Journal articles: 'Drug violence'

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van Amsterdam, Jan G. C., Johannes G. Ramaekers, Robbert-Jan Verkes, Kim P. C. Kuypers, Anna E. Goudriaan, and Wim van den Brink. "Alcohol- and drug-related public violence in Europe." European Journal of Criminology 17, no. 6 (February 21, 2019): 806–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370819828324.

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This study summarizes the literature about alcohol- and drug-related public violence in Europe. The proportion of all public violent incidents linked to alcohol was about 50 percent in the UK and ranged from 26 percent to 43 percent in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. Public violence related to drugs is much lower (1.5–18.0 percent). Relatively many public violent incidents occur in relation to nightlife (80 percent of alcohol-related incidents). Though a considerable proportion of public violence was alcohol or drug related, the actual use of such substances was rarely ascertained in perpetrators’ specimens. Such analysis is a prerequisite to heavier penalize alcohol- or drug-intoxicated perpetrators of public violence. More capacity should be deployed to measure alcohol and drugs in the specimens of violent perpetrators by analytical-chemical tests. As a result, more accurate estimates of substance-related public violence are obtained, which will serve policy makers and police enforcement officials to take measures for securing a safer public environment and sustainable nightlife industry in the future.

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Thomson, Nicholas D. "An Exploratory Study of Female Psychopathy and Drug-Related Violent Crime." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 3-4 (February 3, 2017): 794–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517690876.

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There is a clear link between drugs and violence, and the extensive burden drug-related violence inflicts on society. However, drug-related violence is largely understudied, especially in female populations. The aim of the present study was to explore whether women convicted of drug-related violent crime differed on individual-level risk factors from women convicted of a nondrug-related violent crime and women convicted of nonviolent crimes. One hundred and twenty-five female inmates were classified using official criminal records. Multinomial logistic regression indicated inmates higher in antisocial psychopathic traits and low level of educational attainment were more likely to be in the drug-related violent crime group. In comparison, inmates higher in callous psychopathic traits were more likely to be in the nondrug-related violent crime group. Using official records of prison misconduct, a secondary aim tested whether prison violence increased the likelihood of being in either of the violent crime groups. Results show inmates who had committed violent misconducts over a 6-month period were more likely to be the nondrug-related violent crime group. Prison violence did not differentiate inmates in the nonviolent crime group from the drug-related violent crime group. These findings are the first to explore the relation between psychopathy and drug-related violent crime, and drug-related violent crime predicting future violent behavior in female criminals. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity in female violent behavior. Furthermore, psychopathy is not only shown to be an important risk factor for violence in women but also highlights that the dimensional construct is essential for understanding context-dependent violence.

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Osorio, Javier. "The Contagion of Drug Violence." Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 8 (June 9, 2015): 1403–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587048.

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Why are some territories ravaged by intense levels of criminal violence while others are relatively peaceful? This research contributes to an understanding of the escalation and diffusion of drug violence in Mexico from 2000 to 2010 by formalizing the interactions between the state and organized criminals and by relying on a large database of event data containing more than 1.6 million observations. Results based on spatial econometrics provide evidence of the spatial diffusion of violence. In congruence with the theoretical expectations, the results show that the disruptive effect of law enforcement is an important catalyst for the intensification of violence between criminal organizations, especially when deployed in areas hosting a high concentration of criminal groups. This relationship holds for a broad menu of violent and nonviolent law enforcement tactics. The analysis also reveals that other broadly held factors (international, geographic, and socioeconomic characteristics) have a modest effect on the dynamics of drug-related violence.

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Duke, Michael, Wei Teng, Janie Simmons, and Merrill Singer. "Structural and Interpersonal Violence Among Puerto Rican Drug Users." Practicing Anthropology 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.25.3.g433q763862ql85h.

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The lives of Puerto Rican street drug users living on the US mainland are structured by addiction and violence. For some, drugs act as a palliative against the trauma of being exposed to extreme physical or emotional harm. For others, the effects of structural oppression, coupled with the cruel logic of addiction, situates violence just below the surface of lived experience (Singer 1996). This paper will explore the relationship between exposure to violence and drug using behaviors, as well as the degree to which violence becomes a byproduct of those behaviors. Drawing from life history interviews and survey data of drug users in Hartford, Connecticut, we will discuss the ways in which addiction, violent upbringings, and the ruthlessness of narco-capitalism-each operating within the context of Puerto Ricans' status as a colonized people vis a vis the USA-create an atmosphere in which violence becomes a near inevitable part of everyday life. We will also briefly address the complex ethical issues involved in studying violence.

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Eikelenboom-Schieveld, Selma J. M., and James C. Fogleman. "Psychoactive Medication, Violence, and Variant Alleles for Cytochrome P450 Genes." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11050426.

