Journal articles: 'Drug- and alcohol addiction'

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Chaikin, Elizabeth. "Drug and Alcohol Addiction." Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 19, no. 4 (June 1987): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00450618709410742.

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Schoffelmeer, A. N. M., L. J. M. J. Vanderschuren, A. H. Mulder, E. H. Jacobs, and T. J. De Vries. "Relapse to drug and alcohol use: a matter of sensitization." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800035766.

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SUMMARYRepeated exposure of rats to cocaine, amphetamine, opiates, nicotine and alcohol causes a very long-lasting (months) increase in the behavioral effects of these addictive drugs and drug-associated environmental stimuli (sensitization). This hypersensitivity is associated with persistent changes in the reactivity of neurons of the motivational (mesocorticolim-bic) system in the brain. Using an animal model for relapse, recent studies in our laboratory show that relapse to drug-seeking behavior (following extinction of intravenous cocaine or heroin self-administration) depends on the occurrence of sensitization. Accordingly, sensitization and conditioning seem to be more important for the persistence of drug and alcohol addiction then the occurrence of withdrawal phenomena. Biochemical research on the molecular and cellular basis of behavioral sensitization and behavioral studies on readjustment of stimulus responsiveness in rats, is of great importance for the development of an adequate pharmacotherapy of addiction.

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Peele, Stanton. "A Moral Vision of Addiction: How People's Values Determine Whether They Become and Remain Addicts." Journal of Drug Issues 17, no. 2 (April 1987): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268701700205.

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Contemporary theories of addiction of all stripes rule out faulty values as a cause of addiction. Yet evidence from cross-cultural, ethnic, and social-class research, laboratory study of addictive behavior, and natural history and field investigations of addiction indicate the importance of value orientations in the development and expression of addictive behaviors, including drug and alcohol addiction, smoking, and compulsive eating. Furthermore, the rejection of moral considerations in addiction deprives us of our most powerful weapons against addiction and contributes to our current addiction binge. The disease myth of addiction in particular attacks the assumption of essential moral responsibility for people's drug use and related behavior, an assumption that we instead ought to be encouraging.

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Antonio, Nelson, Alessandra Diehl, Marcelo Niel, Sandra Pillon, Lilian Ratto, Maria Carolina Pinheiro, Dartiu Silveira, et al. "Sexual addiction in drug addicts: The impact of drug of choice and poly-addiction." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 63, no. 5 (May 2017): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.63.05.414.

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Summary Objective: To compare the risk of comorbid sexual addiction in a sample of individuals with a diagnosis of substance dependence, stratifying the sample by drug of choice as well as by mono versus polysubstance addiction. Method: All data were collected at Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil. The study sample comprised all alcohol or drug dependents admitted to the Addiction Treatment Unit between November 2013 and August 2014. A generalized linear model with a binomial distribution was performed to compare the odds of having a Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) score greater than 6 points in the subgroups analyzed. Results: A total of 133 participants were included in our analysis, all reporting cocaine/crack and/or alcohol as drug of choice. Polysubstance addicts had a significant higher risk of a positive screening for sexual addiction compared to monosubstance addicts, age-sex adjusted odds ratios of sexual addiction being respectively 2.72 (95CI 1.1-6.71) and 0.37 (95CI 0.15-0.91). The odds of a SAST score greater than 6 was not statistically different between the cocaine/crack and alcohol groups, respectively 0.38 (95CI 0.14-1.02) and 2.67 (95CI 0.98-7.25). We found a significant relation between stronger drug addiction and greater levels of sexual addiction in the cocaine/crack group (p=0.0012), but not in the alcohol group. Conclusion: Our study reinforces the importance of assessing sexual behavior of drug addicts in clinical practice, especially considering users of multiple substances or with severe dependence.

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Luty, Jason. "Drug and alcohol addiction: new pharmacotherapies." BJPsych Advances 21, no. 1 (January 2015): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.013367.

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SummaryOver the past decade, important research has been performed into the therapeutic use of dihydrocodeine, injectable opioids (diamorphine) and supervised disulfiram in addiction treatment. There have also been interesting developments regarding baclofen for alcohol problems and use of stimulants in adult Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, evidence for the effectiveness of medication to promote alcohol abstinence remains modest at best.

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Shazzad, Md Nahiduzzamane, Syed Jamil Abdal, Muhammad Shoaib Momen Majumder, Jahangir ul Alam Sohel, Syed Mohammad Monowar Ali, and Shamim Ahmed. "Drug Addiction in Bangladesh and its Effect." Medicine Today 25, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17927.

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Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. There are a lot of effects of drug addiction to the economy, society, and family. Drug addiction affects individual's physical and mental health. Drug addicts are burden for a family and society. It is a great challenge for all nations of the world to prevent drug addiction. This article reviews the effects of drug addiction in details. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17927 Medicine Today 2013 Vol.25(2): 84-89

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Luty, Jason. "Drug and alcohol addiction: new challenges." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 20, no. 6 (November 2014): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.012583.

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SummaryThere have been many developments in addiction psychiatry over the past decade. Some of these are political, such as preference for recovery-/ abstinence-based programmes. Prohibition is becoming increasingly unrealistic, especially considering the effective legalisation of recreational cannabis in Uruguay and two US states. Legal highs and diversion of prescribed drugs (such as methadone, gabapentinoids, methylphenidate and benzodiazepines) are now a major problem. Furthermore, diversion of opioid drugs that are prescribed for pain is reaching epidemic proportions, causing a significant change in the nature of patients being referred to addiction services.Learning Objectives•Be aware of political issues regarding abstinence-based treatment and prohibition.•Be aware of risks and increased prevalence of diversion of drugs of misuse, especially opioid pain killers, gabapentinoids and benzodiazepines.•Update knowledge of problems with methadone such as cardiac arrhythmias and diversion.

