Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drug Dosage Calculations

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Drug Dosage Calculations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Drug Dosage Calculations"

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Komal, Mehreen, Hafiza Saba Javed, and Namra . "Effect of Structured Training Workshop on Nurses’ Drug Dosage Calculation Competence at Tertiary Care Hospitals of Faisalabad." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 3 (2023): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023173185.

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Background: Drug administration is a major component of patient care provided by nurses at hospitals. Appropriate drug administration ensures patient safety, as incorrect or unsafe administration can result in adverse patient health and hospital outcomes. Drug dosage calculation errors are the most common, threatening patient safety, lengthening patients' hospital stay and increasing associated costs worldwide. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of structured training workshop at enhancing nurses’ competence in drug dosage calculations. Methods: One group pre-test post-test quasi-experimental study was conducted on a convenient sample of 73 staff nurses working at public tertiary care hospitals of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Staff nurses aged 21-60 years who provide direct patient care, were included in the study.The study duration spanned over 04 months from July to October 2020. A structured questionnaire was used for the pre-test and post-test competency level of nurses in drug dosage calculations. The study intervention consisted of a structured training workshop focusing on basic mathematical skills for drug dosage calculation using the correct mathematical formula for unit conversions and linking the correct dose to the patient case scenario. SPSS version 26 was used for with-in group analysis employing t-test statistics. Results: Pre-test results revealed common errors in the application of basic mathematical principles for drug concentration unit conversions and complex calculations involving patient-age, weight and other variables.Post-test results demonstrated a significant improvement in level of competence of participant nurses in this regard, indicated by significant difference (p-value 0.000). Structured training workshop was found effective in enhancing nurses’ competency level in drug dosage calculations. Practical implication Conclusion: Structured training improved nurses' ability to identify drug calculation errors, understand the use of the correct formula, and calculate drug dosage accurately. This study emphasizes the importance of structured education and training of nurses aimed at reducing medication errors and improving patient health and hospital outcomes. Keywords: Competence; Drug dosage calculation; Nurses; Quasi experimental study; Pakistan; Workshop.
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Wright, Kerri. "Developing methods for solving drug dosage calculations." British Journal of Nursing 18, no. 11 (2009): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2009.18.11.42721.

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Grebenkin, D. Yu, A. V. Ryabova, A. M. Kuramshina, I. V. Kislyakov, and E. D. Zhukova. "Dissolution Profile Study and Uniformity of Dosage Units Test for Various Manufacturers of "Captopril" Drugs from the Russian Market." Drug development & registration 12, no. 1 (2023): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2023-12-1-131-141.

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Introduction. As part of a comparative assessment of drugs quality available on the Russian market a dissolution profile studies and uniformity of dosage units test was conducted for various manufacturers of "Captopril" drugs. Drug release studies in three dissolution media (0.1 M hydrochloric acid, acetate buffer pH 4.5, phosphate buffer pH 6.8) with sampling at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 min and analysis using UV/Vis spectrophotometer at 212 nm were conducted. Dissolution kinetics was compared based on calculation of the similarity factor f2 and the values of relative standard deviations. Uniformity of dosage units test of scored tablets were evaluated based on HPLC-UV analysis and AV factor calculation.Aim. The purpose of this study was a comparative evaluation of "Captopril" drugs from various manufacturers on the Russian market based on dissolution profile studies and uniformity of dosage units test of scored tablets in order to assess the quality of the tablets.Materials and methods. To prove the dissolution profile studies DT 827/1000 tester (ERWEKA GmbH, Germany) was applied. Each drug in three dissolution media in 12 replicates for each dissolution medium was analyzed. The selected samples were analyzed on a UV 1800 UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan) at a of 212 nm. In uniformity of dosage units test of scored tablets each tablet was divided according to the applied mark. Sample preparation was carried out in accordance with a validated method and samples were analyzed by HPLC-UV using Agilent 1260 (Agilent Technologies, США).Results and discussion. Based on the results of dissolution profile studies and calculations of the similarity factors and values of the relative standard deviation it can be concluded that the dissolution kinetics for drug no. 4, drug no. 5, drug no. 6 are not equivalent in comparison with the reference drug. During the uniformity of dosage units test of scored tablets, no deviations were found in accordance with the requirements of the RF Pharmacopoeia OFS.1.4.2.0008.18 "Uniformity of dosing" and the EAEU Pharmacopoeia OFS.2.1.9.14 "Uniformity of Dosed Units".Conclusion. The conducted dissolution profile studies and uniformity of dosage for scored tablets of Captopril drugs show the example of possibility to identify potential problems with drugs quality presented on the Russian market and as a result improve and maintain quality assurance of drugs for the national healthcare system.
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Usman, Ari, and Nilsya Febrika Zebua. "THE UTILIZATION OF VISUAL BASIC.NET APPLICATION FOR DETERMINATION OF INDIVIDUAL DRUG DOSAGES IN DIABETIC PATIENTS OF CHRONIC RENAL DISORDER COMPLICATIONS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 13 (2018): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s1.26616.