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From the start of the use of psychoactive prescription medications in the 1950s, physicians reported paradoxical adverse reactions, ranging from newly developing depressions to an increase in existing mood disorders, and extremely violent and bizarre acts of suicide and homicide. It is hypothesized that interactions between the drugs and the enzymes that are primarily responsible for their metabolism (cytochrome P450s) could cause these reactions. In this research, we evaluate statistical associations between CYP450 variant alleles, psychoactive medication, and acts of violence. Fifty-five persons who showed violent behavior or an altered emotional state were investigated for prescribed medication. Fifty-eight volunteers with no history of violence served as the controls. Genetic testing was performed on CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Statistical analysis was applied to gender, age, number of variant alleles, number and kind of medications, and potential drug–drug, drug–gene, and drug–drug–gene interactions. Four risk factors for developing an altered emotional state and/or acts of violence were identified. There is an association between prescription drugs (most notably antidepressants and other psychoactive medication), having variant alleles for CYP450 genes, and altered emotional states or acts of violence.

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Jacques, Scott, and Andrea Allen. "Drug Market Violence." Criminal Justice Review 40, no. 1 (October 7, 2014): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734016814553266.

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CASTILLO, JUAN CAMILO, and DOROTHY KRONICK. "The Logic of Violence in Drug War." American Political Science Review 114, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 874–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055420000246.

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Drug traffickers sometimes share profits peacefully. Other times they fight. We propose a model to investigate this variation, focusing on the role of the state. Seizing illegal goods can paradoxically increase traffickers’ profits, and higher profits fuel violence. Killing kingpins makes crime bosses short-sighted, also fueling conflict. Only by targeting the most violent traffickers can the state reduce violence without increasing supply. These results help explain empirical patterns of violence in drug war, which is less studied than are interstate or civil war but often as deadly.

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Anderson, Peter D., and Gyula Bokor. "Forensic Aspects of Drug-Induced Violence." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 25, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190011431150.

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Violence is unfortunately a part of society. The causes of violence are not completely understood, but it involves sociological, genetic, financial, biological, and environmental factors. Drugs can cause aggression by altering the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin. Specific drugs associated with aggression include alcohol, anabolic steroids, cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, opiates, and hallucinogens. Aggression can be categorized into impulsive and predatory aggression. Drugs under certain conditions cause impulsive aggression. Sometimes a defense in criminal cases is that the drug caused the violence, that is drug-induced insanity. A case of insanity is more likely to be accepted if the event was unplanned and had no apparent motive. An acceptance of insanity by voluntary intoxication is rarely accepted by the criminal justice system. A more common legal strategy is to seek diminished capacity which aims to obtain a reduction in the severity of the criminal charges. We will discuss some, but not all of the pharmacological and physiological issues relating to drug-induced violence. Then some of the “big picture” forensic issues will be presented. Our goal is to present a primer on the pharmacological and forensic issues relating to drug-induced violence. No attempt was made to provide a comprehensive review of all the literature related to drug-induced violence.

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Sommers, Ira, and Deborah R. Baskin. "Situational or Generalized Violence in Drug Dealing Networks." Journal of Drug Issues 27, no. 4 (October 1997): 833–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269702700411.

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It has been contended that women's participation in drug markets has had a tremendous impact on female involvement in nondrug crimes, especially such violent offenses as robbery and assault. Systemic violence in drug selling, however, may be spuriously related to other etiological factors in violence and crime commission, rather than a function of social processes unique to drug selling. Violence within and apart from the context of drug dealing is compared for women involved in various types of drug distribution activities. Life history interviews were conducted with 156 female drug sellers from two New York City neighborhoods. The findings suggest that violence among drug sellers, including females, appears to reflect the concurrence of two processes: the self-selection of people who routinely use violence in their broader social and economic interactions, and the neighborhood itself, in which violence is taught, practiced, and maintained as a way of negotiating the social realities of street and domestic life.

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Shirk, David, and Joel Wallman. "Understanding Mexico’s Drug Violence." Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 8 (May 24, 2015): 1348–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587049.

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A dramatic increase in criminal violence in Mexico since 2007 has resulted in an estimated 60,000–70,000 “additional” homicides, often of an especially brutal form, related to drug trafficking and other organized-crime activities. This violence has been accompanied by a steep increase in rates of kidnapping and extortion and has targeted participants in the narcotics trade as well as government officials, journalists, and civil society activists. Despite the magnitude of the violence and enormous public concern about it, scholarly literature on this topic has been scant. This issue offers some of the most promising analyses conducted thus far on the trends in violence and their causes, focusing largely, though not exclusively, on the role Mexico’s government has played in the business of illegal drugs and the violence that accompanies it. In this introduction, we discuss the challenge of deriving reliable statistics on drug-related violence, its spatial and temporal patterns, prevailing explanations, its relationship to organized crime in general, and differences between this violence and substate political violence.

