To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Drug enforcement agents' spouses.
Journal articles on the topic 'Drug enforcement agents' spouses'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 24 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Drug enforcement agents' spouses.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Wulandari, Fitri, Muh Saleh Ridwan, and Patimah Patimah. "The Implementation of Consumer Protection Act on Cosmetic Business Agents (Study of Cosmetic Supervision at Makassar Agency of Food and Drug Control)." Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir'ah 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30984/jis.v17i1.853.
Full textAbstract:
This study is entitled Implementation of the Consumer Protection Act on Cosmetic Business Agents (Study of Cosmetic Supervision at Makassar Agency of Food and Drug Control). This study describes how to supervise the implementation of consumer protection act on cosmetic businesses. To obtain answers to this problem, the writers use three methods of the data collection; Observations, interviews, and documentation. In field research, the writers use observation and interview instruments. Qualitative Data processing and the data analysis techniques that are used; Data reduction, the data presentation, and verification of data. The samples in this study were the Head of the Agency of Food and Drug Control, the Head of Examination Department, the Head of Enforcement Department, the Head of Testing Department, the Head of Information and Communication Department, some business agents and consumers. The results of this study indicated that the application of the consumer protection act has been carried out by cosmetic business agents in Makassar, the agents have applied all the rules relating to the production and distribution of products as well. Supervision of cosmetic businesses by Makassar Agency of Food and Drug Control both in the market and at the clinic has proceeded properly.
2
Ciccone, Teriggi J., Phillip D. Anderson, Chon A. D. Gann, J. Michael Riley, Michael Maxwell, Robert Hopkins, and Gregory Ciottone. "Successful Development and Implementation of a Tactical Emergency Medical Technician Training Program for United States Federal Agents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 1 (February 2005): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00002120.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIntroduction:The emerging need for tactical operations in law enforcement often places personnel involved at risk. Tactical operations often are carried out in environments in which access to emergency care is limited. With the war against terrorism expanding, special operations involving United States federal agents are occurring worldwide. Currently, there are very few tactical medicine curricula training traditional emergency medical services (EMS) providers to operate in these high-risk missions. Trainees in existing programs must have previous EMS experience, and are selected from a wide range of backgrounds. The goal of this study is to examine a Special Agent Emergency Medical Technician (SAEMT) training curriculum developed specifically for federal special agents with prior experience in tactical operations, but without previous medical training.Methods:An analysis of the SAEMT Program given to federal agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in Quantico, Virginia between July 2000 and April 2002 was performed. The SAEMT curriculum provided enrolled agents 181.5 hours of training in tactical emergency topics, including medical mission planning, logistics, operations, evacuation, and weapons training. In addition, SAEMT concurrently provides emergency medical technician (EMT) training. All of the participants were DEA agents with no previous medical training. Upon completion of the course, all participants took the National Registry of EMT-Basic examination. Measured endpoints included course completion rate and performance on certifying examinations.Results:Ninety-five agents were enrolled and successfully completed the SAEMT course between July 2000 and April 2002. Of the agents enrolled, 84 (88%) passed the National Registry of EMTs-Basic examination within two attempts.Conclusion:The SAEMT Program provides basic emergency medical training to federal special agents with no previous medical experience. The design of this program provides a useful template to meet the expanding demand for tactical emergency medical personnel.
3
Duck, Waverly. "The Complex Dynamics of Trust and Legitimacy: Understanding Interactions between the Police and Poor Black Neighborhood Residents." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 673, no. 1 (September 2017): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217726065.
Full textAbstract:
This article demonstrates how various forms of surveillance can lead to coping strategies that are corrosive of trust and legitimacy between black neighborhood residents and law enforcement. This article introduces the coping strategy of submissive civility as a method of self-preservation enacted in social situations where power relations are asymmetrical and the dominant party can administer sanctions. Reporting on an ethnographic study of residents’ interactions with police and other agents of surveillance, this article surveys a range of problems that residents face as they try to meet conflicting demands while avoiding sanctions. The analysis shows that issues of trust, legitimacy, and the discretionary authority of police and other outsiders in the neighborhood pervade these interactions. Further, the analysis highlights the complex ways in which family dynamics, unemployment, debt, and drug dealing intersect with the activities of law enforcement and the threat of imprisonment that is woven into the fabric of residents’ lives.
4
Noah, Lars. "Challenges in the Federal Regulation of Pain Management Technologies." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 1 (2003): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1073110500006069.