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Karkoulias, Kiriakos, Haralampos Tsitsaras, Dimitrios Patouchas, Fotis Sampsonas, Dimostenis Likouras, Alexander Kaparianos, and Kostas Spiropoulos. "The alcoholic lung disease: Historical background and clinical features." Medicina 44, no. 9 (October 22, 2007): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina44090084.

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The purpose of this review article is to prove the damage that alcohol causes to the respiratory system. We will make a brief review of alcohols history in the course of the centuries till nowadays. The problem of addiction to alcohol (alcoholism) will be examined for several countries. Alcohol’s metabolism is another topic to be discussed parallel to its pharmacological action. In addition, alcohol’s impact on the respiratory system varies from damaging the mucociliary system to the regulation of breathing and from the sleep apnea syndrome to diffusion disorders. “Alcoholic lung disease” constitutes a syndrome despite the fact that the damage of the lung due to concurrent smoking and drug use is often indistinguishable.

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Amiri, Mohammad, Ahmad Khosravi, Reza Chaman, Zakieh Sadeghi, Elham Sadeghi, and Mehdi Raei. "Addiction Potential and its Correlates Among Medical Students." Open Public Health Journal 14, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010032.

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Background:Drug dependency can be seen in all occupations, educational levels, and socioeconomic classes, and it is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the addiction potential status and its correlates among medical students.Methods:In 2019, a total of 500 students were selected randomly from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and asked to complete Addiction Potential Scale and Attitude to Addiction Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model at the significant level of 0.05.Results:The mean score of addiction potential was 32.7±17.2. In the majority of the students (62.8%), the addiction potential status was low. Most of the students (66.8%) had used no tobacco or addictive substance. There was a significant relationship between addiction potentialwithgender, marital status, student's current place of residence, student's economic status, student's economic activity, along with education and semester (P≤0.05). In the regression model, 6 predictor factors of the knowledge and awareness of drugs, tendency to use drugs, field of study, history of drug use, alcohol and smoking history had significant relationships with potential addiction (P≤0.05).Conclusion:Given the relationship between potential addiction score and drug use tendency and noting that more than one-third of students had moderate and high drug addiction, more attention to this issue and interventional measures can be effective in reducing the tendency to drug abuse, and control of drug abuse.

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Day, Ed, and Iain Smith. "Literary and biographical perspectives on substance use." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 1 (January 2003): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.1.62.

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This article attempts to give a flavour of the influence that psychoactive substances have had on many authors and the literary process. It explores the idea of the narrative as it is applied to addictive disorders and gives a range of examples of writing about different substances that might enhance the reader's knowledge of current drug culture. The portrayal in literature of doctors with addictions is presented as a warning against the development of such problems in psychiatrists. The authors hope to have demonstrated that literature can be a valuable tool in understanding the experience of drug and alcohol use and addiction.

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Farrugia, Adrian, and Suzanne Fraser. "Prehending Addiction: Alcohol and Other Drug Professionals’ Encounters With “New” Addictions." Qualitative Health Research 27, no. 13 (November 2017): 2042–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732317731539.

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Silva, Carlos Franclim, Paula Rocha, and Paulo Santos. "Consumption of licit and illicit substances in Portuguese young people: a population-based cross-sectional study." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 8 (July 12, 2018): 3042–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518767588.

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Background The consumption of addictive substances is common in adolescence and raises concerns about future addiction. We investigated addictive substance consumption among young people to inform the design of drug intervention programmes. Methods Participants were a population-based sample of 14- to 24-year-olds from Paredes, northern Portugal. A self-report questionnaire measured social and health variables, including tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug consumption. Results Data were analysed for 731 valid responses. Participants who had drunk alcohol did so first at 14.7 years (mean); 15.3% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 12.9–18.1) drank alcohol regularly (more than 1/week, adjusted for age and sex) (95% CI: 12.9–18.1). Participants who had smoked tobacco did so first at 14.8 years (mean); 16.6% (95% CI: 14.0–19.5) were regular smokers. Illicit drug consumption was reported by 16.7% of participants (95% CI: 14.2–19.6) and 10.4% consumed drugs regularly. Conclusion We found a high prevalence of addictive substance consumption, particularly alcohol. As cultural attitudes likely influence alcohol consumption, a multigenerational approach is needed to address adolescent consumption. Participants’ main sources of drug information were family members. Strategies are needed to promote drug literacy in parents and other relatives to change adolescents’ culturally acquired habits of addictive substance consumption.

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Odraskova, Barbora, Michal Kozubík, and Lukas Odraska. "YOUNGSTER’S ATTITUDES TO SCHOOL-BASED PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOCUSED ON DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 22, 2016): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.774.

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paper focuses on primary prevention of drug addiction, in particular the primary prevention programs implemented in school environments. It contains the results of a quantitative research conducted using a non-standardized questionnaire method. The study objective was to identify differences in attitudes of a group of pupils towards the issue of drug addiction before and after they completed the school-based prevention program. The study found that after completing the school-based prevention program there was improvement in attitudes towards the issue of drug addiction in the specific group of pupils. The number of appropriate answers to the question “Alcohol makes people happy” increased by 18.82 %. respondents (62.70%) disagreed that they would adapt themselves if their opinion differed to the majority. The number of positive answers to the question “Smoking is addictive” increased by 13.66%; the number of positive answers to the question “Drinking alcohol is harmful” increased by 24.93%; and all respondents agreed with the statement that smoking threatens health.

