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Journal articles on the topic 'Drug abuse – Treatment – Longitudinal studies'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Murphy, Debra A., Mary-Lynn Brecht, Diane Herbeck, Elizabeth Evans, David Huang, and Yih-Ing Hser. "Longitudinal HIV Risk Behavior Among the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies (DATOS) Adult Sample." Evaluation Review 32, no. 1 (February 2008): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x07307411.

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2

Klein, R., and S. Mannuzza. "Is there stimulant sensitivity in children?" Journal of Attention Disorders 6, no. 1_suppl (April 2002): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370200601s08.

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It has been suggested that exposure to stimulants alters the dopamine system and thus enhances sensitivity to stimulants and possibly other drugs. Sensitization has been induced experimentally in animals, especially in rats, and has been shown to be long-lasting. In addition, cross-sensitization across different compounds has been demonstrated. The animal data have raised concern that exposure to methylphenidate in childhood may enhance the risk for later abuse of stimulants and other drugs. We review the evidence bearing on sensitization in children treated with stimulants and followed into adulthood. None of four clinic-based studies found an excess of drug abuse in children previously treated with stimulants. A school-based longitudinal study obtained a relationship between early stimulant treatment and later drug use, without controlling for clinical confounds. The single prospective-controlled study of children who received placebo or methylphenidate does not support the sensitization hypothesis.

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Maremmani, Icro, Matteo Pacini, Francesco Lamanna, Pier Paolo Pani, Giulio Perugi, Joseph Deltito, Ihsan M. Salloum, and Hagop Akiskal. "Mood Stabilizers in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders." CNS Spectrums 15, no. 2 (February 2010): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900027346.

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ABSTRACTIndividuals suffering from drug addiction may also manifest features of bipolar spectrum disorders. Hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperaments may render individuals vulnerable to later development of substance abuse. Bipolar disorders themselves may be altered or precipitated by substance use, most notably by stimulants (amphetamines), alcohol, and cannabinoids.The clinical usefulness of mood stabilizers, particularly antiepileptics, has been established as safe and effective in substance abusers with and without comorbid mood disorders. Most studies on this issue have been of short duration and focused on the resolution of a currently manifest period of illness. Few studies have been conducted on the usefulness of these drugs on the long-term longitudinal course of these diseases, such as frequently encountered recurrent relapses into states of agitation, impulsivity, and/or dissatisfaction. As opposed to the clinical experience with traditional antidepressants and neuroleptics, antiepileptics do not induce counter-polar states (depressed patients abruptly turning manic or hypomanic; nor patients currently hypomanic or manic turning abruptly depressed). Many clinicians consider antiepileptic mood stabilizers to be the preferred category of medications for the treatment of such patients. Valproate appears to be a potentially fruitful medication to study in these dual diagnosis patients due to preliminary evidence demonstrating its anticraving efficacy.

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4

Ravndal, Edle, Per Vaglum, and Elisiv Hårstad Skjei. "Use of treatment among drug abusers. A five-year prospective study of a treatment-seeking cohort." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 2 (April 2001): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101800203.

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Background: There is little longitudinal research concerning the number and length of different inpatient and outpatient treatment episodes among drug abusers. Most studies follow clients through one or a few treatment episodes and over short time-periods only. Design: Two-hundred Norwegian drug abusers (31 % females, mean age 27.5 year), who consecutively applied for treatment at Phoenix House, Oslo, were personally followed up on average 5 years after the first evaluation. Material: The material consists of 139 drug abusers, 79 % of the original 200 (12 % deceased). Method: Both at first and second evaluation all were interviewed with a structured research interview schedule covering sociodemographic data, substance abuse, legal problems, social adjustment, personality disorder (MCMI), nervous symptoms (SCL-90) and all kinds of treatment received, both number and length of treatment episodes. Results: All except six persons had at least one inpatient treatment stay during the observation period. Average time was 17.6 months in inpatient treatment and 26.0 months in outpatient settings. This means that during 73 % of the observation time the subjects took part in some kind of treatment. Subjects with many inpatient stays had a shorter drug career before the first evaluation. Subjects with few and long inpatient stays were in a somewhat better situation at follow-up, while subjects with manyand short inpatient stays had more alcohol problems but shorter drug careers. Conclusion: Frequency or duration of treatment episodes is not related to client characteristics. It is not the availability of treatment that is lacking but rather treatment effects.