Full textAbstract:
Both the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) play a role in regulating pain management technologies, including pharmaceutical products and medical devices indicated for analgesic use. Yet, as things stand, these two key federal entities, with their distinctly different missions and cultures, contribute to the persistent undertreatment of pain through both overregulation and duplicative regulation. The solution lies in refining pain regulation so that a better balance is created between the need to ensure patient access to pain relief and the need to prevent and reduce drug diversion.Various federal regulatory mechanisms — such as limits on supplies and distribution channels — have created barriers that ultimately affect access to pain management technologies for legitimate users. As the FDA and DEA focus their attention on the misuse of legitimate pain technologies, patients ultimately may be deprived of valuable analgesic agents.
5
Jann, Michael, William Klugh Kennedy, and Gaylord Lopez. "Benzodiazepines." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 27, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190013515001.
Full textAbstract:
The misuse and abuse of prescription medications in the United States continues to increase despite interventions by health care professionals, regulatory, and law enforcement agencies. Opioid analgesics are the leading class of prescription drugs that have caused unintentional overdose deaths. Benzodiazepines when taken alone are relatively safe agents in overdose. However, a 5-fold increase in deaths attributed to benzodiazepines occurred from 1999 to 2009. Emergency department visits related to opioid analgesics increased by 111% followed by benzodiazepines 89%. During 2003 to 2009, the 2 prescriptions drugs with the highest increase in death rates were oxycodone 264.6% and alprazolam 233.8%. Therefore, benzodiazepines have a significant impact on prescription drug unintentional overdoses second only to the opioid analgesics. The combination prescribing of benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics commonly takes place. The pharmacokinetic drug interactions between benzodiazepines and opioid analgesics are complex. The pharmacodynamic actions of these agents differ as their combined effects produce significant respiratory depression. Physician and pharmacy shopping by patients occurs, and prescription drug-monitoring programs can provide important information on benzodiazepine and opioid analgesic prescribing patterns and patient usage. Health care professionals need to inform patients and work closely with regulatory agencies and legislatures to stem the increasing fatalities from prescription drug unintentional overdoses.
6
Sinayangsih, Yuke, and Umar Ma'ruf. "Effectiveness of Death Penalty Against Crime of Abuse of Narcotics Agents or Statutory RI Number 35 of 2009 Concerning Narcotics Law as Viewed From The Principles of Justice And Humanity." Jurnal Daulat Hukum 1, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v1i3.3350.
Full textAbstract:
In the process of law enforcement, the public prosecutor in demanding and Judge deciding cases narcotic crime in particular is not arbitrary impose the death penalty. Death penalty if that is the legal facts in the examination in the court proceedings indicates decent offender sentenced to death, for example: consideration of the type categorized as narcotics or weight considerations of narcotics to be sold or distributed. Narcotics law enforcement has become a concern for legislators us and see the impact of drug abuse. No doubt the legislators also provides severe criminal purpose that is the death penalty in order to provide a deterrent effect for the offender dealers or drug dealers. Although the death penalty is still ongoing and has not been abolished in Indonesia, people differ in responding as the number of countries that abolished the death penalty. On the one hand, there are groups of people expressed support that the death penalty is still needed in Indonesia moreover legally still recognized. Meanwhile, on the other hand there are groups of people who want the death penalty abolished. They argue that the provisions which apply the death penalty in Indonesia is not in accordance with the basic principles of the fundamentals of this country, namely 1945.Keywords: Criminal Die; Abuse Of Narcotics; Principle Of Justice And Humanityity
7
Sandor, Adam. "Tightly Packed: Disciplinary Power, the UNODC, and the Container Control Programme in Dakar." African Studies Review 59, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.33.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract:This article uses the lens of disciplinary power to analyze the North–South relationships in efforts to govern drug trafficking in Senegal. Disciplinary surveillance shapes the activities of anti-trafficking units through repetitive examination, correction, and persuasion. These practices produce forms of resistance to the ways in which interdiction occurs, which implicate elites in the country. The result of constant international correction, and subsidiary actor resistance, is a frustrated law enforcement team. The argument deepens the literature on police reform in Africa, acknowledging the effects of international discipline on policing agents, while maintaining that immediate political settings heavily constrain disciplinary techniques and their internalizing effects.
8
Sollins, Howard L. "Drug Enforcement Administration Guidance on Use of Long-Term Care Facility Staff as Agents in Prescribing Some, but Not All, Controlled Drugs." Geriatric Nursing 32, no. 1 (January 2011): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2010.12.003.
