paralleled by the widely accepted anticonvulsant mood stabilizers valproate, carbamazepine (Table 6.2.4.1), and potentially by the less well studied putative mood stabilizers oxcarbazepine, zonisamide, and the dihydropyridine L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine. In contrast, lamotrigine has a profile of better antidepressant effects acutely and prophylactically than antimanic effects. Having grouped lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine together, it is important to note they have subtle differences in their therapeutic profiles and differential clinical predictors of response (Table 6.2.4.1). Response to one of these agents is not predictive of either a positive or negative response to the others. Thus, clinicians are left with only rough estimates and guesses about which drug may be preferentially effective in which patients. Only sequential clinical trials of agents either alone or in combination can verify responsivity in an individual patient. Individual response trumps FDA-approval. Given this clinical conundrum, it is advisable that patients, family members, clinicians, or others carefully rate patients on a longitudinal scale in order to most carefully assess responses and side effects. These are available from the Depression Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA), the STEP-BD NIMH Network, or www.bipolarnetworknews.org and are highly recommended. The importance of careful longitudinal documentation of symptoms and side effects is highlighted by the increasing use of multiple drugs in combination. This is often required because patients may delay treatment-seeking until after many episodes, and very different patterns and frequencies of depressions, manias, mixed states, as well as multiple comorbidities may be present. Treating patients to the new accepted goal of remission of their mood and other anxillary symptoms usually requires use of several medications. If each component of the regimen is kept below an individual's side-effects threshold, judicious use of multiple agents can reduce rather than increase the overall side-effect burden. There is increasing evidence of reliable abnormalities of biochemistry, function, and anatomy in the brains of patients with bipolar disorder, and some of these are directly related to either duration of illness or number of episodes. Therefore, as treatment resistance to most therapeutic agents is related to number of prior episodes, and brain abnormalities may also increase as well, it behooves the patient to begin and sustain acute and long-term treatment as early as possible. Despite the above academic, personal, and public health recommendations, bipolar disorder often takes ten years or more to diagnose and, hence, treat properly. In fact, a younger age of onset is highly related to presence of a longer delay from illness onset to first treatment, and as well, to a poorer outcome assessed both retrospectively and prospectively. New data indicate that the brain growth factor BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) which is initially important to synaptogenesis and neural development, and later neuroplasticity and long-term memory in the adult is involved in all phases of bipolar disorder and its treatment. It appears to be: 1) both a genetic (the val-66-val allele of BDNF) and environmental (low BDNF from childhood adversity) risk factor; 2) episode-related (serum BDNF decreasing with each episode of depression or mania in proportion to symptom severity; 3) related to some substance abuse comorbidity (BDNF increases in the VTA with defeat stress and cocaine self-administration); and 4) related to treatment. Lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine increase BDNF and quetiapine and ziprasidone block the decreases in hippocampal BDNF that occur with stress (as do antidepressants). A greater number of prior episodes is related to increased likelihood of: 1) a rapid cycling course; 2) more severe depressive symptoms; 3) more disability; 4) more cognitive dysfunction; and 5) even the incidence of late life dementia. Taken together, the new data suggest a new view not only of bipolar disorder, but its treatment. Adequate effective treatment may not only (a) prevent affective episodes (with their accompanying risk of morbidity, dysfunction, and even death by suicide or the increased medical mortality associated with depression), but may also (b) reverse or prevent some of the biological abnormalities associated with the illness from progressing. Thus, patients should be given timely information pertinent to their stage of illness and recovery that emphasizes not only the risk of treatments, but also their potential, figuratively and literally, life-saving benefits. Long-term treatment and education and targeted psychotherapies are critical to a good outcome. We next highlight several attributes of each mood stabilizer, but recognize that the choice of each agent itself is based on inadequate information from the literature, and sequencing of treatments and their combinations is currently more an art than an evidence-based science. We look forward to these informational and clinical trial deficits being reduced in the near future and the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and other neurobiological predictors of individual clinical response to individual drugs. In the meantime, patients and clinicians must struggle with treatment choice based on: 1) the most appropriate targetting of the predominant symptom picture with the most likely effective agent (Table 6.2.4.1 and 6.2.4.2) the best side-effects profile for that patient (Table 6.2.4.2 and 6.2.4.3) using combinations of drugs with different therapeutic targets and mechanisms of action (Table 6.2.4.3 and 6.2.4.4) careful consideration of potential advantageous pharmacodynamic interactions and disadvantageous pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions that need to be avoided or anticipated.
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Prendergast, Michael L., Deborah Podus, Eunice Chang, and Darren Urada. "The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: a meta-analysis of comparison group studies ⋆." In Drug Abuse: Prevention and Treatment, 279–98. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315257341-19.