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Objective: This research aims to apply the Visual Basic.Net (VB.NET) of individual dose calculations based on the formula of pharmacokinetics for diabetic patients of chronic renal disorder complication in Dr. Pirngadi Hospital because the dosage administered was not based on the patient’s creatinine clearance.Methods: This descriptive research was conducted using a simulated creatinine cleavage calculation using VB.NET programming language applications with variable patient data, the value of creatinine, the name of drug, and dosage.Results: This study obtained data about the use of drugs 40 patients who met the inclusion criteria of 320 medical records of diabetic patients, there are 6 types of drugs that are not in accordance with the dose based on the calculation of creatinine clearance are ceftriaxone(18 of 18 cases), furosemide (19 of 19 cases), ciprofloxacin (2 of 8 cases), ranitidine (4 of 24 cases), metformin (2 of 7 cases), and captopril (16 of 16 cases).Conclusions: This research aims to apply the VB.NET is it able to apply individual doses for patients with diabetes complications of renal failure have not been applied in accordance with creatinine clearance calculations at this hospitalwhere this work is difficult to do.
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Hodge, Margaret Blakeman. "Do Anxiety, Math Self-Efficacy, and Gender Affect Nursing Students' Drug Dosage Calculations?" Nurse Educator 24, no. 4 (1999): 36, 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006223-199907000-00010.

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Abdullina, Yu A., S. N. Egorova, S. A. Sidullina, and A. V. Kabanova. "ESTIMATION OF MATERIAL LOSSES DURING THE REGISTRATION OF THE DRUG «AMOXICILLIN + CLAVULANIC ACID» IN INFUSION THERAPY OF COMMUNIT Y-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN." MODERN ORGANIZATION OF DRUG SUPPLY 10, no. 1 (2023): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30809/solo.1.2023.3.

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Patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia are recommended to receive anti- biotic therapy. In case of severe pneumonia in hospital, infusion of Amoxicillin preparations is used. In the Russian pharmaceutical market during the study period, there are no solutions for parenteral administration in pediatric dosages, which leads to high financial losses of medical organization and environmental risks in the disposal of antibiotics. Objective of the study evaluation of losses of drug weight and financial losses when using «adult» doses of anti- bacterial agents for infusion therapy of community-acquired pneumonia in children (on the example of the drug «Amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, powder for preparation of solution for intravenous injection»). Materials and methods the objects of the study were clinical guidelines on treatment of community-acquired pneu- monia in children, information from the State Register of Medicines, instructions for medical use. The source of data on prices was the information from the State Register of maximum selling prices. Analytical, statistical, logical, and computational-constructive methods of re- search were used in the work. Results: the study calculated the material losses of the drug in mg per vial and 12 vials (treat- ment course of 4 days). With a single therapeutic dose of 300 mg, the material losses of the drug, using a dosage of 1200 mg, were: 1200 - 300 = 900 mg (75% of the dosage form). Fi- nancial losses in rubles calculated for the course of treatment with the drug Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 1200 mg amounted to 756.00 rubles (79.05%) per 1 child, and for treatment with the dosage of 600 mg - 252.00 rubles (52.70% of the cost of the drug). The development of the dosage forms for intravenous administration of Amoxicillin + clavu- lanic acid in the doses of 180 and 240 mg would allow decreasing considerably the losses of the drug during preparation of infusion solutions in pediatric practice. Conclusion 1. When administering antibacterial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in chil- dren, the drug Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, powder for preparation of solution for intrave- nous injection, manufactured in doses of 1200 mg and 600 mg, is used. 2. Modeling of weight losses of Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid powder for intravenous solu- tion preparation for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 1 year showed that when 1200 mg dosage was used, losses were 900 mg/ vial (10800 mg per treat- ment course), and in 600 mg dosage - 300 mg/ vial (3600 mg per course); 75 and 50% of drug weight respectively. 3. Calculations have been made and significant financial losses have been established in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years old with the drug «Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, powder for preparation of solution for intravenous injection» 1200 mg and 600 mg, due to incomplete use of the package. The financial loss for the course of treatment with the drug Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid in the dosage of 1200 mg amounted to 756.00 rubles (79.05%) for 1 child aged 1 year, and for treatment with the dosage of 600 mg - 252.00 rubles (52.70% of the cost of the drug for the course of treatment). 4. For treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children aged 5-11 years it is reason- able to use Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 600 mg dosage. 5. For treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in children under 5 years old it is advis- able to commercially release the medicinal product «Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, powder for preparation of solution for intravenous injection» in doses of 180 mg (150+30 mg) and 240 mg (200+40 mg).
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Song, Qiang, Xiong Tong, Pulin Dai, et al. "Activation Mechanism of Fe2+ in Pyrrhotite Flotation: Microflotation and DFT Calculations." Molecules 29, no. 7 (2024): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071490.

