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Battu, Rakesh. "Assessment of Incidence, Clinical Profile, Risk Factors and Drug Utilization Pattern in the Management of Gastroenteritis." International Journal of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology 1, no. 3 (2018): 113. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1160876.
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Background: Acute Gastroenteritis is a common cause of hospitalization in India ranging from mild annoyances to devastating, dehydrating illnesses that can kill within hours. Drug utilization evaluation can be used for the description of drug use pattern; early signals of irrational use of drugs; interventions to improve drug use; quality control cycle; continuous quality improvement. Objectives: 1. Better understanding the burden and incidence of acute gastroenteritis in adults. 2. Assessment of Clinical Profile and Risk factors for Gastroenteritis. 3. Assessment of Drug utilization pattern in the management of gastroenteritis. Study Design: Prospective Cross-Sectional study was carried out in the General Medicine Department using a well-designed patient data collection form. All gastroenteritis patients’ prescription detail was collected in a specially designed Case Record Form (CRF) for the evaluation of drug prescribing pattern. Results: Among these 100 patients, male n=57 (57%) and n=43 (43%) were females. The class of drugs prescribed mostly were antibiotics (100%), followed by H2 blockers (75%), and Proton-Pump Inhibitors (25%), Anti-emetics (89%), Intravenous fluids (85%), Prebiotic + Probiotic Combination (84%), Oral rehydration solution (75%), Anti-Spasmodic (60%), Analgesic + Antipyretic (45%), Antacids (15%), NSAIDs (15%) and other miscellaneous drugs for co-morbidities includesGlimepiride + Metformin (6%), Metformin (3%), Amlodipine (7%), Nebulization-Duolin + Budecort (1%), Cinnarizine (1%). Conclusion: Study result shows that male patients (56%) admitted were more compared to female (44%) and may infer that male are more prone to gastroenteritis compared to female gender. Average age of patients found was between 21-30 years, which indicates that the gastroenteritis and related infections may be chronic in this age group because of the westernization and unhygienic outside food.
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Philip Jacob, Arul Balasubramanian, and Kothai Ramalingam. "A review on steps involved in drug utilization review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (2020): 4095–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2612.
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Drug Utilization is also known as Drug Utilization Review, is an arrangement of persistent, orderly, criteria based medication assessment that guarantees the proper usage of drugs. Drug use/ utilization evaluation and medication utilization evaluations are the same as drug utilization review. It is a technique for acquiring data to recognize the problems related to the usage of drugs and if appropriately created, it also gives a method for revising the issue and in this way, it becomes a factor in reasonable drug usage. Evaluation of use can survey the real procedure of medication administration or dispensing of proper medication and furthermore the results of treatment. Drug utilization review services include corrective actions, prescriber reviews and further evaluations as a quality assurance mechanism. This article reviews the drug utilization pattern and evaluation of the process of drug utilization. The evaluation pattern can be classified into several categories such as prospective, concurrent and retrospective. The drug utilization evaluation process is a continuous cycle and its maximum effect is attained when it is conducted as a cycle rather than conducting in steps. This evidence-based approach with utilization of the medication is intended to depend on the best accessible clinical evidence to create explicit rules for a particular illness or utilization of a particular medication.
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Kim, Dong-Sook, Juhee Park, Ha-Rim Jeon, Chanmi Park, and Hyeun Ah Kang. "The Effect of Korean Prospective Drug Utilization Review Program on the Prescription Rate of Drug-Drug Interactions." Health Policy and Management 24, no. 2 (2014): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4332/kjhpa.2014.24.2.120.
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Ramakrishna, Shabaraya A. Trupthi D. Shetty Suchetha Kumari. "A Prospective Study On Drug Utilization Review Of Prescriptions Among Hypertensive Subjects At A Tertiary Care Hospital In Dakshina Kannada." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1, no. 10 (2023): 182–91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10017796.
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Hypertension, is one of the diseases that has severe impact on body and economy. Main aim and objective of our study was to find out the prescribing patterns of drugs among hypertensive patients. <strong>Materials and method: </strong>A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Dakshina Kannada for period of 6 months. 150 hypertensive patients who were on at least one antihypertensive medication, admitted to in-patient department were included for drug utilization study. <strong>Result</strong>: According to the study, 54% of hypertensive subjects were above 60- 75 years of age. 86% of prescription had more than 6 drugs. 66% of prescription had at least one antibiotic among which cephalosporin (37.84%) was the most common one. 81.33% of the patients received at least one injection. 64% of the prescriptions were not prescribed in generic name. As per the study, the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive drug was calcium channel blocker (36.10%) - Amlodipine. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: In the present study, drug utilization parameters were carried out using WHO core drug indicators which showed overprescription of antibiotics and injections which is a leading cause for increase in economic burden and majority of prescriptions did not have drugs prescribed in generic name. Prescribing drugs using generic names, decreases medical confusion and allows selection of better alternatives.
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Mudasir, Maqbool Dr. Bilal Arshad Dr. Sana Liaquat. "PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG UTILISATION PATTERN CAN BE USEFUL IN MONITORING TREATMENT REGIMENS FOR MENTAL DISORDERS IN PSYCHIATRIC SETTINGS." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 08 (2018): 7715–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1401433.
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<em>Mental disorders are one of the major causes of morbidity. Development of newer drugs like SSRIs and atypical antipsychotics has altered the treatment paradigms. Various factors like cost of drugs, local paradigms, etc. play a role in the selection of drug therapy and hence, affect the outcome. Psychiatric disorders form an important public health priority. Of the top ten health conditions contributing to the Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), four are psychiatric disorders. Mental illness is associated with high levels of health service utilization and associated costs, and in developing countries these costs are mostly paid by the patient. For the treatment of psychiatric disorders, wide classes of psychotropic drugs are available. During the past two decades, the development of newer drugs like Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and atypical anti–psychotics have drastically changed the drug therapy protocols. The growing concern over the burden of psychiatric illnesses in health statistics elicit the importance of rational prescribing of psychotropic drugs. Psychotropic drugs have had a remarkable impact in psychiatric practice. However, their utilization in actual clinical practice, effectiveness and safety in real life situation need continuous study. In this review, we will review about various aspects of drug utilization in psychiatric clinical settings.</em> <strong>Keywords: </strong><em>psychiatric ailments, anti-psychotics, drug utilization. </em>
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Santhireswaran, Araniy, Martin Ho, Kaitlin Fuller, Etienne Gaudette, Lisa Burry, and Mina Tadrous. "Impact of supply chain disruptions and drug shortages on drug utilization: A scoping review protocol." PLOS ONE 19, no. 11 (2024): e0313298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313298.
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Objective This proposed scoping review aims to examine studies assessing the impact of drug shortages on population-level drug utilization trends. The objectives of this review are to a) assess which drugs have been studied and describe associated drug characteristics, b) determine jurisdictions and healthcare settings that have conducted these studies, and c) describe how changes in drug use and the extent of shortage impacts are reported in literature. Introduction Drug shortages continue to impair drug access and delivery of quality care across the world. However, the impact of drug supply disruptions on availability and drug use are understudied in current literature. This proposed scoping review will identify this gap and inform future research initiatives aimed at determining the real-world impacts of drug shortages. Inclusion criteria Published and unpublished observational studies reporting on the effects of drug supply chain disruptions (shortages, discontinuations, and safety-based withdrawals) on consequent utilization trends faced by pharmaceutical products (i.e. prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, vaccines, therapy products, pharmaceutical solutions). Literature reviews, meta-analyses, randomized control trials, case series, case reports, and opinion pieces will be excluded. Methods The search strategy will combine two key search concepts: drug shortages and drug utilization. The search will be conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE. This will be followed by an extensive grey literature search in grey literature databases, targeted websites and Google. Furthermore, reference lists of included articles will be searched. Articles will be independently screened, selected and extracted by two reviewers. Data will be descriptively analyzed and presented in tables. Trial registration Review registration number: Open Science Framework, https://osf.io/2p6e5.