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Kuhns, Joseph B. "The Dynamic Nature of the Drug Use/Serious Violence Relationship: A Multi-Causal Approach." Violence and Victims 20, no. 4 (August 2005): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.20.4.433.

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Relying on historical research, a longitudinal data set, and multivariate analyses, the drug-violence relationship is scrutinized. A proposed model is tested and supported, indicating that attitudes toward violence, gender, neighborhood problems, minor delinquency, and victimization were persistent correlates that must be considered within the drug-violence relationship. Parental attachment and importance, exposure to delinquent peers, and drug dealing were also important. Both licit and illicit drug use were significant within the models, although the relationship changed from year to year. In year 1, youth who used drugs reported more violence. In year 2, youth who were not using drugs reported more violence. Association with delinquent peers and initial involvement in drug dealing were likely explanations for this transition. Findings offer support for prevention efforts that disrupt drug markets and target male youth who are involved in crime and drugs, repeated1y victimized, associating with delinquent peers, and developing attitudes favorable toward the use of violence.

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Musayón, Yesenia, and Catherine Caufield. "Drug consumption and violence in female work Zapallal - Lima/Peru." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 13, spe2 (December 2005): 1185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692005000800013.

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The study design was descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional, and qualitative. The objective was to identify sociodemographic and labor risk factors for drug consumption and types of violence in the workplace related to drug consumption, as well as to understand the perception of female workers regarding the relationship between drug consumption and workplace violence. We surveyed 125 women workers of four slums in the area of Zapallal, Lima, Peru, interviewing 16 women who experienced workplace violence. Among the participants, 52.8% consumed alcohol and 6.4% illegal drugs. Catholic women were at risk for consuming alcohol, while participants under 20 years of age were at risk for consuming illicit drugs. In this group, 17.6% of the women experienced verbal violence, 9.6% physical violence and 1.6% were sexually harassed in the workplace. Women victims of verbal violence have a risk for consuming illicit drugs. These women perceived themselves as a vulnerable group for violence in the workplace and weak for defending themselves. They expressed fear or shame in reporting cases of violence.

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Tracy, Derek K., Dan W. Joyce, and Sukhwinder S. Shergill. "Kaleidoscope." British Journal of Psychiatry 205, no. 2 (August 2014): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.205.2.166.

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Drugs and violence are often observed as bedfellows; both have been associated with psychosis but the nature and timing of their relationships remains unclear. As part of the UK Prisoner Cohort Study, Keers et al prospectively followed up 967 prisoners convicted of sexual or violent offences (about a quarter of whom had a psychotic illness) in the community after release. Schizophrenia was associated with greater rates of violence, but the risk was mediated by untreated psychosis or when presenting with persecutory delusions – and no other definable psychopathology. Interestingly, drug-induced psychosis did not increase the risk of violence per se, once the substance misuse itself was accounted for. Does treatment have an impact on risk of violence in a population-based sample of patients with psychosis? Fazel et al demonstrated reductions in violent crime in patients during the time they were prescribed antipsychotics. Interestingly, the rates of violent crime were also reduced in patients with bipolar disorder who received mood stabilisers. Therefore, in addition to the effects of antipsychotics and mood stabilisers on relapse rates, their potential effects on violence and crime could be used to make decisions about management for these groups of patients. There is a clearer need for the appropriate treatment of prisoners with psychotic illnesses if their risk of violence is to be moderated. Cannabis is one of the most commonly used social drugs worldwide; it increases risk of psychosis, but there has been little to offer pharmacologically to those dependent upon this most prevalent illicit drug, and various trials of mood stabilisers, antidepressants and α2 adrenergic agonists have generally been disappointing. Allsop et al evaluated the novel cannabis extract nabiximols, containing cannabidiol – which has been shown to attenuate paranoia and euphoria – and tetrahydrocannabinol, delivered as a buccal spray. The active drug group showed statistically significant benefits in reduced withdrawal irritability, depression and cravings and remained longer in treatment. However, both placebo and drug groups showed reduced cannabis use at follow-up, with placebo being as effective as nabiximols in promoting longer-term cessation.

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14

Cho, Jung Y. "Latino Nativity Variations Link to Street Violence in Drug Markets." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717750394.

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The Latino paradox is defined as “Latinos do[ing] much better on various social indicators, including violence, than blacks and apparently even whites, given relatively high levels of disadvantage.” We do not know, however, if the Latino paradox is masquerading what is known as criminal social capital. This study defined geographic drug markets with drug sales crime data in Philadelphia. Multilevel negative binomial models showed census block group street violence levels varied significantly across drug markets. Although each additional 100 native-born Latinos was associated with expected street violent crime counts 8% lower, each additional 100 foreign-born Latinos was associated with expected street violent crime counts 28% lower, controlling for nearby street violence and structural predictors.