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In industrial manufacturing, pyrrhotite(Fe1−xS), once depressed, is commonly activated for flotation. However, the replacement of CuSO4 is necessary due to the need for exact control over the dosage during the activation of pyrrhotite, which can pose challenges in industrial settings. This research introduces the use of FeSO4 for the first time to efficiently activate pyrrhotite. The impact of two different activators on pyrrhotite was examined through microflotation experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Microflotation experiments confirmed that as the CuSO4 dosage increased from 0 to 8 × 10−4 mol/L, the recovery of pyrrhotite initially increased slightly from 71.27% to 87.65% but then sharply decreased to 16.47%. Conversely, when the FeSO4 dosage was increased from 0 to 8 × 10−4 mol/L, pyrrhotite’s recovery rose from 71.27% to 82.37%. These results indicate a higher sensitivity of CuSO4 to dosage variations, suggesting that minor alterations in dosage can significantly impact its efficacy under certain experimental conditions. In contrast, FeSO4 might demonstrate reduced sensitivity to changes in dosage, leading to more consistent performance. Fe ions can chemically adsorb onto the surface of pyrrhotite (001), creating a stable chemical bond, thereby markedly activating pyrrhotite. The addition of butyl xanthate (BX), coupled with the action of Fe2+ on activated pyrrhotite, results in the formation of four Fe-S bonds on Fe2+. The proximity of their atomic distances contributes to the development of a stable double-chelate structure. The S 3p orbital on BX hybridizes with the Fe 3d orbital on pyrrhotite, but the hybrid effect of Fe2+ activation is stronger than that of nonactivation. In addition, the Fe-S bond formed by the addition of activated Fe2+ has a higher Mulliken population, more charge overlap, and stronger covalent bonds. Therefore, Fe2+ is an excellent, efficient, and stable pyrrhotite activator.
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Tikirik, Wita Oileri, Wardana Febrianti, Nur Faiza, et al. "SISTEM MANAJEMEN FARMASI UPTD INSTALASI FARMASI KABUPATEN MAJENE." IJOH : Indonesian Journal of Public Health 1, no. 3 (2023): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.61214/ijoh.v1i3.162.

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To find out the classification of drugs, medical devices, and BMHP in the UPTD Pharmaceutical Installation of Majene Regency, To find out the duties and responsibilities carried out by the UPTD Pharmaceutical Installation of Majene Regency. To find out the Drug Management Cycle starting from planning, procurement, receiving, storage, distribution, destruction of expired drugs, recording, reporting, monitoring and evaluating drugs at UPTD Majene Regency pharmaceutical installationAt this Selection stage, namely the name of the drug, unit, average use per month, use a year, buffer stock 10%, stock lead time 3 months, number of needs, remaining stock, and procurement plan. This recap is needed to carry out procurement. As for drug calculations, we calculate the dosage of the number of drugs in the previous year to determine the number of drugs that will be held this year. Starting from calculating the average expenditure, 10% stock buffer, stock lead time (3 months), the amount needed this year, and the procurement plan. The average expenditure is measured from the amount of medicine used a year earlier and then allocated (divided) for 12 months. For the determination of stock buffers, the previous year's usage is multiplied by 10%. While in the stock lead time, the average expenditure multiplied for 3 months will be substraction (reduction) with the remaining stock of drugs in the previous year. Procurenment is a stage that includes planning, procurement, receipt and storage.
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Qian, Min, Di Ma, Xiaoqi Zhao, Wanxu Guo, and Yunfeng Zhang. "A novel fast-releasing formulation containing curcumin and anti-microbial peptide-encapsulated transdermal hydrogels into microneedles to reduce inflammation in the therapy of neonatal sepsis." Materials Express 11, no. 7 (2021): 1101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.1893.