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Samudra, Anshar Timur, Antonius Adji Prayitno Setiadi, and Sylvi Irawati. "Knowledge On Drug Safety and Drug Utilization During Pregnancy: A Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses." Malahayati Nursing Journal 7, no. 6 (2025): 2502–15. https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v7i6.20651.
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ABSTRACT Drug use all through pregnancy can be beneficial or dangerous to the expectant mother, her fetus, and the baby. Some drugs have a risk of causing disability or death. Pregnant women's lack of knowledge about the harms of drug use during pregnancy can affect the use of these drugs during pregnancy. This study aims to review systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding knowledge and use of medications during pregnancy in pregnant women. The design of this study is a scoping review using the PubMed database. The studies reviewed are systematic reviews and meta-analyses published in 2014-2024. Of the 1658 search results, five studies met the inclusion criteria. Four systematic reviews discussed drug utilization during pregnancy, and one systematic review addressed the knowledge of pregnant women regarding the use of drugs during pregnancy. The prevalence of antibiotic consumption during pregnancy ranges from 0.04 to 90%. While the prevalence of herbal medicine use in pregnant women varies between 12% and 93%. As many as 93.3% of pregnant women do not know enough about medicines and have gaps in knowledge or information about medicines, whether prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, or herbal medicines. Pregnant women's knowledge is also limited about the risks associated with polypharmacy in the first trimester of pregnancy, and there is a relationship between polypharmacy during pregnancy and an increased risk of congenital malformations. In conclusion, the prevalence of herbal medicine and antibiotic use during pregnancy is still relatively high. Most pregnant women do not have a good level of knowledge regarding the use of these medicines during pregnancy. Keywords: Drug Utilization, Knowledge, Pregnancy
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Meena, Dinesh Kumar, and M. Jayanthi. "Drug utilization research: a review." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 2 (2019): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20190161.
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Data from drug utilization research is an invaluable resource for all stake holders involved in drug and health policies. Drug utilization is “marketing, distribution, prescription and use of drugs in a society, with special emphasis on the resulting medical, social and economic consequences”. Research on drug utilization includes factors related to prescribing, dispensing, administering and intake of medication and its associated events. The ultimate purpose of drug utilization research is to estimate the optimal quality of drug therapy by identifying, documenting, analysing problems in drug utilization and monitoring the consequences. It encourages the prescribers to prescribe correct drug at appropriate dose and affordable price. It contributes to the knowledge of rational use of drugs in the society; whether the drug is being prescribed appropriately, whether the drug is taken in correct dosage, whether the drug is available at affordable price or misused. It provides valuable feedback about the rationality of the prescription to the doctors. It also assesses whether an intervention affects the drug use in the population by examining the outcomes of different types of intervention given to improve rationality in drug use. Drug utilization research can be qualitative or quantitative and can be done by various methods. This review highlights the understanding of various aspects, different designs and WHO guidelines for conducting drug utilization research.
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Mudasir, Maqbool Dr Sayyab Tariq Dr Sidra Amjad. "PRESCRIBING PRACTICES IN PEDIATRICS AND DRUG UTILIZATION STUDIES PROMOTING PEDIATRIC HEALTH." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 08 (2018): 8070–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1405121.
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<em>Knowledge of drug administration in children and infants lags behind that of adults for many reasons. These include developmental differences that affect the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs, ethical and financial reasons, research capabilities, and regulatory guidelines and constraints. Most of the drugs prescribed for children have not been tested in the pediatric population due to the difficulties in carrying out clinical studies in children and ethical issues due to children not being able to make their own decisions to participate in a clinical trial. Epidemiological evaluation of medicine use in elderly is now a highly visible topic, but drug prescribing studies in pediatric patients have been limited. The higher incidence of infections in pediatric population as compared to adults leads to higher prescription of Antimicrobial Drugs (AMDs), at times more than two in single prescription. The use of antibiotics in children has been a major area of concern. . Periodic prescriptions analysis and effective feedback to clinician should be done based on results to ensure rational prescribing and effective health care management, which will ultimately lead to a better child health. In this review article, we will to analyze prescribing practices in pediatrics and drug utilization studies promoting pediatric health.</em> <strong>Key words: </strong><em>Pediatrics, rationale prescribing, antibiotics, Drug utilization</em>
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Breton, Marie-Claude, Kateri Bourbeau, Jean R. Cusson, et al. "The Drug Utilization Review Network of Quebec." Healthcare Management Forum 9, no. 2 (1996): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)60852-6.
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Drug utilization review programs have been recognized as an effective way to control health care spending while maintaining quality services. This article describes the structure, mandate and activities of Quebec's Drug Utilization Review Network. This 112-member network, which represents 45% of health care facilities in the province, was established to promote the optimal utilization of drugs through the provision of support to pharmacology committees, therapeutic committees and pharmacy departments. The network's main role is to coordinate multi-centre drug utilization studies. Future challenges include maintaining member interest and evaluating the clinical and economic impact of the network's efforts.
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Asida Mohamed Ashraf, Reshmi Subramaniam, Revathi Rajkumar, and Manju L. "Drug Utilization Pattern In Dermatology: A Comprehensive Analysis Of Prescription Trends And Patient Management In Dermatological Outpatient Department." Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development 15, no. 1 (2024): 79–84. https://doi.org/10.37506/av7kz689.
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Background: Drug utilization Understanding the patterns of drug utilization is essential for optimizing patient management in Dermatology Outpatient Departments (OPD). This study presents a comprehensive analysis of prescription trends and patient management practices in Dermatology OPD, with a specific focus on drug utilization patterns. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Dermatology OPD of a tertiary care center in 322 patients. Data were collected through observations and the review of health records. The study investigates prescription trends, drug utilization patterns, and drug formulations used, considering various dermatological conditions. Results and conclusions Prescription trends are examined in terms of medication classes, dosage regimens, and treatment durations.This study sheds light on the patterns of drug utilization patterns in Dermatology OPD, offering a foundation for evidence-based decision-making in patient care.Males(59.93%) outnumbered females in health seeking behavior ,tinea (10.9%) was the most commonly reported condition and antihistaminincs(17.57%) were the most prescribed drugs followed by antifungal drugs (8.5%).Total number of drugs prescribed were 1070.Average number of drugs per prescription is 3.32, percentage of prescriptions with antibiotics and injections were 21.1% and 1.55% respectively.These findings are significant in optimizing prescription practices, enhancing patient outcomes, and guiding future research in dermatological therapeutics.
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Saji, Sanju T., Prasanth V. V., and Rishab Kumar Dagariya. "Role of clinical pharmacist in drug utilization evaluation, medication adherence and pharmacovigilance." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 13, no. 3 (2024): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20241005.
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A series of systematic, criterion-based drug evaluation known as Drug utilization review are conducted on a regular basis to ensure that medication is utilized appropriately. It’s a mean of learning more about the issues brought on by drug usage, if done properly, may help to solve the issues. Medication adherence generally refers to a patient’s ability to take prescription drugs as directed and their continued use of those drugs. The increasing body of research linking medication non adherence to unfavorable outcomes and increased healthcare cost has raised concerns among clinicians, healthcare institutions, and other stakeholders. Pharmacovigilance, in which the procedures keeping an eye on the assessing adverse medication reactions, is essential to clinical practice, public health and efficient drug regulating system. Aim of the study was wo study about the role of pharmacist in drug utilization review, medication adherence and pharmacovigilance.
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Wadhwa, Medha, Poonam Trivedi, Devang Raval, et al. "Factors Affecting the Availability and Utilization of Essential Medicines in India: A Systematic Review." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 16, Suppl 2 (2024): S1064—S1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1198_23.
