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1
Osorio, Javier. "Hobbes on drugs| Understanding drug violence in Mexico." Thesis, University of Notre Dame, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3738644.
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This dissertation analyzes the unprecedented eruption of organized criminal violence in Mexico. To understand the dynamics of drug violence, this dissertation addresses three questions. What explains the onset of the war on drugs in Mexico? Once the conflict starts, why does drug violence escalate so rapidly? And lastly, why is there subnational variation in the concentration of violence?
Based on a game theoretic model, the central argument indicates that democratization erodes the peaceful configurations between the state and criminal organizations and motivates authorities to fight crime, thus triggering a wave of violence between the state and organized criminals and among rival criminal groups fighting to control strategic territories. In this account, state action is not neutral: law enforcement against a criminal group generates the opportunity for a rival criminal organization to invade its territory, thus leading to violent interactions among rival criminal groups. These dynamics of violence tend to concentrate in territories favorable for the reception, production and distribution of drugs. In this way, the disrupting effect of law enforcement unleashes a massive wave of violence of all-against-all resembling a Hobbesian state of war.
To test the observable implications of the theory, the empirical assessment relies on a novel database of geo-referenced daily event data at municipal level providing detailed information on who did what to whom, when and where in the Mexican war on drugs. This database covers all municipalities of the country between 2000 and 2010, thus comprising about 9.8 million observations. The creation of this fine-grained database required the development of Eventus ID, a novel software for automated coding of event data from text in Spanish. The statistical assessment relies on quasi-experimental identification strategies and time-series analysis to overcome problems of causal inference associated with analyzing the distinct - yet overlapping - processes of violence between government authorities and organized criminals and among rival criminal groups. In addition, the statistical analysis is complemented with insights from fieldwork and historical process tracing. Results provide strong support for the empirical implications derived from the theoretical model.
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Marsh, Brendan. "Violent capital : the logic of violence in Dublin's illegal drug trade." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727644.
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Violence is widely associated with organised crime, specifically drug markets, and is one of the features that differentiates illegal capitalism from legitimate business. This thesis is informed by a series of ethnographic interviews and informal conversations with former drug market participants and examines the causes of business related violence Dublin’s illegal drug trade. The research also investigates the interpersonal dynamics of violence amongst actors and provides insight into the characterological traits of violent people. The thesis begins with an examination of the role of violence amongst addicts in the street retail market and situates violent acts in the context of a compulsive disorder that suppresses moral standards and diminishes sympathy with victims. The relationship between profit oriented dealers and their often addicted customers is analysed to understand the intricacies of debt enforcement in the drug trade, and the thesis offers an explanation of dealers violence that is, at least in part, a response to the credit based system of commerce that the trade depends on. Paranoia is rampant amongst actors in the drug trade and they often suspect betrayal from within their own circle of friends and associates. Further, many of these men have a great sense of self-regard and are highly sensitive to the humiliation of personal insult. The research also looks at the violent practice of the more powerful actors in the illegal drug trade; the dominant criminals who maintain their positions for many years and accumulate great wealth. Many of these men suffer as a result of their way of life and can experience deterioration of their psychological health and emotional wellbeing as a result of living with the intense pressure of interpersonal conflict. Desistance from crime is possible for some of the men who have been very violent in the pursuit of profit and power.
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Gonzalez, Dominquez Jose Fabian. "Gang membership, drug sales, violence, and guns." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3358.
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The purpose of this study is to examine three factors relating to drug arrests using secondary data analysis. First, ethnic characteristics of a dealer were analyzed according to the location from where they sold their product. Next, possible factors associated with a police officer using force at the time of a drug arrest were also analyzed. Finally, factors associated with a gun being present at the time of a drug arrest were also analyzed.
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Morris, Kaitlin. "The Poverty-Reinforcing Violence Trap in Guatemala: The Cost of the Drug Trade and Prohibitionist Drug Policies." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/647.
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Guatemala, the most populous country in Central America, is haunted by the legacy of violence, political instability, poverty, corruption, and persisting, relentless inequality. Narco-trafficking routes through Central America became firmly established after air- and sea-based routes were disrupted by U.S. and Mexican drug enforcement efforts in the 1990s. Guatemala and its Central American neighbors were highly vulnerable to incursion by the drug trade, ideally-located between production sources and major consumers, its people and governments weakened by long-standing armed conflict. Evidence shows the drug trade disproportionately impacts Guatemala in comparison to the rest of the region. Its neighbors share similarly well-located geography and the legacy of armed conflicts, but Guatemala lacks the institutional strength and ability to combat the cartels. This paper posits that U.S. prohibitionist policies are ineffective and harmful to Guatemala’s people, based on a supply-reduction model and a review of previous literature and anecdotal evidence. Narco-trafficking and the United States’ drug enforcement efforts, strategies and policies, intensify existing violence, poverty, inequality and corruption within Guatemala, ensnaring its people in a recurring cycle of violence which reinforces barriers to escaping poverty and crime.
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Rios, Contreras Viridiana. "How Government Structure Encourages Criminal Violence: The causes of Mexico's Drug War." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10752.
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Gonzalez, Ginocchio Brenda. "The social and developmental dimensions of drug violence in Mexico, 2006-2012." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21012/.
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Drug violence in Mexico has claimed over 120,000 victims since it escalated in 2007. The government’s policy response has been driven by an emphasis on security and militarisation, but with a growing focus on social issues as part of its strategy since 2010. Given the government’s increasing emphasis on social and poverty issues in its drug enforcement strategy and the persistent high levels of drug violence, this thesis sets out to explore the under-researched social drivers of drug violence in order to understand the nature of the relationship between poverty, inequality and drug violence. In so doing, it introduces a distinctive framework for explaining the persistence of drug violence based on the argument that there is a misunderstood dimension in government policy frameworks, namely, the social and development contexts in which drug violence is embedded. The thesis contends that the government’s increasing focus on the social issues of drug violence is important, but its concentration on the issue of absolute poverty is misplaced. The thesis analysis finds that in terms of drug violence patterns, relative inequality seems to be more important than poverty. In order to develop this argument, the thesis uses a mixed methods approach to explore two sets of social conditions and trends in Mexico – poverty and inequality. In each case, the analysis uses quantitative indicators and qualitative interview material gathered during field research to explore the importance of each set of conditions in explaining the social dimensions of drug violence, and, in a second step, to assess their relative importance as explanatory factors. The quantitative analysis centres on indicators of development at the national and sub-national levels. The qualitative material, gathered from 23 semi-structured interviews with government officials, members of non-governmental organisations, former drug traffickers, academics and journalists draws from their experience to flesh out an understanding of the social and developmental context of drug violence within our case study of Monterrey. The findings of the thesis are counterintuitive and surprising, given dominant assumptions in the literature and policy debates about the relationship between drug violence, poverty and inequality. Contrary to these prevailing assumptions, the research findings indicate that the most drug-violent sub-national units are not the most impoverished, nor the most unequal. Instead, they frequently show the highest levels of development within their respective states, and throughout the country. The thesis draws on these findings to suggest a new way of understanding the relationship between violence and development, and specifically the dynamics of drug violence in Mexico. It suggests that such an understanding offers important wider policy implications for addressing the problem.
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Pulido, Gomez Amalia. "Drug-Related Violence and Party Behavior: The Case of Candidate Selection in Mexico." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248489/.
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This dissertation examines how parties respond and adapt their behavior to political violence. Building a theoretical argument about strategic party behavior and party capture, I address the following questions: How do parties select and recruit their candidates in regions with high levels of violence and the pervasive presence of VNAs? Do parties respond to violence by selecting certain types of candidates who are more capable of fighting these organizations? Do parties react differently at different levels of government? And finally, how do VNSAs capture political selection across at different levels of government? I argue that in regions where there is high "uncertainty," candidate selection becomes highly important for both party leaders and DTOs. Second, I argue that as violence increases and the number of DTOs also, criminal organizations, as risk-averse actors, will capture candidate selection. I posit that as violence increases, there is a greater likelihood that candidates will have criminal connections. To test my theory, I use the case of Mexico. Violence in Mexico and the presence of criminal organizations across the country has experienced a great deal of variation since the 1990s. In Chapter 2, I find that violence affects the gubernatorial candidate selection of the PRI, PAN and PRD. In high violence states, parties select gubernatorial candidates with long experience in subnational politics compared to other types of experiences. In chapter 3, however, I find that at the municipal level not all the parties respond equally to violence. As a municipality becomes more violent, the PRI and PAN party leaders are more likely to select mayoral candidates who were either state or federal deputies or candidates who were both. In contrast, the PRD is likely to recruit state deputies as a function of violence, but not national deputies or candidates who were deputies at both the state and federal level. Interestingly, I find that as the municipality becomes more violent, party leaders are less likely to recruit inexperienced candidates. This result suggests that parties do indeed respond to levels of violence. Finally, in Chapter 5, I show that criminal organizations capture candidate selection to reduce uncertainty. As utility-maximizing actors, DTOs seek to influence the selection of candidates as a function of violence. At the state level, criminal organizations are more likely to capture candidate selection in states with the presence of multiple DTOs. Party capture is more likely to happen in states where more than one DTO are fighting to control the turf. I show that criminal organizations at the state level equally capture all parties. This finding reveals that DTOs are diversifying their political connections. While under the dominant party regime, they colluded with PRI officials, under the new political Mexican democratic configuration, DTOs are establishing other political relationships with different political parties.
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Wey, Rebecca. "Fiction and Necessity: Literary Interventions in the Drug War." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347098.
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This thesis investigates Nuestra Aparente Rendición, or "Our Apparent Surrender," a literary project launched in response to narco-violence in Mexico. I consider the potential of literature to intervene on violence by elaborating a theory of fiction as a strategy of naturalization. Fiction dissembles artifice and contingency, imposing sense-making frames on the imagination. The role of fiction in politics is to work the very limits of intelligibility. It has long been held that language requires external moorings to anchor discourse to a stable place. This has been conceived, alternatively, as an idealized speech community or an intersubjective commitment to veracity, as objective truths, a privileged experience, external reality or God. In the absence of such moorings, it has been claimed that language would be a sea of unending deferral, and communication would be impossible. A theory of fiction suggests instead that the place where meaning is 'fixed' and stabilized is internal to discourse itself. Fiction works to halt the imagination, limit what is possible, and transform infinite contingency into necessity. Ultimately, I suggest that what is needed is a deepening of the rhetorical turn. It has been argued--and feared--that that the rhetorical turn devolves into relativism and renders scholarship ineffectual. Against such claims, I contend that we have not yet accounted for the effects of necessity, which is caught up with contingency in an inextricable embrace.
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Pineda, Marin Claudia Patricia. "Functional measurement applied to major societal issues in Colombia : drug, sex, violence and forgiveness." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20061.