Full text
9
Yusuff, S. Olabisi. "Gender Dimensions of Informal Cross Border Trade in West-African Sub-Region (ECOWAS) Borders." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 29 (June 2014): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.29.19.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to examine the dynamics of women in cross border trade along ECOWAS sub region. West African region is noted significantly for high volume of trade that goes on within its borders on daily basis, and it involves formal and informal trade. Informal trade however, is an integral, but unrecognized component of ECOWAS economic activities. Over sixty percent of women are into informal trading across ECOWAS sub region, yet, there is gap in literature on the dynamics of these regional women traders across sub- ECOWAS region. Using qualitative method of data collection, a significant number of women traders in informal cross border in sub ECOWAS region were interviewed on their motivations, trade operations, challenges, and coping strategies. The findings reveal that there are several insecurities posed by informalities of women trading practices. These insecurities are associated with activities of law- enforcement agents and touts coupled with the facts that women traders are not knowledgeable about the procedures that guide international trade. Despite several challenges posed by informal cross border trade, women traders had devised coping strategies to negotiate these challenges. Majority of women utilized income generated to support themselves, their spouses and children and above all, it had enabled them to live above poverty level, which is one of millennium goals. The paper recommends that informal economic activities of women in cross border trade needs to recognized for holistic policy to be formulated and, women need vigorous education on the law that guide the rules and procedures of regional trade.
10
LeBrón, Marisol. "They Don’t Care if We Die: The Violence of Urban Policing in Puerto Rico." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 1066–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144217705485.
Full textAbstract:
In this essay, I trace how punitive policing in Puerto Rico has deepened existing racial, spatial, and class-based inequalities and further limited life chances for some of Puerto Rico’s most vulnerable citizens. To demonstrate how policing intensified forms of violent exclusion, I focus on mano dura contra el crimen, or iron fist against crime, a law enforcement initiative that sought to eliminate drug-related crime and violence by targeting public housing and other low-income spaces around the island for joint military and police raids during the 1990s. I argue that mano dura promoted an uneven distribution of risk, harm, and death by tacitly allowing the proliferation of violence within economically and racially marginalized communities. Although law enforcement agents engaged in acts of intimidation, harassment, and brutality during mano dura operations, it is perhaps the measures they implemented to concentrate violence in low-income communities that most contributed to the premature death and proximity to harm that barrio and public housing residents experienced. Furthermore, police and other state officials positioned the alarmingly high levels of drug-related violence and death occurring within the confines of these classed and racialized urban spaces as a necessary by-product of the island’s “war on drugs.” Ultimately, police intervention under the auspices of protecting el pueblo puertorriqueño, or the Puerto Rican people, as well as those moments when police deliberately “failed” to prevent violence related to the informal drug economy resulted in greater exposure to harm and death for marginalized communities on the island.
11
Lobel, Jules. "The Constitution Abroad." American Journal of International Law 83, no. 4 (October 1989): 871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203376.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years federal courts have faced a growing number of challenges to United States actions abroad. Citizens living abroad have brought claims alleging that their property was unlawfully taken or that their lives were threatened by United States governmental action. Aliens living in foreign countries have also invoked constitutional protections—Nicaraguans have alleged torture and assassination attributed to CIA activities in Central America; a Mexican alleged that his home in Mexico was searched by Drug Enforcement Agency officials without a search warrant; a Lebanese citizen claimed that he was unlawfully arrested and interrogated in international waters by U.S. agents; a Polish refugee tried for hijacking in a special United States court convened in Berlin sought the right to a jury trial. These cases test the extent to which the Constitution limits U.S. conduct abroad.
12
Polson, Michael. "Making marijuana an environmental issue: Prohibition, pollution, and policy." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619834847.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past two decades, activists and market actors have successfully liberalized marijuana consumption and distribution in most US states. Given ongoing federal supply-side interdiction strategies, however, production has been another matter. This article traces the emergence of marijuana cultivation as an environmental matter. “The environment” increasingly constitutes a material-discursive social field into which actors (e.g. activists, law enforcement, producers, conservationists) can launch interventions into productive processes. The article traces three early, formative interventions in northern California: by federal agents to “reclaim” and protect public lands; by a county government to discipline and segregate compliant environmental citizens from recalcitrant, racialized “criminals”; and by producers themselves to mobilize environmental discourses in regulatory debates. Amidst ideas of pollution, reclamation, stewardship, and sustainability, these projects revalorized marijuana production, articulating with and departing from entrenched systems of inequality and stigma. As marijuana production liberalizes, this article draws attention to the legacy of prohibition moralities in regulatory debates, the necessity of incorporating criminalized actors in civil regulation and knowledge formation, and the possibility for a liberation environmentality that exceeds the terms of exploitative, extractive relations that dominate contemporary agriculture, land use, and drug policy.