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5

Thapa, Purushottam B., Maureen A. Walton, Rebecca Cunningham, Ronald F. Maio, Xiaotong Han, Patricia E. Savary, and Brenda M. Booth. "Longitudinal Substance Use following an Emergency Department Visit for Cocaine-Associated Chest Pain." Journal of Drug Issues 38, no. 4 (October 2008): 929–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260803800401.

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Substance abuse is a chronic, relapsing condition, yet some individuals over time seem to cease use for factors that are largely unclear. A life threatening episode of cocaine-associated chest pain requiring an emergency department (ED) visit may influence subsequent use. A consecutive cohort (n = 219) of patients who presented to a large, urban ED with cocaine-associated chest pain was interviewed at baseline, three months, six months, and 12 months to evaluate longitudinal rates of subsequent drug use. Overall, there was a significant decrease in cocaine use over time (baseline = 100.0%, three months = 56.5%, six months = 54.2%, and 12 months = 51.7%, p < .05 for baseline versus each follow-up interval). Findings suggest that substance use declines following an ED visit for cocaine-related chest pain. However, about half of the subjects were still using cocaine one year later. Future studies examining the potential impact of brief interventions or case management to intervene with this not-in-treatment ED population are warranted.

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6

Chinchilla, A., M. Vega, A. Cebollada, T. Alvarez, M. Gómez, F. Pando, C. Erausquin, R. Martinez de Velasco, and D. De La Vega. "Comorbidity in Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71446-4.

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Introduction:The coexistence of comorbidity in schizophrenia (somatic, dual pathology, personality…) can conditionate evolution and prognosis in this severe mental illness, those aspects should be taken in account to planify treatments and follow up issues.Objective:We are interested in this work in evaluate previous and developed comorbidity in schizophrenic patients; we also analyzed comorbidity consequences in clinical, therapeutical management, treatment adherence, relapses and hospitalizations.Material and method:In 50 Schizophrenic patients (DSM-IV TR Diagnostic criteria) with at least one previous psychotic episode we have studied longitudinal and transversally sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutical variables, related comorbidity (somatic, drugs related and dual pathology) and evolution, prognosis, clinical, treatment adherence and tolerance variables were also studied. We also evaluate psychopathologic and medical status (EEG, EKG, Chest RX, BMI, body weight, general analysis) secondary effects were registered. Uxue and CGI were the scales used.Results:Between 20% and 25% had other medical conditions, and 25-30% had some kind of drug abuse, those were who had worse prognosis, more secondary effects and usually were treated with classic antipsychotics.Conclusions:The results are discussed, and we propose integrative treatments for schizophrenia and the co morbidities, focusing on affectivity and tolerance.

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7

Siegfried, Nandi. "A Review of Comorbidity: Major Mental Illness and Problematic Substance Use." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (October 1998): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113127.

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Objective: The aim of this paper is to critically review the literature on major mental illness and problematic substance use in order to provide clinicians and policymakers with evidence to support proposed directions for management of the above. Method: The available literature was accessed using computerised databases and manual searching. Results: The predominantly North American-based literature is largely descriptive. Those studies which attempt empirical evaluation are limited by methodological weaknesses which include small sample sizes, short follow-up periods, inadequate measurement of substance use, lack of experimental design, and treatment drift over time. However, there is consensus among most studies regarding prevalence rates and treatment. Conclusions: Problematic substance use is the most common comorbid condition among people with a major mental illness and is associated with poorer patient outcomes. There is evidence to suggest that the integration of mental health and drug and alcohol services will result in improved detection, assessment and management of comorbidity. Integration refers to the provision of comprehensive services by a single service with staff who are competent in both mental health and drug and alcohol skills. A tolerant, non-confrontational approach to substance use is most appropriate for people with a major mental illness. Treatment programs need to recognise the longitudinal nature of substance abuse and dependence. More research needs to be conducted in this field in order to establish guidelines for effective management.

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8

Lund, Ingunn O., Håvar Brendryen, and Edle Ravndal. "A Longitudinal Study on Substance Use and Related Problems in Women in Opioid Maintenance Treatment from Pregnancy to Four Years after Giving Birth." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 8 (January 2014): SART.S15055. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s15055.