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ABSTRACT Essential medicines or drugs are recognized as highly cost-effective components within contemporary healthcare, demonstrating significant potential for improving health outcomes. The provision of essential medicines directly impacts the functioning of healthcare facilities, resulting in financial hardship. This review aims to fill knowledge gaps by examining obstacles hindering access and utilization of essential medicines in India. This study conducted a comprehensive evidence synthesis, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, to analyse articles on the availability and utilization of essential medicines in India. The search strategy included various databases and keywords. Published, peer-reviewed articles focusing on the National/ State List of Essential Medicines and meeting specific criteria were considered. Data items included essential medicines, drug availability, utilization, and challenges. Data was extracted, synthesized, and analysed using thematic framework analysis. Out of 1,129 articles, 11 were selected for review. Studies consistently highlighted the inadequate availability of essential medicines in different Indian states. Availability of essential medicines varies in the range of 17-51 percent across major states of India. Stock-outs of medicines vary from 4 to 14 weeks. Governance issues including differential procurement mechanisms across states of India, hinder seamless availability of essential medicines. Other challenges included distribution and purchasing system inefficiencies, governance-related issues, and facility/ user-level challenges impacting drug utilization. Disruptions in utilization were observed due to improper prescription practices and non-availability of affordable options. Accessibility and affordability also affected drug utilization. Issues with supply chain management and conflicting guidelines further contributed to the obstacles faced in ensuring availability and utilization of essential medicines in India. Ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines is of utmost importance. The public health system needs to strengthen its procurement and distribution management. Strengthening the logistics support for an efficient supply of essential medicines will reduce the time lag in receipt of drugs. Guidelines on essential drugs prepared by the National Health System Resource Centre need to be strictly adhered to and monitored in inventory management system. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable model for achieving uniformity in the availability and utilization of essential medicines in India.
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Jayprakash*, Kavita Lovanshi Shailesh Jain Rita Mourya Aashish Choudhory. "Drug Use Evaluation of Osteoarthritis." International Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 2, no. 5 (2025): 364–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15421698.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by pain, stiffness, and functional impairment, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare burden. The management of OA often involves pharmacological interventions aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. However, the utilization patterns of drugs in OA management and their associated Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) remain areas of ongoing research and clinical interest. In this prospective study, we aimed to explore the drug utilization patterns and identify potential adverse drug reactions among patients undergoing treatment for osteoarthritis. A diverse cohort of participants diagnosed with osteoarthritis was recruited and followed longitudinally over a specified duration. Baseline assessments captured demographic characteristics, disease severity, and previous treatment history. Participants were monitored for drug prescriptions or recommendations, including Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics, Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs (DMOADs), corticosteroids, physical therapy, and alternative therapies. Regular monitoring was conducted to identify and assess adverse drug reactions, utilizing patient self-reporting, clinician observation, and medical records review. Data analysis focused on identifying trends in drug utilization, evaluating the frequency and severity of adverse reactions, and identifying potential risk factors associated with ADRs. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of real-world drug utilization patterns in the management of osteoarthritis and provide insights into the safety profiles of commonly prescribed medications. By identifying potential adverse drug reactions and risk factors, this research aims to inform clinical decision-making and improve patient care and treatment outcomes in osteoarthritis management.
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Jayprakash*, Kavita Lovanshi Shailesh Jain Rita Mourya. "Drug Use Evaluation of Osteoarthritis." International Journal of Scientific Research and Technology 2, no. 5 (2025): 364–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15423445.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by pain, stiffness, and functional impairment, leading to significant morbidity and healthcare burden. The management of OA often involves pharmacological interventions aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life. However, the utilization patterns of drugs in OA management and their associated Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) remain areas of ongoing research and clinical interest. In this prospective study, we aimed to explore the drug utilization patterns and identify potential adverse drug reactions among patients undergoing treatment for osteoarthritis. A diverse cohort of participants diagnosed with osteoarthritis was recruited and followed longitudinally over a specified duration. Baseline assessments captured demographic characteristics, disease severity, and previous treatment history. Participants were monitored for drug prescriptions or recommendations, including Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics, Disease-Modifying Osteoarthritis Drugs (DMOADs), corticosteroids, physical therapy, and alternative therapies. Regular monitoring was conducted to identify and assess adverse drug reactions, utilizing patient self-reporting, clinician observation, and medical records review. Data analysis focused on identifying trends in drug utilization, evaluating the frequency and severity of adverse reactions, and identifying potential risk factors associated with ADRs. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of real-world drug utilization patterns in the management of osteoarthritis and provide insights into the safety profiles of commonly prescribed medications. By identifying potential adverse drug reactions and risk factors, this research aims to inform clinical decision-making and improve patient care and treatment outcomes in osteoarthritis management.
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Spooner, CH, AS Pickard, D. Menon, and L. Assiff. "POR3: EDMONTON QUALITY ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEWS (EQATDUR): AN INSTRUMENT FOR ASSESSING THE METHODOLOGIC RIGOR OF DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEWS." Value in Health 2, no. 3 (1999): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(11)71054-3.
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Preechavuthinant, Sathorn, William Willis, and Alberto Coustasse. "Trends and effects of pharmaceutical DTCA." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 12, no. 1 (2018): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-04-2017-0019.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the current trend of pharmaceutical direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) in the USA and its effect to patients, physicians and drug utilization. The DTCA of pharmaceutical firms is defined as an attempt of pharmaceutical companies to advertise product directly to patients. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used is literature review complemented with a semi-structured interview. Findings Pharmaceutical DTCA showed a reduction in total spending, whereas the online channel experienced growth. DTCA affected the physician–patient relationship and patient satisfaction. Patients who received medication associated with DTCA showed higher satisfaction. DTCA of second-line drugs resulted in an increase of first-line drug utilization. Benefits of pharmaceutical DTCA include enhancing appropriate drug utilization and increasing awareness. DTCA might cause harm by interfering with physician’s decisions regarding drug choice. Research limitations/implications Limitations include limited available information of DTCA spending from pharmaceutical companies and lack of quantitative data on the effect of pharmaceutical DTCA. In addition, DTCA is sometimes affected by research bias. Practical implications Improvement in the physician–patient relationship and patient satisfaction, as well as in the quality of care provided may be demonstrated. Social implications Pharmaceutical firms using DTCA marketing advertisement methodologies can increase awareness of underdiagnosed conditions and affect medication costs and the utilization of appropriate drug utilization. Originality/value Review highlights current relationships between DTCA, patients, physicians and drug utilization to explore the effects DTCA on consumers.
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Al-Turkait, Asma, Lisa Szatkowski, Imti Choonara, and Shalini Ojha. "Review of Drug Utilization Studies in Neonatal Units: A Global Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (2020): 5669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165669.
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Rational prescribing is challenging in neonatology. Drug utilization studies help identify and define the problem. We performed a review of the literature on drug use in neonatal units and describe global variations. We searched databases (EMBASE, CINAHL and Medline) from inception to July 2020, screened studies and extracted relevant data (two reviewers). The search revealed 573 studies of which 84 were included. India (n = 14) and the USA (n = 13) reported the most. Data collection was prospective (n = 56) and retrospective (n = 26), mostly (n = 52) from one center only. Sixty studies described general drug use in 34 to 450,386 infants (median (IQR) 190 (91–767)) over a median (IQR) of 6 (3–18) months. Of the participants, 20–87% were preterm. The mean number of drugs per infant (range 11.1 to 1.7, pooled mean (SD) 4 (2.4)) was high with some reporting very high burden (≥30 drugs per infant in 8 studies). This was not associated with the proportion of preterm infants included. Antibiotics were the most frequently used drug. Drug use patterns were generally uniform with some variation in antibiotic use and more use of phenobarbitone in Asia. This study provides a global perspective on drug utilization in neonates and highlights the need for better quality information to assess rational prescribing.
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Toyne, Marla. "Transformation of Coca to Cocaine: An Overview of Traditional Drug Use and Modern Drug Abuse." University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 25, no. 1 (2023): 94–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwoja.v25i1.16031.
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This research paper briefly reviews the complex relationship between traditional use of coca and the consumption of the recreational drug, cocaine. A review of the history of coca production and utilization in the Andean region of South American illustrates the bio-social evolution of this plant. Coca leaves also have long played a significant role in the local economy and ritual practice. Alternatively, cocaine’s history and modern position as an illegal narcotic has a different impact on individuals, society, and the global economy. This paper reviews the role that both “drugs” play in terms of the health and lifestyle effects on the respective consumers.