13
McBride, David, Amy Richardson, and Brian Cox. "O5C.1 The NZ vietnam veteran family study: a multi-generational perspective on health and wellbeing." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A45.2—A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.122.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe serious impact of Vietnam service on New Zealand veterans arose from high levels of combat experience and exposure to chemical agents including Agent Orange. In 2009, we assembled a cohort of 2783 men and 23 women Vietnam veterans. They had significantly increased risks of head and neck cancer and chronic lymphatic leukaemia, with high rates of hospitalisation for renal failure and drug and alcohol problems. Overseas data indicates that families have been affected by relationship difficulties, with subsequent risks of adverse psychological outcomes in children. There have been few longitudinal studies which include a comprehensive exposure assessment (the exposome) and include both veteran and family, which is what we propose.Study populationUsing the cohort data, the electoral roll and an information campaign, we will recruit veterans, their spouses and their children for follow up. For all groups, we will obtain data to inform the general exposome through a base-line health survey using some of the brief measures deployed in our ‘contemporary veterans’ study, including the Post Traumatic Checklist (Civilian or military) for PTSD, and the Brief Family Relationship Scale exposure history.The specific exposome, including chemicals and ‘other’ specific exposures, will be recorded by on-line questionnaire and subsequent interview.Effects will be assessed through linkage to the Birth Defects Register, Mortality Collection, routine datasets for hospital discharge, and the Cancer Registry, using comparisons with national rates where appropriate. Most importantly, permission will be sought to flag individuals at the Cancer Registry, with access to blood or tissue samples facilitating the identification of genomic ‘effect biomarkers’. We hope that the method will be extended to other cohorts and for future deployments.
14
Cabrera, Fedor F., Erik R. Gamarra, Tiffany E. Garcia, Ashanti D. Littlejohn, Poul A. Chinga, Luis D. Pinentel-Morillo, Jorge R. Tirado, et al. "Opioid distribution trends (2006–2017) in the US Territories." PeerJ 7 (January 15, 2019): e6272. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6272.
Full textAbstract:
BackgroundThe US mainland is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdoses. Unfortunately, the US Territories (Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) have often been overlooked in opioid pharmacoepidemiology research. This study examined common prescription opioids over the last decade.MethodsThe United States Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) was used to report on ten medical opioids: buprenorphine, codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, and oxymorphone, by weight from 2006 to 2017. Florida and Hawaii were selected as comparison areas.ResultsPuerto Rico had the greatest Territorial oral morphine mg equivalent (MME) per capita (421.5) which was significantly higher (p< .005) than the Virgin Islands (139.2) and Guam (118.9) but significantly lower than that of Hawaii (794.6) or Florida (1,509.8). Methadone was the largest opioid by MMEs in 2017 in most municipalities, accounting for 41.1% of the total in the Virgin Islands, 37.9% in Florida, 36.6% in Hawaii but 80.8% in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico and Florida showed pronounced differences in the distribution patterns by pharmacies, hospitals, and narcotic treatment programs for opioids.ConclusionsContinued monitoring of the US Territories is needed to provide a balance between appropriate access to these important agents for cancer related and acute pain while also minimizing diversion and avoiding the opioid epidemic which has adversely impacted the US mainland.
15
Masih, Maj Neerja. "THE GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN DRUG DESIGNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES- A REVIEW." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 6, no. 11 (January 21, 2020): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v6.i11.2019.465.
Full textAbstract:
It has long been assumed that females have the same response as males to the drugs in all the five phases of drug development processes namely drug discovery & development, preclinical trials, clinical trials, drug review and drug marketing. The fact is that the diseases exhibit the potential sex difference in its prevalence, diagnosis, severity and outcomes. Diseases like breast cancer, urinary tract infections affect men and women differently. The difference also exits in the manifestation of the diseases like cardiovascular disease and sexually transmitted diseases. The differences of the sex are further widened by the gender perspective. Gender is one of the fundamental determinants of health inequalities. There are differences in the physiology of the sexes that causes difference in the pharmacodynamics for specific drug which can be due to the circulating levels of endogenous hormones such as testosterone and estradiol. Women typically have a lower bodyweight than men, so when taking the same dose of a drug results in higher level of drug. Lyophilic agents may have a larger distribution in females owing to their higher body fat content. Women may experience different health issues due to cultural, social and economical factor and hence it becomes an issue related to gender bias.Their is a need to examine the potential difference by sex at all the life stages at all the levels, like genetic and cellular level to organism level. Also there is a need to take into consideration this sex difference in all the stages of the drug development, pre-clinical and clinical trial. It has been observed that while studying diseases prevalent in both the sexes only male animals were considered to be norm study population. It was assumed that female would have same response as males during the pre-clinical trials and that women will have same response as men from drugs in the clinical trials. The assumption of equality puts women at risk, not only reducing disease treatment efficacy but also risking exposure to unforeseen side effects. Women have been viewed as more expensive test subjects because of their more fluctuating hormone levels. It has to take the possible hormonal interaction into consideration during the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics when it comes to determine the safety, efficacy and tolerance of new drugs. Although there have been lack of representation of women in clinical trials initially due to non availability of data that the potential sex differences exist but now guidelines, policies and organizations have been established to increase the quality of women's health research. In 1993, the National Institute of Health Revitalization Act came into being to promote inclusion of women in clinical trials. The acceptance that sex differences should be considered while taking clinical decisions itself proves that there has been a major breakthrough but a lot is to be done. The studies on cardiovascular disease pattern for males and females creates awareness and the governments are making policies and guidelines for the gender specificity in the drug designing and development processes and strict enforcement during the approval processes. There is along way to go.