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Background Women in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) have a past characterized by drug abuse, which is a challenging start for parenthood. Studies of mothers in OMT are typically limited to pregnancy and early infancy. Knowledge about how they cope with substance use and related problems in the years following birth is therefore important. The aims of the study were to examine changes in mothers’ substance use, psychological problems, and other challenges; from one to four years after their children were born, and describe kindergarten attendance and prevalence and type of child protective services involvement when the children were four years old. Method A four-year prospective cohort study of mothers in OMT. The European severity index was used to map substance use and related problems during the third trimester of pregnancy, one and four years after birth. Results At the four-year follow-up, use of illegal substances remained low (4%) and use of legal substances (39%) was similar to the one-year follow-up. The proportion of women with psychological problems was significantly higher than at one-year follow-up (69 vs. 39%, P = .009). At age four, most children (89%) attended kindergarten, and the child protective services were following 73% of the families, mostly with voluntary measures. Conclusion Mothers in OMT cope well with substance use over time, given access to sufficient support. The findings imply that a preventive governmental strategy with close support of mother and child, have a positive impact contributing to making OMT and motherhood more compatible.

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9

Helgason, T. "Present trends in psychiatric research in Iceland." Psychiatry and Psychobiology 2, no. 2 (1987): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0767399x00000729.

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SummaryThe small population of an island with very low rates of emigration and immigration creates a fairly unique situation for epidemiological research. This has set the trend for research in psychiatry as well as in other branches of medicine. A few ongoing studies are reviewed briefly.A longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 5,395 probands has made it possible to estimate disease expectancy, incidence, and prevalence at different age levels. The probands still alive have reached the average age of 87 years. One half of the probands has been assigned a psychiatric diagnosis during their lifetime. The prevalence of mental disorders increases from 24% at the average age of 61 years to 40% at the average age of 87 years. The increase is caused mainly by a steeply rising prevalence of organic brain syndromes with advancing age and to a lesser extent by a rise in the prevalence of affective syndromes until the age of 75 years. The incidence of new depressive episodes increases markedly after the age of 60 years in contrast to the incidence of new manic episodes, which remains at the same level as it does until that age. An attempt is made to separate different depressive syndromes among the aged. The mortality of probands with mental disorders, especially those with organic brain syndromes and alcoholism, is increased in comparison with those without such disorders.A random sample of the population aged 20-49 years in 1974 has been surveyed three times during a period of 10 years in order to study changes in alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse as well as in the prevalence of mental illness. A study of the consumption of general health services by psychiatric patients and reports on the attendances at psychiatric walk-in clinics and their affects on the general practitioners image of psychiatric services are mentioned.In recent years there has been a great expansion in the treatment facilities for alcoholism. This has resulted in a very marked increase in the admission rates to in-patient treatment for alcohol abuse in spite of no increase in the average per capita alcohol consumption in Iceland, which is the lowest in Europe.Finally an ongoing study of prescription for psychotropic drugs is referred to briefly.

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10

Holmberg, M. B. "Longitudinal studies of drug abuse a fifteen-year-old population." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 71, no. 2 (February 1985): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb01271.x.

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11

Holmberg, M. B. "Longitudinal studies of drug abuse in a fifteen-year-old population." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 71, no. 2 (February 1985): 201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb01272.x.

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12

Holmberg, M. B. "Longitudinal studies of drug abuse in a fifteen-year-old population." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 71, no. 3 (March 1985): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb01275.x.

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13

Holmberg, M. B. "Longitudinal studies of drug abuse in a fifteen-year-old population." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 71, no. 1 (January 1985): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb05051.x.

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14

Holmberg, M. B. "Longitudinal studies of drug abuse in a fifteen-year-old population." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 71, no. 1 (January 1985): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1985.tb05052.x.

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15

Wexler, Harry K., and Bennett W. Fletcher. "National Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) Overview." Prison Journal 87, no. 1 (March 2007): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885506299036.

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16

Magruder, Kathryn M., Bichun Ouyang, Scott Miller, and Barbara C. Tilley. "Retention of Under-represented Minorities in Drug Abuse Treatment Studies." Clinical Trials: Journal of the Society for Clinical Trials 6, no. 3 (June 2009): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774509105224.

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17

Etheridge, R. "Treatment services in two national studies of community-based drug abuse treatment programs." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 7, no. 1 (1995): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0740-5472(95)90003-9.