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La Colombie est un pays situé dans le nord-ouest de l’Amérique du Sud. La plupart de ses 46 millions d’habitants sont concentrés dans les villes. Selon le Département Administratif National des Statistiques (2017), la répartition de la population s’explique par le déplacement forcé des personnes, causé par le conflit armé qui a duré presque 60 ans (de 1960 à 2015). Dans la présente thèse, quatre problèmes d’un intérêt particulier sont examinés : l’éducation pour prévenir la consommation des drogues, l’éducation sexuelle, la capacité de pardon dans des situations de négligence des soins et la capacité de pardon des actes de violence perpétués contre les femmes dans le contexte du conflit armé colombien. Cette étude a identifié que la volonté de pardon des participants est faible. Cependant, un petit groupe de participants seulement accorde une importance au crime lui-même concernant le pardon, tandis qu’un autre petit groupe, accorde plus d’importance à l’attitude de l’agresseur. Concernant l’éducation des jeunes en vue de prévenir la consommation des drogues, il est important de souligner qu’il existe encore plusieurs sujets tabous en Colombie. Selon les données de l’étude, les points de vue prohibitionniste et autoritaire concernant la consommation des drogues sont les plus partagés. S’agissant de l’éducation sexuelle, la plupart de jeunes en Colombie n’y ont pas accès, bien qu’il s’agisse d’un droit fondamental. De plus, les parents ou les personnes en situation de parentalité semblent être incapables d’éduquer leurs enfants efficacement et assertivement au regard de ce sujetColombia is located in northwestern portion South America. Currently, 46 million people inhabit the country and are mainly concentrated in the cities. According to the National Administrative Department of Statistics (2017), the population distribution is mainly explained by the forced displacement of persons resulting from the Colombian armed conflict that lasted nearly 60 years (from 1960 to 2015). In the present thesis, four problems of particular interest are examined: education for preventing drug use, sexual education, the capacity to forgive in situations of medical negligence, and the capacity to forgive acts of violence perpetrated against women in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. In the first study on the willingness of Colombian adults to forgive, Colombians have difficulties in integrating stimuli at the moment of deciding whether to forgive in a political context, yet it is not easy for them to forgive in a political context compared to other situations such as medical negligence. About the second study, polarization and the invisibility of victims are also common themes with respect to crimes committed against women. The study identified that the willingness to forgive of the participants is low. However, only a small group of participants consider the crime itself upon contemplating forgiveness, while another small group consider the attitude of the aggressor. In regard to the education of young people to prevent drug use, it is important to highlight that many subjects are still taboo in Colombia. As shown by the data, prohibitionist and authoritarian standpoints on drug use are considered to be the most acceptable. In regard to sexual education, the majority of young people in Colombia do not have access to such education despite this being a basic right. Likewise, parents and caretakers are apparently unable to effectively and assertively educate their children on this topic
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Johnson-Hart, Lallen Tyrone. "Classifying Drug Markets by Travel Patterns: Testing Reuter and MacCoun's Typology of Market Violence." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/181618.
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Criminal JusticePh.D.
Research to date has demonstrated significant relationships between the presence of outdoor drug markets and violent crime. Scholars have neglected however, to consider the role of travel distance on the drugs/violence nexus. The current study examines whether features of the distributions of travel distance to markets of drug buyers, drug sellers, or the interaction between the two distributions predicts drug market violence levels net of surrounding community demographic structure. Reuter and MacCoun's (1992) as yet untested model about the connections between drugs and violent crime, predicts that the interaction of drug seller and buyer distance distributions from varying distances more powerfully drug market violence levels than buyer and average distance averages. This suggests that how the travel patterns of the two major participants in drug markets intersect is key to understanding differences. That model is tested here. In addition, for comparison purposes, impacts of buyer and seller travel median distances are modeled separately. This work uses 5 years (2006-2010) of incident and arrest data from the Philadelphia Police Department. Reuter and MacCoun's model will be tested using the following analytical techniques. First, a methodology for locating and bounding drug markets using a nearest neighbor, hierarchical clustering technique is introduced. Using this methodology 34 drug markets are identified. Second, hierarchical linear models examining buyers and sellers separately predict travel distances to drug markets. Arrestees are nested within markets. This technique separates influences on distance arising from arrestees from drug market distance differences. Third, how market level median travel distance affects within drug market violence is considered. Specifically, the main effects of median buyer travel distance and median seller travel distance on drug market violence are captured using separate Poisson hierarchical linear models. Finally, impacts of the interaction between buyer and seller distance, Reuter and MacCoun's (1992) focus, are explored in another series of generalized hierarchical linear models. The main findings from the dissertation are as follows: 1. Results provide partial support for Reuter and MacCoun's drug market-violence model using multiple operationalizations. Public markets--those in which buyers and sellers travel from outside their own neighborhoods--are expected to be the most violent. 2. Separate raw distance measures for buyers and sellers correlate with within-drug market violence, after controlling for community demographics. 3. A negative effect of socioeconomic status and violence holds even when modeled with drug market variables. 4. As the proportion of crack cocaine sales within drug markets increases so too does within-market violence. Conceptual implications highlight the need to investigate social ties as an intervening variable in the travel distance »» drug market violence relationship. It is not clear from this research whether the travel distances of drug offenders in some way explains the amount or strength of social ties in a drug market, which in turn serves to suppress or elevate within-drug market violence. Policy implications suggest that Reuter and MacCoun's drug market types may connect with specific policing responses. Policing efforts may not receive much support from community residents because dense social networks may discourage reporting illicit activity. Markets drawing dealers and customers from farther away, and located around commercial and recreational centers may be amenable to place-based policing initiatives and coordinated intervention strategies with multiple city agencies.
Temple University--Theses
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Kershisnik, Berkeley A. "Voicing the Violence of Favelas." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3612.
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This project analyzes three examples of testimonial literature written by favela residents in Brazil to demonstrate the extent to which these accounts contest or confirm the popular news media's violent representation of favelas and their inhabitants. The literary works Quatrocentos contra um: Uma história do Comando Vermelho (1991) by William da Silva Lima and Capão pecado (2000) by Ferréz and the documentary Notícias de uma guerra particular (1999) present an insider's perspective of the violence that takes place in the favela and thus can reveal the factors that contribute to it. Through these explanations, readers and viewers become aware of the generally unheard side of the story of the repressed and ignored poor class. Lima's voice in Quatrocentos contra um serves to explain the way that crime was organized as a means of survival to combat the repression and abuse of the government, and in Capão pecado Ferréz demonstrates the difficulty that favela residents who are not involved in drug trafficking have in avoiding the violence that surrounds them because they do not have equal opportunity for education and employment. He suggests a non-violent rebellion through artistic means to build a positive image of favela inhabitants, both inside and outside of the poor community. The documentary Notícias de uma guerra particular directed by João Moreira Salles and Kátia Lund presents information that places much of the blame for violence on the lack of social structure that would integrate the poor, and more importantly allows for honest, hardworking favela residents to share their experience of trying to make a living and avoid illegal activity while suffering from the stereotype that all who live in poor communities are involved in violent activity. Together these works constitute an attempt for the violence of the favelas to be explained through the voice of favela residents themselves.
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Davi, Ariana. "From All Sides: How Mexico Ended Up in the Eye of the Drug Storm." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/197.
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In recent years Mexico has found itself at the center of the drug ?war? as powerful criminal organizations have destabilized the region by engaging in this illicit, multi-billion dollar trade that allows drug lords emerge as powerful political actors. Violence and corruption are having a devastating effect on the new and struggling democracy as the weak institutions put in place during the reign of the PRI have not been replaced with a workable system. The judiciary and law enforcement continue to be ineffective as President Calderon chose to mobilize the military to help combat drug trafficking. Mexico is also experiencing the challenges of drug addiction as the competitive trade drove dealers to open up local markets for cheap and highly addictive drugs. Mexico has found itself fighting the drug war on all fronts and this article seeks to explain the circumstances that led the nation to this vulnerable position. This article is a historical look at the processes by which Mexico transformed the economy to capitalism, developed and industrialized, and then transitioned to democracy, and found itself here in the eye of the drug storm.
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Bernal, Acosta. "Colombia's economic recession : the impact of Guerrilla violence, illicit drug trafficking, and the 1991 constitution. /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/01Dec%5FAcosta%5FBernal.pdf.
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Acosta, Bernal Pedro Alonzo. "Colombia's economic recession : the impact of guerrilla violence, illicit drug trafficking, and the 1991 constitution." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5264.
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Colombia has tolerated for almost fifty years the oldest guerrilla movements in the region, but at the same Colombia has tolerated for almost fifty years the oldest guerrilla movements in the region, but at the same puzzle is to establish which of the following variables; guerrilla violence, illicit drug trafficking, or the 1991 Constitution, have most affected economic stability in the last half of 1990s. The thesis will argue: (1) Guerrilla violence is the most important variable that impacts Colombia's economy, causing severe internal and external migration. Kidnapping, extortion, and infrastructure attacks represent the loss of million of dollars in economic damages. (2) The illicit drug trafficking is the second most important variable that has affected Colombia's economy, causing an economic domestic boom during the period of the Cali and Medellin drug-cartels, infiltrating the economy with money laundering and fictitious business. (3) The 1991 Constitution established many new economic responsibilities at the state level, which aggravated the state fiscal crisis. The separation of taxation and spending among different levels of government has fueled severe problems of fiscal imbalance, because the bulk of tax revenues is collected by the Central Government but spent at municipal levels.
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GIOMMONI, LUCA. "LAW ENFORCEMENT, VIOLENCE AND GLOBALIZATION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PRICE DECLINE IN EUROPEAN DRUG MARKETS." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6120.
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Pochi studi hanno analizzato I prezzi delle droghe in Europa nonostante I risultati forniti da questo tipo di analisi in altri paesi. In America, l’analisi sui prezzi delle droghe costituisce la base dell’attuale conoscenza su domanda e offerta del mercato delle droga e dell’effetto delle forze di polizia.
Questa tesi analizza il prezzo delle droghe illecite (eroina e cocaina) in Europa. In particolare questo studio ha due obiettivi 1) identificare quali fattori influenzano i prezzi delle droghe; 2) identificare quali fattori hanno portato al declino dei prezzi delle droghe negli ultimi venti anni. In linea con la precedente letteratura, questo studio ha impiegato un’analisi della variazione geografica e temporale dei prezzi, un “Risk and price model” ed una analisi panel.
I risultati mostrano che le forze di polizia e il livello di violenza hanno un effetto marginale sul prezzo delle droghe e non sono capaci di spiegare il loro declino negli anni. La globalizzazione sembra la principale spiegazione. La globalizzazione ha tagliato i costi nel traffico di droga, riducendo le inefficienze causate dalla sua illegalità (per esempio nel trasporto). Di conseguenza la globalizzazione può essere considerata la componente principale nello spiegare il declino dei prezzi delle droghe in Europa.There are few studies on drug prices in Europe, despite the insight this type of analysis has provided in other countries. In the USA, the examination of drug prices has improved the knowledge of the demand and supply in drug markets and the impact of law enforcement. The dissertation aims to analyze the prices of illicit drugs (heroin and cocaine) in Europe. The study has two objectives: (1) identifying which factors affect drug prices; (2) analyzing which factors drove the price decline in the last twenty years. In line with the previous literature, the methods include the analysis of the trends of prices over time and across countries, a risk and price model, and a panel regression. The results show that law enforcement and violence have marginal impact on drug prices and they are unable to explain the decline over time. In fact, globalization is the key explanatory factor. Globalization has likely cut the costs of the drug trade, reducing the inefficiencies caused by illegality (e.g. transportation). As a result, it may be regarded as the most important factor in the price decline in European drug markets.
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Soto, Valente, and Valente Soto. "The Affective and Emotional Geographies of the Secondary Witnesses of Drug-Related Violence in Sinaloa, Mexico." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625665.
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During the last three decades, Mexican drug-trafficking organizations have expanded their operations in North America, while drug-related violence has intensified in different regions in Mexico. Since 2006, more than 100,000 people have died as a result of the constant re-organization of Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs), as well as a national security strategy that aims to reduce their power through direct confrontation. Drug-related violence is affecting the lives and livelihoods of Mexican citizens who get caught between the conflicts, and who are not always accounted for in the official data on victims. Drawing on postcolonial theory, affect theory, the growing field of emotional geographies, and critical studies of trauma, this dissertation examines the effects of drug-related violence on secondary witnesses—that is psychologists, social workers, and journalists—based in the northwest Mexican city of Culiacán, the state capital of Sinaloa. This group represents a small sample of ordinary citizens whose daily work brings them into regular contact with some of the outcomes of violence as it relates to the so-called drug wars and its politics—what some have referred to as necropolitics and narcopolitics. Through the analysis of open-ended interviews, findings show that the secondary witnesses of drug-related violence in Culiacán are experiencing symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress. At the same time, they are coping with those effects through individual and collective strategies that result from a long-term social and spatial proximity with the phenomenon. In this sense, drug-related violence is a spatial phenomenon that produces traumatic events where affective and emotional effects are collected and stored as traumatic memories. Those memories are critical to understanding the symptoms of job-related stress affecting the secondary witnesses of drug-related violence, as well as the creation and development of coping strategies. The findings of this research are significant for efforts to improve the mental and emotional health of ordinary citizens who inform and offer care and support to the multiple victims of violence in Mexico.