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Ifabumuyi, O. I. "Alcohol and drug addiction in northern Nigeria." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 73, no. 5 (May 1986): 479–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02714.x.

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Miller, Norman S. "Drug and Alcohol Addiction as a Disease." Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 8, no. 4 (April 27, 1992): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j020v08n04_04.

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Schank, Jesse R. "Neurokinin receptors in drug and alcohol addiction." Brain Research 1734 (May 2020): 146729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146729.

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Hodgson, K., L. Almasy, E. E. M. Knowles, J. W. Kent, J. E. Curran, T. D. Dyer, H. H. H. Göring, et al. "Genome-wide significant loci for addiction and anxiety." European Psychiatry 36 (August 2016): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.03.004.

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AbstractBackgroundPsychiatric comorbidity is common among individuals with addictive disorders, with patients frequently suffering from anxiety disorders. While the genetic architecture of comorbid addictive and anxiety disorders remains unclear, elucidating the genes involved could provide important insights into the underlying etiology.MethodsHere we examine a sample of 1284 Mexican-Americans from randomly selected extended pedigrees. Variance decomposition methods were used to examine the role of genetics in addiction phenotypes (lifetime history of alcohol dependence, drug dependence or chronic smoking) and various forms of clinically relevant anxiety. Genome-wide univariate and bivariate linkage scans were conducted to localize the chromosomal regions influencing these traits.ResultsAddiction phenotypes and anxiety were shown to be heritable and univariate genome-wide linkage scans revealed significant quantitative trait loci for drug dependence (14q13.2-q21.2, LOD = 3.322) and a broad anxiety phenotype (12q24.32-q24.33, LOD = 2.918). Significant positive genetic correlations were observed between anxiety and each of the addiction subtypes (ρg = 0.550–0.655) and further investigation with bivariate linkage analyses identified significant pleiotropic signals for alcohol dependence-anxiety (9q33.1-q33.2, LOD = 3.054) and drug dependence-anxiety (18p11.23-p11.22, LOD = 3.425).ConclusionsThis study confirms the shared genetic underpinnings of addiction and anxiety and identifies genomic loci involved in the etiology of these comorbid disorders. The linkage signal for anxiety on 12q24 spans the location of TMEM132D, an emerging gene of interest from previous GWAS of anxiety traits, whilst the bivariate linkage signal identified for anxiety-alcohol on 9q33 peak coincides with a region where rare CNVs have been associated with psychiatric disorders. Other signals identified implicate novel regions of the genome in addiction genetics.

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Canabarro, Rita de Cássia dos Santos, and Marta Regina de Leão D'Agord. "Drug addiction and social discourses." Revista Latinoamericana de Psicopatologia Fundamental 15, no. 3 (September 2012): 482–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47142012000300003.

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This article analyzes the various discursive positions found in the phenomenon of addiction. The relations these discursive positions establish with the discourses of the master, the hysteric, the university and the capitalist are discussed. By analyzing material from clinical listening at a public outpatient drug and alcohol rehab center, it was seen that addiction can be described in different discourses. This article shows that the shift of focus from the symptom to the discursive position of the subject is an indicator for the clinical treatment of addiction.

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Sulkunen, Pekka. "The images theory of addiction." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.191.

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Sulkunen, P. (2015). The images theory of addiction. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 5-11. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.191In everyday language, addiction usually refers to a strong desire that drives people to continue habitual behaviour despite acknowledged harm and their own will to quit. Many theorists and practitioners have long rejected the concept because of its tendency to individualize problem behavior, to focus on treatment rather than prevention, and to limit harmful consequences unduly to a selected group of users. There is no commonly accepted etiology of, or evidence-based treatment for, the condition, and diagnostic definitions are based on syndromes only. This article argues that the objections are not valid if we understand addiction as a generic concept, defined in terms of characteristics shared by several specific types, of which some are called prototypes. Addictions involve neurological adaptations but are not caused by them. They always emerge from culturally regulated behaviours, they are processes rather than on-off conditions, and involve types and pathways that depend on the social conditions in which they evolve. Addicted and normal uses are closely related and governed by images that define the functions, norms, meanings and use-values of the behavior. These will be transformed as addictions develop. The Images Theory of Addiction opens the way to understanding cultural variations in the addictive process, as well as to identify particularly risky images of potentially addictive behaviors. The theory is illustrated with examples from recent comparative studies.

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Burduli, Ekaterina, Jordan Skalisky, Katherine Hirchak, Michael F. Orr, Albert Foote, Alexandria Granbois, Richard Ries, et al. "Contingency management intervention targeting co-addiction of alcohol and drugs among American Indian adults: Design, methodology, and baseline data." Clinical Trials 15, no. 6 (August 29, 2018): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1740774518796151.