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18

Etheridge, Rose M., S. Gail Craddock, George H. Dunteman, and Robert L. Hubbard. "Treatment services in two national studies of community-based drug abuse treatment programs." Journal of Substance Abuse 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-3289(95)90303-8.

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19

Ginexi, Elizabeth M., Mark A. Foss, and Christy K. Scott. "Transitions from Treatment to Work: Employment Patterns following Publicly Funded Substance Abuse Treatment." Journal of Drug Issues 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 497–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300210.

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This investigation involved a first-attempt at modeling long-term treatment and work trajectories in a large, urban sample of individuals in publicly funded substance abuse treatment: (a) determining the demographic factors that predicted work patterns and (b) examining the longitudinal relationship between work status and continued treatment, persistent drug use, and psychological problems investigated work status across three years. Mixed-effects regression models revealed that significantly more participants were working and looking for work at each follow-up. Gains in labor force participation were greatest at six months while gains in employment were greatest at 24 months. Several demographic variables predicted later work status including age, gender, living arrangement, occupational skills, and having children in foster care. Participants who continued treatment, continued to use drugs, or reported psychological problems were most likely to be out of the labor force. By far, the greatest barrier to long-term employment was continued drug use.

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Fletcher, Bennett W., Wayne E. K. Lehman, Harry K. Wexler, and Gerald Melnick. "Who Participates in the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS)?" Prison Journal 87, no. 1 (March 2007): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885506299037.

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21

Kurlander, Jacob E., Stephanie L. Simon-Dack, and David A. Gorelick. "Spending of Remuneration by Subjects in Non-Treatment Drug Abuse Research Studies." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 32, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990600919427.

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22

Simpson, D. Dwayne, George W. Joe, Wayne E. K. Lehman, and S. B. Sells. "Addiction Careers: Etiology, Treatment, and 12-Year Follow-up Outcomes." Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 1 (January 1986): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600106.

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Follow-up interviews were conducted with 405 black and white male opioid addicts 12 years after admission to drug abuse treatments in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program. Outcomes over time in this longitudinal data system showed that the behavioral improvements observed throughout the first 6-year posttreatment follow-up period (compared with pretreatment baselines) tended to stabilize between Years 6 and 12. About one-fourth of the sample still used opioid drugs daily in Year 12. Demographic and background measures generally failed to predict Year 12 outcomes, although Year 6 outcomes were related to those in Year 12. Reasons for starting, continuing, and terminating opioid addiction were also examined, as well as the importance of treatment during addiction careers.

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Winters, Ken C., Christine L. Weller, and James A. Meland. "Extent of Drug Abuse among Juvenile Offenders." Journal of Drug Issues 23, no. 3 (July 1993): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300310.

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The extent of drug abuse problem severity was measured in a sample of juvenile detention detainees. Contrary to existing studies that mostly focus on drug use consumption patterns in juvenile detainees, the present study quantified problem severity based on an adolescent drug abuse scale score. Findings indicate that among valid questionnaires, about 50% of the juvenile detainees scored in a elevated range, indicating a possible need for drug abuse treatment. Issues related to the measurement of problem severity and resulting treatment needs of youth held in juvenile detention settings are discussed.

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Kuppens, Sofie, Simon C. Moore, Vanessa Gross, Emily Lowthian, and Andy P. Siddaway. "The Enduring Effects of Parental Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use on Child Well-being: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000749.

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AbstractThe effects of psychoactive substance abuse are not limited to the user, but extend to the entire family system, with children of substance abusers being particularly at risk. This meta-analysis attempted to quantify the longitudinal relationship between parental alcohol, tobacco, and drug use and child well-being, investigating variation across a range of substance and well-being indices and other potential moderators. We performed a literature search of peer-reviewed, English language, longitudinal observational studies that reported outcomes for children aged 0 to 18 years. In total, 56 studies, yielding 220 dependent effect sizes, met inclusion criteria. A multilevel random-effects model revealed a statistically significant, small detriment to child well-being for parental substance abuse over time (r = .15). Moderator analyses demonstrated that the effect was more pronounced for parental drug use (r = .25), compared with alcohol use (r = .13), tobacco use (r = .13), and alcohol use disorder (r = .14). Results highlight a need for future studies that better capture the effect of parental psychoactive substance abuse on the full breadth of childhood well-being outcomes and to integrate substance abuse into models that specify the precise conditions under which parental behavior determines child well-being.Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017076088

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Prendergast, Michael L., Deborah Podus, Eunice Chang, and Darren Urada. "The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: a meta-analysis of comparison group studies." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 67, no. 1 (June 2002): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00014-5.