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"Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users." In Drug Abuse: Prevention and Treatment, edited by Charlotte Van Den Berg, Colette Smit, Giel Van Brüssel, Roel Coutinho, and Maria Prins, 245–53. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315257341-15.

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Williams, York. "An Exploration of ADHD and Comorbidity With Substance Abuse and Brain Development." In New Developments in Diagnosing, Assessing, and Treating ADHD, 245–58. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5495-1.ch016.

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Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most commonly used drug to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children effectively and safely. However, in spite of its widespread application throughout what is considered one of the most plastic and sensitive phases of brain development in children, very little is known to date about its long-term effects on brain structure and function leading well into later adolescence and adulthood. Additionally, there is scant information available to parents, clinicians, and clients with ADD/ADHD about the influence of MPH on brain development. More importantly, recent human and animal studies suggest that MPH alters the dopaminergic system with long-term effects beyond the termination of treatment. As such, a multimodal treatment with psychodynamic therapies can assist the treatment team to support the development of the client's pro-social skills in addition to medication treatment, thus reducing full reliance on MPH as the primary treatment for ADD/ADHD.
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Robbins, Trevor W., and Barry J. Everitt. "Substance use disorders and the mechanisms of drug addiction." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin, 477–91. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0048.

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The understanding of drug addiction has gained much from a neuroscientific approach, reflected by changing approaches in diagnosis. The two main psychological accounts of addiction to substances, ranging from alcohol and nicotine to opioids and stimulant drugs, are opponent motivational processing, emphasizing the importance of withdrawal symptoms, and aberrant learning from positive reinforcement. The neural and neurochemical systems implicated have been identified on the basis of animal studies, using especially the self-administration paradigm, and human investigations employing a range of brain imaging modalities. These neural substrates include dopamine-dependent functions of the ventral and dorsal striatum, as well as regulatory influences of fronto-limbic systems. The chapter considers the critical issue of cause and effect, and whether brain changes reflect neurotoxic effects of abuse or whether there are predisposing neurobehavioural factors. It also outlines the current situation and future prospects for treatment by medication, possibly in association with psychological approaches.
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Dumesnil, James. "The Contagion of Trauma." In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 225–47. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0228-9.ch014.

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Research has been increasingly clear regarding the critical importance of the first years of life, especially the first three years, on personality development and the ability to adapt and adjust throughout life. Children with histories of traumas such as abuse, neglect, drug exposure, inconsistent caregiving, or violence during these critical early years can have profound disruptions in their development, including severe behavioral and emotional problems. The parents who adopt a child with a history of trauma are vulnerable to developing their own vicarious, or secondary trauma. This chapter explores this contagion of trauma within adoptive families, following the story of one such affected family. Treatment has focused on the needs of the traumatized child individually and through behaviorally-based parenting interventions. The individual clinical needs of the attachment figures, the parents, have not received the attention they deserve. These needs are as critical as addressing the child's trauma in order to allow for creation of a secure attachment with the child.
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Vinković, Maja, Andrijana Kopić, and Tvrtka Benašić. "Anti-VEGF Treatment and Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarkers in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration." In Recent Advances and New Perspectives in Managing Macular Degeneration [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97689.

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of severe visual loss in middle and old-age population, and often leads to serious deterioration in quality of life. Currently, the first-line treatment for neovascular AMD (nAMD) are intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications, including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept and also latest commercially available drug, brolucizumab. During initial examination and imaging and treatment follow-up for patients with nAMD, optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to predict and assess the therapeutic response and guide the treatment. Several OCT-based biomarkers, including the central subfoveal thickness (CSFT), the presence of intraretinal cysts (IRCs) or subretinal fluid (SRF), and the presence of pigment epithelial detachment (PED), were found to influence baseline visual acuity or visual improvements. Recent analyses of large randomized control trials (RCTs) summarized the usefulness of these OCT-based biomarkers. However, many of these early studies relied on time-domain OCT to evaluate the retinal structures thus providing less precise evaluation of the retinal details. After introduction of spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) which provided high resolution images, recent studies offered new insights in specific morphological changes and their different impact on visual function in nAMD. For example, these advancement in resolution offered new classification of IRCs into degenerative and exudative which impacts treatment strategy and final outcome in the treatment of nAMD. Moreover, the recent data disclose a substantial difference between RCTs and real-world studies regarding the response to anti-VEGF therapy. In conclusions, IRCs and PED are associated with poor visual improvement in nAMD in a realworld setting. Both IRCs and SRF responded better than PED to anti-VEGF therapy. These observations mandate large longitudinal studies focusing on the usefulness of these high resolution SD-OCT biomarkers in real-world situations.
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Bora, Emre, Mahesh Jayaram, and Christos Pantelis. "Prevention and early intervention in psychotic disorders." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, edited by John R. Geddes, Nancy C. Andreasen, and Guy M. Goodwin, 628–38. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0063.