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Subbaiah, Meda Venkata, K. Leela Prasad Babu, Dudekula Manohar, Adluru Sumalatha, Pinjari Mohammed, and Budigireddy Mahitha. "Drug Utilization Evaluation of High Alert Medications in Intensive Care Units of Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 1-s (2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i1-s.4749.
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Introduction: The utilization of HAMs is crucial in emergency and intensive care departments, as they can cause a significant amount of damage to the patient and health care members if we could not follow the standard treatment guidelines. Drug utilization evaluation/review involves a comprehensive review of the patient’s prescription and medication data before, during, and after dispensing to ensure appropriate medication decision making and positive patient outcomes.
 Objective: This study was taken up given finding the utilization patterns and rectifying the issues with the usage of high alert medications (HAMs) and improving their utilization.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 6 months at a south Indian tertiary care hospital. Treatment guidelines were prepared to compare the actual drug use. Data were collected both retrospectively and prospectively by patients and care taker’s interview, medication chart review, and discussion with prescribers and applied WHO DUE indicators to evaluate utilization patterns.
 Results: Of 362 cases, 57.73 % were males/ and the majority geriatrics. Among all HAMs Insulin is frequently prescribed (34.5 %) and the costly drug is Enoxaparin. Generic names were used in writing prescriptions and parenteral formulations were mostly used. Around 9 ADRs were identified and managed, and a total of 133 moderate to severe Drug-Drug Interactions were found, of them, only 2 were actual.
 Conclusion: With this study, we conclude that the use of HAMs was found to be appropriate as per the guidelines as we observed very few DRPs with the study drugs.
 Keywords: HAM, DRP’s, DUE, ICU, DDD
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Čerpnjak, Katja, Alenka Zvonar, Mirjana Gašperlin, and Franc Vrečer. "Lipid-based systems as a promising approach for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs." Acta Pharmaceutica 63, no. 4 (2013): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acph-2013-0040.
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Abstract Low oral bioavailability as a consequence of low water solubility of drugs is a growing challenge to the development of new pharmaceutical products. One of the most popular approaches of oral bioavailability and solubility enhancement is the utilization of lipid-based drug delivery systems. Their use in product development is growing due to the versatility of pharmaceutical lipid excipients and drug formulations, and their compatibility with liquid, semi-solid, and solid dosage forms. Lipid formulations, such as self-emulsifying (SEDDS), self-microemulsifying SMEDDS) and self- -nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) were explored in many studies as an efficient approach for improving the bioavailability and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. One of the greatest advantages of incorporating poorly soluble drugs into such formulations is their spontaneous emulsification and formation of an emulsion, microemulsion or nanoemulsion in aqueous media. This review article focuses on the following topics. First, it presents a classification overview of lipid-based drug delivery systems and mechanisms involved in improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Second, the article reviews components of lipid-based drug delivery systems for oral use with their characteristics. Third, it brings a detailed description of SEDDS, SMEDDS and SNEDDS, which are very often misused in literature, with special emphasis on the comparison between microemulsions and nanoemulsions.
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Kolasa, Katarzyna, and Marta Kowalczyk. "The effects of payments for pharmaceuticals: a systematic literature review." Health Economics, Policy and Law 14, no. 03 (2017): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133116000335.
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AbstractThe existence of different forms of out-of-pocket payments (OOPs) for pharmaceuticals across the globe provokes the question whether they can achieve more negative or positive consequences. A systematic literature review was conducted to assess the association between drug cost sharing and health care services utilization, health care costs as well as health outcomes. Studies published in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase were searched with such keywords as: drug, pharmaceutical, cost sharing, out of pocket, co-payments paired with the following: impact, health outcomes, health care costs and utilization. The final review included 18 articles. A total of 11 publications reported the association between drug cost sharing and health care utilization patterns, of which nine found a statistically significant direct relationship. In all 10 publications concerned the association between drug copayments and health care costs. Majority were limited to the impact on the drug budget. Seven studies looked into the link between drug cost sharing and health outcomes, of which five reported statistically significant inverse relationship. There is some evidence for the association between drug copayments, health outcomes and health care services consumption. The optimal system of OOPs’ payments for pharmaceuticals needs to prevent drugs’ overconsumption and mitigate the risks of excessive cost sharing’s burden.
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MENDES, Luiz Villarinho, Juliana Villar GUIMARÃES, Rondineli Mendes SILVA, and Claudia Garcia OSORIO-DE-CASTRO. "Drug utilization studies from secondary databases in latent tuberculosis: a scoping review protocol." Revista Brasileira de Farmácia Hospitalar e Serviços de Saúde 15, no. 1 (2024): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.30968/rbfhss.2024.151.1076.
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This article introduces a protocol for a scoping review that aims to map and synthesize Drug utilization studies from secondary databases in latent tuberculosis The protocol is intended to document the processes involved in the methodological planning and execution of a scoping review guided by Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines and developed using the 2015 PRISMA-Protocols (PRISMA-P) checklist. The PCC strategy (population, concept and context) systematized the search for studies published in Pubmed, Scopus, BVS, Embase and Web of Science from January 2015 to December 2022. The selection of articles will be carried out in two steps (titles and abstracts, followed by the assessment of the full text of the articles), by two independent reviewers, with the resolution of disagreements by a third reviewer. The results will be analyzed qualitatively/quantitatively and will be organized by themes. The checklist present in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) will be used to guide the final review report. We hope that this scoping review will shed light on Drug Utilization Research in the field of latent tuberculosis, which is still understudied, especially in Brazil.
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Kellenberger, Thomas A. "Comprehensive Drug Utilization Review: Adding Physician Outreach to Concurrent and Retrospective Drug Utilization Review." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 5, no. 2 (1992): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009200500207.
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Communication about drug selection and use between physicians and pharmacists has changed in the last two decades. The enhanced clinical education offered to pharmacists and the recognition by many physicians that keeping up with advances in drug therapy is exceedingly difficult and time consuming has facilitated the change. Accordingly, hospitals and long-term care facilities have formalized the clinical role of the pharmacist in drug selection, use, and/or monitoring through the use of drug utilization review (DUR) programs, specifically called drug use evaluation (DUE) and drug regimen review (DRR), respectively, in these environments. A majority of drug therapy decisions, however, occur outside of these closed environments where the physician's drug information is often provided by representatives of the pharmaceutical manufacturers and where comprehensive DUR programs are in their infancy. As a source of information on drug products available from their company, sales representatives perform a valuable service, but their information, understandably, is focused on the advantages of their products. Making appropriate choices from alternative therapies that are more plentiful, complex and expensive than ever requires the physician to have access to current, scientifically valid, objective and unbiased information. Building on the value inherent in concurrent and retrospective DUR programs and on research conducted in the early 1980s, Medco Containment Services has developed a program that brings this type of prescribing information directly to physicians in their offices. Called the Optimal Therapeutics ProgramSM (OTPSM), Medco's program is fully operational in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and is the vehicle for bringing clinically relevant, objective, and cost-effective prescribing information to physicians for application in the ambulatory care marketplace. This innovative program augments concurrent and retrospective DUR, delivering truly comprehensive DUR services. OTP also provides an opportunity for highly motivated and skilled pharmacists to shape their emerging role as drug information consultants.
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Battu, Rakesh. "Assessment of Prescribing Pattern of Drugs in the Management of Obstructive Lung Diseases and Respiratory Tract Infections." International Journal of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology 1, no. 4 (2018): 117. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1161072.
