Academic literature on the topic 'Drug adulteration'

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Journal articles on the topic "Drug adulteration"

1

Capetti, Francesca, Arianna Marengo, Cecilia Cagliero, et al. "Adulteration of Essential Oils: A Multitask Issue for Quality Control. Three Case Studies: Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck and Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel." Molecules 26, no. 18 (2021): 5610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185610.

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The quality control of essential oils (EO) principally aims at revealing the presence of adulterations and at quantifying compounds that are limited by law by evaluating EO chemical compositions, usually in terms of the normalised relative abundance of selected markers, for comparison to reference values reported in pharmacopoeias and/or international norms. Common adulterations of EO consist of the addition of cheaper EO or synthetic materials. This adulteration can be detected by calculating the percent normalised areas of selected markers or the enantiomeric composition of chiral components. The dilution of the EO with vegetable oils is another type of adulteration. This adulteration is quite devious, as it modifies neither the qualitative composition of the resulting EO nor the marker’s normalised percentage abundance, which is no longer diagnostic, and an absolute quantitative analysis is required. This study aims at verifying the application of the two above approaches (i.e., normalised relative abundance and absolute quantitation) to detect EO adulterations, with examples involving selected commercial EO (lavender, bergamot and tea tree) adulterated with synthetic components, EO of different origin and lower economical values and heavy vegetable oils. The results show that absolute quantitation is necessary to highlight adulteration with heavy vegetable oils, providing that a reference quantitative profile is available.
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2

Dooguri Vijaya Lakshmi, K. Chaitanya Prasad, K. Nagasree, and Y. Sirisha. "Current trends in regulatory actions against misbranding and adulteration." International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences and Clinical Research 11, no. 4 (2023): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.61096/ijamscr.v11.iss4.2023.420-426.

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Adulteration has led to many mild, moderate, severe adverse reactions in our body. They Can Be Life Threatening as Well. Adulteration Is Done with The Use of Other Crude Drugs Which Consists of Similar Properties. Every country is the victim of misbranded or adulterated drugs, which result in life threatening issues, financial loss of consumer and manufacturer and loss in trust on health system. For minimizing adulterated and misbranding drugs or not of standard quality drugs, there is urgent requirement of more stringent regulation and legal action against the problem. The adulteration and substitution of crude drug is a burning problem. substitution is helpful in places where unavailability of particular crude drug and or unwanted adverse effects of desired crude drug are there and have a choice of other drug with similar pharmacological effect and less unwanted after effects. But in most cases, it is unacceptable because the conversion of authentic drug into substandard drug may cause variety of adverse effects from mild and moderate to severe life threatening reactions. So, understanding of all the ways of adulteration and substitution is necessary to rectify this illegal act and maximizing consumers' safety. However, India has taken some preventive steps in the country to fight against the poor quality of regulatory organization drugs for protecting and promoting the public health.
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3

Wu, Alan HB, Ben Bristol, Karen Sexton, Gina Cassella-McLane, Verena Holtman, and Dennis W. Hill. "Adulteration of Urine by “Urine Luck”." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 7 (1999): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.7.1051.

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Abstract Background: In vitro adulterants are used to invalidate assays for urine drugs of abuse. The present study examined the effect of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) found in the product “Urine Luck”. Methods: PCC was prepared and added to positive urine controls at concentrations of 0, 10, 50, and 100 g/L. The controls were assayed for methamphetamine, benzoylecgonine (BE), codeine and morphine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and phencyclidine (PCP) with the Emit II (Syva) and Abuscreen Online (Roche) immunoassays, and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Two tests were also developed to detect PCC in urine: a spot test to detect chromate ions using 10 g/L 1,5-diphenylcarbazide as the indicator, and a GC/MS assay for pyridine. We tested 150 samples submitted for routine urinalysis, compliance, and workplace drug testing for PCC, using these assays. Results: Response rates decreased at 100 g/L PCC for all Emit II drug assays and for the Abuscreen morphine and THC assays. In contrast, the Abuscreen amphetamine assay produced apparently higher results, and no effect was seen on the results for BE or PCP. The PCC did not affect the GC/MS recovery of methamphetamine, BE, PCP, or their deuterated internal standards, but decreased GC/MS recovery of the opiates at both intermediate (50 g/L) and high (100 g/L) PCC concentrations and apparent concentrations of THC and THC-d3 at all PCC concentrations. Two of 50 samples submitted for workplace drug testing under chain-of-custody conditions were positive for PCC, whereas none of the remaining 100 specimens submitted for routine urinalysis or compliance drug testing were positive. Conclusions: PCC is an effective adulterant for urine drug testing of THC and opiates. Identification of PCC use can be accomplished with use of a spot test for the oxidant.
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4