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Montoya, Ivan D., and Charles Haertzen. "Reduction of Psychopathology Among Individuals Participating in Non-Treatment Drug Abuse Residential Studies." Journal of Addictive Diseases 13, no. 2 (March 25, 1994): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j069v13n02_08.

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27

Volkow, N. D., J. S. Fowler, G.-J. Wang, and J. M. Swanson. "Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications." Molecular Psychiatry 9, no. 6 (April 6, 2004): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001507.

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Gillespie, Nathan A., Anjali K. Henders, Tracy A. Davenport, Daniel F. Hermens, Margie J. Wright, Nicholas G. Martin, and Ian B. Hickie. "The Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study: Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence Project—Current Status, Preliminary Results, and Future Directions." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 1 (November 28, 2012): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.111.

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We describe the data being collected from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study in Australia as part of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded project, Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence. The history, recruitment, assessment, and retention of twin families in this project are described in detail, along with preliminary findings and plans for future research. The goal of this NIDA project is to make a significant contribution to the discovery of quantitative trait loci influencing cannabis use disorders. Although the focus is cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in young adults, measures of comorbid illicit drug use disorders are also being collected. In addition, a variety of internalizing and externalizing disorders are being assessed, funded by support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Because these same twins have participated in numerous twin studies since 1992, future plans will include linking different phenotypes to investigate relationships between drug use, psychiatric disorders, and psychological phenotypes within cross-sectional and longitudinal or developmental frameworks.

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Huss, M., and U. Lehmkuhl. "Methylphenidate and substance abuse: A review of pharmacology, animal, and clinical studies." Journal of Attention Disorders 6, no. 1_suppl (April 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370200601s09.

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This article reviews pharmacological, animal, and human evidence regarding the abuse liability of methylphenidate (MPH). Findings are not always consistent, but evidence converges to suggest that although intravenous methylphenidate has some abuse potential, there is very little potential for oral MPH abuse. Furthermore, the available data suggests that children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) who are treated with MPH are at lower risk for substance use disorder later in life. More longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to assess the long term effects of MPH treatment in ADHD.

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Greenwood, Peter W. "Substance Abuse Problems among High-Risk Youth and Potential Interventions." Crime & Delinquency 38, no. 4 (October 1992): 444–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128792038004003.

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Although drug use among teenagers has declined significantly over the past decade, adolescents raised in impoverished urban communities continue to be at high risk for involvement in drug use and sales and for serious delinquency. Such youth often exhibit behavioral problems at school, associate with delinquent peers, have inadequate supervision at home, and are typically not helped by regular school-based drug resistance training programs. Findings from recent longitudinal studies and interactional theory suggest that preventive interventions with such youth must address a wide array of problems and service needs. One of the critical problems facing any program intended to serve such youth is getting them involved.

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Garner, Bryan R., Kevin Knight, Patrick M. Flynn, Janis T. Morey, and D. Dwayne Simpson. "Measuring Offender Attributes and Engagement in Treatment Using the Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment." Criminal Justice and Behavior 34, no. 9 (September 2007): 1113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807304345.

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Monitoring drug-abuse-treatment delivery and progress requires the use of validated instruments to measure client motivation, psychosocial and cognitive functioning, and other treatment-process dynamics. As part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies project for examining client-performance indicators for treatment of correctional populations, this study examined psychometric properties of the Criminal Justice Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CJ CEST). The sample included 3,266 offenders from 26 corrections-based treatment programs located in six states. Overall, the client assessment demonstrated good reliabilities evaluated at the individual and program levels and in test—retest administrations. In addition, evidence for construct validity was favorable. It is concluded that the CJ CEST is a brief yet comprehensive instrument that effectively and efficiently measures client needs and functioning at intake and also is appropriate for use during treatment to monitor progress over time in corrections-based drug-treatment programs.

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Possick, Chaya, and Michal Itzick. "Women’s Experience of Drug Abuse Treatment in a Mixed-Gender Therapeutic Community." Affilia 33, no. 4 (April 16, 2018): 493–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109918766674.