16
Ighodaro, Ebuwa O., Kenneth L. McCall, Daniel Y. Chung, Stephanie D. Nichols, and Brian J. Piper. "Dynamic changes in prescription opioids from 2006 to 2017 in Texas." PeerJ 7 (December 6, 2019): e8108. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8108.
Full textAbstract:
Background The US is experiencing an epidemic of opioid overdoses which may be at least partially due to an over-reliance on opioid analgesics in the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain and subsequent escalation to heroin or illicit fentanyl. As Texas was reported to be among the lowest in the US for opioid use and misuse, further examination of this state is warranted. Materials and Methods This study was conducted to quantify prescription opioid use in Texas. Data was obtained from the publicly available US Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) which monitors controlled substances transactions from manufacture to commercial distribution. Data for 2006–2017 from Texas for ten prescription opioids including eight primarily used to relieve pain (codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone, oxymorphone) and two (buprenorphine and methadone) for the treatment of an Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) were examined. Results The change in morphine mg equivalent (MME) of all opioids (+23.3%) was only slightly greater than the state’s population gains (21.1%). Opioids used to treat an OUD showed pronounced gains (+90.8%) which were four-fold faster than population growth. Analysis of individual agents revealed pronounced elevations in codeine (+387.5%), hydromorphone (+106.7%), and oxycodone (+43.6%) and a reduction in meperidine (−80.3%) in 2017 relative to 2006. Methadone in 2017 accounted for a greater portion (39.5%) of the total MME than hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and meperidine, combined. There were differences between urban and rural areas in the changes in hydrocodone and buprenorphine. Conclusions Collectively, these findings indicate that continued vigilance is needed in Texas to appropriately treat pain and an OUD while minimizing the potential for prescription opioid diversion and misuse. Texas may lead the US in a return to pre-opioid epidemic prescription levels.
17
Womack, E. D., D. L. Sparks, and A. E. Brown. "Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products: a short review." World Mycotoxin Journal 9, no. 2 (March 11, 2016): 305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1867.
Full textAbstract:
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is associated with carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and as a result, represents a human health problem worldwide. This review will detail the toxicity, analytical methodology, occurrence, and prevention and control of AFM1 in milk and milk products. The probable daily intakes (PDI) per bodyweight (bw) worldwide ranged from 0.002 to 0.26 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of AFM1 demonstrated in this review establishes the need for monitoring to reduce the risk of toxicity to humans. The recommended extraction method of AFM1 from milk is liquid-liquid with acetonitrile because of the acceptable recoveries (85-97%), compatibility with the environment, and cleanest extracts. The recommended analytical technique for the determination of AFM1 in milk is the high performance-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), achieving a 0.001 µg/kg detection limit. The HPLC-FLD is the most common internationally recognised official method for the analysis of AFM1 in milk. The suggested extraction and analytical method for cheese is dichloromethane (81-108% recoveries) and ELISA, respectively. This review reports the projected worldwide occurrence of AFM1 in milk of 2010-2015. Of the 7,841 samples, 5,873 (75%) were positive for AFM1, 26% (2,042) exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRL) of 0.05 µg/kg defined by the European Union and 1.53% (120) exceeded the MRL of 0.5 µg/kg defined by the US Food and Drug Administration. The most effective way of preventing AFM1 occurrences is to reduce contamination of AFB1 in animal feed using biological control with atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, proper storage of crops, and the addition of binders to AFB1-contaminated feed. Controllable measures include the addition of binders and use of biological transforming agents such as lactic acid bacteria applied directly to milk. Though the one accepted method for the control of AFM1 in milk and milk products is the enforcement of governmental MRL.