Walkowiak, Agata, Kacper Wnuk, Michał Cyrankiewicz, and Bogumiła Kupcewicz. "Discrimination of Adulterated Ginkgo Biloba Products Based on 2T2D Correlation Spectroscopy in UV-Vis Range." Molecules 27, no. 2 (2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020433.

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Ginkgo biloba is a popular medicinal plant widely used in numerous herbal products, including food supplements. Due to its popularity and growing economic value, G. biloba leaf extract has become the target of economically motivated adulterations. There are many reports about the poor quality of ginkgo products and their adulteration, mainly by adding flavonols, flavonol glycosides, or extracts from other plants. In this work, we developed an approach using two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2T2D COS) in UV-Vis range combined with multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) to detect potential adulteration of twenty G. biloba food supplements. UV-Vis spectral data are obtained for 80% methanol and aqueous extracts in the range of 245–410 nm. Three series of two-dimensional correlation spectra were interpreted by visual inspection and using MPCA. The proposed relatively quick and straightforward approach successfully differentiated supplements adulterated with rutin or those lacking ginkgo leaf extract. Supporting information about adulteration was obtained from the difference between the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of both extracts and from chromatographic (HPLC-DAD) fingerprints of methanolic samples.
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5

Mikkelsen, S. L., and K. O. Ash. "Adulterants causing false negatives in illicit drug testing." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 11 (1988): 2333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.11.2333.

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Abstract Illicit-drug users may attempt to falsify results by in vitro adulteration of specimens. We investigated eight additives (NaCl, Visine, handsoap, Drano, bleach, vinegar, golden-seal tea, and lemon juice) claimed by drug users to invalidate enzyme immunoassay (EIA) drug assays. We also analyzed adulterated urine specimens to determine if they could be identified, adding adulterants at several concentrations to 222 EIA-positive specimens confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to contain illicit drugs. To identify adulterated urines, we monitored pH, relative density, and urine color and turbidity at adulterant concentrations that falsified EIA results. Specimens contaminated with NaCl had relative densities greater than 1.035. Liquid Drano, bleach, and vinegar shifted urine pH outside the physiological range. Golden-seal tea caused a dark appearance, and specimens containing liquid soap were unusually cloudy. Lemon juice had no effect on the assays. Visine was the only adulterant not detected. The adulterants interfered somewhat differently with each of the drug assays. EIA assays for illicit drugs can be invalidated by specimen adulteration producing false-negative results. Therefore, if urine drug testing is to be conducted, pH, relative density, and appearance should be assessed and suspect specimens should be rejected. Not all adulterants can be detected, so observed collection is strongly recommended.
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6

Matriciani, Barbara, Bernd Huppertz, Ruprecht Keller, and Ralf Weiskirchen. "False-negative results in the immunoassay analysis of drugs of abuse: can adulterants be detected by sample check test?" Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 55, no. 3 (2017): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563217725089.