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This qualitative study explores the experience of treatment in a mixed-gender therapeutic community (TC) by Israeli women coping with drug addiction. The vast majority of studies reveal that the techniques used in TCs are designed based on men’s needs. This study focuses on the meanings assigned by women to their experiences within the TC in light of the intersectionality theory and the social construction of gender. The study is based on an interpretative phenomenological approach. Seventeen middle-aged women answered open-ended questionnaires or participated in in-depth interviews. Textual analysis yielded three themes: (1) there’s no place like home—searching for family in the TC; (2) fulfillment and difficulty in intimate relationships in the TC; (3) overall evaluation: mixed-gender TCs are a mixed bag. The discussion focuses on the sociocultural context of women’s treatment in the TC, the male power paradigm, and the individualistic focus that serves as the foundation of the TC approach. The question of how TCs can create safe space for rehabilitating relationships for women is addressed. Finally, implications for policy practice are presented based on the gender-responsive approach.

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Evans, Elizabeth, Debra A. Murphy, Christine E. Grella, Michele Mouttapa, and Yih-Ing Hser. "Regulatory Issues Encountered When Conducting Longitudinal Substance Abuse Research." Journal of Drug Issues 38, no. 4 (October 2008): 1003–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260803800404.

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Our research summarizes challenges unique to obtaining institutional review board (IRB) approval for longitudinal substance abuse research, focusing on solutions and lessons learned. Thirteen senior principal investigators with experience conducting research on substance abuse treatment and health services outcomes recalled instances from the prior five years when obtaining UCLA and non-UCLA IRB approval, which were hampered by differences in the interpretation of regulatory guidelines, and how those differences were resolved. Comprehensive yet flexible research protocols regarding (a) informed and voluntary consent, (b) participant payment, and (c) recontact efforts are essential for securing IRB approval of longitudinal substance abuse studies. Specific examples of lessons learned are provided. These experiences can help researchers provide appropriate and explicit justification for longitudinal substance abuse research protocols, thereby minimizing the burden and cost associated with meeting regulatory requirements as well as enhancing the efficiency, quantity, and quality of data collected.

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Roebuck, M. Christopher, Michael T. French, and A. Thomas McLellan. "DATStats: results from 85 studies using the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program (DATCAP)." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 25, no. 1 (July 2003): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(03)00067-9.

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Hubbard, Robert L., S. Gail Craddock, and Jill Anderson. "Overview of 5-year followup outcomes in the drug abuse treatment outcome studies (DATOS)." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 25, no. 3 (October 2003): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(03)00130-2.

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36

Kristiansen, Patricia L., and Robert L. Hubbard. "Methodological Overview and Research Design for Adolescents in the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Studies." Journal of Adolescent Research 16, no. 6 (November 2001): 545–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558401166002.

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37

Smith, Jeanette, and Stephen Hucker. "Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 1 (July 1994): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.1.13.

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BackgroundRecent research from North America has demonstrated higher than expected rates of drug and alcohol abuse among the seriously mentally ill. Schizophrenics appear to be particularly susceptible to the negative effects of substance abuse. These include psychiatric and social complications, with antisocial behaviour, particularly violence emerging as one of the most worrying features. This review examines the strength of the association and explores the possible explanations for the apparent link between schizophrenia, substance abuse and violence.MethodThe literature was searched using Medline, supplemented with a manual literature search.ResultsVery few articles specifically approached the problem of violence among substance abusing schizophrenics, but over 80 papers were identified which were helpful in exploring the link between dangerous behaviour and substance abuse by schizophrenics.ConclusionsWhile there is circumstantial evidence to support the hypothesis that schizophrenics who abuse drugs or alcohol are at an increased risk of behaving violently, longitudinal studies are required to facilitate a better understanding of the mediating mechanisms.

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Paul, J. P., D. C. Barrett, G. M. Crosby, and R. D. Stall. "Longitudinal changes in alcohol and drug use among men seen at a gay-specific substance abuse treatment agency." Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57, no. 5 (September 1996): 475–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1996.57.475.

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Friedman, Alfred S., and Arlene Utada. "A Method for Diagnosing and Planning the Treatment of Adolescent Drug Abusers (The Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis [ADAD] Instrument)." Journal of Drug Education 19, no. 4 (December 1989): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/xbu5-9mab-c2r5-0m96.