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Background/Aims American Indian adults have some of the highest alcohol abstinence rates compared to the overall US population. Despite this, many American Indian people are more likely to concurrently use alcohol and illicit drugs and are less likely to participate and remain in outpatient treatment for alcohol and other drug use compared to the general US population. There is limited knowledge about effective interventions targeting alcohol and drug co-addiction among American Indian adults. Contingency management is a behavioral intervention designed to increase drug abstinence by offering monetary incentives in exchange for drug and alcohol negative urine samples. We aim to evaluate and describe a culturally tailored contingency management intervention to increase alcohol and other drug abstinence among American Indian adults residing in a Northern Plains reservation. Methods This 2 × 2 factorial, randomized controlled trial currently includes 114 American Indian adults with alcohol and/or drug dependence who are seeking treatment. Participants were randomized into one of four groups that received (1) contingency management for alcohol, (2) contingency management for other drug, (3) contingency management for both substances, or (4) no contingency management for either substance. We present descriptive, baseline data to characterize the sample and describe the modified contingency management approach that is specific to the community wherein this trial was being conducted. Results The sample is 49.1% male, with an average age of 35.8 years (standard deviation = 10.4 years). At baseline, 43.0% of the sample tested positive for ethyl glucuronide, 50.9% of participants self-reported methamphetamine as their most used drug, 36.8% self-reported cannabis, and 12.3% self-reported prescription opiates as their most used drug. Among randomized participants, 47.4% tested positive for cannabis, 28.1% tested positive for methamphetamine, 16.7% tested positive for amphetamines, and 2.1% tested positive for opiates. Conclusion This is the first study to examine a culturally tailored contingency management intervention targeting co-addiction of two substances among American Indian adults. By establishing a tribal–university partnership to adapt, implement, and evaluate contingency management, we will increase the literature on evidence-based addiction treatments and research, while improving trust for addiction interventions among American Indian communities through ongoing collaboration. Moreover, results have implications for the use of contingency management as an intervention for co-addiction in any population.

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Logan, Frank A. "Animal Learning and Motivation and Addictive Drugs." Psychological Reports 73, no. 1 (August 1993): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.291.

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Highlights of a systematic analysis of the abstracts of over 1700 publications dealing with addictive drugs (primarily alcohol) in the context of animal learning and motivation are summarized under two main headings. The behavioral effects of drugs vary with the nature of the drug, the dosage, and the behavioral baseline; behavioral tolerance frequently results from continued practice in the drug state. The paradigmatic effects show that drugs can function effectively as conditional stimuli, unconditional stimuli, responses, and reinforcers. As a result, drug habits develop their own motivational support, leading to conditioned tolerance and conditioned addiction. It is contended that principles of animal behavior can provide a basis for a theory of human drug use and abuse, but that voluntary control of addictive behavior requires uniquely human cognitive processes.

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Dalsaev, M., and R. Dalsaeva. "The impact of alcohol sale restriction on alcoholism and drug addiction in the Chechen republic." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71731-x.

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The restriction on alcohol sale in the Chechen republic was introduced in 2009.During that period a stable trend of alcoholism growth was registered, which in the same time was outrunning a growth of drug addiction in the Chechen republic.Analysis on drug addiction and alcoholism for the period from 2008 through 2010 brought light to reducing of alcoholism in comparing to 2008 for 91%. This is against the background of drug addiction growth for 28%.The reducing number of intoxicated vehicle drivers was also noted during that period.The total number of crimes violating drug law has changed slightly, but the proportion of patients admitted for inpatient drug treatment increased.Relying on analysis made during our research a conclusion on effectiveness of alcohol sale restriction on alcoholism and danger of complete ban of alcohol sale was made. It not only can’t solve the problem but may negatively affect the growth of drug addiction in society.

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Zaldívar, F., A. M. Molina, F. López Ríos, and J. M. García Montes. "Evaluation of Alcohol and Other Drug Use and the Influence of Social Desirability." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25, no. 4 (January 2009): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.4.244.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the evaluation of alcohol and other drug use by what has been called direct measures, that is, scales that include obvious or explicit items on consumption, indirect measures, composed of camouflaged or nonobvious items on consumption, and the social desirability construct. The following use and/or addiction scales were given to a sample of 506 university students of both sexes: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Addiction Acknowledgment Scale (AAS), CAGE Alcohol Questionnaire, Addiction Potential Scale (APS), MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised (MAC-R), and a self-report on alcohol and other drug use designed for this study. The relationships between these scales and the social desirability construct, measured with the Edwards Social Desirability Scale (DS) and the Paulhus Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) were also explored. Although the results do not allow us to arrive at a conclusion as to which scales are the most valid for evaluating the use of alcohol and other drugs, the data do show adequate convergent validity. The correlations found among the use and social desirability scales employed were negative and statistically significant.

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Miller, Norman S., and Mark S. Gold. "The Disease and Adaptive Models of Addiction: A Re-Evaluation." Journal of Drug Issues 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269002000102.

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The search for underlying causes of alcoholism and drug addiction has delayed the growth of their diagnoses and treatment. Often the emphasis and the debate are directed toward the etiology before the criteria for the addictions are established; the question asked is “why?” and then, “what?” rather than “what is it?” and, “why?”. In reality, the reasons are not only unavailable at this time, but are relatively unimportant for the proper diagnosis and treatment of addiction. The disease concept is an advancement toward a framework that can be used to define alcohol and drug addiction and enable scientific research hypotheses to be formed. The adaptive model is a recalcitrant retreat to explanations that have been inadequate for progress for a long time.

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Yargic, Ilhan. "Biological Mechanisms Underlying Addiction." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 2, no. 3 (May 18, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v2i3.37.