18
Mezentseva, A. V., L. V. Olkhova, E. B. Machneva, V. V. Konstantinova, A. E. Burya, Yu A. Nikolaeva, O. A. Filina, et al. "Successful use of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide in complex antimicrobial therapy in patients with fulminant infectious complications in induced hematopoesis aplasia by gram-negative agents." Russian Journal of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology 8, no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21682/2311-1267-2021-8-1-23-34.
Full textAbstract:
Relevance. Infectious septic complications caused by polyresistant gram-negative micro-organisms are a pressing issue in the treatment of patients after polychemotherapy (PCT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at the high risk of the fulminant current and high lethality against the background of hematopoesis aplasia. One of the therapeutic strategies of antimicrobial treatment is the systematic use of 0.5 % hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide (dioxidine) solution in the complex antibacterial therapy of patients with severe infectious-septic complications. The preparation has a bactericidal type of action, a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. Experience in adult clinical practice has demonstrated the effectiveness of dioxidine in the treatment of the most severe forms of aerobic and anaerobic infection. Strict dose enforcement and injection technique to avoid the appearance of side effects. Data on the intravenous use of dioxin in children are presented in a limited number of scientific literature.The aim of the study was to demonstrate the efficacy of systemic use of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide (0.5 % dioxidine solution) in children with infectious complications progressing against the background of aplasia of hematopoiesis caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.Materials and methods. 16 patients with a verified gram-negative infection were prescribed 0.5 % hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide solution as part of a combination antimicrobial therapy were included in the retrospective study. The median age of patients was 5 years (6 months – 16 years), 11 (69 %) were boys and 5 (31 %) girls.All children included in the study has infectious-septic complications at the PCT-induced hematopoietic aplasia, obtained according to the protocols of the main disease: severe combined immune deficiency (n = 2), idiopathic aplastic anaemia (n = 3), solid tumor (n = 2), acute myeloblastic leukemia (n = 7), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 2). The main criterion for adding to the study was the existence at the least one site with a verified gram-negative infection (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia): bacteriemia (n = 11), oral mucosa (n = 6), ulcerative necrotic damage of perineum (n = 6), enterocolite (n = 6), infectionseptic compartments in the subcutaneous fat (n = 4), pleuropneumonia (n = 4), abscesses and inflammatory infiltration of the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, lymph nodes (n = 1), infection of soft tissues in the area of the ventricular bypass with inflammatory changes of the brain membranes (n = 1).All patients received 0.5 % of the solution of dioxin by injection according of vital importance, as they had pathogens with confirmed laboratory resistance or clinical progression of the infectious process against the background of combined antibacterial therapy.Discussion. There is a complete control of fulminant developing infectious-septic processes caused by polyresistant micro-organisms against the background of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide therapy in all 16 patients. The eradication of the pathogen, according to the microbiological study, has been confirmed in almost all observed patients, the efficacy of the drug has been preserved throughout the period of treatment, and the resistance of micro-organisms has not been observed. Strict adherence to the dosing and infusion technique of hydroxymethylquinoxaline dioxide has helped to achieve the full resolution of the infection process in all children without side-effects.Conclusion. On the basis of the experience presented, in immunocomputed patients of young age, 0.5 % dioxidine solution can be used as a necessary reserve preparation for the treatment of the most severe forms of infections of different localization, caused by polyresistant strains of gram-negative micro-organisms.
19
Fleming, Irma D., Carla Tang, and Giavonni M. Lewis. "620 Outbreak of Carbapenem-Polymyxin-Quat-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Associated with Mafenide Acetate shortages: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Eradication." Journal of Burn Care & Research 42, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2021): S164—S165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irab032.270.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction In the wake of Hurricane Maria, many US hospitals experienced massive drug shortages requiring substitution with alternative therapies. Our regional center experienced an increased incidence of Carbapenem-Polymyxin-Quat-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(CPQRA) infections, compared to a previous year of no infections. Here we describe a successful interdisciplinary approach to its eradication. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of CPQRA outbreaks for November and December 2018 in the burn ICU. De-identified data was collected and analyzed. In collaboration with the state’s department of health and epidemiology section, whole-genome sequencing was carried out on bacterial isolates. In addition, we instituted adenosine triphosphate (ATP) monitoring on all surfaces, a process of rapidly measuring actively growing microorganisms. Results Resistant Acinetobacter was isolated from five ICU patients, two of whom died with CPQRA bacteremia, producing a case-fatality rate of 40%. The two cases that died both suffered traumatic injuries with multiple fractures in addition to an average TBSA of 58%. Non-fatal cases suffered no other traumatic injuries and had an average TBSA of 51%.During this period, genitourinary irrigant (neomycin-Polymyxin B) and polymyxin ointment were the primary topical agents for wound care. Whole genome sequencing revealed a qacEdelta1 positive strain and identified the primary source as a patient that returned from a long-term care facility carrying the converted A. Baumannii infection. ATP testing also showed increased levels in patient rooms and surgical suite. Conclusions As a result of these findings, we achieved eradication by developing new and reinforcing traditional practices of infection control. This included UV light therapy to all ICU rooms and surgical suite, oversight of environmental services procedures, rigorous enforcement of hospital infection control procedures, auditing hand hygiene, increased efforts in antibiotic stewardship and discontinuing Polymyxin containing topicals. By January 2019 there were no new cases of CPQRA in the ICU. This study shows that the resistance and rapid spread of CPQRA can be controlled with the cooperation of hospital staff, environmental services, infection control, pharmacy, and the state’s department of health. With the coordinated efforts of all parties, we were able to successfully eradicate a virulent and fatal resistant A. baumannii strain.