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Parakilas, Jacob Christopher. "The Mexican drug 'war' : an examination into the nature of narcotics linked violence in Mexico, 2006-2012." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/872/.
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This thesis examines incidences of violence in Mexico related to the trade in illegal narcotics from the election of President Felipe Calderón in late 2006 to the election of his successor, Enrique Peña Nieto, in mid-2012. The thesis, which is arranged methodologically as a single case study, begins with an examination of the state of literature on violence, crime and warfare. The theoretical basis is specified by subsequent inquiry into the role of illegal narcotics as a driver of violence, and together, these theoretical chapters form the basis of the hypothesis, that under certain circumstances, the drugs trade can create a market of violence, in which non-political actors are incentivised by their constraints to engage in acts of violence not normally associated with criminals. The next three chapters comprise an empirical examination of the hypothesis – the first on historical inflection points in Mexican history and the US/Mexican relationship along with the geographic and historical challenges, as illustrated by the border region around Ciudad Juarez and the violence in Guatemala, the second on the divergent structures and strategies of selected Mexican drug trafficking organisations as a window into the nature of the overall conflict, and the third on the effects of Mexican and American governmental strategies to control the violence. The thesis concludes that while drug violence in Mexico does have the overall shape of a market of violence, developments toward the end of the period studied give some hope that the constraints will change and markedly reduce the incentive for violence. Policy ramifications and the overall future of drug violence given the uncertain future of prohibition are considered in the conclusion as well.
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Vazquez-Rodríguez, Ana-Maria. "Conflicted societies in motion: A study of individual and collective responses to drug-related violence in Mexico." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108053.
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Thesis advisor: Margaret LombeThesis advisor: Alfonso Hernandez
Drug-related violence in Mexico has grown into a profound social problem, aggravating existing insecurity, vulnerability, and citizen’s wellbeing. In critical scenarios of this kind, the virtues of social engagement for enhanced wellbeing, improved security and true democracy appear futile. This research examines how resources and incentives for mobilization operate. Specifically, social capital and political culture are studied as mechanisms that may affect those relationships. This research draws upon theories of Collective Action and Social Capital Theory. Also used are studies on the influence of emotions and perceptions on citizen’s collective mobilization. This approach contributes by accounting for informal participation and their various political loadings in conflict environments. To achieve the objective, Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling were conducted. The study uses secondary data collected in 2011 (N = 7,416) using a probabilistic sample design representative of seven Mexican states selected by their levels of violence. Two subsamples were constructed to examine the varying effects of social and political resources on mobilization across regions (north and south). Results show the emotional component associated with citizen’s mobilization for collective action. The findings also exhibit social capital and political culture as key indicators of people’s decision to organize for social change. Finally, intriguing results related to the “negative form” of social capital were observed. To be precise, social capital appears to be insufficient to explain citizens' motives to mobilize with others for social change. Implications for policy and scholarship are presented. Specifically, initiatives regarding the importance of the effects of the weakened democratic environment, social lack of trust, government unresponsiveness and impunity, and self-directed processes of justice at the community level are highlighted
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work
Discipline: Social Work
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Bezares, Buenrostro Hector Eduardo. "Governing the Mexican drug war : a political geography of public security and the organisation of everyday violence." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4164.
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To make a contribution to the literature on governmentality and space, this thesis asks how does the War on Drugs (WoD) in Mexico produce spaces within which individual subjects are formed and controlled? More specifically, it demonstrates how the spatial organization of the northern border city of Tijuana and the aims of the WoD constitute distinctive identity formations and policing practices. Thus, the thesis advances the understanding of how urban space in Mexico has been imagined as a battlefield, shaping the territorial deployment of federal security personnel, and the military policing of strategic urban centres. To make this contribution, the thesis focuses on three concepts that are at the core of the analysis of governmentality: government, power, and space. Drawing on Foucauldian discourse analysis and four months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico, the everyday intimate spaces of the WoD ground the analysis of key geographical imaginaries and the spatial practices of security personnel and ordinary residents of Tijuana. Overall, the thesis underscores the centrality of controlling urban spaces for the WoD, showing how this has been achieved from individual households to the streets. In drawing attention to the spatiality of the WoD, the thesis thus offers a critical account of how entire territories and groups of people in Mexico, irrespective of their social class or ethnicity, have become subjects of an overarching project to discipline and kill.
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Matousek, Amanda Leah. "Born of Coatlicue: Literary Inscriptions of Women in Violence from the Mexican Revolution to the Drug War." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366249191.
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Navas, Lillian, and Lilia Santoyo. "Latinas' utilization of domestic violence resources." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2102.
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White, Christopher. "Partisanship in Mexico: Influence of Violence and State Spending." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1710.
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This paper serves to further investigate factors influencing partisanship in Mexican politics with a focus on state spending and drug violence. With state spending, this paper builds on prior literature about political effects of federal social spending (Handelman 1997, Domínguez and Chappell 2004, Díaz-Cayeros 2009) to propose a similar theory regarding state social spending. The proposed panel data model for national elections between 2000 and 2012 finds that for diputados elections, a thousand-peso increase in state spending had a statistically significant influence on party voting – boosting PRI candidates (typically incumbents) by 0.66% and hurting both PAN and PRD candidates by 0.78% and 1.57% respectively. This paper also proposes an alternative theory of state spending whereby the effect comes from a linkage of spending and economic performance. With drug violence, this paper studies the importance of the Mexican Drug War on the Mexican political environment but finds no consistent party impact of instability (modeled with intentional homicide statistics) in national elections from 2000 to 2012. This paper delves into potential explanations for this finding including different effects by election, distrust of political parties, and the perception of little difference between parties. Finally, the paper outlines other responses to instability and drug violence to demonstrate approaches taken by Mexican citizens outside of the ballot box. These alternative strategies include protesting, lobbying, migration, and the rise of private security.
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Ludwin, Jennifer Marie. "Perpetrators’ and victims’ perceptions of the role of alcohol and/or drug use in intimate partner violence (IPV)." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343579976.
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Reid-Quinones, Kathryn. "The Role of a Family History of Alcohol or Drug Abuse on PTSD Outcomes Following Community Violence Exposure." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/938.
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Research consistently has revealed the damaging consequences of children's repeated exposure to community violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most commonly cited internalizing disorder associated with such exposure. However, not all children who are exposed to community violence develop PTSD symptoms; thus, it is important to identify factors that contribute to this deleterious relationship. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation of community violence exposure (CVE)and PTSD in a sample of urban adolescents. Additionally, the study assessed whether a maternal history of alcohol or drug abuse would exacerbate the association of CVE andPTSD symptoms in youth. Furthermore, deficient parenting and poorer psychological functioning of the substance-abusing mother was examined as a possible explanation of the relation of maternal substance abuse to community violence exposure and PTSD. Participants included 309 biological mothers and their 5th or 8th grade children (N = 309dyads) who were recruited from high-violence neighborhoods in Richmond, Virginia. Youth and their maternal caregivers completed separate home interviews. Results revealed that greater violence exposure (witnessing violence and direct victimization)was associated with higher levels of PTSD symptoms in youth. Additionally, maternalalcohol abuse history exacerbated the relation between witnessed violence and PTSD symptoms. At low levels of witnessed violence, mother's alcohol use type did not influence PTSD symptoms; however, as levels of witnessed violence increase, youthwhose mothers were classified as having a positive alcohol abuse history were more likely to report higher levels of PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, parental knowledge was an independent predictor of PTSD symptoms in each of the models. Lower levels of parental knowledge were associated with higher levels of youth-reported PTSD symptoms. Overall, the study findings support the need to examine moderating and mediating factors of the relation between CVE and PTSD among youth.
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Pressacco, De La Luz Coralie. "La violence dans la littérature mexicaine actuelle. Approche littéraire, lexicologique et traductologique." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIML002/document.
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Au vu de l’émergence au Mexique depuis la fin du XXe siècle d’une tendance littéraire appelée communément narco-littérature, nous nous proposons à travers ce parcours de mettre en lumière la diversité des outils choisis par les auteurs pour écrire la violence liée au narcotrafic. Il s’agit, dans un premier temps, d’explorer les racines historiques et sociales de ce cycle littéraire en constante effervescence et de déterminer ses caractéristiques afin de mieux comprendre son déploiement et le large succès qu’il connaît. Puis, à travers l’analyse des procédés lexicaux utilisés par les auteurs d’un corpus d’ouvrages publiés entre 2002 et 2014, nous caractérisons les différentes tendances identifiées dans l’écriture de la violence. Constatant la diffusion croissante de ces ouvrages au-delà des frontières mexicaines, l’étape finale de notre étude est consacrée à l’analyse des stratégies mises en œuvre par les traducteurs pour rendre dans une autre langue une réalité locale très particulière et bien souvent étrangère à la langue-culture du lecteur potentielGiven the emergence in Mexico since the end of the twentieth century of a literary trend commonly called narco-literature, we propose through this work to highlight the diversity of the tools chosen by the authors to write about violence related to drug trafficking. The first step is to explore the historical and social roots of this ever-growing literary cycle and to determine its characteristics in order to better understand its development and wide success. Then, through the analysis of lexical processes used by authors within a body of literature published between 2002 and 2014, we characterize the different trends identified in the writing of violence. Noting the increasing diffusion of these works beyond Mexico’s borders, the final step of our study is devoted to the analysis of the strategies implemented by the translators to depict in another language a local reality that is, quite often, very particular and very foreign to the language and culture of the potential reader
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Wilson-Fant, Donna. "A study of the relationship between drug activity and witnessing parental conflict as a teenager on gun violence among adult males." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1997. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/503.
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The overall objective of this study was to examine the relationship between drug activity and witnessing parental conflict as a teenager on later gun violence in adulthood. The sample for this study consists of thirty-five adult males participating in a volunteer drug and/or violent crime support group in Rahway, New Jersey. One questionnaire consisting of seventy five questions was administered by one masters level social work student. The survey instrument was created by the researcher. The study was an attempt to determine whether gun violence among adult males was perpetuated from teenage years. Also, whether drug activity and witnessing parental conflict as a teenager were significant factors in gun violence among adult males. Findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between drug activity and gun violence as an adult male. The findings also indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between witnessing parental conflict as a teenager on later gun violence in adulthood.
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Albuquerque, Ana Cláudia Santos de. "Visões e representações de adolescentes sobre drogas." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5414.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Nos últimos anos, têm-se intensificado os debates sobre drogas, principalmente no que tange ao consumo e ao comércio de entorpecentes praticados por adolescentes. Esses debates não se restringem à caracterização do evento, sendo muito comum a sua associação às manifestações de violência ou crime. No Brasil, as experiências pessoais com substâncias psicoativas, principalmente aquelas ligadas às drogas ilícitas, são abordadas como problema de saúde pública e/ou de justiça. O discurso dominante fundamenta-se na lógica repressiva e proibicionista. Tendo em vista a realidade a que se apresenta, esta dissertação baseou-se em uma pesquisa, que teve como objetivo investigar visões e representações de adolescentes sobre drogas, de forma a explorar: informações; experiência; possíveis relações com a violência; políticas e ações de drogas. A pesquisa foi realizada com estudantes, cuja idade variava entre 13 e 15 anos, matriculados no oitavo e nono ano do ensino fundamental em uma escola estadual do município de Cataguases, localizado na zona da mata de Minas Gerais. O método qualitativo subsidiou a compreensão das representações, a inteligibilidade dos fenômenos sociais e os significados atribuídos pelos atores aos eventos da droga. A técnica utilizada para coletar as informações no campo foi a de grupo focal. Através de uma conversa com objetivos previamente definidos, trabalhamos com as percepções do público investigado e chegamos aos seguintes resultados: o consumo e o comércio de drogas fazem parte do cotidiano dos adolescentes, sendo comuns experiências diretas e indiretas; as informações sobre as substâncias psicoativas, por boa parte dos alunos, são permeadas pelo discurso proibicionista; existe o entendimento de que a droga tem relação com a violência, principalmente quando envolve o tráfico de drogas; os alunos conhecem muito pouco as políticas e as ações desenvolvidas para prevenção às drogas. A partir dos relatos dos entrevistados, comparamos o discurso prático dos adolescentes com o discurso científico. Ao final, abordamos um conjunto de questões que devem ser analisadas para a compreensão da droga e suas possíveis relações, levando em consideração a complexidade do evento. Os enunciados de Brochu (2006) e Da Agra (2008), calcados na perspectiva interacionista, sugerem outra forma de “tratar o problema” do consumo e comércio de drogas.