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Addiction is a behavioral disorder related to alterations in neurobiological systems involved in reward system, brain stress response, physical withdrawal, inhibition and executive control. Alcohol or drug addiction does not occur without using these substances but genetic and epigenetic variations in these neurobiological systems cause individual differences. The current review summarizes the literature on the biological basis of drug addiction. In addition, this review tries to explain the path from occasional recreational substance use to the compulsive, addicted state. It will help understand why avoiding psychoactive drugs or not to start using is very crucial.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 02 No. 03 July’18. Page : 107-111

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Ali, Md Akmat, Farida Yeasmin, and MN Nag. "Addiction and Liver Disease." Medicine Today 25, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17926.

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Drug induced liver disease is a global problem. The aims of the study are to know the recreational drugs causing harmful effect on liver, epidemiology of addiction; pathophysiology and their consequences. The major findings published to date concerning different agents causing addiction and liver disease, their implications with regard to understanding disease mechanisms and their amplitude or spectrum are described. Addiction not only invites lot of sufferings to the family and the country, but also responsible for different types of liver disease including fatty liver, hepatitis and liver failure; responsible for mortality and morbidity. Among the addiction causing substances alcohol playing the main role for liver disease worldwide. Indirect effects of addiction on liver are hepatitis B, hepatitis C and their complication, mainly due to contamination of sharing needle. Majority of people in Bangladesh are life long abstainer. Excessive alcohol beverages and other substances like heroin, amphetamine are not harmless, rather they can cause serious liver diseases. There are some differences in prevalence of addiction and liver diseases among countries. Intravenous drug users are affected both directly and indirectly due to contaminated needle sharing . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17926 Medicine Today 2013 Vol.25(2): 75-83

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Elshansky, S. P., E. I. Osipova, D. V. Semenov, and R. S. Bykov. "COMMUNICATIVE FEATURES OF PATIENTS WITH COMBINED ADDICTION ON HEROIN AND ALCOHOL." Vestnik of Minin University 7, no. 1 (March 17, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2019-7-1-12.

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Introduction: chemical dependence on several narcotic or other psychoactive substances at the same time is called poly-drug addiction or complicated drug addiction, the terms "combined addiction" and "combined use" are also often used. It is believed that the simultaneous or alternating regular intake of various psychoactive substances has a more destructive effect on the body than depending on only one drug. In the narcological literature the various forms of combined use of alcohol and heroin were described. There are some data on the psychological characteristics of patients with such forms of addiction, the specifics of these patients in terms of personal readiness for rehabilitation. The aim of the study was to identify the features of interpersonal relations and individual-personal specificity in the field of such relations in patients with heroin-alcohol polydrug addiction. Materials and methods: the Study has been conducted on a sample of 25 patients aged 28 to 50 years using four psychodiagnostic techniques. Tests were used: "Individual typological questionnaire of L.N. Sobchik " (ITO), "Questionnaire of interpersonal relations of A. Rukavishnikov" (OMO), "Diagnosis of interpersonal relations of T. Leary" (DMO), "Diagnosis of interference in the establishment of emotional contacts of V. Boyko". Results: it has been found that heroin and alcohol addicts in the communicative sphere are aggressive, deceitful, tend to dominate, although they retain the need to be accepted by others. Discussion and Conclusions: the obtained data confirm the literature data about more aggressiveness of polynarcomania in the comparison with mononarcomania. The tendency to aggression in interpersonal relations can be attributed to destructive, pathological and socially dangerous features of heroin and alcohol poly-drug addiction. Drug addicts of the studied form are dangerous for others and create communication problems for people forced to communicate with them. A generalizing conclusion is made that heroin-alcohol poly-drug addiction is a source of social destructiveness, and patients with this type of chemical addiction are carriers of this destructiveness.

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Tarricone, L. "P02.363 GHB treatment of alcohol and drug addiction." European Psychiatry 15, S2 (October 2000): 420s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)94770-9.

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Graham, Colin A. "Alcohol and drug addiction: An emergency department perspective." Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing 9 (January 2006): e260-e268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cein.2006.10.006.

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Saavedra, Ana M., and Elba B. Tornese. "Vulnerability to Alcohol and Drug Addiction in Adolescents." Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 17, no. 3 (September 2018): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adt.0000000000000133.

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Sturgess, Jessica E., Tony P. George, James L. Kennedy, Andreas Heinz, and Daniel J. Müller. "Pharmacogenetics of alcohol, nicotine and drug addiction treatments." Addiction Biology 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00287.x.

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Miller, N. S., A. J. Giannini, and M. S. Gold. "Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol addiction." Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 59, no. 5 (September 1, 1992): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.59.5.535.

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Luty, Jason. "Drug and alcohol addiction: do psychosocial treatments work?" BJPsych Advances 21, no. 2 (March 2015): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.013177.

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SummaryMethodological issues such as social desirability bias, subjective outcome measures, therapist enthusiasm and fidelity to the intervention remain a major problem in assessing the effectiveness of psychosocial treatments for substance misuse. Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programmes are still widely used, although it is difficult to formally assess their effectiveness. Motivational interviewing is perhaps the most commonly used professional psychosocial treatment for substance misuse, but brief interventions based on this technique report a disappointing effect size (∼0.2). Contingency management is perhaps the most effective reported modality, although it remains politically controversial. Cognitive—behavioural therapy and community reinforcement have been widely studied, but the results are often disappointing (effect sizes seldom exceed 0.5, despite very large trials). Residential rehabilitation remains an established treatment, but patient selection prevents formal cost-effectiveness studies.

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Haile, Colin N., Therese A. Kosten, and Thomas R. Kosten. "Pharmacogenetic Treatments for Drug Addiction: Alcohol and Opiates." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 34, no. 4 (January 2008): 355–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990802122564.