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Morselli, Carlo, David Décary-Hétu, Masarah Paquet-Clouston, and Judith Aldridge. "Conflict Management in Illicit Drug Cryptomarkets." International Criminal Justice Review 27, no. 4 (May 29, 2017): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567717709498.

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Illegal drug markets have been described as “stateless” systems. Drug dealers, moreover, are commonly considered to have a predilection toward the use of violence to resolve disputes arising from dealing activities. While some studies have undermined this popular perception, new trends surrounding the distribution of illegal drugs via online channels (drug cryptomarkets) have shifted the transactional setting from the physical to virtual realm, thus decreasing the likelihood of violent resolution outcomes even further. This article examines conflict management strategies within cryptomarkets by coding discussion forums between vendors and buyers. Violence, as expected, is absent. Strategies more likely reflect alternatives that have been recognized in conflict management research within and beyond illegal market settings: tolerance, avoidance, ostracism, third-party intervention, negotiation, and threats. The overall setting from which such resolutions emerge is clearly not subject to formal regulations, but our analyses illustrate the multitude of informal social control mechanisms that are consistently at play and which underlie the self-regulatory and communal processes that are firmly in place.

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Helm, Susana, and Scott K. Okamoto. "Gendered Perceptions of Drugs, Aggression, and Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 11 (July 25, 2016): 2292–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516660301.

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Drug use has been linked empirically with aggression and violence among youth in national and State of Hawai‘i samples. In addition, aggression and violence appear to be gendered experiences perceived differently by girls and boys. This article explores the intersection of drug offers/drug refusals with aggression and violence with specific attention paid to gendered perceptions of drug use situations as a context for aggression and violence. A qualitative study, in which 14 sex-specific focus group discussions were held, focused on rural Native Hawaiian middle school students ( N = 64). Students were asked to discuss drug refusal strategies in a variety of drug offer contexts. Feminist theories and approaches were used to examine the role of aggression and violence in drug refusal as perceived by Native Hawaiian girls as compared with boys. Girls and boys differed in their perceptions of aggression and violence in drug offer situations, initially as evidenced by the extent to which the girl groups focused on the intersection of drugs and violence. Furthermore, qualitative analyses reflected gender norms and stereotypes about aggression and violence perpetration, and girls’ apparently unique concerns about sexual violence victimization. Implications are discussed in terms of prevention research and practice, specifically in terms of school-based prevention curricula.

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Herbert, D. "Urban violence." Geographica Helvetica 59, no. 3 (September 30, 2004): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-59-208-2004.

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Abstract. Urban violence has become an endemic feature of cities in all parts of the world. The consensus is that levels of violence are increasing generally but that there are significant differences between different parts of the world. Recent studies review these assumptions and examine the problems associated with monitoring the incidence of violent crime. There are new dimensions to urban violence that include the rise in the drug trade, more organized crime and the trend towards more use of firearms. Cities offer specific situations in which violent crime is more likely to occur. There are geographies of violent crime that not only point out differences between cities but also highlight local concentrations of crime within individual cities. Society seeks to control violent crime, principally through its criminal justice Systems but also by involving Community action and local initiatives.

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Crawford, Devan M., Les B. Whitbeck, and Dan R. Hoyt. "Propensity for Violence Among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents." Crime & Delinquency 57, no. 6 (May 8, 2009): 950–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128709335100.

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Little is known about the prevalence of violent behaviors among homeless and runaway adolescents or the specific behavioral factors that influence violent behaviors across time. In this longitudinal study of 300 homeless and runaway adolescents aged 16 to 19 at baseline, the authors use event history analysis to assess the factors associated with acts of violence over 3 years, controlling for individual propensities and time-varying behaviors. Results indicate that females, nonminorities, and nonheterosexuals were less likely to engage in violence across time. Those who met criteria for substance abuse disorders (i.e., alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, drug abuse) were more likely to engage in violence. A history of caretaker abuse was associated with violent behaviors, as were street survival strategies such as selling drugs, participating in gang activity, and associating with deviant peers. Simply having spent time directly on the streets at any specific time point also increased the likelihood for violence.

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Ruby, Chuck. "White Paper: Psychiatric Drugs and Violence." Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 18, no. 1 (2016): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.18.1.29.

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This article expresses the International Society for Ethical Psychology and Psychiatry’s position regarding the link between psychiatric drug use and violence. It first presents a model of human emotion and, in particular, it focuses on the emotion of anger. It notes that anger can be seen as a protective emotion that occurs when another painful emotion is too intense or chronic. Anger serves to provide the person with the power to overcome but may also result in violent behavior if not managed sufficiently. A person’s risk of acting violently depends on several risk factors. Whereas some of the risk factors are historical in nature and, therefore, cannot be changed (e.g., gender, past instances of violence, etc.), 5 factors can be managed to reduce one’s risk. Of these 5, one is the use of mind-altering substances such as alcohol, illicit drugs, and prescription drugs. The results of empirical research are also presented showing the link between psychiatric drug use, its effect on cognition, and the very negative experiences that can lead to anger, and thus, violence. The article concludes by challenging 2 counter positions that (a) only a small percentage of people are negatively affected by psychiatric drugs and (b) the benefits of psychiatric drugs outweigh any risk. It is shown that these two positions are not justified.