Over the last years, debates about drugs have been intensified, mainly in terms of narcoticconsumption and trafficking among teenagers. These debates go beyond the event themselves, so they are commonly associated with violence or crime protest. In Brazil, personal experiences involving psychoactive substances,especially those related to illicit drugs, are treated as a public health and/or justiceissue. The dominant speechis based on repressive and prohibitionist logic. Considering this reality, this dissertation was based on a research, which set its objective on the investigation of adolescents' perspectives and representations about drugs in order to explore: information; experience; possible relation with violence; drug politics and actions. The survey was carried out with students whose age varied from 13 to 15 years old, enrolled in eighth and ninth grades of a publicelementary school in Cataguases, Zona da Mata region, in Minas Gerais. The qualitative method provides the comprehension of representations, theintelligibility of social phenomena and the meanings ascribed to agent of drug occurrence. The technique used to collect information in field was the Focus Group. Through a conversation, which had its goal previously defined, we worked on investigated audience's perceptions and it came up with the following results: the consumption and trafficking of drugs is part of the adolescents‟ daily routines. Therefore,direct and indirect experiences are common among them. Pieces of information about psychoactive substances are permeated by a prohibitionist speech; there is the understanding that drugs are related to violence, especially when it involves drug trafficking; students are barely aware of politics and actions developed to drug prevention. By the interviewees' reports, the practical speech of teenagers was compared to the scientific one. At the end, a couple of questions, should be analyzed to drug comprehension and its possible relations, were debated considering the complexity of the event. Based on interactive perspective,Brochu (2006) and Da Agra (2008)suggest another way to "deal with the problem" of the consumption and trafficking of drugs.
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Santos, Rui Pedro Teixeira. "Violência filioparental e toxicodependência." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/6268.
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Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em CriminologiaEste projeto de graduação pretende abordar o fenómeno criminal que é a violência filioparental, acrescentando-lhe ainda a dimensão da toxicodependência e do consumo de substâncias com o objetivo geral de reduzir a falta de conhecimento científico nesta matéria, pois mais frequentemente se estuda a violência intraconjugal ou contra menores. Através de uma revisão da literatura, este projeto define os conceitos chave deste fenómeno, aborda os fatores de risco, em especial o consumo de substâncias, apresenta ainda estudos sobre o tema e dados estatísticos apresentando pelo Associaçao Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima e pelo Sistema de Segurança Interna na sua primeira parte. Na sua segunda parte, este projeto apresenta uma proposta de estudo empírico com o objetivo de obter maior conhecimento das dinâmicas deste fenómeno. Esta proposta passa por um método qualitativo, uma entrevista semi-estruturada, individual e confidencial com uma amostra de toxicodependentes, que cometeram, ou não, comportamentos violentos contra os seus progenitores.
This graduation project intends to address the criminal phenomenon that is the Child-to-parent violence, adding also the dimension of drug addiction and consumption of substances with the general objective of reducing the lack of scientific knowledge in this matter, since intramarital violence or violence against the minors is more frequently studied. Through a literature review, this project defines the key concepts of this phenomenon, addresses risk factors, especially substance use, also presents studies on the subject and statistical data presented by the Portuguese Association for Victim Support and the Internal Security in its first part. In its second part, this project presents a proposal for an empirical study with the objective of obtaining a better knowledge of the dynamics of this phenomenon. This proposal goes through a qualitative method, a semi-structured interview, individual and confidential with a sample of drug addicts, which could have committed violent behaviors against their parents or not.
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Sampilo, Rachel Soares. "Violência e Consumo de Drogas em Contexto Universitário: Programa de Prevenção no Polo de Asprela." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3996.
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Projecto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em CriminologiaO consumo de drogas é um fenómeno mundial, que atinge toda a comunidade, em que o consumidor se insere. Daí tentar-se relacionar a violência e o consumo de substâncias no contexto universitário, devido ao aumento do uso por parte dos estudantes universitários. No presente projeto definiu-se conceitos como a violência e as drogas, referiram-se modelos teóricos que explicam a relação entre a violência e o consumo de substâncias, os fatores de risco e proteção e por fim, a necessidade de medidas preventivas. Foi realizado um programa de prevenção, tendo em vista estudantes universitários do Polo Universitário de Asprela. Foi utilizado como instrumento de recolha de informação, a entrevista semiestruturada e semidiretiva.
Drug abuse is a global phenomenon that affects the whole community, where the consumer is located. Then try to relate violence and substance use in the university context, due to the increased use by college students. In this project we defined concepts such as violence and drugs, referred to theoretical models that explain the relationship between violence and substance use, risk factors and protection and finally, the need for preventive measures. We conducted a prevention program aimed at college students Polo University Asprela. Was used as a tool for gathering information, a semi structured interview and semi directive.
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Gonzalez-Guarda, Rosa Maria. "Substance Abuse, Intimate Partner Violence and Risk for HIV among a Community Sample of Hispanic Women." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/79.
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Among the health disparities affecting the U.S. Hispanic population today are those relating to risky behaviors such as substance abuse, intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV/AIDS. However, few studies have examined how these conditions may impact this population. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the experiences that Hispanic women in South Florida have with regard to substance abuse, IPV and risks for HIV/AIDS, to describe how these conditions may be related, and to develop a model that can be used to guide research and interventions targeting this population. This dissertation uses data collected in Project DYVA (Drogas y Violencia en las Americas- Drugs and Violence in the Americas), a pilot research study that utilized both qualitative (Phase I) and quantitative (Phase II) research methods to describe the experiences of Hispanic women in South Florida between the ages of 18 and 60 with regard to substance abuse, violence and risky sexual behaviors. Three studies were conducted as part of this dissertation. The first study utilizes data collected during the qualitative phase of Project DYVA. During this phase eight focus groups were conducted and analyzed using qualitative content analysis (N = 81). The second and third studies utilize data collected during the second phase of Project DYVA. In this phase cross-sectional questionnaires collecting information regarding demographics, acculturation, self-esteem, depression, substance abuse, IPV and risks for HIV, were administered to 82 Hispanic women. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to explore the relationships between substance abuse, IPV and risk for HIV (study 2) and between resource availability, IPV and depression (study 3). The findings from this dissertation suggest that substance abuse, IPV and risk for HIV are closely related intersecting health issues. IPV, the condition that emerged as the most salient of the three, also appears to be closely associated with resource availability (i.e., self-esteem and income) and depression. Additional individual, cultural, relationship and socio-environmental factors that may play a significant role in shaping the experiences that Hispanic women have with regards to these intersecting conditions were also identified and organized into a model.
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Arribas-Ibar, Elisabet 1987. "Different aspects of illegal substance use in Catalonia : suicide, violence and evaluation of a preventive action." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482049.
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In Catalonia certain gaps of knowledge about health consequences related to contextual factors of illegal drug use have been identified and there is the need to assess health prevention activities implemented in the last decade. The present study aims to assess suicidal behaviors and violence among subjects using illegal substances, and to evaluate the coverage of overdose prevention programs implemented recently.
Suicide risk behavior and violence were highly prevalent. Drug-scene contextual factors, including illegal/marginal income generation activities, were associated with suicidal ideation and plans (drug traffic in men and sentenced to prison in women) and violence (prison history in men and drug traffic in women). Having experienced traumatic experiences was associated with suicidal ideation and plans for both genders. Early illegal drug use was associated with victimization and offending for both genders. Overdose prevention programs coverage was considered high.
Such health related problems ought to be detected in drug treatment facilities, promoting development of prevention and treatment programs.A Catalunya s'han identificat certs buits de coneixement respecte als factors contextuals de consum de drogues il·legals, i les seves conseqüències en la salut, i s’ha vist la necessitat d'avaluar activitats de prevenció implementades en l'última dècada. El present estudi té com a objectiu avaluar els comportaments suïcides i la violència entre les persones que consumeixen substàncies il·legals, i avaluar la cobertura dels programes de prevenció de sobredosi posats en marxa recentment. El risc del comportament suïcida i la violència eren altament prevalents. Els factors contextuals de les drogues, incloent les activitats de generació d'ingressos il·legals i/o marginals, es van associar amb idees i plans suïcides (el tràfic de drogues en els homes i estar condemnat a la presó en les dones) i amb la violència (estar condemnat a la presó en els homes i el tràfic de drogues a les dones). Haver patit experiències traumàtiques es va associar amb la ideació i els plans suïcides per a tots dos gèneres. El consum de drogues il·legals precoç es va associar amb la victimització i la perpetració per a tots dos generes. La cobertura dels programes de prevenció es va considerar alta. Aquest tipus de problemes de salut han de ser detectats en els centres de tractament de drogues, promocionant el desenvolupament de programes de prevenció i de tractament.
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Bergman, Andrew Marlowe. "Vette City." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1469792156.