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Vyse, Stuart A. "Heyman's steady-state theory of addiction." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, no. 4 (December 1996): 598–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00043272.

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AbstractHeyman's target article contributes to our understanding of addictions by offering solutions to several paradoxes and by recognizing the stable nature of addictive behavior. Previous classical and operant conditioning models have emphasized molecular processes, such as acquisition and extinction, and have failed to address the aggregate effects of long-term exposure to the contingencies of drug and alcohol use.

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Vostrikov, Viktor Vasil’evich, Natal'ya Olegovna Selizarova, Anastasiya Yur’evna Grigor’eva, and Sergei Nikolaevich Proshin. "The role of genetic factors in the formation of dependence on opiates." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped6427-31.

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Sociological surveys show that the average age of drug users in recent years has drastically decreased from 18 years to 13 years. Among children of aged from 5 to 7 years the episodes of drug use have been reported. At the same time their parents addicts contribute to this. Statistics show that more than 60 % of drug addicts are young people aged from 17 to 35 years. More than 20 % are children, students, and only 15 % are people older than 35 years. The use by mother during pregnancy psychoactive substances (PAS) is one of the major risk factor for congenital addiction. The most important risk factors for drug abuse are genetic ones. There are two main genetically dependent factors. The first factor is genetically determined high level of the dopamine which encourage a person on a constant search for new sensations, dissatisfaction peace, and search risky situations. The second one is a low level of the hormone serotonin which results in depression in stressful situations. The stressful situations become very deep. Certain factors increase the risk of addictive behavior of offspring may appear at birth. Many people who started the abuse at early age consciously preferred drug to alcohol. That is the adoption of alcohol caused them to aversion to alcohol because of the memories of his father-alcoholic. However based on the biological characteristics while it is not so easy to predict the likelihood of addiction and clearly define in advance the tendency or, on the contrary, human resistance to drug intoxication and dependence.

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Krasteva, M., Y. Koycheva, T. Taseva, and S. Simeonova. "Changes in the Expression of DNA Methylation Related Genes in Leukocytes of Persons with Alcohol and Drug Dependence." Acta Medica Bulgarica 47, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amb-2020-0039.

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AbstractBackground and objectives. Though numerous studies have shown that the dysregulation of the epigenetic control is involved in disease manifestation, limited data is available on the transcriptional activity of DNA methylation related genes in alcohol and drug addiction. With regard to this, in this study we analyzed the expression levels of genes involved in DNA methylation, including DNMT1, DNMT3a, MeCP2, MBD1, MBD2, MBD3 and MBD4, in blood samples of alcohol and drug dependent persons in comparison to healthy abstainers.Methods. The study included 51 participants: 16 persons with alcohol dependence, 17 persons with drug dependence and 18 clinically healthy controls. To detect the relative mRNA expression levels of the studied genes, Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was applied.Results. Of the seven studied genes, four showed altered expression. MeCP2 and MBD1 were downregulated in the alcohol dependent group (FC = 0.805, p = 0.015 and FC = 0.846, p = 0.034, respectively), while DNMT1 and MBD4 were upregulated in the group with drug dependence (FC = 1.262, p = 0.001 and FC = 1.249, p = 0.005, respectively). No statistically significant changes in the relative mRNA expression were found for DNMT3a, MBD2 and MBD3 genes.Conclusions. Our results are indicative for a role of DNA methylation related genes in alcohol and drug addiction mediated through changes in their transcriptional activity. Studies in this direction will enable better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of addictions supporting the development of more effective therapeutic strategies.

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AKHTAR, SAEED, Bushra AKRAM, and AZRA YASMEEN. "DEPRESSION;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 03 (May 10, 2012): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.03.2124.

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Objective: Prevalence of Depression in patients presenting with Alcohol and Drug addiction. Place & duration of study: Thestudy was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Sciences, Bahawal Victoria Hospital & Quaid-e-Azam Medical College,Bahawalpur from March, 2009 to May, 2009. Subjects & methods: The sample consisted of 50 in-patients (Male 46, Female 4) with Alcohol &Drug addiction. They were interviewed and results were analysed from the entries in a Performa and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.Results: Majority of the patients were male (92%), age group majority (74%) were between 21-40 years. Depression was found in 23(46%)patients, 14(28%) had severe depression and 9(18%) had mild to moderate depression. Conclusions: Significant numbers of patients ofalcohol and drug addiction have depression as co-morbidity, which can have important implications in the aetiology and prognosis. So everypatient seeking treatment for alcohol and drug addiction should be assessed for depression and we should develop a protocol to treatdepression in these patients.

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Kalant, Harold. "Neurobiological research on addiction: What value has it added to the concept?" International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.196.

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Kalant, H. (2015). Neurobiological research on addiction: What value has it added to the concept?. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 53-59. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.196The initial goal of neurobiological research on addiction was to identify the neural mechanisms involved in the mediation and expression of addictive behavior. More recently, however, it has attributed causal roles to these mechanisms, as illustrated by the definition of addiction as a brain disease caused by chronic exposure to a drug. This concept carries a number of implications that can be assessed experimentally and clinically. None of these implications is borne out by the currently available evidence. The interactions of neuronal systems involved in addiction are also involved in adaptation to experience and environmental change. Much of the neurobiological research to date has not differentiated between causes of addiction, neuronal mechanisms that are activated by them, and risk factors that contribute to individual vulnerability. It has largely ignored the important experiential and environmental influences known to affect the prevalence of addiction in different populations or different times, and it has so far directed much less attention to other forms of addiction-like behavior that do not involve drugs. These failures are not inherent in neurobiological research but require reorientation of objectives, including more emphasis on the study of mechanisms by which environment and experience, including drug experience, can determine whether genetic risk factors are expressed or remain dormant and can direct neuroadaptive mechanisms toward alternative outcomes.