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20

Orozco-Aleman, Sandra, and Heriberto Gonzalez-Lozano. "Drug Violence and Migration Flows." Journal of Human Resources 53, no. 3 (April 19, 2017): 717–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.53.3.0215-6948r4.

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21

Workowski, Eric J. "Criminal Violence and Drug Use." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 37, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v37n03_06.

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22

GOODMAN, RICHARD A., JAMES A. MERCY, and MARK ROSENBERG. "DRUG USE AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE." American Journal of Epidemiology 124, no. 5 (November 1986): 851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114462.

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23

Reuter, Peter. "Systemic violence in drug markets." Crime, Law and Social Change 52, no. 3 (March 4, 2009): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-009-9197-x.

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Whitty, Peter, and John J. O'Connor. "Violence and aggression in the Drug Treatment Centre Board." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 23, no. 3 (September 2006): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s079096670000968x.

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AbstractObjectives: We sought to determine the prevalence of and the factors associated with violent and aggressive incidents among clients attending an out-patient methadone stabilisation and detoxification programme in Dublin.Methods: We retrospectively examined all incident report forms over a two-year period. We also obtained information on demographics, main drug of abuse, timing and location of the incident as well as psychiatric and physical comorbidity among the perpetrators from case note review.Results: Two hundred and ninety-five incidents occurred over the study period. The overall rate of violence and aggression was 85 per 1,000 clients attending the centre per year. Most incidents involved verbal abuse. Females were significantly more likely to be involved in assaults compared to males. A high proportion of clients (80%) who were physically aggressive tested positive for benzodiazepine medication.Conclusions: Levels of recorded violence have remained stable however racial abuse has increased in recent years. The relatively low overall rate of violence suggests that existing measures have helped reduce the number of aggressive and violent incidents in the centre. Most of the victims were either doctors, nursing staff or general assistants. This finding reflected their respective roles in the centre, which included limit setting and dealing with positive drug screens among clients.

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Goldstein, Paul J. "The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework." Journal of Drug Issues 15, no. 4 (October 1985): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268501500406.

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Drug use and drug trafficking are examined as etiological factors in the creation of violence. A conceptual framework is presented for examining the drugs/violence nexus. Drugs and violence are seen as being related in three possible ways: the psychopharmacological, the economically compulsive, and the systemic. Each of these models is examined in depth. The quality of data available in existing national crime data bases to explicate these relationships is assessed.

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Herrera, Joel Salvador. "Cultivating Violence: Trade Liberalization, Illicit Labor, and the Mexican Drug Trade." Latin American Politics and Society 61, no. 03 (May 30, 2019): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2019.8.

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ABSTRACTThis article asks whether economic liberalization, under certain institutional conditions, is indirectly related to drug violence. Focusing on Mexico’s drug trade, where violence was historically limited by politicoinstitutional arrangements, this study examines how trade liberalization shapes social exclusion in key trafficking regions and, in turn, shapes the industry. It argues that the change in development strategy has increased the flow of workers into the drug trade by reconfiguring the agricultural sector in regions where drugs are produced while failing to absorb surplus labor in manufacturing centers containing key smuggling routes. Through both mechanisms, workers enter an illicit market with new institutional settings that allow for fierce competition and the use of violence. Using panel data on drug violence from 2007 to 2011, the study finds that exposure to trade is associated with violence in both drug-producing and -smuggling regions, but with a more sizable effect in the former.

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Surratt, Hilary L., James A. Inciardi, Steven P. Kurtz, and Marion C. Kiley. "Sex Work and Drug Use in a Subculture of Violence." Crime & Delinquency 50, no. 1 (January 2004): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128703258875.

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This article examines the subculture of violence thesis as it relates to female street sex workers in Miami. Interview and focus group methods were used to study the intersections of childhood trauma, drug use, and violent victimization among 325 women. Using targeted sampling, crack- and heroin-using sex workers were recruited through street outreach into an HIV-prevention research program. Interviews used standard instrumentation and focused on drug-related and sexual risk for HIV, sex work, violence, childhood trauma, and health status. Nearly half of the respondents reported physical (44.9%) and/ or sexual (50.5%) abuse as children, and over 40% experienced violence from clients in the prior year: 24.9% were beaten, 12.9% were raped, and 13.8% were threatened with weapons. Consistent relationships between historical and current victimization suggest that female sex workers experience a continuing cycle of violence throughout their lives. The policy and research implications of these findings are discussed.