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Crane, Shawn R. "The State, Federalism, non-state actors, and conflict : the Mexican drug war." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80059.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study analyzes the Mexican drug war’s impact on the state’s federal political system of shared sovereignty. Transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) such as drug cartels have grown in strength due to shifting dynamics of the global drug trade. This growth in power, both in relation to the use of physical force and the influence over Mexican society, has challenged the state’s authority and monopoly of violence. After the inauguration of President Felipe Calderón in 2006, the government launched an all-in offensive, dedicating the entire state system to ridding the country of the drug cartels. Results of the offensive have been mixed and vary from area to area. However, trends indicate that the offensive has caused power vacuums and increased rivalry among the drug cartels. National homicide statistics show the government offensive has distorted the balance of power among the drug cartels, causing increased competition in an already hypercompetitive market. The majority of Mexico’s modern history consists of the era of single-party dominance, where the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) dominated the political system on both vertical and horizontal levels. The recent growth of federal executive power during Calderón’s administration has caused concern about whether the democratic progress made during the last decade could be reversed – returning the country back to former autocratic practices of governance. This reversal also involves the concentration of power in the center. For the last few decades, the country has been decentralizing its political system in accordance to federal principles laid down by its Constitution. The involvement of the military, a federal instrument of security that has in some cases taken over jurisdiction from state and local authorities, has been causing debate on whether the executive power is violating its constitutional limits of power. With this, the primary research question of this study uses theoretical concepts and is formulated thusly: How do violent non-state actors (VNSAs) impact federalism in Mexico? Mexico was chosen as a case study because of its growing struggle against the drug cartels, a sub-branch of non-state actors (NSAs). The Westphalian state order has changed dramatically with globalization, changing realities with regard to the use of physical violence. This is especially the case in reference to VNSAs, where the use of violence maintains an informal system of order. With the rise of the powerful drug cartels, a direct result of the global drug trade that hides in the shadows of globalization, Mexico’s case is not unique. Colombia struggled with a similar scenario during the 1980s and 1990s. However, the security situation in Mexico has proven to be constantly evolving and very intense during a time of political transition. This study shows that the federal executive branch of the Mexican government has not violated its constitutional limits of the use of power, although the Mexican Constitution of 1917 has proven to be vague in reference to the use of the military in peacetime. This vagueness could undermine regional sovereignty and federal principles laid down by the Constitution. The study also indicates that the increasing levels of violence are affecting the functionality of regional governance, as well as freedom of the press. Homicide statistics show that since the government launched its offensive in 2006, there has been a significant increase in assassinations targeting both mayors and journalists. Overall, there is no indication that the drug war has influenced federalism in Mexico. Rather, the drug war has exposed institutional weaknesses, causing increased demand for and investment in professionalizing state institutions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingstudie analiseer die impak van die Meksikaanse dwelmoorlog op Meksiko se federale politieke stelsel van gedeelde soewereiniteit. Transnasionale kriminele organisasies (TKO’s), byvoorbeeld dwelmkartelle, se mag het toegeneem as gevolg van die verskuiwende dinamika in globale dwelmhandel. Die staat se gesag en magsmonopolie word uitgedaag as gevolg van hierdie toename in mag, beide met betrekking tot die owerhede se gebruik van fisieke mag en hul gesag oor die Meksikaanse gemeenskap. Na die inhuldiging van president Felipe Calderón in 2006, het die regering ’n alles insluitende offensief van stapel gestuur om van die land se dwelmkartelle ontslae te probeer raak. Hierdie offensief toon wisselende vordering en die impak daarvan verskil van area tot area. Ten spyte van hierdie mate van vordering, het die offensief egter aanleiding gegee tot magsvakuums en ’n toename in wedywering tussen dwelmkartelle. Nasionale moordsyfers dui daarop dat hierdie regeringsoffensief die magsbalans tussen dwelmkartelle versteur het, wat gelei het tot ’n toename in kompetisie in ’n reeds uiters kompeterende mark. Meksiko se moderne geskiedenis bestaan hoofsaaklik uit ’n era van eenpartydominansie, waar die Institusionele Rewolusionêre Party (Institutional Revolutionary Party, IRP) die politieke stelsel op beide vertikale en horisontale vlak gedomineer het. Die onlangse opkoms van die federale uitvoerende mag tydens die Calderón-administrasie wek kommer dat die vordering wat in die laaste dekade gemaak is ten opsigte van demokratisering van die politieke stelsel, omvergewerp sal word en dat Meksiko die gevaar sal loop om terug te keer na sy voormalige outokratiese en gesentraliseerde regeerpraktyke. Oor die afgelope paar dekades het die land juis pogings aangewend om sy politieke stelsel te desentraliseer na aanleiding van federale beginsels soos neergelê in die grondwet. Die weermag – ’n federale instrument vir sekuriteit – het alreeds op sekere plekke jurisdiksie by staats- en plaaslike owerhede oorgeneem. Dit het gelei tot debatte oor of die uitvoerende mag sy grondwetlike magsbeperkinge oorskry. Na aanleiding van Meksiko se huidige politieke situasie, asook teoretiese konsepte soos die staat, federalisme, nie-staatsakteurs en globale dwelmhandel, word die primêre navorsingsvraag vir hierdie studie soos volg geformuleer: Hoe beïnvloed gewelddadige nie-staatsakteurs federalisme in Meksiko? Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord, word daar gebruik gemaak van sekondêre bronne, (beperkte) insig oor die dwelmkartelle se handelspraktyke en ’n ondersoek na die linguistiese beperkinge op die gebruik van amptelike Meksikaanse regeringspublikasies. Meksiko is as gevallestudie vir hierdie navorsingsprojek gekies vanweë die land se toenemende stryd teen dwelmkartelle, ’n subvertakking van nie-staatsakteurs. Die Westfaalse staatsorde wat eeue lank die wettige gebruik van fisieke geweld beheer het, het dramaties verander met die opkoms van globalisering. Dit is veral die geval by gewelddadige nie-staatsakteurs, waar die gebruik van geweld tans ’n informele stelsel van orde handhaaf. Die opkoms van Meksiko se magtige dwelmkartelle, ’n direkte gevolg van globale dwelmhandel (wat in die skadu van globalisering skuil), is egter nie enig in sy soort nie. Alhoewel Colombië byvoorbeeld in die 1980’s en 1990’s ’n soortgelyke probleem ondervind het, het die sekuriteitstoestand in Meksiko getoon dat dit steeds ontwikkelend van aard en hewig ten tye van politieke oorgang is, wat dit toepaslik vir hierdie studie maak. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe daar in hierdie studie gekom word, is dat die federale uitvoerende tak van die Meksikaanse regering tot dusver nie sy grondwetlike beperkinge ten opsigte van die uitoefening van mag oorskry het nie. Die Meksikaanse grondwet van 1917 is egter vaag oor die weermag se bevoegdheid om gesag af te dwing tydens vredestye. Hierdie vaagheid kan moontlik die streeksoewereiniteit en federale beginsels wat deur die grondwet verskans word, ondermyn. Daar is ook bepaal dat die toenemende geweld sowel die funksionaliteit van die streeksregering as die vryheid van die pers, beïnvloed. Moordsyfers in Meksiko dui daarop dat daar sedert 2006 ’n beduidende toename in sluipmoordaanvalle op burgemeesters en joernaliste was. Alles in ag genome, is daar egter geen aanduiding daarvan dat die dwelmoorlog wel federalisme in Meksiko geraak het nie. Die impak wat dit wel gemaak het, is om institusionele swakheid in die regering te openbaar, wat tot ’n toename in die aanvraag na en investering in die professionalisering van staatsinstellings gelei het.
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Guimarães, Ana Lucia Ceolotto. "Tráfico de drogas: percepções e concepções de seus agentes na cidade de Ribeirão Preto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59137/tde-16062005-092458/.
Full textAbstract:
O uso e o tráfico de drogas, associados à violência, constituem-se numa das questões mais emblemáticas da sociedade contemporânea. Por acreditar na necessidade de realizar investigações e reflexões sobre este problema, visando subsidiar programas de promoção de saúde e cidadania através de um novo enfoque, realizei o presente estudo com os seguintes objetivos gerais: conhecer, sob o ponto de vista dos agentes participantes, as percepções e concepções relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas na cidade de Ribeirão Preto e região; e que tem por objetivos específicos, conhecer, sob o ponto de vista dos participantes: 1. as razões que levam as pessoas, principalmente os jovens, a se envolverem com o tráfico de drogas; 2. as percepções e concepções sobre a estrutura e/ou organização do tráfico de drogas, funções dos atores sociais envolvidos, inclusive com relação ao adolescente; 3. as apreciações sobre a violência relacionada ao tráfico de drogas e, em particular, sobre a participação do adolescente na mesma. Foram sujeitos deste estudo sete homens, com idades entre 27 e 60 anos, que têm ou já tiveram envolvimento no tráfico de drogas, na cidade de Ribeirão Preto e região. Os participantes foram intencionalmente escolhidos, levando-se em conta sua vinculação significativa com o problema investigado. Procedimento: a entrevista, com roteiro semi-estruturado, foi o principal instrumento para a coleta de dados. Foram realizadas vinte e três sessões de entrevistas individuais, no período de agosto de 2.001 a setembro de 2.002, e julho a agosto de 2.004. Como instrumentos complementares, foram utilizados registros em notas, em Diário de Campo, assim como, de narrativas fortuitas. Análise de dados: os dados obtidos foram analisados através de uma abordagem qualitativa, sob uma perspectiva compreensivista, a qual privilegia o ponto de vista dos agentes sociais envolvidos. O método de análise foi o de conteúdo temático. A análise dos dados mostrou os múltiplos motivos que podem levar alguém a envolverse com o tráfico de drogas, a partir do ponto de vista dos participantes. São razões que podem se dar isolada ou simultaneamente, e que, muitas vezes, se entrelaçam e se interpenetram. Nas concepções sobre a estrutura e a organização do tráfico de drogas, denominado por eles de movimento, sobre os atores envolvidos e os papéis desempenhados, recolhi uma variedade extensa de categorias. Elas sugerem que o tráfico de drogas está em constante mutação; é dinâmico, improvisado e repleto de alternativas: fraciona-se, migra, difunde-se, escapa e, ainda, é permeado de símbolos e folclores. As apreciações dos participantes sobre a violência relacionada ao tráfico de drogas e, em particular, à participação do adolescente neste contexto, trouxeram relatos, reflexões e questionamentos sobre as mais diversas representações inseridas na dinâmica do tráfico de drogas.The use of drugs and the drug dealing, associated with violence, are one of the most worrisome issues of our contemporary society. As a believer in the need of investigating and reflecting about such matters (in order to have subsidized programs which can promote health and citizenship based on a new focus) I have conducted the present study which points out the following: (a) general objectives: to know, from the agents' point of view, the perception and conceptions related to drug dealing in the city of Ribeirão Preto and in its surrounding areas and (b) specific objectives: to know, based on the agents' point of view: 1. the reasons why people, mainly the young ones, get involved with drug dealing; 2. the perception and conceptions on the drug dealing structure and/or its organization, the roles taken by the social actors including the aspect concerned teenagers; 3. considerations on violence related to drug dealing and, in particular, the the participation of teenagers in it. Seven adult men were subjects of this study, their ages ranged from 27 to 60 years old. They either have or had already been involved in drug dealing in the city mentioned above and in its surrounding areas. These participants have been carefully chosen as they played an important role and had an important link with the problem under study. Procedure: interviews guided by a semi-structured questionnaire were the main informational tool for the studys data ollection. Twenty three individual interviews were accomplished from August 2001 and Septemper 2002, and also from July to August 2004. Additional data such as notes in the field diary, as well as fortuitous narratives were written or recorded. Data analysis: the gathered data have been analyzed through a qualitative approach, based on a comprehensivist perspective that grants privilege to the involved social agents' point of view. The method of analysis relies on the thematic content itself. Based on the participants opinion, the data analysis has shown the various reasons which can lead a person to get involved in drug dealing. Such reasons can happen as an isolated fact or happen simultaneously; and many times they entangle and interpenetrate into themselves. As to the conception of the drug dealing (referred by them as movement) structure and organization, as well as of the actors involved and their respective roles, I have gathered a large amount of categories. They suggest that drug dealing changes constantly; it is dynamic, improvised and full of alternatives: it divides itself, moves to different places, spreads itself, escapes and, also, is surrounded by symbols and histories. The participants appreciation on violence related to drug dealing and, in particular, the participation of teenagers have revealed accounts, reflections and questionings ranging from the most diverse representations inserted in the drug dealing dynamics.
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Concha, Amin Mönica. "Criminalidade, violência e desenvolvimento no Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/35431.