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Peters, Jamie, and David E. Olson. "Engineering Safer Psychedelics for Treating Addiction." Neuroscience Insights 16 (January 2021): 263310552110338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26331055211033847.

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Addiction is best described as a disorder of maladaptive neuroplasticity involving the simultaneous strengthening of reward circuitry that drives compulsive drug seeking and weakening of circuits involved in executive control over harmful behaviors. Psychedelics have shown great promise for treating addiction, with many people attributing their therapeutic effects to insights gained while under the influence of the drug. However, psychedelics are also potent psychoplastogens—molecules capable of rapidly re-wiring the adult brain. The advent of non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens with anti-addictive properties raises the intriguing possibility that hallucinations might not be necessary for all therapeutic effects of psychedelic-based medicines, so long as the underlying pathological neural circuitry can be remedied. One of these non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens, tabernanthalog (TBG), appears to have long-lasting therapeutic effects in preclinical models relevant to alcohol and opioid addiction. Here, we discuss the implications of these results for the development of addiction treatments, as well as the next steps for advancing TBG and related non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogens as addiction therapeutics.

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Kapur, S., and A. Pal. "FC03-03 - Opiate receptor alleles and alcohol dependence." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73528-3.

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Alcohol use is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is less understood than other addictive disorders. Humans vary in alcohol responses which could be related to genetic susceptibility for alcoholism. The objective of the present study was to examine the prevalence of OPRM1 polymorphisms in addicts. The opioid receptor mu1 (OPRM1) mediates the action of morphine and is a major determinant of striatal dopamine responses to alcohol. Two polymorphism, C17T and A11G of exon I were screened in subjects with addiction to alcohol and opioids and compared with subjects without a history of any sort of drug addiction using restriction fragment length polymorphism, which was further validated by DNA sequencing. The allelic frequencies between the two groups were compared and the difference was found to be of statistical significant (p < 0.0001), with the 17T allele having a 3.06-fold higher risk of alcohol addiction (risk ratio (RR) = 3.069, 95%CI of RR = 2.0339 to 4.6127, odds ratio (OR) = 3.9554; 95%CI of OR = 2.4175 to6.4718) and 118G allele having a 1.81-fold higher risk of alcohol addiction (risk ratio (RR) = 1.8096, 95%CI of RR = 13459 to 2.433, odds ratio (OR) = 2.2025; 95%CI of OR = 1.479 to 3.2799). Similar differences were observed in the case of opiate addiction, RR = 1.1369 to 2.7647, OR = 1.9367; 95%CI = 1.1625 to 3.2263 and RR = 1.7363, 95%CI of RR = 1.3043 to 2.3112, OR = 2.0725; 1.42 to 3.0248) for 17T and 118G respectively. Further studies to unravel the epigenetic control of expression of these candidate genes are underway.

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Lyons, Thomas. "Recovery Capital, Drug Policy and the Cycle of Incarceration." Practicing Anthropology 32, no. 2 (March 22, 2010): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.32.2.ft047xw4k8u27525.

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By some estimates, more than half of prison inmates in America have a drug or alcohol problem (Mumola and Karberg 2006). Existing models of treatment for these individuals, both inside and outside prison, have typically focused on the individual addict. These interventions often neglect the users' families and communities, and view poverty and marginalization as tangential to recovery—which is seen instead purely as an individual, internal process. This perspective defines addiction as a brain disease, and emphasizes the need of recovering addicts to learn new skills and to take personal responsibility for their actions and lives (Committee on Addictions of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 2002). These models, though a marked improvement over the idea of drug addiction as a moral failing, place an over-riding emphasis on the individual at the expense of the economic and social context.

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Severns, Jen Royce. "A Sociohistorical View of Addiction and Alcoholism." Janus Head 7, no. 1 (2004): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jh20047145.

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This essay is framed by the work of Edward Sampson (1993), and is a sociohistorical analysis of the institutional vicissitudes in American history that have formed the ground of our current version of the “truth” about drugs, alcohol, the drug addict and the alcoholic. The drug and alcohol discourse has been used throughout American history to institute and maintain normative ideals. These ideals are contoured by Western individualistic understandings of human being. They revolve around a theme of freedom seen as access to unlimited possibilities, which arises as a right for those individuals who are self-reliant. Alcoholics and addicts have been used as political identities, silently portraying the opposite and living out the underside of these normative ideals. As political identities they are used discursively to maintain mainstream illusions of self-reliance and to hide the falsehood of the capitalist promise of unfettered access to unlimited possibilities. Capitalist interests flourish through the maintenance of these illusions, and are able to disown responsibility via the silencing, through embodiment, of those who have been marginalized. This self-celebratory discourse is, hence, a monologue that undermines the possibility of hierarchical revolutions. Encapsulated in the embodiment of the alcoholic and addict are the covering over of political conflicts, the leveling down of difference, and the marginalizing of those who represent dialogical possibility. Twelve-step mutual help organizations participate in self-celebratory monologues that maintain the version of truth supportive of the agendas of the wealthy; however, they also offer an other-centered strategy by which dialogue again becomes possible.