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Obstructive Diseases of Lungs such as Bronchial Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are public reason of ill health and death in India. The methodology to study drug use can be used as a tool to recognize whether medication use is as appropriate in management of specific subject. Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRD) such as Bronchial Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD) may account for a predictable encumbrance of about one hundred million individuals in India. The procedure of drug utilization review (DUR) can arrange for worthwhile means of determining whether drug use is as proper in cure of single patient. Objectives: The foremost goals of this study are to evaluate the demographic particulars of patients with obstructive disease of lungs and to study the drug utilization pattern in obstructive lung ailment and respiratory infections in patients. Study Design: A Cross Sectional study was carried out in the General Medicine Department in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital, Karnataka, using a well-designed patient data collection form. Results: Among 102 cases of obstructive lung diseases and respiratory tract infections analysed, 65(63.36%) patients were males and 74 (36.64%) were females. 49 patients (48.03%) were found to be smokers, 41 (40.19%) were ex-smokers, 55 (53.9%) were alcoholics (16%), 12 were non-smokers (11.76%) and 29 were non-alcoholics (28.43%) and 18 was ex-alcoholic (17.68%). The class of drugs prescribed mostly were antibiotics (100%), followed by anti-cholinergics (78.43%), Short acting β-2 agonists (92.15%), inhaled corticosteroids (26.47%), Methylxanthines (69.60%), systemic corticosteroids (32.35%), Long acting β-2 agonist (9.80%) and secretolytic agents (18.6%), antihistamines (27.45%), combination of short acting β-2 agonist + Long acting β-2 agonist (26.47%). Conclusion: Obstructive Lung diseases are more prominent in smokers when compared to nonsmokers. The pattern of drug utilization is inadequate. GOLD guidelines can be properly followed for prescribing drugs for obstructive lung diseases and can achieve total control.
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Mir, Mashooq Ahmad, Mohd Altaf Dar, and Afshana Qadir. "Prescribing Practices in Pediatrics and Drug Utilization Studies Promoting Pediatric Health." June-July 2024, no. 44 (July 16, 2024): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jcpp.44.35.43.
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Knowledge of drug administration in children and infants lags behind that of adults for many reasons. These include developmental differences that affect the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs, ethical and financial reasons, research capabilities, and regulatory guidelines and constraints. Most of the drugs prescribed for children have not been tested in the pediatric population due to the difficulties in carrying out clinical studies in children and ethical issues due to children not being able to make their own decisions to participate in a clinical trial. Epidemiological evaluation of medicine use in elderly is now a highly visible topic, but drug prescribing studies in pediatric patients have been limited. The higher incidence of infections in pediatric population as compared to adults leads to higher prescription of Antimicrobial Drugs (AMDs), at times more than two in single prescription. The use of antibiotics in children has been a major area of concern. . Periodic prescriptions analysis and effective feedback to clinician should be done based on results to ensure rational prescribing and effective health care management, which will ultimately lead to a better child health. In this review article, we will to analyze prescribing practices in pediatrics and drug utilization studies promoting pediatric health.
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Levien, Terri L., and Danial E. Baker. "Formulary Drug Reviews: Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir." Hospital Pharmacy 53, no. 2 (2017): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578717746417.
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Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433.
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Du, Wei, Yiru Gao, Li Liu, Sixiang Sai, and Chen Ding. "Striking Back against Fungal Infections: The Utilization of Nanosystems for Antifungal Strategies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (2021): 10104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810104.
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Fungal infections have become a major health concern, given that invasive infections by Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus species have led to millions of mortalities. Conventional antifungal drugs including polyenes, echinocandins, azoles, allylamins, and antimetabolites have been used for decades, but their limitations include off-target toxicity, drug-resistance, poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and weak tissue penetration, which cannot be ignored. These drawbacks have led to the emergence of novel antifungal therapies. In this review, we discuss the nanosystems that are currently utilized for drug delivery and the application of antifungal therapies.
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Palak, Agrawal. "Study on Prescribing Pattern and Drug Utilization among Depressed Patients in Tertiary Care." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 12, no. 3 (2022): 155–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12513182.
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<strong>Introduction: </strong>The purpose of drug utilization pattern is determination of benefit-risk relationship, cost effectiveness and to ensure the appropriate use of dose, duration of therapy and outcomes of therapy with drugs. The prescribing pattern promotes appropriate use of monitored drugs, reduction of abuse and ensures rationale for drug therapy. The aim was to study the prescribing pattern and drug utilization review on depressed patients. <strong>Materials & Methods: </strong>A total of 120 prescriptions were included in the study and analysed. As per the HAM-D scoring criteria, the included patients were divided as mild, moderate and severely depressed patients. The included patients were prescribed with benzodiazepenes, antidepressents and antipsychiotic. The data of the included patients were recorded in the preformed performa. <strong>Results: </strong>There were 76 males and 44 females in the research study. The most preferred antidepressant was found to be escitalopram. Total of 42 prescriptions contains the drug name escitalopram. This was followed by combination of drugs name such as citalinforte prescribed in 60 patients and linotril was seen in 42 prescriptions of the included patients. <strong>Discussion & Conclusion: </strong>Most of the patients in this study were males and the most susceptible age group was the 31-40 years age group. SSRIs and SNRIs seem to have replaced the older group, namely the TCAs because of fewer side effects of the newer group of drugs and the prolonged therapy which was needed to combat depression effectively. Escitalopram was the most commonly prescribed drug for depressive disorder followed by lorazepam, Clonazepam and haloperidol.
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Rasool, Shafiqa, Mudasir Maqbool, and Yogesh Joshi. "Drug utilization studies among ENT patients in various clinical settings: A comprehensive review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (2019): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2354.
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Drug utilization research is thus an all important part of pharmacoepideminology as it explains the extent, nature and determinants of drug exposure. A drug utilization study is a tool for determining the effectiveness of drug use. They have tendency to create sound economic bases for health care. It focuses on various factors related to prescribing, dispensing, and administration of medication and associated events. It is a study which is used for analyzing or describe-quantitatively and qualitatively- the population of users of a given drug (or class of drug) and/or the condition of use (for example, indication, duration of treatment, dosage, previous or associated treatment and compliance). ENT problems have been counted as prominent as well as commonly occurring medical problem for our society. It is a problem of most concern. Drug utilization studies can play a major role to identify the nature of therapy used in their treatment and also helps to promote the rationality and minimizing the errors in the drug therapy. Such kind of studies can be helpful for healthcare practitioners as well as to the society against such health issues. Drug utilization research developed quickly during the following 30 years and soon became a respectable subject for consideration at international congresses in pharmacology, pharmacy and epidemiology. Successful research in drug requires multidisciplinary collaboration between clinicians, clinical pharmacologists, pharmacists and epidemiologists. Without the support of the prescribers, this research effort will fail to reach its goal of facilitating the rational use of drugs. In this review, we will briefly list various Drug utilization studies in ENT Clinical settings.
 Keywords: Drug utilization studies, ENT, Prescribing patterns, Rational prescribing, Pharmacoepideminology
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Yang, Hee-Soo, So-Young Kim, and Jong-Hyock Park. "Development and Utilization of Drug Lifecycle Data in the United States, Japan, and Europe." Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics 48, no. 2 (2023): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21032/jhis.2023.48.2.148.
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Objectives: With the growing interest in big data, regulatory agencies in United States, Japan, and Europe are showing active movements to use RWD and RWE to manage drug safety and development activation. Along with the global movements, it is necessary to establish a basic system for utilizing RWD based drug lifecycle data for drug safety management in Korea. The purpose of this study is to review and find implication of the collection and utilization of drug lifecycle data in the U.S., Japan, and Europe.Methods: In order to investigate the current status and contents of each country’s system, we searched the websites of each country’s regulatory agency and related agencies, and collected and investigated related laws, papers, and reports. We compared and analyzed focusing on solving regulatory problems that may occur in the drug lifecycle or exploring the safety and potential effects of drugs in drug lifecycle phases.Results: Based on FDA Sentinel 5-year plan and MID-NET, the U.S. and Japan are accelerating the generation of real data and real evidence for regulatory decision-making in post-marketing safety management. In Europe, various clinical field-specific projects have been undertaken to assess the effectiveness and safety of drugs due to disease. Various research cases using drug lifecycle data collected from drug safety management systems in each country have been represented.Conclusions: By identifying drug safety management systems and cases of drug lifecycle data utilization in various countries, we expect to serve as a stepping stone for discussions on the direction and utilization plan to efficiently develop drug safety management systems in Korea.