20
Fleming, Irma D., Carla Tang, Lois Remington, and Giavonni Lewis. "69 Outbreak of Carbapenem-polymyxin-quat-resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Associated with Mafenide Acetate Shortages: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Eradication." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.073.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction In the wake of Hurricane Maria, many US hospitals experienced massive drug shortages requiring substitution with alternative therapies. Our regional center experienced an increased incidence of Carbapenem-Polymyxin-Quat-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(CPQRA) infections, compared to a previous year of no infections. Here we describe a successful interdisciplinary approach to its eradication. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of CPQRA outbreaks for November and December 2018 in the burn ICU. De-identified data was collected and analyzed. In collaboration with the state’s department of health and epidemiology section, whole-genome sequencing was carried out on bacterial isolates. In addition, we instituted adenosine triphosphate (ATP) monitoring on all surfaces, a process of rapidly measuring actively growing microorganisms. Results Resistant Acinetobacter was isolated from five ICU patients, two of whom died with CPQRA bacteremia, producing a case-fatality rate of 40%. The two cases that died both suffered traumatic injuries with multiple fractures in addition to an average TBSA of 58%.Non-fatal cases suffered no other traumatic injuries and had an average TBSA of 51%.During this period, genitourinary irrigant (neomycin-Polymyxin B) and polymyxin ointment were the primary topical agents for wound care. Whole genome sequencing revealed a qacEdelta1 positive strain and identified the primary source as a patient that returned from a long-term care facility carrying the converted A. Baumannii infection. ATP testing also showed increased levels in patient rooms and surgical suite. Conclusions As a result of these findings, we achieved eradication by developing new and reinforcing traditional practices of infection control. This included UV light therapy to all ICU rooms and surgical suite, oversight of environmental services procedures, rigorous enforcement of hospital infection control procedures, auditing hand hygiene, increased efforts in antibiotic stewardshipand discontinuing Polymyxin containing topicals. By January 2019 there were no new cases of CPQRA in the ICU. This study shows that the resistance and rapid spread of CPQRA can be controlled with the cooperation of hospital staff, environmental services, infection control, pharmacy and the state’s department of health. With the coordinated efforts of all parties, we were able to successfully eradicate a virulent and fatal resistant A. baumannii strain. Applicability of Research to Practice Describe an approach to eradicating resistant organisms and provide a roadmap to characterize the source, implement control measures to terminate an outbreak, and institute preventive measures.
21
"Pharmacists' Self-Medication for Travelers' Diarrhea." DICP 23, no. 10 (October 1989): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808902301012.
Full textAbstract:
Visitors to developing areas of the world are at high risk for contracting travelers' diarrhea (TD). Despite proven effectiveness in the prevention of TD, prophylactic use of antidiarrheal agents is controversial. Most authorities recommend against the routine use of drugs for the prevention of TD. This article presents data from surveys of pharmacists and their spouses participating in vacation-study tours to countries associated with a high risk of TD. Patterns of antidiarrheal drug use are compared with the recommended practices regarding both prophylactic and symptomatic therapy. Generally, the subjects in this study adhered closely to recommended practices. Nevertheless, although a majority employed dietary restrictions for TD prevention, 22.8 percent took antidiarrheal drugs prophylactically. Nearly half took antidiarrheal agents for symptomatic use. The ingredients most frequently mentioned matched current recommendations. Inappropriate practices included the use of prophylactic agents without dietary restrictions, and the use of antimotility agents prophylactically. Patterns of dietary and antidiarrheal drug use are compared, including intended versus actual, prophylactic versus symptomatic, and prescription versus nonprescription product use. The controversy regarding the use of prophylactic drug therapy for TD is discussed.