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Background The dilution or adulteration of urine is a serious problem in drugs of abuse testing. Tests to identify adulteration are currently available. This study investigated the ability of the CEDIA® sample check to detect adulteration. Methods Eight different drugs of abuse were added to a urine sample obtained from a healthy, drug-free subject: 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, benzoylecgonine, D-amphetamine sulphate, ethyl-D-glucuronide, morphine sulphate, oxazepam, (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Urine samples were diluted to yield three samples of drugs of abuse concentrations close to general cut-offs as used in methadone treatment centres, by health authorities for psychological tests and in traffic medicine. Aspirin, citric acid, CrO3, H2O2, soap, sodium metaborate, vitamin C were added in three, HCl and NaOH in one, and NaN3 in two concentrations. All samples were measured with commercially available immunological assays shortly after sample preparation and 24 h later. All samples were further analysed with the CEDIA® sample check reaction which may identify adulteration. Results Oxidizing reagents (H2O2 or CrO3) are most effective in interfering in the measurement of benzoylecgonine, EDDP, ethyl-D-glucuronide and morphine sulphate. The measurement of (-)-11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol is affected by many adulterants. Adulteration with HCl and NaOH was identified with the sample check reaction. NaN3 generated false negative results for a number of drugs of abuse. Conclusions Urine samples with drugs of abuse concentrations above cut-offs can be successfully tampered with adulterants in a way which cannot be detected with the CEDIA® sample check assay.
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7

Mehfooz, Sumera, Imtiyaz Ahmad Mir, Abdul Wadood, and Hamidudin Hamidudin. "Physiochemical Standardization of Kushta Nella-Tutia: A Versatile Drug." Journal of Medical Research and Surgery 1, no. 2 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52916/jmrs204010.

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Introduction: Kushta Nella-Tutia has a wide range of Pharmacological actions in Unani system of medicine. It is used both internally as well as externally. In Unani system of medicine, it is commonly used for Qatil e-deedane-am’a (Anthelmintic), Mundamil qurooh (Healing of wound), Aatishak (syphilis), Juzam (leprosy), Qarha asir al indimal (Indolent ulcers), Nawasir nafidha (Fistula). Methods: Kushta Nella-Tutia has been evaluated by using classical, organoleptic and physicochemical tests. The methodology was followed according to the protocol of ASU drugs. Results: Physiochemical results revealed that Kushta Nella-Tutia is Black in color, odorless, lusterless, tasteless and soluble in organic solvents, but insoluble in water and all the physiochemical standards were set. Conclusion: The present study has provided evidence-based scientifically validated data for the standardization of Kushta Nella-Tutia and will serve as a useful tool to minimize adulteration and substitution of Kushta Nella-Tutia. The standardization of herbal drugs is very important for quality control. it improves the efficacy and safety of the drug. Physiochemical results of Kushta Nella-Tutia will serve as a reference standard for identification in the future and the intern will prevent adulteration and improve the quality, identity, and purity of the drug.
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8

Kuzhiumparambil, Unnikrishnan, Shimpei Watanabe, and Shanlin Fu. "Oxidation of testosterone by permanganate and its implication in sports drug testing." New Journal of Chemistry 39, no. 3 (2015): 1597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj01478b.

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9

Malet-Martino, M. "Adulteration of dietary supplements with drugs and drug analogs: What makes NMR?" Toxicology Letters 259 (October 2016): S57—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.07.140.

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10

kumari, Arti, Vivek kumar Thakur, and C. B. Singh. "ADULTERATION AND SUBSTITUTION OF CRUDE DRUGS." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 11, no. 9 (2023): 2212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj0611092023.

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Herbs are one of the effective sources of Ayurvedic & other traditional medicine as well as modern medicine. Sharangdhar Samhita (an ancient Ayurvedic literature in 1300 AD.) Introduce the concept of “polyherbal” which comprises combined herbal drug formulation with another ingredient. Polyherbal formulations were used to cure various human ailments from many centuries. These are a collection of various herbs & minerals that are pro-cessed to detoxify its toxicity and thus act as medicine which is used therapeutically. In today’s scenario where whole world is looking towards Ayurveda & Ayurvedic medicines for the treatment of ailment the treatment of the disease, this increases the demand for raw materials exponentially. However, production growth is still linear and is not sufficient to fulfil the required demand. Rapid depletion of natural resources creates major problems and also a big reason for adulteration & substitution. This Adulteration & substitution are a burning problem in Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical industry that threatens the integrity of Ayurvedic system of medicine. Therefore, an understanding of all way of adulteration & substitution is needed. This will be discussed in detail in the full pa-per along with rules & regulations mentioned in Drug & Cosmetic act and the rules between 1940 & 1945 to amend this illegal act and maximize consumer safety.
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