Full textAbstract:
A temática central desta tese consiste em explorar a relação entre criminalidade, violência e desenvolvimento, através de fatores determinantes da violência. Vale notar que violência e criminalidade são estudadas por diferentes ciências, entre essas ciências, destacam-se Sociologia, Criminologia, Psiquiatria, Direito e Economia. Neste trabalho, a definição de “desenvolvimento” escolhida é a de Desenvolvimento Humano utilizada pelas Nações Unidas a qual tem como tema central a qualidade e a riqueza das vidas humanas e não apenas a produção de bens e serviços e o crescimento do produto. Sob a visão mais ampla de desenvolvimento humano, a área da Segurança Humana considera os riscos que ameaçam a qualidade de vida das pessoas, a saber: riscos naturais, financeiros, econômicos, de conflito, de terrorismo e de violência. A hipótese geral da tese parte da premissa que um desenvolvimento incompleto ou falho é acompanhado de violência, delinquência e criminalidade. Esta tese é composta por uma introdução, uma revisão de literatura econômica do crime, três ensaios com apêndice, conclusões e referências. Separadamente, cada ensaio aborda o tema desde um ângulo diferente, com modelos aplicados que usam dados de contagem em painel, em corte transversal, assim como regressão logística. De forma conjunta, os ensaios mencionados visam a auxiliar na compreensão empírica do complexo fenômeno da violência e sua relação com o desenvolvimento com estudo de caso para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A ligação entre os três ensaios é constituída pelos determinantes da violência e da delinquência no Estado, em nível municipal ou de pessoas. Não se trata somente da racionalidade individual que explica esses eventos sociais, mas de um conjunto de fatores que rodeiam a pessoa como tal. No primeiro ensaio, foram identificados determinantes socioeconômicos do número esperado de delitos em 236 Municípios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período compreendido entre 2002 e 2006. Para municípios com indicadores locais de alto desenvolvimento socioeconômico, resultados bons nesses indicadores não são acompanhados por reduções do número de todos os delitos, o que resulta contraditório em relação à qualidade de vida das pessoas, considerando a definição de desenvolvimento supracitada e o risco de violência desde a Segurança Humana. No segundo ensaio, a população adolescente de Porto Alegre com medida de internação em instituições da Fundação de Atendimento Sócio-educativo (FASE) recebeu atenção e foram avaliados vários fatores de risco de delinquência para explicar os reingressos nas unidades da FASE. Condições socioeconômicas de alta vulnerabilidade social e estruturas familiares fragilizadas coincidem entre o grupo de adolescentes com medida de internação em Porto Alegre no período entre 2002 e 2008. Porém, consumo de drogas foi a variável estatisticamente significativa para explicar a probabilidade de reingresso nas unidades de internação. No terceiro ensaio, explorou-se a ligação drogas-crime através de uma análise descritiva do mercado de drogas ilícitas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Especificamente, o número de ocorrências policiais para uso e tráfico de drogas ilícitas.The main subject of this dissertation consists of exploring the relation among criminality, violence and development, through determinants factors of the violence. It is worth noting that violence and criminality have been studied by different sciences, among these sciences, Sociology, Criminology, Psychiatry, Law and Economics. In this work, the definition of “development” said about Human Development used by United Nations which has as central subject the quality and the wealth of the human lives and not only the production of goods and services and the growth of the product. Under the wide vision of human development, the Human Security approach considers the risks that threaten the quality of life such as: natural risk, financial risk, economic risk, conflict, terrorism and violence. The general hypothesis of the dissertation consists of that an incomplete development or with failures includes violence delinquency and criminality. This dissertation consists of an introduction, a brief survey of literature, three essays with annexes, conclusions and references. Each essay explores the subject since a different angle, with applied models that use Count data or logistic regression. Together, the mentioned essays aim at to partially assist in the theoretical understanding of the complex phenomenon of the violence and its relation with the development with study of case for the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The link among the three essays consists of the determinants factors of the violence and the delinquency in the state. It is not only the rationality that explains those social events, but a set of factors roundabout the person. In the first essay, were used socio-economical variables for 236 cities of the state between 2002 and 2006. The cities with higher score of socioeconomic development index do not exhibit reductions of the number of all the offenses, that it is contradictory in relation to the quality of life of the people, considering the definition of development and the risk of violence since the Human Security approach. In the second essay, the adolescent population of Porto Alegre with measure of entry at institutions of the Fundação de Atendimento Sócio educativo (FASE) received attention and had been evaluated some risk factors of delinquency to explain the recidivism. Socioeconomic conditions of high social vulnerability and weak family structures coincide among the group of adolescents with measure of entry – at FASE - between 2002 and 2008. However, drugs use was the statistical significant variable to explain the probability of recidivism in the units of FASE. In the third essay, it was explored the link drug-crime through a descriptive analysis of the market of illicit drugs in the state of the Rio Grande do Sul. Specifically, the number of police recorded offenses for use and traffic of illicit drugs between 2000 and August of 2010.
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Ospina, Claudia. "REPRESENTACIÓN DE LA VIOLENCIA EN LA NOVELA DEL NARCOTRÁFICO Y EL CINE COLOMBIANO CONTEMPORÁNEO." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/45.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation analyzes the representation of violence in Colombian novels and films from the last two decades of the XX century. Aided by current theories of violence and representation on the one hand, and an interdisciplinary methodology that analyses the phenomenon of the violence of drug trafficking from different perspectives on the other, my analysis examines the challenges and limits of literary and cinematic representation as it grapples with the extreme realities of life in Colombia’s major cities. The central body of my thesis focuses on three novels and two films, selected for the marked differences that inform their generic form, their style and their approach to representation as testimony. By focusing on the differences in these works, I further examine how different genres and subgenres help reveal, distort, or obscure the extreme realities these novels and films strive to portray.
Chapter two provides the historical and theoretical context for violence and drug traffic in Colombia. Chapter three studies the different narrative strategies used in the literary works that fall under the so-called drug traffic genre. Chapter four analyses the role of the intellectual narrator on La virgen de los sicarios who presents himself as the new authority, called to restore the lost order left by drug trafficker terrorists and their sicarios. Chapter five studies the impact of drug trafficking in the aristocratic world. On Delirio, the apparent madness of the protagonist unmasks the obscure world of high society, a world lead by corruption, complicities, and lies to maintain their economic status. Chapter six analyses Comandante Paraíso and the role of the main character as the new drug lord, who has built an empire based on a network of power, money, and loyalty to maintain order. Chapter seven compares La virgen de los sicarios and Rosario Tijeras and their adaptations to film.
The literary works and films analyzed have nourished on the complex reality of extreme violence lived under the drug trafficking era. They explore how this violence has roots in political, economic, and social problems, and the importance of finding a viable solution for this national issue.
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Blazquez, Adèle. "« L'aube s'est levée sur un mort ». Anthropologie politique de la violence armée et de la culture du pavot à Badiraguato (Sinaloa, Mexique)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0132.
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Dans une démarche d’anthropologie politique, cette thèse décrit l’expérience quotidienne des habitant.es de Badiraguato, une commune située dans l’État du Sinaloa (Nord-ouest du Mexique). Régulièrement présentée comme le « berceau du narcotrafic » et la base du « Cartel de Sinaloa », cette commune rurale et marginalisée est fortement affectée par la violence armée et son économie repose sur la production du pavot. À l’inverse de la focalisation commune sur l’État, les groupes armés et le narcotrafic, il s’agit de remettre ces acteurs et ces activités à leur juste place, dans ce qu’ils font au contexte social, pour qu’ils cessent d’être un déterminant préalable de sa lecture. À travers l’étude d’une configuration sociale située, l’articulation entre la stabilité de la politique institutionnelle et la violence armée apparaît constitutive de la condition de précarité dans laquelle les habitant.es sont pris.es. Ainsi, cette recherche tisse ensemble plusieurs dimensions : l’expérience quotidienne de la violence, les mises en sens dont font l’objet les actes violents et les rapports ambivalents de prédation, d’exploitation et de protection dans lesquels s’insèrent les pratiques de violence. Dans une approche pragmatique et matérialiste, chaque chapitre est organisé autour de logiques d’action, la description des situations permettant de dévoiler progressivement le contexte. La thèse suit l’expérience sociale des habitant.es à travers l’étude successive des déplacements, des sociabilités ordinaires, des modes de subsistance et d’accumulation, des conditions d’accès à la terre, des pratiques de prédation dans les rapports de genre, des homicides, de l’administration municipale et des tentatives entravées de transformer ce contexte. Elle s’appuie sur une ethnographie de 18 mois menée entre 2013 et 2016 dans le chef-lieu de la commune, les bureaux de la mairie et les hameaux d’habitations qui parsèment le territoireIn a political anthropology approach, this thesis describes the everyday experience of the inhabitants of Badiraguato, a municipality located in the state of Sinaloa (Northwestern Mexico). Regularly described as the "cradle of drug trafficking" and the base of the "Sinaloa Cartel", this rural and marginalized municipality is heavily affected by armed violence and its economy relies on poppy production. Contrary to the common focus on the State, armed groups and drug trafficking, I aim to put these actors and activities in their rightful place, in what they do to the social context, so that they cease to be a prior determinant of its reading. Through the study of a situated social configuration, the articulation between institutional stability and armed violence appears to be constitutive of the precarious condition in which the inhabitants are caught. Thus, this research weaves together several dimensions: the everyday experience of violence, the meanings given to violent acts and the ambivalent relationships of predation, exploitation and protection in which violent practices take place. In a pragmatic and materialistic approach, each chapter is organized around a logic of action, so that the description of situations gradually reveals the context. The thesis follows the social experience of the inhabitants through the successive study of displacements, daily sociabilities, modes of subsistence and accumulation, access to land, predation in gender relations, homicides, municipal administration and impeded attempts to transform this context. It is based on an 18-month ethnography conducted between 2013 and 2016 in the main village, the offices of the town hall and the hamlets that dot the territory
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Lundholm, Lena. "Substance Use and Violence : Influence of Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on Violent Crime and Self-directed Violence." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Rättsmedicin, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-193301.
Full textAbstract:
Interpersonal violence and suicide are major health concerns, leading to premature death, extensive human suffering and staggering monetary costs. Although violent behaviour has multiple causes, it is well known that acute substance intake and abuse increase the risks of both interpersonal and self-directed violence. This association is quite well established for alcohol, while a more ambiguous literature exists for other common drugs of abuse. For example, anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), synthetic analogues to the “male” sex hormone testosterone are suggested to elicit violent and aggressive behaviour. Two studies (I and III) in the present thesis addressed the association between AAS use and being suspected or convicted of a violent crime among remand prisoners and in a general population sample, respectively. Further, using the case-crossover design to control for confounders stable within individuals, I also investigated the triggering (short-term risk) effect of alcohol and drugs such as benzodiazepines and AAS, on violent crime (Study II). Finally, a fourth study (IV) based on a large national forensic sample of suicide completers (n=18,894) examined the risk of using a violent, more lethal, suicide method, when under acute influence of alcohol, central stimulants or cannabis. The results of this thesis suggested that AAS use in itself is not a proximal risk factor for violent crime; the observed risk is probably due to the co-occurrence of abuse of other substances. Alcohol is a strong triggering risk factor for violent crime, constant across males and females as well as individuals with or without behavioral and psychiatric vulnerability. Intake of high doses of benzodiazepines is associated with an increased risk for violent crime. Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of using the lethal suicide method of jumping from a height. I conclude that mapping substance abuse patterns may inform violence risk assessment and treatment planning.
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Cunha, Costa Radek Juliana [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Ludes, Margrit [Gutachter] Schreier, Immacolata [Gutachter] Amodeo, Otthein [Gutachter] Herzog, and de Oliveira Paulo César [Gutachter] Miguez. "Drug-related Violence in Brazil: Narratives in Brazilian TV Annual Reviews (2000 to 2015) / Juliana Cunha Costa Radek ; Gutachter: Margrit Schreier, Immacolata Amodeo, Otthein Herzog, Paulo César Miguez de Oliveira ; Betreuer: Peter Ludes." Bremen : IRC-Library, Information Resource Center der Jacobs University Bremen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1217481923/34.
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Omari, Melinda Claire. "Promoting the social and emotional wellbeing of West Kimberley Aboriginal children and youth." Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=120230.
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Aboriginal young people experience a high rate of family violence, alcohol and drug misuse, suicide, sexual abuse, and socioeconomic disadvantage (Gordon, Hallahan & Henry, 2002; Hunter, 1990, 1991c; Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council, 1999; Memmott, Stacy, Chambers & Keys, 2001; Swan & Raphael, 1995). Over the last decade a burgeoning array of policy, services and programs have been developed to combat the social and emotional problems in Aboriginal communities. Despite some successes, Aboriginal children and youth consistently demonstrate poorer outcomes than non-Aboriginal youngsters across most domains of living, including health, mental health, education and vocation (Zubrick et al., 2005). While the evidence-base related to problems in Aboriginal communities has expanded, there is a deficit in knowledge about practical and sustainable interventions to build strengths in remote young Aboriginal people and families, to promote youth and community wellbeing. Even less has been done on the ground to assist remote Aboriginal communities to take action in tackling the problems they face (Atkinson, Bridge & Gray, 1999; Kimberley Aboriginal Medical Services Council & Westerman, 2002; National Aboriginal Health Strategy Working Party, 1989).This qualitative participatory action research project conducted in the West Kimberley Western Australia from 2001 to 2004 was in collaboration with agencies based in Broome and the Bardi people of Ardyaloon Community, One Arm Point. The investigation aimed to (1) identify and explain the mental health and social and emotional problems affecting Aboriginal young people and families living in remote communities in the West Kimberley; and (2) identify and describe goals and methods for intervention to promote social and emotional wellbeing and build resilience in young people and communities. The third aim was to feed back and culturally validate the research findings. The overarching goal of this project was to work in partnership with Ardyaloon Community in prioritising community-based solutions to youth problems. An Aboriginal Project Advisory Group was formed to guide the research and several local project assistants were employed to assist with the field work. The project involved three studies. Overall, 32 Broome-based youth, parents and service providers, and 59 Elders, parents, youth and service providers from One Arm Point were involved in interviews and discussion groups. The findings were discussed and validated by 101 agency and community people. The results indicate a number of risk and resilience factors operating across the individual, family, community and socio-political sphere, including cultural and historical factors influencing youth wellbeing. From the findings, a model for community-based mental health promotion intervention was developed to address youth problems and build strengths prioritised by Ardyaloon Community.