22
"U.S. Arrest of Former Mexican Defense Minister on Drug Charges Poses Challenges for Future Counter-Narcotics Cooperation." American Journal of International Law 115, no. 2 (April 2021): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2021.14.
Full textAbstract:
In October 2020, the United States arrested former Mexican Defense Secretary General Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda on drug conspiracy charges, accusing him of accepting bribes to aid a Mexican cartel in evading law enforcement and transporting drugs into the United States. Cienfuegos's arrest sparked diplomatic protests from Mexico, which negotiated to gain Cienfuegos's release before exonerating him and publicizing the U.S. investigation file in what the United States called a breach of the countries’ mutual legal assistance treaty. The incident also prompted Mexico to pass a new law curtailing cooperation with foreign agents and potentially imperiling the long-standing U.S.-Mexico alliance in the fight against cross-border drug trafficking.
23
Belachew, Sewunet Admasu, Lisa Hall, and Linda A. Selvey. "Non-prescription dispensing of antibiotic agents among community drug retail outlets in Sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00880-w.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background The development of antimicrobial resistance, which is partially attributable to the overuse and/or misuse of antibiotics in health care, is one of the greatest global public health challenges. In Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, non-prescribed dispensing of antibiotics in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) has been flagged as one of the contributing factors for the widespread misuse of antibiotics in the community. Objective The current review aimed to estimate the proportion of non-prescription antibiotics requests or consultations that resulted in provision of antibiotics without a valid prescription among CDROs in SSA region, and describe the type of antibiotics dispensed. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Google Scholar. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles. Random effect model meta-analysis was employed to determine the pooled proportion of over the counter sale of antibiotics. Subgroup and meta-regression was undertaken to explore the potential cause of heterogeneity in effect size across studies. Results Of 671 total citations retrieved, 23 met the inclusion criteria (seven cross-sectional questionnaire-based surveys and 16 cross-sectional client-based studies). The overall pooled proportion of non-prescription antibiotics requests or consultations that resulted in supply of antibiotics without prescription was 69% (95% CI 58–80). Upper respiratory tract infections and/or acute diarrhoea were the most frequently presented case scenarios, and amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole were the most frequently dispensed antibiotics to treat those symptoms. Conclusions Non-prescribed dispensing of antibiotics was found to be a common practice among CDROs in several SSA countries. Ease of access to and overuse of antibiotics can potentially accelerate the emergence of resistance to antibiotics available in the region. Our review highlights the need for a stringent enforcement of existing policies and/or enacting new regulatory frameworks that would regulate antibiotic supply, and training and educational support for pharmacy personnel (e.g. pharmacists, pharmacy assistants) regarding judicious use of antibiotics and the importance of antimicrobial stewardship.
24
Manu, Emmanuel, Mbuyiselo Douglas, and Mohlomi Jafta Ntsaba. "Contextual influences of illicit adolescent marijuana cultivation and trading in the Inqguza Hill local municipality of South Africa: implications for public health policy." Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13011-020-00338-7.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Although commercial cultivation and trading of marijuana, commonly known as cannabis or dagga in the South African context, remains an illicit practice, adolescents actively engage in it. However, contextual influences that sustain adolescent involvement in illicit marijuana-related activties remain empirically unascertained. Objective This study sought to ascertain the various contextual influences of adolescent illicit marijuana cultivation and trading in two communities in the Ingquza Hill Local Municipality (IHLM) of South Africa, using the tenets of the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM). Methods The study utilised focus group discussions approach to interview thirty-three purposefully sampled participants who were recruited through the snowball sampling technique. A semi-structured interview guide was used to conduct the interviews, while thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. Results We found that illicit adolescent marijuana cultivation and trading was influenced by eleven contextual factors that are grouped under four levels of socio-ecological influence. These include intrapersonal influences (knowledge and skills in marijuana cultivation and courage), interpersonal influences (peer and family influences), communal level influences (economic reasons, early childhood exposure to marijuana activities, protection of family lands, the topography of the area and soil fertility) and policy-related influences (lack of communal bylaws on marijuana activities and laxity in law enforcement). Conclusion It is recommended that substance abuse prevention policies and programmes focus on discouraging children from engaging in illicit marijuana activities in IHLM across the four tenets of SEM and curtailing adolescent involvement in marijuana cultivation and trading. There is also the need to incorporate the law enforcement approach into demand reduction strategies of the National Drug Master Plan (NDMP), which employs only an educative approach in its current form. Working agreements between municipal authorities, law enforcement agents and social service professionals also need to be strengthened to push demand reduction strategies for marijuana in communities to protect the rights of children as enshrined in the Children’s Act, 38 of 2005.