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Durán-Martínez, Angélica. "Drugs Around the Corner: Domestic Drug Markets and Violence in Colombia and Mexico." Latin American Politics and Society 57, no. 3 (2015): 122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2015.00274.x.

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AbstractOver the past decade, drug consumption has increased in Colombia and Mexico, countries traditionally concerned with drug production and trafficking. Governments and observers have associated this growth with spikes in violence. Drawing on drug consumption surveys and fieldwork in four cities, this study argues that contrary to this perception, there is no automatic connection between domestic drug markets and violence. Violence depends on whether large drug-trafficking organizations (DTOs) control low-level street dealers and on whether those DTOs have a market monopoly at the local level. When dealers are independent, violence might be sporadic, but when DTOs control dealers, violence can explode (given competition between DTOs) or implode (if one organization holds a monopoly). Control over dealers provides DTOs not only income but also informants and armed muscle. This article also shows that domestic drug markets are not new, and have grown incrementally in the past two decades.

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Connolly, Johnny. "Illicit drug markets, systemic violence and victimisation." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 68, no. 4 (December 21, 2017): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v68i4.54.

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A common theme that runs throughout much of the literature on drug markets, drug-related crime and also the impact of drug law enforcement is how limited our understanding of them is. In the absence of research and reliable evidence, certain ‘taken for granted’ assumptions or stereotypes have emerged to fill the gaps in knowledge. Journalistic and television exposés, present a Hobbesian spectacle of an inherently violent world populated by ‘evil drug dealers’. These representations have also influenced legislative responses, particularly since 1996. In the Republic of Ireland, following the murder of journalist Veronica Guerin, a plethora of new draconian laws were introduced. This led to a form of legislation by ‘moral panic’ particularly in response to drug-related crime. Prior to the mid-1990s, Northern Ireland had largely avoided the growth in heroin consumption of the type associated with Dublin since the 1980s. High levels of police and military security and the anti-drug stance of many paramilitary organisations had a suppression effect on the importation, distribution and consumption of serious drugs. The Good Friday Agreement of 1998 led to the dismantling of the state security apparatus and a reduction in police numbers. This period also marks the beginning of a period of increased drug consumption and the establishment of heroin hotspots in a number of urban areas. Despite this increased policy attention, drug use in Ireland has been found to be associated with increased levels of systemic violence: fights over organisational and territorial issues; so-called ‘gangland’ murders; disputes over transactions or debt collection; and the intimidation of family members and the wider ‘host’ communities in which local drug markets tend to take hold. Much of this victimisation remains hidden as fear of reprisal from those involved with the drug trade and a lack of confidence in the criminal justice system discourages reporting. This article reviews recent research evidence in this area and examines the implications for future policy responses.

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Farrell, Chelsea, and Gregory M. Zimmerman. "Is Exposure to Violence a Persistent Risk Factor for Offending across the Life Course? Examining the Contemporaneous, Acute, Enduring, and Long-term Consequences of Exposure to Violence on Property Crime, Violent Offending, and Substance Use." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 55, no. 6 (July 5, 2018): 728–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427818785207.

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Objectives: To examine the contemporaneous (cross-sectional), acute (1 year), enduring (5–7 years), and long-term (12–13 years) effects of exposure to violence on offending behaviors. Methods: We analyze four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health ( N = 7,706). Exposure to violence captures direct (interpersonal victimization and violent threats) and indirect (witnessing violence) experiences with violence. Outcome measures include property crime, violent offending, and substance use. A series of logistic regression models examine the acute, enduring, and long-term effects of exposure to violence on the offending outcomes at each study wave, controlling for exposure to violence, lagged dependent variables, and baseline covariates at all previous waves. Results: The effects of exposure to violence on violent offending persist over time, with effects attenuating over time. However, exposure to violence only has contemporaneous and acute effects on property crime and drug use. Conclusions: Long-term effects of exposure to violence on violent offending are not an artifact of confounding with more recent experiences with violence. Both distal and proximate effects of exposure to violence should be addressed in order to adequately disrupt the overlap between exposure to violence and violent offending.

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Brewster, Mary P. "Stalking by Former Intimates: Verbal Threats and Other Predictors of Physical Violence." Violence and Victims 15, no. 1 (January 2000): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.15.1.41.

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Scant empirical research has been conducted on the relationship between threats and violence. The purpose of this analysis is to assess the link between verbal threats of violence and actual physical violence against former intimate victims of stalking. The researcher interviewed 187 female former intimate stalking victims, asking respondents about various characteristics of their experiences. Responses to questions pertaining to threats; history of violence; stalkers’ drug and alcohol use; frequency of phone calls, “following,” and letters during stalking; and victims’ age and education were analyzed as possible predictors of three violence-related dependent variables: (a) whether or not violence occurred, (b) the number of violent incidents during stalking, and (c) physical injury during stalking. The results of linear and logistic regression models reveal that, regardless of the measure of violence, there is an independent, moderate, and statistically significant correlation between verbal threats and subsequent violence. Regression coefficients for drug abuse and alcohol abuse were also statistically significant, but only in predicting physical injury during stalking.