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Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal mortality worldwide. Typically, intramuscular injections of gentamycin and vancomycin have been the preferred treatment for sepsis. The use of these drug molecules has many complications because of some side effects, proper dosage calculations, and harmless injection supply. In the present study, we developed new combinations of therapeutic drug molecules containing anti-inflammatory curcumin with bioactive antimicrobial peptides (AMP). We designed and developed a biocompatible and thermally responsive chitosan/polyacrylamide polymeric microneedle array to deliver AMP/curcumin nanoparticles (Nano-Cur) transdermally. The prepared drug-loaded microneedles were investigated for their chemical and morphological structure, in vitro insertion, and transdermal drug release. This investigation established that AMP/Nano-Cur-loaded microneedles have potential effects in sepsis treatment.
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Rachmawati, Anita, and Sigit Mulyono. "Penggunaan Aplikasi Seluler dalam Pemberian Medikasi pada Anak untuk Mencegah Kesalahan Pemberian Medikasi (Medication Error)." Journal of Telenursing (JOTING) 5, no. 1 (2023): 1346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/joting.v5i1.5234.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the use of mobile applications to assist in administering the medication needed to children to avoid the risk of errors in medication administration (medication errors). This research method uses a literature study by using a review of research journal articles that were searched through online database searches: Proquest, SAGE Journal, Clinical Key Nursing, PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus, which were published in 2018-2022, with the keywords mobile application, drug medication, pediatric and medication error. The study's results prove that mobile applications in medication calculations can be used as an intervention to prevent medication errors in children. In conclusion, using mobile applications to administer medication to avoid medication errors in children is very useful.
 
 Keywords: Cellular Application, Dosage Calculation, Children, and Medication Error
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drug Dosage Calculations"

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Mariageraldrajan, Natarajansoundarapandian. "Novel carbopol-wax blends for controlled release oral dosage forms." View the abstract Download the full-text PDF version, 2007. http://etd.utmem.edu/ABSTRACTS/2007-011-Rajan-index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2007.<br>Title from title page screen (viewed on July 17, 2008). Research advisor: Atul J. Shukla, Ph.D. Document formatted into pages (ix, 146 p. : ill.). Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-146).
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Davenport, James Michael. "An Adaptive Dose Finding Design (DOSEFIND) Using A Nonlinear Dose Response Model." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/13.

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Ozorio, Dutra Samia Valeria. "Adapting SafeMedicate (Medication Dosage Calculation Skills software) For Use In Brazil." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7700.

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Medication related errors are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In Brazil, most errors are related to prescribing, preparing, and administering medications. One way to deal with this barrier to safe care is through assessment and education of medication calculation dosage skills. Considering the Brazilian reality, this dissertation is a context and language adaptation of an evidence-based intervention called safeMedicate, a program that reinforces learning synthesis in crucial elements of medication dosage problem solving and provides the foundation for development in remaining levels of the hierarchy of learning. A guideline for medication calculation skills development or improvement based on the seven research-based principles for smart teaching was developed. Teaching approaches are beneficial for multiple methods of learning by addressing cognitive, motivational, and developmental goals. Web-based software would be a strong ally on adopting those approaches by complementing the class practice and providing opportunities for practice learning. The two-phases of adaptation and preliminary evaluation of safeMedicate for use in Brazil were guided by the Participatory and Iterative Process Framework for Language Adaptation (PIPFLA) cross-cultural equivalence model. A triangulation method of face validity survey, journaling, and multiple focus groups was used. The focus groups were (1) language adaptation team, (2) panel of experts, and (3) student panel. In order to analyze focus group data, a systematic coding procedure was performed through an iterative process, solving any differences between coders in order to guarantee internal consistency. The main themes were language, visual, content, programing, and data while discussing necessary adaptations of safeMedicate for use in Brazil.
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Wheeler, Daniel Wren. "Weakened by strengths : drugs in solution, medication error and drug safety." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:238087a5-120b-4a3d-9437-5840cecf8b6a.

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The concentrations of some drug solutions are often expressed as ratios or percentages. This system simplified prescription and dispensing when Imperial measures such as grains and minims were used. Ampoules of powerful vasoactive drugs such as catecholamines and potentially toxic local anaesthetics are still labelled as ratios and percentages, seemingly through habit or tradition than for any useful clinical reason. This thesis argues that adherence to this outdated system is confusing, causes drug administration errors, and puts patients at risk. Internet-based questionnaires were used to quantify medical students’ and doctors’ understanding of ratios and percentages. A substantial minority of almost 3000 doctors could not convert between ratios, percentages and mass concentration correctly, made dosing errors of up to three orders of magnitude in written clinical scenarios, and struggled with conversions between metric units. These findings are strong arguments for expressing drug concentrations as mass concentration and providing better drug administration teaching. High fidelity patient simulation was used to examine the influence of clearer ampoule labelling and intensive drug administration teaching. This allowed critical incidents to be reproduced realistically, clinical performances to be assessed, and outcome measures to be accurately recorded. Randomised controlled trials were conducted that demonstrated positive influences of both interventions for doctors and students. The difficulties that nurses encounter when preparing infusions of these drugs on critical care units were also studied and are reported. The findings presented should be sufficient to persuade regulatory authorities to remove ratios and percentages from ampoule labels – a straightforward, cheap, commonsense intervention. The lack of effective clinical error reporting systems and the extreme practical difficulties of conducting clinical trials in this field mean that a firm link between this intervention and patient outcome is unlikely ever to be made, but this should not be an excuse for maintaining the status quo.
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Allen, Arthur William. "What are some of the cognitive, psychological, and social factors that facilitate or hinder licensed vocational nursing students' acquisition of problem-solving skills involved with medication-dosage calculations? /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Books on the topic "Drug Dosage Calculations"

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Hegstad, Lorrie N. Essential drug dosage calculations. 3rd ed. Appleton & Lange, 1994.