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This chapter considers treatment approaches in early psychosis and the possibility of prevention prior to the development of illness. The chapter first considers the various definitions of the pre-psychotic state, including prodrome, and the concept of clinical high-risk (CHR) groups. The CHR groups, including the ultra-high-risk (UHR) and basic symptoms (BS) groups aim to identify individuals at imminent risk of transitioning to full-blown psychosis. Further, the chapter summarizes the notion of a staging model for psychosis, which incorporates these earliest pre-psychosis stages, and considers the onset and progression of the illness to chronicity, with differing intervention options for each stage. The relevance of interventions targeting non-specific risk factors, such as trauma, stress, bullying, drug abuse, and migration, in the early years is considered. The chapter discusses possible interventions to prevent or delay psychosis onset or progression (for example, prenatal choline or vitamin D), and public health measures at the population level. It also explores the issues relating to drug prescribing in the pre-psychosis stage and outlines controversies regarding the risk–benefit ratio and ethics of these pre-emptive strategies. Models of care aimed to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis may prove useful. Integrative treatment in early psychosis has been more successful than ‘treatment as usual’ in reducing symptoms, relapse rates, and improving engagement. Early detection and intervention services and public awareness campaigns are key to primary prevention. Studies that investigate trajectories of symptom development and emergence of psychosis are needed, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of pre-emptive and later interventions.
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Conference papers on the topic "Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies"

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Altay, Osman, and Hatice Mutlu. "Financial Evaluation of Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Services with Respect to the Health Economics." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c12.02360.

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Healthcare interventions are concern of government policies, health service providers, civil society organizations and public. These interventions are mainly criticized with respect to their cost effectiveness. However, economic, social and health benefits of drug addiction rehabilitation services are not well understood and they remain relatively subsidized in comparison to other aspects of healthcare interventions. But, notwithstanding this, drug addiction rehabilitation services are generally financed with public funds in Turkey as like many other countries and this situation become subject to questioning when fiscal policies and cost effectiveness of these services are considered. Based on this circumstances there is a great need for scientifically sound and practical financial and economic evaluation of substance abuse treatment services. In Turkey, recent legislative developments on substance abuse treatment services provide a baseline for structural evaluation of financial and economic feasibility of these services. In spite of ongoing methodological and empirical developments in economic evaluation of the primary health services, similar studies regarding addiction treatments are very rare in the literature. Correspondingly, methodological guidelines in this area are also very limited. This study addresses these gaps by presenting a financial and economic evaluation of drug addiction rehabilitation services in Turkey considering urgent need of intervention in this area. Evaluation of these services is based on the basic requirements of a drug addiction rehabilitation center, which is determined by the related legislation in Turkey, and the evaluation was conducted according to the methodological principles presented by EMCDDA, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addictions.
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Jiang, Feifei, Jie Chen, David E. Komatsu, and Shuning Li. "Healing Progress of Fractured Bone: A Longitudinal Study." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-204787.

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In orthopedics research, assessment of fracture healing progress is vital for evaluating treatment strategies and drug effects. Currently, biomechanical testing represents the ‘gold standard’ for determining the extent of healing, with the parameters of stiffness and strength most often reported. Unfortunately, such testing requires destructive examination of samples, which allows healing to be checked at only one time-point per animal. Thus, evaluation of healing requires large sample sizes to achieve statistical power. In contrast, longitudinal studies of individual animals allows for self-comparison, which is more reliable, and can be used to evaluate bone healing as time elapses. Recently, longitudinal radiographic assessment of bone healing in rats, using parameters such the level of bone mineralization, morphological changes, and distribution of the mineralized bone, has been reported. However, the ability to quantify the biomechanical properties of healing bones based on longitudinal radiographic images provides an tremendous opportunity to increase the value of such studies.
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