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Sah, Bajarang Prasad, Deepak Paudel, and Deependra Prasad Sarraf. "Drug Utilization Pattern using World Health Organization prescribing Indicators at Otorhinolaryngology OPD of a tertiary teaching hospital of Eastern Nepal." Birat Journal of Health Sciences 5, no. 2 (2020): 1076–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bjhs.v5i2.31409.
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Introduction: Assessment of drug utilization pattern using the World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators is important to promote rational drug therapy.It needs to be evaluated periodically to obtain information about drug utilization pattern, to detect early signals of irrational use of drugs and to provide feedback to prescribers.
 Objective: The objective of the present study was to assess the drug prescribing patterns in the Otorhinolaryngology OPD based on the WHO prescribing indicators.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 148 outpatients at Otorhinolaryngology and HNS department of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences for six month duration. Patients aged 18 years and above and prescribed at least one drug were enrolled. Medical case sheets of the every fifth patients visiting the OPD were reviewed to collect the relevant data on a self-designed proforma. Descriptive statistics and WHO prescribing indicators were calculated using SPSS version 11.0. The study was approved by Institutional Review Committee, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
 Results: A total of 322 drugs were prescribed to 148 patients. Most of the drugs were prescribe through oral route (69.3%). Levocetrizine (10.6%) was the commonest prescribed drug followed by Ibuprofen+Paracetamol (10.2%) and Pantoprazole (10.2%). Among systemic antibiotics, Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid (35.9%) was the most frequently prescribed followed by Cefixime (12.8%) and Levofloxacin (12.8%). Ofloxacin + Dexamethasone (22.9%) was the most frequently prescribed topical drug followed by Mometasone (17.7%). The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter or mean was 2.2 (range 1-5). The percentage of encounters in which an antibiotic was prescribed was 33.2%. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM) was 28% and 31.9% respectively.
 Conclusions: The drug utilization pattern did not comply with the most of the WHO prescribing indicators. The average number of drug per prescription was higher than recommended by WHO, generic prescribing was remarkably lower and prescribing from NLEM was also low.
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Warburton, David M. "Aspects of nicotine utilization." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 6 (2011): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000811.
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AbstractThis commentary reviews the effects of nicotine on mood and cognition in support of the drug utilization concept of Müller & Schumann (M&S). Specifically, it amplifies the concept with the nicotine utilization hypothesis (NUH), which opposes the nicotine withdrawal hypothesis (NWH). Evidence against NWH comes from changes in mood after abstinence and the performance effects of nicotine supporting drug utilization.
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Vanzeler, Maria Luzinete Alves, Fernanda Ferreira Dias, Fabiula Andrade, et al. "Use of Azithromycin to Treat Covid-19: A Critical View." Núcleo do Conhecimento 09, no. 04 (2021): 05–21. https://doi.org/10.32749/nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/health/use-of-azithromycin.
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This article aims to understand the pharmacological properties of AZT and analyze possible reasons for its use in the treatment of COVID-19 alone or associated with chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). For this, a bibliographical research was carried out in the following databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), US National Library of Medicine (PUBMED) and ScienceDirect. In the study, data on the pharmacology of Azithromycin (AZT) were collected, its history, its uses, highlighting the research conducted in 2020 with this drug for the treatment of COVID-19. It should be noted that AZT is an antibiotic of the macrolide subclass with varied pharmacotherapeutic use, especially in the treatment of bacterial, respiratory, genitourinary and enteric infections. During the SARS-COV-2 pandemic, HCQ-associated AZT was considered for the treatment of the disease due to its in vitro results. There was much debate about the use of the combination of these drugs and even before the results of clinical studies were published, the Ministry of Health has already made recommendations regarding the use of these drugs to treat COVID-19. National and international health organizations were more cautious and highlighted the lack of scientific evidence for this use. The information collected in this review of the literature suggests that the administration of AZT or AZT associated with HCQ or CQ was not effective in the treatment of COVID-19 patients for both mild and moderate or severe cases.
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Spooner, Carol H., A. Simon Pickard, and Devidas Menon. "Edmonton Quality Assessment Tool for Drug Utilization Reviews: EQUATDUR-2." Medical Care 38, no. 9 (2000): 948–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200009000-00008.
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Gomathi, G., Ghanshyam Yadav, and B. L. Pandey. "Drug utilization review of general anaesthetic agents in a tertiary care hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, no. 3 (2018): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20180656.
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Background: Drug utilization review plays a key role in helping the healthcare system to understand, interpret and improve the prescribing, administration and use of medications. The principle aim of drug utilization review was to facilitate rational use of drugs, which implies the prescription of a well documented drug in an optimal dose on the right indication.Methods: An observational study of anaesthetic practice was carried out in the department of Anaesthesiology in tertiary care hospital, Varanasi after approval from institutional ethical committee. The data of patients who underwent surgery under general anaesthesia were collected in predesigned patient profile form and were analyzed for drug utilization review.Results: 110 patients were enrolled with mean age 35.30±17.99 years and mean weight 51.32±15.32kg. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (43.63%), otorhinolaryngology surgeries (36.36%), cardiothoracic vascular surgery (4.54%), neurosurgery (4.54%) and other surgeries (10.93%) required general anaesthetic agents were reviewed. Propofol (93.63%) and etomidate (6.36%) were used for induction of anaesthesia. Propofol (45.45%), isoflurane (53.63%), sevoflurane (0.90%) were administered for maintenance of anaesthesia in various surgeries. Adverse outcomes observed were hypotension (7.27%), bradycardia (6.36%), hypertension (3.63%) and post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (2.72%).Conclusions: Propofol is most commonly prescribed drug for induction of anaesthesia. Isoflurane is most commonly prescribed inhalational anaesthetic agent for maintenance of anaesthesia followed by Propofol. Hypotension is most common adverse outcome observed.
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Anureet Arora, Manju Nagpal, and Geeta Aggarwal. "Microneedle Mediated Vaccine Delivery: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management 5, no. 2 (2017): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jptrm.2017.52011.
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Microneedles can be representative for paradigm shift of drug delivery from patient non-compliant parenteral injections to patient compliant drug delivery system, which can be utilized for administration of vaccines particularly along with macromolecular/micromolecular drugs. The concept of microneedles came into existence many decades ago but the use of microneedles to achieve efficient delivery of drugs into the skin became subject of research from mid of 1990’s. Various types of microneedles were utilized to enhance delivery of drugs and vaccines including solid microneedles for pre-treatment of skin to enhance drug permeability, dissolvable polymeric microneedles encapsulating drugs, microneedles coated with drugs and hollow microneedles for infusion of drugs through the skin. Microneedles have shown promisingdelivery of vaccines through skin in literature. But the successful utilization of this system for vaccine drug delivery mainly depends on design of device to facilitate microneedle infusion, vaccine stability and storage in system, recovery of skin on removal of microneedle and improved patient compliance. This article reviews the conventional and advanced methods of vaccine drug deliver, microneedles for drug delivery, types of microneedles, advantages of microneedles and potential of microneedles for vaccine drug delivery.
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Mohanty, Ayeskanta, Saji Uthaman, and In-Kyu Park. "Utilization of Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles for Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapy." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194377.
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Cancer represents one of the most dangerous diseases, with 1.8 million deaths worldwide. Despite remarkable advances in conventional therapies, these treatments are not effective to completely eradicate cancer. Nanotechnology offers potential cancer treatment based on formulations of several nanoparticles (NPs). Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticle are the most investigated and effective drug delivery systems (DDS) for cancer treatment. Liposomes represent potential DDS due to their distinct properties, including high-drug entrapment efficacy, biocompatibility, low cost, and scalability. However, their use is restricted by susceptibility to lipid peroxidation, instability, burst release of drugs, and the limited surface modification. Similarly, polymeric nanoparticles show several chemical modifications with polymers, good stability, and controlled release, but their drawbacks for biological applications include limited drug loading, polymer toxicity, and difficulties in scaling up. Therefore, polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes are combined to form polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLHNPs), with the positive attributes of both components such as high biocompatibility and stability, improved drug payload, controlled drug release, longer circulation time, and superior in vivo efficacy. In this review, we have focused on the prominent strategies used to develop tumor targeting PLHNPs and discuss their advantages and unique properties contributing to an ideal DDS.