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Hegstad, Lorrie N. Essential drug dosage calculations. 2nd ed. Appleton & Lange, 1989.

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Olsen, June Looby. Medical dosage calculations. 8th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

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Olsen, June Looby. Medical dosage calculations. 6th ed. Addison-Wesley Nursing, 1995.

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Patrick, Giangrasso Anthony, and Shrimpton Dolores M, eds. Medical dosage calculations. 9th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.

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Patrick, Giangrasso Anthony, and Shrimpton Dolores M, eds. Medical dosage calculations. 8th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004.

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Albrecht, Linda S. Understanding pharmacy calculations. 2nd ed. American Pharmacists Association, 2012.

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M, Shrimpton Dolores, ed. Ratio & proportion dosage calculations. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010.

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Pharmaceutical calculations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010.

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J, Stoklosa Mitchell, ed. Pharmaceutical calculations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drug Dosage Calculations"

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Lapham, Robert. "Dosage Calculations." In Drug Calculations for Nurses, 5th ed. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003057062-10.

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Tallarida, Ronald J., and Rodney B. Murray. "Dosage and Cosncentration: Drug Stock Solutions." In Manual of Pharmacologic Calculations. Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4974-0_2.

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Lai, Pauline Siew Mei, and Yoo Kuen Chan. "Dosage Forms, Drug Calculations and Prescription." In Pharmacological Basis of Acute Care. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10386-0_9.

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Wright, Kerri. "Back to Basics! Calculating and understanding simple medicine dosages." In Drug Calculations for Nurses. Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34453-2_1.

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Savva, Michalakis. "Error Assessment of Drug Dose in Pharmaceutical Mixtures." In Pharmaceutical Calculations. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20335-1_2.

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Arunachalam, Karuppusamy, and Sreeja Puthanpura Sasidharan. "Preclinical Drug Dose Calculation." In Springer Protocols Handbooks. Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1233-0_4.

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Kelegari, Chaya, and Mohan Babu Kasala. "Common Drugs Used in Liver Disease: Dosage and Calculations." In Pediatric Liver Intensive Care. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1304-2_31.

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Manuela, Ferrari, Tonella Simone, Busca Erica, et al. "Effectiveness of E-Learning Training on Drug – Dosage Calculation Skills of Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial." In Methodologies and Intelligent Systems for Technology Enhanced Learning, 8th International Conference. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98872-6_30.

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Redžepi, Sukejna, Belma Muftić, Vanja Piljak, Nermina Žiga, and Mirza Dedić. "Implementing the Calculation of the Appropriate Drug Dose for Children Using the Programming Language C#." In IFMBE Proceedings. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17971-7_105.

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"Dosage Calculations." In Drug Calculations for Nurses. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18504-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Drug Dosage Calculations"

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Robert, Noel Jeygar, and Abirami T. "Deep Learning Method for Weight-Based Drug Dosage Calculation for Paediatrics." In 2023 International Conference on Emerging Research in Computational Science (ICERCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icercs57948.2023.10434161.

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Cepraga, D. G., G. Cambi, M. Frisoni, and D. Ene. "Cemented Containers Radiological Data From a Disused Uranium Mine Low-Level Waste Repository: A Calculated-Experiment Cross-Check for Data Verification and Validation." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4516.