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London, M., R. Caldwell, and M. Lipsedge. "Services for pregnant drug users." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 1 (January 1990): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.1.12.

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Drug and alcohol misuse during pregnancy poses a threat to the health of both the developing foetus and the mother yet this complex clinical problem often falls between different stools within the health services. A mother would first have to recognise herself as a drug or alcohol misuser needing help before she came within the ambit of the addiction services. On the other hand, the obstetric agencies, even when they identify a drug problem, usually do not regard themselves as having a role. General practitioners are most likely to have an overall view and therefore to be in the best position to manage the problem. However, many misusers do not register with GPs and, despite calls to the contrary, GPs have not become more widely involved in the management of addiction.

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Bellamoli, Elisa, Paolo Manganotti, Robert P. Schwartz, Claudia Rimondo, Maurizio Gomma, and Giovanni Serpelloni. "rTMS in the Treatment of Drug Addiction: An Update about Human Studies." Behavioural Neurology 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/815215.

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Drug addiction can be a devastating and chronic relapsing disorder with social, psychological, and physical consequences, and more effective treatment options are needed. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that has been assessed in a growing number of studies for its therapeutic potential in treating addiction. This review paper offers an overview on the current state of clinical research in treating drug addiction with rTMS. Because of the limited research in this area, all studies (including case reports) that evaluated the therapeutic use of rTMS in nicotine, alcohol, or illicit drug addiction were included in this review. Papers published prior to December 2012 were found through an NCBI PubMed search. A total of eleven studies were identified that met review criteria. There is nascent evidence that rTMS could be effective in reducing cocaine craving and nicotine and alcohol craving and consumption and might represent a potential therapeutic tool for treating addiction. Further studies are needed to identify the optimal parameters of stimulation for the most effective treatment of drug addiction, to improve our comprehension of the treatment neurophysiological effects, and to conduct rigorous, controlled efficacy studies with adequate power.

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Simon, Roland, and Robert West. "Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look." International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.198.

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Simon, R., & West, R. (2015). Models of addiction and types of interventions: An integrative look. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(1), 13-20. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.198Background: Use of psychoactive substances and problem gambling create serious harm to individuals who engage in these practices and to society as a whole (World Health Organization, 2002). The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) regularly monitors drug-related problems and interventions, as well as the efficiency of interventions. The scope and methodology of monitoring, however, depends on the conceptualization of “addiction.”Methods: The relevant literature was screened for models and theories relating to “addiction,” resulting in a systematic overview of the concepts and related approaches (EMCDDA, 2013). Using this as a background, different approaches for interventions and their theoretical bases are discussed.Results: Models of addiction follow two approaches. Most of these focus on the individual addict, involving constructs such as emotions, drive states, habits, choice, and goal-oriented processes, or else taking a more integrative or change-oriented view. Others are population-based models, including social network, economic, communication, and organizational system models.While substance- and non-substance-related addictions differ in a number of respects, they share key elements: a repeated powerful motivation to engage in a particular behavior, acquired through enacting the behavior, despite the experience or risk of significant harm. Nine different types of intervention to combat addiction found in the literature involve attempts to change one or more of three factors that interact to underpin behavior: capability, opportunity, and motivation (the “COM-B” model). The models of addiction reviewed may serve as a basis for such interventions.

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Filbey, Francesca M. "An introduction to “The addiction connectome: brain connectivity in drug and alcohol addiction”." American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 39, no. 6 (November 2013): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2013.856661.

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Moran, Laura, Emma Bradbury, and Jonathan Mills. "Gambling addiction." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 12, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738018809137.

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Addictive behavioural problems bear resemblance to alcohol and substance misuse, although no drug is consumed. Compulsive gambling can leave an individual and their friends and family in serious debt, along with significant detriment to their health and emotional wellbeing, and there is an increased risk of suicide. Gambling problems are more common in younger adult males and those with insecure finances and employment. It is also associated with violence and recognising it can lead to improved treatment and support for those affected.

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Ruppert, Ryan, Steve Sussman, and Shanna K. Kattari. "Review: Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Addictions Among Sexual Minority Subgroups." Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 210–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/lgbtq-2020-0007.

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The purpose of this study is to present current data on the prevalence and co-occurrence of 12 substance and behavioral addictions among adult cisgender sexual minorities (SM). We utilized MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases to systematically review the literature on alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, illicit drugs, gambling, eating/food, Internet, sex, love, exercise, work, and shopping within the SM community. Peer reviewed empirical articles in English from 2000 to 2019 were included. When possible, we compared prevalence and co-occurrence statistics between four SM subgroups (stratified into lesbian women, bisexual women, gay men, and bisexual men), and used heterosexual women and men as reference groups. Studies were scant within each area of addiction with the most studies focusing on addictions acknowledged within the DSM-V (alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, illicit drugs, gambling). Significantly fewer studies addressed the prevalence and co-occurrence of behavioral addictions across SM subgroups. Most studies assessing addiction among SM populations either categorize SMs into a single group or only stratify by gender. However, even with limited research, the findings from this review suggest that significant differences in addictive behaviors exist when comparing one SM subgroup to another. There is a strong need for more research that quantifies these disparities through prevalence and co-occurrence statistics.

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Miller, Norman S., Jane C. Guttman, and Soyna Chawla. "Integration of generalized vulnerability to drug and alcohol addiction." Journal of Addictive Diseases 16, no. 4 (December 1997): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10550889709511140.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drug- and alcohol addiction'

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