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Subhan, Md Abdus, and Vladimir P. Torchilin. "Biopolymer-Based Nanosystems for siRNA Drug Delivery to Solid Tumors including Breast Cancer." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 1 (2023): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010153.
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Nanobiopolymers such as chitosan, gelatin, hyaluronic acid, polyglutamic acid, lipids, peptides, exosomes, etc., delivery systems have prospects to help overwhelmed physiological difficulties allied with the delivery of siRNA drugs to solid tumors, including breast cancer cells. Nanobiopolymers have favorable stimuli-responsive properties and therefore can be utilized to improve siRNA delivery platforms to undruggable MDR metastatic cancer cells. These biopolymeric siRNA drugs can shield drugs from pH degradation, extracellular trafficking, and nontargeted binding sites and are consequently suitable for drug internalization in a controlled-release fashion. In this review, the utilization of numerous biopolymeric compounds such as siRNA drug delivery systems for MDR solid tumors, including breast cancers, will be discussed.
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Anita Yadav, Birendra Kumar Yadav, and Pradip Chhetri. "Drug Utilization Pattern and Cost Analysis of Drugs used at Dermatology Out Patient Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 11, no. 01 (2023): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v11i01.54650.
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INTRODUCTION
 The irrational prescription of drugs is highly prevalent among patients suffering from skin diseases. Since it has a serious impact on health and economy, there is an urgent need to study drug utilization pattern in hospital settings. Therefore, this study aims to investigate drug utilization pattern and its cost analysis in Dermatology Out Patient Department in a tertiary care teaching hospital.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
 A four-month, prospective, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from 10th February 2022 to 10th June 2022 in newly diagnosed cases attending Out Patient Department of dermatology at Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee (UCMS/IRC/037/22). Purposive consecutive sampling technique was used. The data were collected from patient cards and details were filled in predesigned proforma. The collected data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.
 RESULTS
 A total of 601 prescriptions were scrutinized. The common skin condition found was eczema (9.98%) while the common classes of drugs prescribed were antifungals (31.94%). The number of drugs per prescription varied from one to five with an average of 3.11. It was observed that 3.95% of prescription was by generic names. The maximum of drugs (36.06%) was prescribed in tablet form. The percentage of antibiotics prescribed and drugs prescribed from the WHO Essential Drugs List were 12.31% and 27.88% respectively. The average cost per prescription calculated was 739.39 Nepali Rupees.
 CONCLUSION
 A drug utilization study can help to rationalize prescriptions, reduce errors, and improve cost-effective treatment.
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Albadri, Ahmed A., Mustafa R. Abdulbaqi, and Yasir Q. Almajidi. "Recent Trends in Chronopharmaceutics, Pulsatile Drug Delivery System." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 4 (2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v19i4.631.
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Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS) are getting considerable interest in delivering a drug at the correct position, at the correct time, and in the correct quantity, thus offering temporal, spatial, and intelligent delivery with improving patient compliance. These systems are
 
 intended to meet body's biological rhythm. Here, the delivery of drugs is assisted by the rhythm of disease. The main reason for the using pulsatile drug release is when the continuous drug release is not required. A PDDS must be designed in such a way that after the lag time a complete and fast release of drugs is achieved. The article deals with various systems such as osmotic system, capsular system, single and multi-unit system based on the utilization of erodible or soluble polymer coating and using of rupturable membrane. These systems are favorable to drugs with chronopharmacological behaviors such as drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. The current review paper focus on the causes for pulsatile drug delivery system design, types of illness requiring pulsatile release, classification, benefits, and restriction of this drug delivery system.
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Saravanakumar, Kandasamy, Davoodbasha M. Ali, Kandasamy Kathiresan, and Myeong-Hyeon Wang. "Antimicrobial, Anticancer Drug Carrying Properties of Biopolymers-based Nanocomposites- A Mini Review." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 32 (2019): 3859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666181120161300.
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Biopolymers are ubiquitous in biomedical and healthcare application. Its nanocomposites have gained more attention as antimicrobials, a drug carrier, sensors, disease diagnosis, tissue engineering, wound healing, and cancer therapy. These biopolymer composites are efficient in holding, protecting and releasing bioactive drugs such as pharmaceutics, nutraceuticals, enzymes, and probiotics. Several studies revealed a polymer-based drug delivery system in cancer therapy and microbial treatments. However, this mini-review emphasized the source, extraction, and characterizations of the biopolymers and their use in the fabrication of various drug or metals based nanocomposites followed by its utilization as drug carrier or drug to treat the various diseases such as antimicrobial infections and cancer.
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Vadher, Meeta D., Kamlesh Patel, D. K. Vadher, Sujal Parkar, and Chintan Raval. "Drug utilization study of off-label drug use in outpatient department of psychiatry: a prospective study at a tertiary care teaching hospital." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 6, no. 3 (2017): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170817.
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Background: In the absence of standard psychiatric prescribing information, physician often use drugs in an off-label way. Many studies have been published across the globe reporting different rates of off-label use. There is currently no study based on Indian Drug Formulary.Methods: After taking permission from Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC), a prospective study was conducted among 285 patients attending Psychiatry outpatient department for the period of 4 months. Data related to demographic parameters, diagnosis of psychiatry conditions and drugs details were collected directly from the patient's medical records and entered in Case Record Form (CRF).The off-label drugs were categorized as per National Formulary of India. Multivariate binary logistic regression model was used to determine the predictors of off- label drug prescribing. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 19 and chi-square test.Results: A total of 285 patients (169 males, 116 females) were included in the study with mean age of 36.54±13.91 years. Most of the patients (n=65, 22.8%) were diagnosed as schizophrenic. Out of 285 patients, 133(46.6%) received at least one off-label drug. A total 841 drugs were prescribed out of which 167(19.85%) were off-label. The drug most frequently prescribed as off-label were trihexiphenidyl HCL 29 (10.2%), clozapine 23 (8.1%) and clonazepam 13 (4.6%).Conclusions: Off label drugs used among psychiatry patients was 19.85%. The most frequently used off-label drugs was trihexiphenidyl HCL. The use of off-label drugs in psychiatric patients has been reportedly increasing which warrant national drug regulatory authorities to review and revise safe administration such drugs.
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Ankita S. Dhopate, Vinayak A. Katekar, and Atul T. Hemke. "Exploring lipids: A comprehensive review on their utilization in the formulation of liposomes, phytosomes, and ethosomes for advanced drug delivery systems"." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 2 (2024): 099–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.28.2.0244.
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This comprehensive review explores the diverse applications of lipids in the formulation of advanced drug delivery systems, specifically focusing on liposomes, phytosomes, and ethosomes. Lipids, crucial components in these formulations, play a pivotal role in enhancing drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The review systematically examines the latest advancements in lipid-based delivery systems, shedding light on their unique characteristics and applications. In the realm of liposomes, the study delves into various lipid compositions, highlighting their influence on liposomal structure and function. Additionally, the review explores the integration of phytosomes, which involve the complexation of drugs with plant-derived phospholipids, showcasing their potential to improve therapeutic efficacy. Ethosomes, lipid vesicles containing high concentrations of ethanol, are also extensively discussed, emphasizing their ability to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Critical analyses of recent research findings, including the impact of lipid selection on vesicle stability, drug release kinetics, and pharmacokinetics, are presented. The review further examines the challenges associated with lipid-based formulations, providing insights into potential avenues for future research and development. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical scientists seeking a comprehensive understanding of the role of lipids in optimizing liposomal, phytosomal, and ethosomal drug delivery systems.