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Code validation problems involve calculation of experiments and a comparison experiment-calculation. Experimental data and physical properties of these systems are used to determine the range of applicability of the validation. Once a sequence-code of calculations has been validated, it has to be underlined that the comparison experimental-calculated results involving “complex systems” or “complex experimental measures” permits also a bi-lateral cross-check between the calculation scheme and the experimental procedures. The results of the testing and the validation effort related to the collection of information and measured data and the comparison between code results with experimental data coming from a “low-level waste” repository are presented in this paper. The Baita-Bihor repository, sited into former disused uranium mine in Transylvania, has been considered as the source of experimental data. The study was developed through the following steps: a) collection and processing of measured data (radioactivity content and dose rate), from the cemented containers of the Baita-Bihor repository; b) decay gamma source calculation by the ANITA-2000 code package (the input data for the calculations are the measured isotope activities for each container); c) decay gamma transport calculation by the SCALENEA-1 shielding Sn sequence approach (Nitawl-Xsdrnpm-Xsdose modules of the Scale 4.4a code system, using the Vitenea-J library, based on FENDL/E-2 data) to obtain dose rates on the surfaces and at various points outside the containers; d) comparison experimental-calculated dose rates, taking into account also the measurement uncertainties. The new version of the ANITA-2000 activation code package used makes possible to assess the behaviour of irradiated materials independently from the knowledge of the irradiation scenario but using only data on the isotope radioactive material composition. Radioactive waste disposed of at Baita Bihor repository consists of worn reactor parts, resins and filters, packing materials, mop heads, protective clothing, temporary floor coverings and tools, the sources normally generated during the day-to-day operation of research reactors, the remediation-treatment stations and the medicine and biological activities. The low and intermediate wastes are prepared for shipping and disposal in the treatment stations by confining them in a cement matrix inside 220 litre metallic drums. Each container consists of an iron cladding filled by concrete Portland. Radioisotope composition and radioactivity distributions inside the drum are measured. The gamma spectroscopy has been used for. The calibration technique was based on the assumption of a uniform distribution of the source activity in the drum and also of a uniform sample matrix. Dose rate measurements are done continuously, circularly, in the central plan on the surface of the drum and 1 m from the surface, in the air. A “stuffing factor” model has been adopted to simulate, for the calculation, the spatial distribution of the gamma sources in the concrete region. In order to guarantee a complete Quality Assurance for codes and procedures, a simulation of the radioactive containers to evaluate the dose rates was done also by using the Monte Carlo MCNP-4C code. Its calculation results are in a very good agreement with those obtained by the Sn approach (discrepancies are around 2%, using the spherical approximation).
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3

Oliveira, Ricardo F., Manuel V. Silva, Ana V. Machado, et al. "Experimental Assessment of Emitted Dose From Valved Holding Chamber Devices." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38846.

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Due to the increasing worldwide incidence of asthma, a growing usage of inhalation devices has been observed. Some of the pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDI) limitations have been overcome by the introduction of newly and improved Valved Holding Chambers (VHC), resulting in good patient acceptance. The efficiency is assessed by the VHC Emitted Dose (ED), i.e. the amount of drug available to the patient. Using the pMDI salbutamol sulfate formulation (Ventolin® HFA-134a) as the test drug, several VHC devices were assessed. These latest were grouped by material characteristics: dissipative (OptiChamber Diamond®, AeroChamber Plus®, Vortex®, A2A Spacer®), non-dissipative (SpaceChamber Plus®, Compact SpaceChamber Plus®, Volumatic®) and stainless steel (Nebuchamber®). The pMDI + VHC were assembled to a filter housing, which comprises an induction port with similar USP Throat dimensions, and connected to a vacuum pump (calibrated at 15, 26 and 40 L/min). Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry equipment at 244 nm, it was possible to determine its concentration for later mass calculation. For all the VHC devices tested, the total mass recovery percentage was between 85% and 120%. At 26 L/min, the Vortex® VHC has shown the highest ED (47.3 ± 1.8 %). The ED may not be dependent on the volume of the VHC. Although, further analysis of the results suggests the existence of a linear correlation between the ED and the VHC body length. SpaceChamber Plus® results show an increase of the ED and, subsequently, a decrease in VHC deposition fraction, with the increase of airflow.
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4

Oliveira, Ricardo F., Senhorinha F. Teixeira, Helena Maria Cabral Marques, and José Carlos Teixeira. "A Correlative CFD Study Between Recirculation Area and FPM in VHC Design." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67329.