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Lai, Yung-Lien, Ling Ren, and Ni He. "The Effects of Domestic Violence on Violent Prison Misconduct, Health Status, and Need for Post-Release Assistance Among Female Drug Offenders in Taiwan." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 62, no. 16 (September 21, 2018): 4942–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18801487.

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Although much research has documented the fact that a high percentage of female inmates serving sentences for drug offenses have experienced domestic violence prior to incarceration, little research has been done to explore the potential long-term impact of domestic violence on prison misconduct, health status, and the need for post-release assistance. Based on survey data for 633 female drug offenders collected from Taiwanese correctional facilities in 2014, about one third (32%) of the offenders reported experienced domestic violence at least once prior to their incarceration. In all, 27% of them experienced being violently abused by a spouse/coinhabitant. Multivariate regression analyses indicate that a prior history of domestic violence victimization contributes significantly to inmates’ violent misconduct even after controlling for a set of potential intervening variables. In addition, female drug offenders who were the victims of domestic violence reported higher levels of health problems in the prison setting, and perceived need for greater after-release assistance.

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Friend, John, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, and Bernard H. Eichold. "Same-Day Substance Use in Men and Women Charged With Felony Domestic Violence Offenses." Criminal Justice and Behavior 38, no. 6 (April 5, 2011): 619–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854811402768.

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This archival study reviewed 196 closed felony domestic violence files from a large southern city from the years 1999—2006. The purpose was to provide information on the co-occurrence of substance use and intimate partner violence (IPV) for male and female perpetrators on the day of the violent incident. Results indicated that of the 141 of 196 cases in which there was documentation about drug or alcohol involvement, 67.4% ( n = 95) of the cases confirmed that there was drug or alcohol use on the day of the incident. Male perpetrators were significantly more likely to have been involved with alcohol and/or drugs the day of the violent episode than were female perpetrators. Sex of offender and race analyses revealed that the percentage of female IPV perpetrators (42.9%) was substantial and African Americans, particularly women, were overrepresented in IPV felony charges. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.

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Romero-Martínez, Ángel, Marisol Lila, and Luis Moya-Albiol. "Long-Term Drug Misuse Increases the Risk of Cognitive Dysfunctions in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators: Key Intervention Targets for Reducing Dropout and Reoffending." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 9, 2019): 3792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203792.

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Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a major public health problem, with an important mortality rate in women across the world. In this regard, it has been well-established that drug misuse explains (at least in part) an increased risk of IPVAW perpetration. Even though alcohol is the most widely studied drug underlying IPVAW, other drugs, such as cannabis and cocaine also seem to be significant indicators of this type of violence. Nonetheless, little is known about mediators, such as cognitive domains that facilitate proneness to violence after drug consumption. Therefore, the primary objective of the present study was to compare drug misuse patterns and cognitive performance in a carefully selected sample of IPVAW perpetrators (n = 63) and a group of non-violent men (control group; n = 39). Second, we also aimed to study the association between different patterns of drug misuse and cognitive performance and several facets of IPVAW perpetration (i.e., severity of injuries and type of aggression). Our results revealed that IPVAW perpetrators showed considerably higher levels of sustained drug misuse (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, and heroin) for years and worse cognitive performance than controls. Moreover, the highest drug misuse sustained over time was related to the worst cognitive performance and the highest IPVAW severity. Finally, alcohol and cocaine seemed to be related to IPVAW and risk of reoffending. Whereas, cannabis, heroin, and MDMA were related to the existence of a previous criminal record (delinquency without violence). Hence, research in this field would help to develop coadjutant treatments and intervention packages to reduce drug misuse in the initial stages, which in turn would reduce cognitive impairments in IPVAW perpetrators. These expected improvements might produce an increase in treatment adherence and a decrease in the risk of future IPVAW reoffending.

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Sohoni, Tracy, Julie Snell, and Elizabeth Harden. "“He was Drugged up on Something...” Portrayals of Drugs and Violence on Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) as System Justification." Journal of Drug Issues 51, no. 4 (July 29, 2021): 690–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220426211034404.

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We conducted a content analysis of the first two and last two seasons of the popular crime drama Crime Scene Investigation ( CSI), to determine the extent to which depictions of the intersection of substance use and violence were consistent with research. Using the lens of system justification theory, we find that CSI focuses on aspects of crime that preserve the status quo, specifically it overemphasizes the negative impact of illicit substances as opposed to legal substances (such as alcohol), and it emphasizes the psychopharmacological role of drugs in violent crime compared to systemic violence related to the illegality of drug markets, even though research demonstrates that systemic violence makes up a large proportion of substance-related homicides. Despite significant changes in drug policy that occurred during the time that CSI was on the air, we find these portrayals are largely unchanged between episodes that were broadcast between 2000–2002 versus those that aired 2014–2015.