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Amorim, Francisco de Paula Rocha. "Fronteiras inscritas pelo narcotráfico na América Latina : estudo sobre a transterritorialidade em nove cidades de Brasil, Colômbia e México." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/180937.
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Esta tese analisa a transterritorialidade decorrente de institucionalidades formais e informais concorrentes em nove cidade de Brasil, Colômbia e México. Mais especificamente, trata das consequências sociais da produção de múltiplos territórios e multiterritorialidades a partir da competição entre institucionalidades formais legais e institucionalidades informais ilegais ligadas ao narcotráfico. A pesquisa se desenvolveu nas cidades brasileiras de Porto Alegre e Rio Janeiro, colombianas de Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cali e Medellín, e mexicanas de Cidade do México, Culiacán e Xalapa. O estudo busca compreender as distintas dinâmicas de dominação funcional e apropriação simbólica dos espaços urbanos. Interessou, neste sentido, de forma mais contundente, a investigação dos efeitos sobre a população de territorialidades mais funcionais instituídas a partir da unidade regra-sanção baseada no disciplinamento dos corpos pela violência. Examina, ainda, a relação recursiva entre território (e territorialidade), instituição e cultura. Associada ao paradigma de complexidade proposto por Morin, a investigação propriamente dita, inspirada no estudo de múltiplos casos, envolveu um conjunto de técnicas para coleta e análise de dados Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, observações a partir de saídas de campo, registros fotográficos, análise de conteúdo e análise estatística descritiva. Em termos de resultados, demonstrou-se que os moradores, especialmente os residentes na periferia das cidades pesquisadas, vivem a transterritorialidade imposta por regras inscritas nos corpos por institucionalidades formais e informais. Eles têm suas rotinas ordenadas por códigos formais e informais de conduta, contenções permanentes e temporárias dispostas no e pelo espaço geográfico. Verificou-se a existência de uma relação recursiva entre estratégias de evitação e contornamento. Constatou-se que, na maioria dos casos, os territórios produzidos e mantidos por forças institucionais ligadas ao Estado e ilegais associadas ao narcotráfico são mais funcionais do que simbólicos. Dito de outra forma, o espaço é dominado pelo estabelecimento de regras e sanções, e não apropriado por processos identitários ou de identificação cultural. Por fim, chega-se à conclusão de que a transterritorialidade é uma emergência complexa, em termos morinianos, decorrente dos processos de produção e manutenção de multiterritorialidades de institucionalidades formais e informais.This thesis analyzes the trans-territoriality caused by competing formal and informal institutions in nine cities of Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. More specifically, this research is about the social consequences of the formation of multiple territories and multi-territorialities produced by the competition between legal formal institutions and illegal informal institutions connected to drug trafficking. The research was developed in the Brazilian cities of Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro, in the Colombian cities of Bogotá, Buenaventura, Cali and Medellín and in the Mexican cities of Mexico City, Culiacán and Xalapa. The study aims to comprehend the distinct processes of functional domination and symbolic appropriation of urban spaces. The research was mainly interested in investigating the effects of more functional territorialities on the population established by the connection between rules and sanctions based on the use of violence in order to discipline bodies. The study also examined the recursive relation among territory (and territoriality), institution e culture. Associated with Morin's Paradigm of Complexity, the investigation itself, inspired by the study of multiple cases, involved a range of techniques to acquire and to analyze data The research used semi-structured interviews, observations during field trips, photographic record, content analysis and descriptive statistics. As for the results, this thesis demonstrates that the inhabitants, especially the ones who reside on the periphery of the cities researched, live the process of trans-territoriality imposed by the rules of formal and informal institutionalities. They have their routines commanded by formal and informal codes of conduct, permanent and temporary restraints established in the geographic space. The research found the existence of a recursive relation between bypassing restraints and strategies to avoid populations. The study also noted that, in most cases, the territories produced and maintained by institutional forces connected to the State and illegal forces associated with the drug trafficking are more functional than symbolic. In other words, the space is dominated by rules and sanctions and not appropriated by identity processes or cultural identification. Finally, the research came to the conclusion that trans-territoriality is a complex emergence, in Morin’s terms, due to processes of production and maintenance of formal and informal multi-territorialities and institionalities.
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Turnbull, Marie Elizabeth. "School Safety: Comparing Students' Perceptions with Faculty Members' Perceptions." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1438340194.
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Oliveira, Patrícia Carvalho de. "Vulnerabilidade social: fenômenos das drogas e da violência vivenciados por adolescentes." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7445.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Adolescents are sensible about family and social-community phenomena, as drugs and violence, which make their social cohesion and integration more fragile. These issues predispose adolescents of this age range to social vulnerability. In marginalized communities, adolescents experience this phenomenon more intensively that get worse due to limited access to school, working and other goods and services. To understand this of social vulnerability complex context between members of a community represents a challenge that precedes the elaboration of intervention and protection proposals to help their development and for their families and community in the same way. In this research, we sought to understand the social vulnerability of adolescents attended on a Social Assistance and Care Center. This research has been leaded by Grounded Theory and was fulfilled in a Social Assistance Care Center of Aparecida de Goiânia city, state of Goiás, Brazil, with twenty adolescents from thirteen to eighteen years old. The data was collected on ten meetings of focus groups and field observations, everything registered in the researcher’s diary. The data collection process and its analysis were performed simultaneously, in a way that after every meeting, all data were recorded, written, analyzed and codified followed by the writing of the memorandum, according to Grounded Theory’s precepts. In this process of analysis emerged three theoretical categories which have been discussed according to the Human Development Bioecologic Model and Social Vulnerability. The first theoretical category “presenting the dynamic context of social-community” shows the fragilities of the community and in social relations, the incipience of protective actions and the presence of violence, drug dealing and use, which aggravates the social vulnerability. The second theoretical category “revealing the oppression in the context of developing”, presents the straight relation between violence and drugs in every system of the research participants’ development, that means their family, school and community. The last category, “manifesting bindings for overcoming”, addresses ways that promotes inclusion and developments’, represented by the family, above all by the mother, in the perspectives presented by drug dealing, at work, while studying and practicing sports. The results allow us to understand that despite overcoming factors found in this research, they are incipient facing social vulnerability conditioned to the oppression factors. According to theoretical categories, the adolescents’ social context reveals a lack of observance of Federal Constitution guarantees in shape of negligence, discrimination, exploration, violence, cruelty and oppression. However, the social vulnerability inside the adolescents’ universe may be reverted by protective, intersectional, governmental, community and family approaches.
Adolescentes são sensíveis aos fenômenos sociocomunitários e familiares, como as drogas e a violência, que fragilizam a coesão e integração social. Estes, por sua vez, predispõem os indivíduos desta faixa etária a vulnerabilidade social. Em comunidades marginalizadas, os adolescentes vivenciam fenômenos em maior intensidade, agravados acesso limitado a escola, ao trabalho e outros bens e serviços. Compreender este complexo contexto de vulnerabilidade social entre os membros de uma comunidade representa um desafio que antecede a elaboração de propostas de intervenção e proteção em prol do desenvolvimento do indivíduo, da família e da comunidade. Assim, neste estudo, buscamos compreender a vulnerabilidade social vivenciada por adolescentes atendidos em um Centro de Referência em Assistência Social. Trata-se de uma pesquisa conduzida com base na Teoria Fundamentada em Dados - TFD, realizada em uma unidade de assistência social de Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás com vinte adolescentes de 13 a 18 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dez encontros de grupos focais e observação de campo, registradas em um diário do pesquisador. O processo de coleta e análise ocorreu simultaneamente, de modo que em cada encontro os dados eram gravados, transcritos, analisados e codificados, com subsequente redação dos memorandos conforme os preceitos da TFD. Deste processo de análise emergiram três categorias teóricas que foram discutidas com base no Modelo Bioecológico do Desenvolvimento Humano e da Vulnerabilidade Social. Na primeira, categoria teórica “apresentando a dinâmica do contexto sociocomunitário”, são apresentadas as fragilidades presentes na comunidade e nas relações sociais, a incipiência de ações protetivas e a presença da violência, do tráfico e uso de drogas, que agravam a vulnerabilidade social. A segunda categoria teórica, “revelando a opressão no contexto do desenvolvimento”, apresenta a estreita relação entre os fenômenos da violência e das drogas, presentes em todos os sistemas do desenvolvimento dos participantes da pesquisa, isto é a família, a escola e a comunidade. A última categoria, “manifestando vínculos para a superação”, aborda os mecanismos que promovem a inclusão e o desenvolvimento, representados pela família, sobretudo na figura materna; nas perspectivas apresentadas no tráfico de drogas; no trabalho; no estudo; e por fim, na prática de esportes. Os resultados permitem apreender que, apesar dos fatores de superação encontrados no estudo, estes são incipientes diante a vulnerabilidade social condicionada aos fatores de opressão. Segundo as categorias teóricas, o contexto social dos adolescentes revela a não observância de garantias constitucionais sob formas de negligência, discriminação, exploração, violência, crueldade e opressão. Entretanto, a vulnerabilidade social presente no universo adolescente pode ser revertida por meio de abordagens protetivas, intersetoriais, governamentais, comunitárias e familiares.
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Lagana, Arnaud. "L'appréhension des violences liées à la prise d'alcool et de stupéfiants par le Droit pénal." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALD009.
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Les violences sont inséparables du Droit pénal qui les réprime dans le but de les limiter. L'étude dans les archives de quatre juridictions françaises pour le compte de la MILDECA (Mission Interministérielle de Lutte contre les Drogues Et Conduites Addictives) et de l’Inserm, ainsi que des études psycho-sociales ont montré une relation importante entre la prise d'alcool et/ou de stupéfiants et les violences, qu'elles soient volontaires ou involontaires. La politique pénale doit être claire pour appréhender de la meilleure des façons ces violences particulières, en faisant l’effort de clarifier son Code pénal. Cela vise donc principalement les violences consécutives à une prise d’alcool ou de stupéfiants, mais il ne faut pas négliger les violences dites « acquisitives ». Ces dernières permettent aux toxicomanes et aux alcooliques de se procurer la substance dont ils sont dépendants. La société – et notamment certains auteurs de violences en état d'ivresse – semble croire, à tort, que l'alcoolisation peut excuser un comportement violent. Si l'ivresse et l'emprise de stupéfiants constituent plutôt des circonstances aggravantes, cette croyance sociétale est problématique. Une difficulté découle de la lecture attentive de l'article 122-1 du Code pénal qui peut s'appliquer en cas d'ivresse qu’elle soit alcoolique ou liée à une prise de stupéfiants. L’auteur de violences, lato sensu, qui ne contrôle pas ses actes au moment de l’infraction peut voir son discernement aboli et par conséquent être déclaré irresponsable pénalement pour cause de trouble psychique ou neuropsychique. Ce dernier peut également voir son discernement altéré par la prise de psychotropes et dans ce cas sa peine doit être réduite du tiers et ne peut pas être aggravée. La jurisprudence semble plutôt pencher pour l'aggravation de la peine dans cette situation car elle considère qu’il a commis une faute antérieure répréhensible, ce qui montre un paradoxe du Code pénal qu’il convient de dénoncer. Ce dernier prévoit tantôt l’aggravation de certaines violences – de manière discrétionnaire et en oubliant des infractions qui pourraient légitimement être aggravées par ce comportement – et tantôt la réduction de la peine ou l’impossibilité de sanctionner pénalement l’auteur pour un comportement équivalent. Enfin, la question d'une légalisation du cannabis doit être abordée à la lumière des évolutions législatives dans d’autres États. La France est en retard sur ce point et le gouvernement actuel ne semble pas comprendre les enjeux d’une éventuelle légalisation ou de la dépénalisation de certaines drogues, tant sur le trafic des substances en cause, que sur les violences qu’elles engendrent. L’État préfère sanctionner le simple consommateur, notamment via l'amende forfaitaire délictuelle, ce qui met en exergue une politique pénale sécuritaire désuète et inefficace qui augmente la surpopulation carcérale sans aucune garantie d’une meilleure sécurité. En tout état de cause, violences intentionnelles et violences non-intentionnelles, liées à une prise de psychotropes, sont traitées différemment par le droit pénal et méritent des précisions sur lesquelles nous reviendronsViolences are inherent to Criminal Law which fights them in order to limit this kind of actions. After a study of archives into four jurisdictions across the country (MILDECA), and an exploration of psychosocial studies, it could be argued that the relationship between alcohol or drugs and violences are tenuous whether they are intentional or non intentional. Indeed, Criminal law has to be more consistent and coherent. Whether the violences are due to the will of procure substances or cause by the consumption of substances, the link between substances and violences has to be thought differently by Criminal Law. The society and the public opinion think, wrongfully, that being intoxicated is an excuse that makes you irresponsible of your actions. But, on the contrary, Criminal law states that being intoxicated increases your sentence. Therefore, there is a real problem between the public opinion and what states Criminal law. This raises question about the legitimacy of Criminal Law
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Ubani, Emmanuel Ibifafa. "Is violent crime a function of drug enforcement?" OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2829.