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A major part of asthma treatment is made by the use of preventive inhalation drugs. The Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalator (pMDI) has been the backbone device for this treatment, due to its simplicity, portability and widely acceptance. But no device comes without its limitations, and pMDI is hard to handle properly by elders and children &lt; 5 years old, resulting in reduced amount of drug to the patient lungs. Add-on devices (e.g. spacers) were developed to mitigate the need for coordination and reduce the oral/throat deposition, namely the Valved Holding Chambers (VHC). These devices are incorporated with a one-way valve and a chamber that allows the spray droplets to rapidly reduce their size upon release on a stagnated and confined flow. The VHC main ability, in terms of efficiency, is to reduce the coarse fraction (i.e. particles with diameter &gt; 4.7μm) of the plume by impaction and allow the fine fraction to be inhaled by the patient. The VHC geometry will play a very importance role in the entrapment of small drug particles (i.e. fine fraction). The hypothesis proposed by this study is that a small particle has more probability to be trapped in geometries with higher recirculation areas (and stagnation zones). These macro vortices will cause a particle with small Stokes number to be entrapped; to assess this hypothesis a numerical study was modelled. The numerical study was carried out on an idealized geometry of a VHC device, using a 2D axisymmetric approach. Different coordinates for a “corner” point, were tested. FLUENT® was used to obtain the unsteady numerical solution, meshes were generated using Meshing® software from ANSYS®. Once the flow field is stabilized (around 0.6s), a pMDI spray was injected into the domain during 0.1 seconds and the simulation continued until perform 4 seconds. The simulation takes into account the vaporization of the HFA-134a propellant present in the droplets of spray and a User Defined Function (UDF) for modeling the particle -wall interaction. The post-processing of the results included the calculation of the recirculation area and the Fine Particle Mass (FPM) that exits the domain. Results show that the percentage of recirculation area decreases linearly with the increase of axial position of the corner point, and rapidly increases with the radial displacement. FPM results are not so linear; nevertheless they show opposite behavior to the recirculation area. Additionally, results show that high recirculation area reduces the amount of FPM emitted. Data can be correlated through a power function (FPM = 101.805*Area−0.244; R2 = 0.460). Results are more strongly correlated for lower values of radial displacement. The results seem to corroborate the hypothesis that smaller particles tend to be entrapped by recirculation areas.
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5

Mason, John A., Marc R. Looman, Antony C. N. Towner, et al. "Calibration and Validation of a Wide Range Segmented Gamma Ray Scanning Instrument for the Measurement of Low and Intermediate Level Waste." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59304.

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This paper describes the design and calibration of a Wide Range Segmented Gamma ray Scanning (WR-SGS) assay instrument for the measurement of both Low and Intermediate Level Waste (LLW and ILW) in 200 litre drums. The instrument employs a single shielded and collimated high purity germanium (HPGe) detector to quantify the radionuclide content of the waste. One of the novel features of the instrument is the use of an automated variable aperture collimator, which allows the vertical segment height to be adjusted, and allows the scanning of intermediate level waste drums, with significant surface dose rates. Conventional SGS measurements may be performed where the drum is rotated and measured in vertical segments. Alternatively, faster measurement can be made using continuous helical scanning of the drum as it rotates. A gamma ray emitting transmission source is used to correct for waste density. In place of a conventional shutter, the shielded transmission source is moved to a shielded storage position to eliminate background radiation arising from the transmission source. Using this approach, higher activity transmission sources may be used in order to achieve adequate density corrections for higher density drums. These new features makes the WR-SGS suitable for the measurement of drums containing exempt level waste to intermediate level waste, as well as drums with a wide range of density. Results will be presented from the calibration of the instrument using horizontally displaced line sources to simulate distributed sources and the results will be compared with benchmarked MCNP Monte Carlo calculations.
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6

Beranger, Kethllen Stephanie, Mariluza Sott Bender, Edna Garcia, and Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner. "Artificial intelligence in the health context." In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-166.

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Introduction: In human history, various discoveries have enabled the evolution and improvement of work and the means of communication, such as radio waves, which allow communication over great distances; the microscope, which can observe very small dimensions, such as bacteria; the telephone, which allows conversations with people on the other side of the world; television and the visualization of facts in real time; the computer, which has brought immense storage capacity, calculations and information in a few minutes; and the cell phone, where conversations take place more virtually than in person. The sum of all this technological apparatus, among others, forms Artificial Intelligence (AI), which analyzes a large amount of data and algorithms and provides a solution to any existing problem. Methodology: A narrative literature review was carried out, in which the methods and selection criteria for the studies included were not stipulated in advance. Searches were carried out on the electronic databases Google Scholar and Scientific Electronic Library Online - Scielo. Results and discussion: The results found demonstrate the great positive impact of artificial intelligence in the health sector, especially in medicine, as it makes it easier and quicker to diagnose patients. In the field of medicine, the treatment and diagnosis of diseases is a much-studied area and AI has achieved good and great results that help in the care of patients. AI has helped many professionals and students because computers analyze a large amount of data and algorithms already defined by professionals in the field and are able to solve medical problems. Computers can store and retrieve data on images, injuries, exams and so on, and with this information, based on algorithms, pass on a pre-established result. AI is being used to facilitate the early detection of diseases, improve the understanding and progression of the illness, as well as optimize treatments, drug dosages and even discover new procedures. Final considerations: The development of technologies and artificial intelligence has played a fundamental role in the health sector, especially in the field of medicine. Early diagnosis using AI can guarantee more appropriate treatment for people with different problems and clinical conditions, as well as reducing the chances of error. However, contact between the healthcare professional and the patient remains fundamental, because even if AI simulates human beings, communication is still the best form of personal contact, as it allows empathy and humanized care to be dispensed to the other.
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7

Willems, M., L. Krieckemans, P. Luycx, and A. Meeus. "The HRA/Solarium Project: Processing of Widely Varying High- and Medium-Level Waste." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1209.