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There is a need for a diagnostic method and an instrument appropriate for adolescent drug abuse clients, that permits the assignment of clients to the most appropriate treatment setting, provides the basis for individualized treatment planning, and facilitates comparability across research studies. The development of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD), a 150-item instrument with a structured interview format, modeled after the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) (which is for adults), is described. The ADAD produces a broad-spectrum comprehensive evaluation of the client, the interviewer's ten-point severity ratings, and composite scores for each of nine life problem areas that are often relevant to the treatment needs of adolescent drug abuse clients. A series of validity and reliability tests are described. The characteristics of the standardization sample ( N = 1,042), and the comparison of the characteristics of the three subsamples (outpatient, residential or non-hospital, and inpatient) are also presented.

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Morgen, Keith, Janetta Astone-Twerell, Ted Hernitche, Lauren Gunneson, and Kaitlyn Santangelo. "Health-Related Quality of Life Among Substance Abusers in Residential Drug Abuse Treatment." Applied Research in Quality of Life 2, no. 4 (December 2007): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11482-008-9040-z.

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BAKER, DAVID B., KEVIN KNIGHT, and D. DWAYNE SIMPSON. "Identifying Probationers with Adhd-Related Behaviors in a Drug Abuse Treatment Setting." Criminal Justice and Behavior 22, no. 1 (March 1995): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854895022001003.

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Increasing recognition is being given to the manifestations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood. Prospective studies have indicated that many children diagnosed with ADHD continue to have symptoms of the disorder. These often are associated with antisocial behaviors, suggesting that ADHD may be an undetected and untreated root cause of these behaviors. In the present study, indicators of ADHD were examined in a population of probationers in a court-referred drug abuse treatment setting. The results showed that 31% had symptoms indicative of ADHD and that these symptoms were associated with self-reported measures of arrest history, aggressive behavior, drug use, family atmosphere, and family mental health.

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Kim, Jin Woo, Evan Morgan, and Brendan Nyhan. "Treatment versus Punishment: Understanding Racial Inequalities in Drug Policy." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 45, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8004850.

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Abstract Context: Many observers believe that the policy response to the opioid crisis is less punitive than the crack scare and that the reason is that victims are (stereotypically) white. Methods: To assess this conjecture, we compile new longitudinal data on district-level drug-related deaths and (co)sponsorship of legislation on drug abuse in the House of Representatives over the past four decades. Using legislator fixed effects models, we then test how changes in drug-related death rates in legislators' districts predict changes in (co)sponsorship of treatment-oriented or punitive legislation in the subsequent year and assess whether these relationships vary by race of victim or drug type. Findings: Policy makers were more likely to introduce punitive drug-related bills during the crack scare and are more likely to introduce treatment-oriented bills during the current opioid crisis. The relationship between district-level drug deaths and subsequent sponsorship of treatment-oriented legislation is greater for opioid deaths than for cocaine-related deaths and for white victims than for black victims. By contrast, district-level drug deaths are not significantly related to sponsorship of punishment-oriented bills. Conclusions: These results suggest that the racial inequalities and double standards of drug policy still persist but in different forms.

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Zschucke, Elisabeth, Andreas Heinz, and Andreas Ströhle. "Exercise and Physical Activity in the Therapy of Substance Use Disorders." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/901741.

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Exercise and physical activity are constantly gaining attention as adjuvant treatment for substance use disorders, supplementing classical pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches. The present work reviews studies addressing the therapeutic effects of exercise in alcohol abuse/dependence, nicotine abuse/dependence, and illicit drug abuse/dependence. In the field of smoking cessation, evidence is strong for exercise as an effective adjuvant treatment, whereas no generalizable and methodologically strong studies have been published for alcohol and drug treatment so far, allowing only preliminary conclusions about the effectiveness of exercise in these disorders. A couple of potential mechanisms are discussed, by which exercise may act as an effective treatment, as well as future directions for studies investigating exercise as a treatment strategy for substance use disorders.

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Lucas, Gregory M., Kelly A. Gebo, Richard E. Chaisson, and Richard D. Moore. "Longitudinal assessment of the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on HIV-1 treatment outcomes in an urban clinic." AIDS 16, no. 5 (March 2002): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200203290-00012.