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Ankita, S. Dhopate, A. Katekar Vinayak, and T. Hemke Atul. "Exploring lipids: A comprehensive review on their utilization in the formulation of liposomes, phytosomes, and ethosomes for advanced drug delivery systems"." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 28, no. 2 (2024): 099–115. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14676333.
Full textAbstract:
This comprehensive review explores the diverse applications of lipids in the formulation of advanced drug delivery systems, specifically focusing on liposomes, phytosomes, and ethosomes. Lipids, crucial components in these formulations, play a pivotal role in enhancing drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The review systematically examines the latest advancements in lipid-based delivery systems, shedding light on their unique characteristics and applications. In the realm of liposomes, the study delves into various lipid compositions, highlighting their influence on liposomal structure and function. Additionally, the review explores the integration of phytosomes, which involve the complexation of drugs with plant-derived phospholipids, showcasing their potential to improve therapeutic efficacy. Ethosomes, lipid vesicles containing high concentrations of ethanol, are also extensively discussed, emphasizing their ability to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Critical analyses of recent research findings, including the impact of lipid selection on vesicle stability, drug release kinetics, and pharmacokinetics, are presented. The review further examines the challenges associated with lipid-based formulations, providing insights into potential avenues for future research and development. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical scientists seeking a comprehensive understanding of the role of lipids in optimizing liposomal, phytosomal, and ethosomal drug delivery systems.
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Chua, Hui Ming, Said Moshawih, Nurolaini Kifli, Hui Poh Goh, and Long Chiau Ming. "Insights into the computer-aided drug design and discovery based on anthraquinone scaffold for cancer treatment: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (2024): e0301396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301396.
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Background In the search for better anticancer drugs, computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques play an indispensable role in facilitating the lengthy and costly drug discovery process especially when natural products are involved. Anthraquinone is one of the most widely-recognized natural products with anticancer properties. This review aimed to systematically assess and synthesize evidence on the utilization of CADD techniques centered on the anthraquinone scaffold for cancer treatment. Methods The conduct and reporting of this review were done in accordance to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guideline. The protocol was registered in the “International prospective register of systematic reviews” database (PROSPERO: CRD42023432904) and also published recently. The search strategy was designed based on the combination of concept 1 “CADD or virtual screening”, concept 2 “anthraquinone” and concept 3 “cancer”. The search was executed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and MedRxiv on 30 June 2023. Results Databases searching retrieved a total of 317 records. After deduplication and applying the eligibility criteria, the final review ended up with 32 articles in which 3 articles were found by citation searching. The CADD methods used in the studies were either structure-based alone (69%) or combined with ligand-based methods via parallel (9%) or sequential (22%) approaches. Molecular docking was performed in all studies, with Glide and AutoDock being the most popular commercial and public software used respectively. Protein data bank was used in most studies to retrieve the crystal structure of the targets of interest while the main ligand databases were PubChem and Zinc. The utilization of in-silico techniques has enabled a deeper dive into the structural, biological and pharmacological properties of anthraquinone derivatives, revealing their remarkable anticancer properties in an all-rounded fashion. Conclusion By harnessing the power of computational tools and leveraging the natural diversity of anthraquinone compounds, researchers can expedite the development of better drugs to address the unmet medical needs in cancer treatment by improving the treatment outcome for cancer patients.
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Amelo, Wote, and Eyasu Makonnen. "Efforts Made to Eliminate Drug-Resistant Malaria and Its Challenges." BioMed Research International 2021 (August 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5539544.
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Since 2000, a good deal of progress has been made in malaria control. However, there is still an unacceptably high burden of the disease and numerous challenges limiting advancement towards its elimination and ultimate eradication. Among the challenges is the antimalarial drug resistance, which has been documented for almost all antimalarial drugs in current use. As a result, the malaria research community is working on the modification of existing treatments as well as the discovery and development of new drugs to counter the resistance challenges. To this effect, many products are in the pipeline and expected to be marketed soon. In addition to drug and vaccine development, mass drug administration (MDA) is under scientific scrutiny as an important strategy for effective utilization of the developed products. This review discusses the challenges related to malaria elimination, ongoing approaches to tackle the impact of drug-resistant malaria, and upcoming antimalarial drugs.
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Cada, Dennis J., Terri L. Levien, and Danial E. Baker. "Perampanel." Hospital Pharmacy 48, no. 4 (2013): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/hpj4804-321.
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Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The April 2013 monograph topics are alogliptin, crofelemer, lomitapide, ponatinib, and sumatriptan iontophoretic transdermal. The DUE/MUE is on alogliptin.
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Kenchugundu, Jagadeesh, Priyanka Padmashali B., Srividya Divate, and Santhi Jyothi S. "Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and drug utilization review at secondary care hospital in South India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 6 (2023): 2171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20231699.
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Background: To study prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and drug utilization review in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted for about 6 months from December 2021 to February 2021 in a Secondary care hospital. Prescriptions of 167 patients with cardiovascular diseases were analysed. Patient Case files were used for extracting necessary data. Results: The collected data was analyzed by MS-Excel (Counts and Percentages).Cardiovascular diseases were most common in the age group of 31-40 years (27.55%) followed by 51-60 years (24.49%) among male patients and in female patients, it was more common in the age group of 41-50 years (23.19%) followed by 51-60 years (21.74%). Most prevalent cardiovascular disease was found to be Hypertension (31%), followed by coronary artery disease (21%) and acute coronary syndrome (19%). Diabetes Mellitus (39%) and Hematological disorders (20%) are the most found co-morbidities along with cardiovascular diseases. Antiplatelet and antihypertensive were the most prescribed category of drugs. Of all Cardiovascular drugs, Aspirin (115 prescriptions) followed by Clopidogrel (100 prescriptions), Atorvastatin (73 prescriptions), Olmesartan (54 prescriptions) and Metoprolol (49 cases) were mostly prescribed. Common combinations of drugs prescribed are Aspirin + Clopidogrel + Atorvastatin (25%) followed by Aspirin + Clopidogrel (24%). Out of the total 658 drugs prescribed, 15.95% (105) were from Essential Drug List of India (2011). Of the total drugs prescribed, 15.95% (105) were from Essential Drug List of India. Conclusions: The present study concluded that most of the drugs were prescribed rationally according to current guidelines. Combination therapy found to have an implication for the good cardiovascular outcome on long term follow-up.
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Khalid, Ramsha, Syed Mahmood, Zarif Mohamed Sofian, Ayah R. Hilles, Najihah Mohd Hashim, and Yi Ge. "Microneedles and Their Application in Transdermal Delivery of Antihypertensive Drugs—A Review." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 8 (2023): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15082029.
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One of the most cutting-edge, effective, and least invasive pharmaceutical innovations is the utilization of microneedles (MNs) for drug delivery, patient monitoring, diagnostics, medicine or vaccine delivery, and other medical procedures (e.g., intradermal vaccination, allergy testing, dermatology, and blood sampling). The MN-based system offers many advantages, such as minimal cost, high medical effectiveness, comparatively good safety, and painless drug application. Drug delivery through MNs can possibly be viewed as a viable instrument for various macromolecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids) that are not efficiently administered through traditional approaches. This review article provides an overview of MN-based research in the transdermal delivery of hypertensive drugs. The critical attributes of microneedles are discussed, including the mechanism of drug release, pharmacokinetics, fabrication techniques, therapeutic applications, and upcoming challenges. Furthermore, the therapeutic perspective and improved bioavailability of hypertensive drugs that are poorly aqueous-soluble are also discussed. This focused review provides an overview of reported studies and the recent progress of MN-based delivery of hypertensive drugs, paving the way for future pharmaceutical uses. As MN-based drug administration bypasses first-pass metabolism and the high variability in drug plasma levels, it has grown significantly more important for systemic therapy. In conclusion, MN-based drug delivery of hypertensive drugs for increasing bioavailability and patient compliance could support a new trend of hypertensive drug delivery and provide an alternative option, overcoming the restrictions of the current dosage forms.