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Abstract Starting in 2002, Belgoprocess will proceed with the treatment and conditioning of some 200 m3 of widely varying high- and medium-level wastes from earlier research and development work, to meet standard acceptance criteria for later disposal. The gross volume of primary and secondary packages amounts to 2,600 m3. The wastes have been kept in decay storage for up to 30 years. The project was started in 1998. Operation of the various processing facilities will take 7–8 years. The overall volume of conditioned waste will be of the order of 800 m3. All conditioned waste will be stored in appropriate storage facilities onsite. At present (August, 2000), the construction of a new processing facility is in progress and the call for venders for the equipment has been sent out. Several cells of the Pamela vitrification facility onsite will be adapted for the treatment of high-level and highly α-contaminated wastes; low-level β/γ wastes will be treated in the existing facility for supercompaction and conditioning by embedding into cement (CILVA). The bulk of these wastes, of which 95% are solids, the remainder consisting of mainly solidified liquids, have been produced between 1967 and 1988. They originate from various research programmes and reactor operation at the Belgian nuclear energy research centre SCK•CEN, isotope production, decontamination and dismantling operations. The wastes are stored in 4800 primary packages, of which 700 contain 120 g (5.1012 Bq) radium. Half the radium inventory is present in 25 containers. The presence of radium in waste packages, resulting in the emission of radon gas, requires particular measurements and the welding of packages for storage, in order to allow a correct interpretation of alpha measurements onsite. The total activity at the moment of production amounted to 18,811 TBq β/γ and 34.4 TBq α, with individual packages emitting up to 555 TBq β/γ and 2.2 TBq α. According to calculations, the β/γ activity has decreased to some 2,000 TBq, with individual packages up to 112 TBq. The extreme diversity of the wastes is not only expressed in their radiological characteristics, but also in their chemical composition, physical state, the nature and condition of the packages. Radioactivity ranges between 0.01 mCi to 1,000 Ci per package. Some packages contain resins, Na, NaK and Al containing wastes, poison rods, residues of fuel elements. Although most of the liquid wastes are solidified, a small fraction — both aqueous and organic — still remains liquid. Primary packages may be plastic bags, metal boxes, wire gauze, La Calène boxes; secondary packages may be steel drums and concrete containers. Solid wastes may be sources, counters, control and poison rods, nuclear fuel residues, filters, synthetic materials, metals, resins, granulates, rock, sludges, cables, glass … Some 1000 primary packages are stored in a dry storage vault comprising 20 concrete cells, while 3800 primary packages are stored in some 2,000 concrete containers, on a concrete floor, surrounded by an earth bank to the height of the waste stacking and covered by a metal construction. At present, the annual production of similar wastes amounts to 2 m3 divided over some 30 containers. Generally, the primary waste packages will be loaded in 80 l drums (an average of 2 packages per drum), and compacted in a 150 t hydraulic press. The pellets will be collected in 100 l drums (an average of 3 pellets per drum). Low-level β/γ waste is transferred to the CILVA facility for further treatment, while the other 100 l drums are filled up with sand and, in the case of radium-contaminated wastes, tight-welded. Subsequently, the 100 l drums are loaded into 400 l drums and embedded into cement. Certain packages, for example solidified radium-contaminated liquids in welded metal containers, are conditioned as such in overpacks. Specific procedures will be established for the various non-standard wastes, such as sources, control and poison rods, resins and filters, fuel residues. The new processing facility is being built partly over the dry storage vaults, in the immediate vicinity of the already covered storage area. It comprises 1) feeder locks for the introduction of the various waste packages; 2) a dispatching cell in which the primary packages are loaded into 80 l drums; 3) the processing cell in which the 80 l drums are compacted and the pellets loaded into 100 l drums; and either sent to the CILVA facility (low-level β/γ wastes), or the Pamela facility (highly active and/or heavily α-contaminated), or further treated in 4) the transport area, in which radium and medium-level waste containing drums are conditioned into cement; 5) the measurement and characterisation cell, in which the conditioned waste is characterized by gamma spectrometry, and checked for compliance with maximum allowed surface contamination and dose rate in view of interim storage in the appropriate facilities onsite. Ideally, gamma spectrometry measurements are carried out on the primary packages, but due to the extreme diversity of these packages, ranging from plastic bags containing cardboard to highly active steel valves, preference was given to measurements on the conditioned wastes, or at least on already pre-compacted wastes in the case of treatment in the 2,000 t press of the CILVA facility. Thus tremendous problems of calibration can be largely avoided. All operations are remotely controlled. Transfers between buildings are carried out within appropriately shielded containers and secondary wastes will be treated in existing facilities onsite.
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