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This paper examines the relationship between the incidences of violent crime and the level of drug enforcement. To do this, the paper compiles a panel dataset from 30 large cities across the US and using fixed effect regression analyzes the dataset. The paper finds that increase in drug enforcement does not lead to significant or noticeable decrease in violent crime offenses. Specifically, the paper finds that the relationship between drug enforcement and violent crime offenses has a positive and significant contemporaneous relation although it is no longer significant with lagged enforcement.
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Idler, Annette Iris. "Arrangements of convenience : violent non-state actor relationships and citizen security in the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5c8e5068-4de8-4a53-bdab-1f847f438f05.
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Borderlands are critical security zones but remain poorly understood. In regions plagued by drug violence and conflict, violent groups compete for territorial control, cooperate in illegal cross-border activities, and substitute for the functions of the state in these areas. Despite undermining physical security, fuelling fear, and challenging the state’s sovereignty, the exact modi operandi of these groups are little known. Against this backdrop, this thesis explores how different interactions among violent non-state actors (VNSAs) in the Colombian-Ecuadorian and Colombian-Venezuelan borderlands impact on citizen security. These border areas attract rebels, paramilitaries and criminal organisations alike: they constitute geo-strategic corridors for the global cocaine industry and are sites of supply and operation for the major actors involved in Colombia’s decades-long armed internal conflict. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this thesis consolidates the literature on conflict, security and organised crime, borders and borderlands, and anthropological approaches to fear and violence. It integrates theories of cooperation among social actors with original empirical research. It is based on a comparative, multi-sited case-study design, using ethnographic methods complemented by quantitative data. The research involved over twelve months of fieldwork with 433 interviews and participant observation on both sides of the crisis-affected Colombia-Ecuador and Colombia-Venezuela borders, and in Bogotá, Caracas and Quito. Developing a typology of VNSA interactions, I argue that these create not only physical violence but also less visible types of insecurity: when VNSAs fight each other, citizens are exposed to violence but follow the rules imposed by the opposing parties. Fragile alliances produce uncertainty among communities and erode the social fabric by fuelling interpersonal mistrust. Where VNSAs provide security and are socially recognised, "shadow citizen security" arises: security based on undemocratic means. I show that the geography of borderlands reinforces the distinct impacts of VNSA arrangements on citizen security yet renders them less visible.
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Malvasi, Paulo Artur. "Interfaces da vida loka: Um estudo sobre jovens, tráfico de drogas e violência em São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6136/tde-09032012-132410/.
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O tráfico de drogas é reconhecido pela Saúde Pública como um dos principaisfatores de risco e de vulnerabilidade a que os jovens brasileiros são expostos desde,pelo menos, a década de 1980. Este estudo objetiva descrever e analisar a vidacotidiana de jovens (de 15 a 29 anos) moradores de bairros periféricos de São Paulo,em que há a coincidência entre o comércio varejista de drogas feito em suas ruas,relações comuns de vizinhança e ações combinadas e intensivas das forças derepressão, aliadas às de assistência e às de atenção governamentais. Um bairro nacidade de São Paulo e outro no entorno da capital paulista foram assim identificadose escolhidos para que o estudo fosse realizado. Ao todo vinte e sete jovensparticiparam do estudo baseado no método etnográfico; o pesquisador permaneceudurante dois anos (2009 e 2010) acompanhando o cotidiano dos jovens nos doisbairros por meio da observação participante e da realização de entrevistas emprofundidade. Na pesquisa de campo, o entorno do tráfico de drogas se caracterizoupela justaposição de três instâncias de saber e poder: uma dimensão territorial,simbólica e existencial a quebrada; um ambiente de mercado o tráfico de drogas disparador de práticas e, também, inserido em um marco discursivo o mundodo crime; e um sistema político-estatal voltado para atender adolescentes emconflito com a lei, organizador de discursos e de tecnologias sobre crime e drogas o socioeducativo. O trabalho observa as manifestações do poder na ação de umadiversidade de jovens, no agir reiterado e na linguagem que delineiam os modos devida constituídos nas dobraduras do tráfico de drogas. Estes jovens da periferianavegam em uma dinâmica social complexa, fluida e porosa e, no anonimato doespaço político que ocupam, eles se relacionam com diferentes modos de regulaçãoda vida cotidiana. A vida loka surge no dialeto das quebradas como uma noçãocapaz de unificar a diversidade de experiências dos jovens, demarcando o campo dacomunicação e ação cotidiana entre eles dialeto que baliza as interpretações sobre avida. Nas zonas de contato entre a quebrada, o crime e o socioeducativo desenrolamse relações e dinâmicas, intersticiais, que atuam nos processos de construção dasubjetividade dos jovens e incidem nos problemas de vida e morte que elesenfrentamDrug trafficking is recognized by the Public Health as one of the main factors of risk and vulnerability that young Brazilians are exposed to, at least since the 1980s. This study aims to describe and analyze the daily lives of young people (15-29 years) living in the urban periphery the poor neighborhoods of Sao Paulo City, where there is coincidence between the retail trade of illicit drugs on their streets next to neighborhood relations, and on the other hand the intensive forces of repression combined with care and attention of the government. A neighborhood in Sao Paulo City and another in a city surrounding the metropolis were thus identified and chosen in order that the study was conducted. Altogether twenty-seven young persons participated in the study based on ethnographic method. The researcher stayed for two years (2009 and 2010) following the daily lives of young people in two poor neighborhoods conducting in-depth interviews with study participants. In the field research, the environment of drug trafficking was characterized by the juxtaposition of three levels of knowledge and power: a territorial dimension, symbolic and existential a quebrada (urban ghetto); a market environment drug trafficking that practices trigger and also inserted in a discursive parameter the criminal world, and a political system designed to meet adolescents offenders, organizer of discourses and technologies of crime and drugs the social-educational system. The paper aims the manifestations of power in the action of a diversity of young people, in the reiterated action and in the language that outline ways of life made in the dobraduras (folds) of the drug trafficking. These youths from the periphery navigate in a complex social dynamic, fluid and porous and, in the anonymity of the (non) political space they occupy, they relate themselves to laws variety from state, from crime, from streets. The vida loka (crazy life) comes from the dialect from quebradas (urban ghettos) as a concept capable of unifying the different experiences of young people, demarcating the field of everyday communication and action between them it targets interpretations of their lifes. In areas of contact between the quebrada (urban ghetto), the crime and socio-educacional unfold relationships and dynamics, interstitials, which act in the process of construction of the subjectivity of young people and focus on the problems of life and death that permeates drug trafficking
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Sissum, Melina. "A longitudinal content analysis of violence, sex, and drugs in rap music." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3208.
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Soans, Sonia. "Gendered narratives of alcohol/drug consumption and violent nationalism in India." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2016. http://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/618224/.
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Alcoholism and drug addiction have come to be regarded as psychological and social disorders in recent times. The international diagnostic system ICD (International Classification of Diseases) provides a diagnosis for severe cases of alcoholism/addiction that meet clinical standards. However, the consumption of these substances even recreationally has been challenged. In the case of India the problem of alcohol and drug consumption is tied to nationalism and is gendered. My work in a rehabilitation clinic in India introduced me to learning about the non-clinical side of the condition. While literature from around the world supports the idea that female alcoholics and addicts in recovery are treated differently by medical staff, it does not look at how some of these narratives about the addict are sometimes tied to the prejudice against the substances themselves. This leads to the research question - How are gendered narratives of alcohol and drug consumption represented in Indian society in general, and Bollywood movies in particular. The thesis also explores to what extent, if any, such representations relate to the rise of violent nationalism within Indian society. Tracing the history back to the disease model that has come to dominate our understanding of the condition, one can observe that these diagnostic criteria have been evolving, as has the social milieu that creates these breaches in normality. I am not looking at the clinical diagnosis itself but at the fears that surround addiction narratives. These narratives are to be found in everyday life, in cinema, in policy, in crime. The 'addict' is not only a clinical being but tells a different story which varies according to the identity that they embody. Women in India who transgress boundaries of 'culture' are often at risk of being sexualised even by their recreational use of psychoactive substances. These narratives are present everywhere, especially in cinema. The work of postcolonial theorists such as Ashis Nandy and Partha Chatterjee is used to trace a nationalistic discourse, that in recent years has turned violent, providing a critique of the modern Indian state. Writing by black feminists such as Audre Lorde, bell hooks and Gloria Anzaldúa provide another critique and that is of gender and race in opposition to culture. The methodology used (eccletic, feminist and discourse analysis) positions me as a researcher not a neutral bystander, but entrenched in and participating in the production of knowledge that makes me question my privilege. Bollywood films have been used to trace these gendered, nationalistic and violent narratives. I show how a popular form of entertainment is also used as a means of propaganda. Cinema in India is an important medium of communication that permeates most aspects of our lives. Widely imitated for its fashion, dialogues and ideology too are imitated. Similar to cinema around the world, Bollywood uses tropes, westernised women who consume drugs and alcohol is one such trope. Reading the discourse that runs through these films reveals there is subversion in the way in which women's bodies are exploited on screen yet a guise of decency is maintained. The discourse that runs on screen through films is similar to incidents of violence against women in everyday life. Nationalism runs through these narratives, as does gendered violence.
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Koram, Kwadwo Nyadu. "The sacrificial international : the war on drugs and the imperial violence of law." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2018. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/307/.
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The United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 is presumed to be a testament to the progressive teleology of post-war liberal international law. In establishing the prohibition of the illegitimate trade of drugs as a global norm, this treaty serves as the legal grounding for what is popularly referred to as the War on Drugs. International drug prohibition offers a potent exemple of the humanitarian discourse taken to anchor the international legal order in the second half of the twentieth century. In practice, the failure of realising ‘A Drug Free World’ has been outright; international law’s declaration of a War on Drugs has produced little more than the same mass of casualties that all wars tend to produce. In an attempt to enforce the unenforceable, the drug war has visited social death (through mass imprisonment) and material death (through violent state enforcement) onto untold millions. Moreover, empirical studies reveal a sharp racial and geographical asymmetry in the violence that emerged through drug prohibition In this thesis, I will theoretically unpack the apparent contradiction between the humanitarian rhetoric of the international laws governing drug prohibition and the racialised violence of the War on Drugs in practice. Rejecting the orthodoxies that seek to decouple the violence of the war from the law itself, I read the drug war as a telling instantiation of a violence that is not only consistent with but also productive of the liberal international legal order. Through unpacking the discursive association that has been produced between drugs and racial others posited as the negation of idealised ‘human’ underlying liberal international law’s humanitarianism, this thesis will employ a critical study of the War on Drugs in order demonstrate how the operative coherence of twentieth-century liberal international law remained indebted to a violence that I have termed as ‘sacrificial.’