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Hiller, Matthew L., Kirk M. Broome, Kevin Knight, and D. Dwayne Simpson. "Measuring Self-Efficacy among Drug-Involved Probationers." Psychological Reports 86, no. 2 (April 2000): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.529.

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Self-efficacy has been shown to be related to outcomes from interventions for alcohol and tobacco abuse but relatively little attention has been focused on it in evaluations of treatment for illicit drug abuse. Almost no research has examined offenders involved with drugs. The current study, therefore, adapted the Alcohol Abstinence Self-efficacy Scale of DiClemente, Carbonari, Montgomery, and Hughes and administered it to 250 probationers mandated to 6 months of residential treatment. With some modifications, confirmatory factory models replicated four previously reported dimensions, e.g., Negative Affect, Social/Positive, Physical and Other Concerns, Cravings and Urges. Findings also indicated high construct validity for the Alcohol Abstinence Self-efficacy Scale as adapted here. Studies are needed to examine the use of self-efficacy as a prospective measure of treatment progress and to explore its association with outcomes from corrections-based treatment.

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Abadi, Melissa Harris, Stephen R. Shamblen, Matthew Courser, Knowlton W. Johnson, Kirsten Thompson, Linda Young, and Thom Browne. "Gender differences in Afghan drug-abuse treatment: an assessment of treatment entry characteristics, dropout, and outcomes." Ethnicity & Health 20, no. 5 (June 12, 2014): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2014.921898.

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PEARSON, FRANK S., and DOUGLAS S. LIPTON. "A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Corrections-Based Treatments for Drug Abuse." Prison Journal 79, no. 4 (December 1999): 384–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885599079004003.

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The Correctional Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness project obtained and coded evaluation research studies (unpublished as well as published) of treatment/intervention programs reported from 1968 to 1996. Meta-analysis was used to examine evidence for their effectiveness in reducing recidivism for incarcerated offenders who are drug abusers. Results supported the effectiveness of therapeutic community programs but not of boot camps and drug-focused group counseling. Evaluations of other interventions were based on too few studies to draw strong conclusions, but promising treatments that warrant further attention include use of methadone maintenance treatment, substance abuse education, 12-step programs, and cognitive behavioral therapy for offender populations.

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Compton, Wilson M. "Applying a Public Health Approach to Drug Abuse Research." Journal of Drug Issues 35, no. 3 (July 2005): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260503500302.

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Applying a public health perspective to drug abuse research has far-reaching implications. First, the health of the entire community is of concern, not just the individual patient. Because of the social impact of drug abuse, these problems become the responsibility of all citizens to address. Second, the perspective requires treating drug abuse as a health issue, not as a criminal justice, moral, or social issue. Third, as in other branches of medicine, applying this perspective to drug abuse research will encourage development of the most effective ways to enhance drug abuse prevention and treatment interventions through cross-disciplinary approaches. The public health approach requires studies that (1) determine need for intervention; (2) provide clues about etiology; (3) determine effective approaches, systems, and financing strategies; and (4) measure the impact of interventions and services on the health of a population. Overall, attending to the public health implications of research will help to assure the maximum impact of scientific findings.

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Roman, Paul M., Amanda J. Abraham, Tanja C. Rothrauff, and Hannah K. Knudsen. "A longitudinal study of organizational formation, innovation adoption, and dissemination activities within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network." Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 38 (June 2010): S44—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2009.12.008.

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Siegal, Harvey A., Richard C. Rapp, Li Li, Pranjit Saha, and Karen D. Kirk. "The Role of Case Management in Retaining Clients in Substance Abuse Treatment: An Exploratory Analysis." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 4 (October 1997): 821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700410.

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The positive relationship between time spent in substance-abuse treatment and improved outcomes has led to a significant interest in interventions that encourage substance abusers to remain in treatment. Case management has been tested for its role in both encouraging continued participation and directly affecting desired outcomes. This article reports findings from an ongoing longitudinal study that randomly assigned over 600 substance abusers entering treatment to one of two groups, either: (1) usual primary and aftercare drug treatment services or (2) usual services and an enhancement of strengths-based case management. A cluster analytic technique was used to identify patterns of participation in post-primary treatment, i.e., aftercare and case management, among those substance abusers in the enhanced group. Three distinct clusters emerge that suggest a prominent role for this model of case management as either an adjunct or an alternative to conventional treatment.

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