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Gotchina, Larisa Vladimirovna, Dmitry Mikhailovich Kokin, Victoria Vyacheslavovna Semenova, Leonid Vasilievich Serdyuk, and Pavel Leonidovich Serdyuk. "Pandemic as an additional criminality factor." SHS Web of Conferences 108 (2021): 03014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110803014.

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The prerequisite for the study was the emerging new “coronavirus” disease, viewed as a criminality factor. The objective of the study is to identify new characteristics of crime in the context of the incidence of coronavirus in the population, to identify its highly latent types, to reflect the dynamics. The following methods were used to achieve the objective: analysis, synthesis, generalization, statistical method, content analysis, method of expert assessments. The results of the work were the revealed patterns of crime in the sphere of illegal circulation of drugs, weapons, and domestic violence. The novelty is the identification of highly latent types of crime during a pandemic and its characteristic features. Issues related to the prevention of domestic violence during a pandemic with the participation of law enforcement agencies and guardianship authorities in this work were considered. The draft laws “On responsibility for domestic violence” and “On restricting the removal of children from the family” were discussed, recommendations for their improvement were provided. Attention is focused on the practicability of strengthening preventive measures in the fight against domestic violence to preserve families and ensure the interests of children. An increase in the number of drug crimes was revealed during the pandemic, both in Russia and abroad. The Russian drug market is experiencing a shortage of smuggled drugs. It is reoriented to synthetic drugs with new underground drug laboratories being opened. The main contingent of attraction to drug use is still young people and adolescents, the main method – using Internet technologies. The increase in the number of crimes in the sphere of illegal arms trafficking was provoked by the factor of fear, due to the presence of the threat of becoming a victim of selfish and violent crimes. The consequence is consumer panic and an increase in the need of the Russian population for self-defense.

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Naranjo, Alberto J. "Turf and Illegal Drug Market Competition between Gangs." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 1507–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0161.

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Abstract Street-level illegal drug markets generate much of the violence and intimidation that local communities face nowadays. These markets are mainly driven by territorial gangs who finance their activities through the sale of drugs. Understanding how the existence of both turf and drug market competition may have unintended consequences of law enforcement policies on violence is the main contribution of the paper. We propose a two-stage game-theoretical model where two profit maximizing gangs compete in prices and invest in guns. We find that policies such as traditional or community policing can have different and unexpected effects on the level of violence.

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Miura, Paula Orchiucci, Gislaine Martins Ricardo Passarini, Loraine Seixas Ferreira, Rui Alexandre Paquete Paixão, Leila Salomão de La Plata Cury Tardivo, and Dora Mariela Salcedo Barrientos. "Cumulative Vulnerability: A Case Study on intrafamilial violence, Drug Addiction and Adolescent Pregnancy." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 48, spe2 (December 2014): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420140000800009.

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A pregnant adolescent’s vulnerability increases when she is a victim of intrafamilial violence and drug addiction, which cause physical and biopsychosocial damage to the mother and her baby. Objective Present and analyze the case of an adolescent who is addicted to drugs, pregnant and the victim of lifelong intrafamilial violence. Method A case study based on a semi-structured interview conducted in the Obstetrics Emergency Unit at the Teaching Hospital of the University of São Paulo. The data were interpreted and analyzed using Content Analysis. Results intrafamilial violence experienced at the beginning of the adolescent’s early relationships seriously affected her emotional maturity, triggering the development of psychopathologies and leaving her more susceptible to the use and abuse of alcohol and other drugs. The adolescent is repeating her history with her daughter, reproducing the cycle of violence. Conclusion Adolescent pregnancy combined with intrafamilial violence and drug addiction and multiplies the adolescent’s psychosocial vulnerability increased the adolescent’s vulnerability.

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Herrenkohl, Todd I., Rick Kosterman, W. Alex Mason, and J. David Hawkins. "Youth Violence Trajectories and Proximal Characteristics of Intimate Partner Violence." Violence and Victims 22, no. 3 (June 2007): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007780842793.

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Analyses first examined the developmental course of intimate partner violence (IPV), beginning with trajectories of youth violence. We then examined potential mediators of prior youth violence trajectories in models predicting later IPV perpetration as an outcome. Potential mediators include risks associated with the individual (e.g., current alcohol and drug use and mental health diagnosis), characteristics of a perpetrator’s partner (e.g., use of alcohol/drugs and history of antisocial behavior), and aspects of the surrounding community (e.g., neighborhood norms favorable to violence and drug use). Data are from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study of over 800 individuals followed from elementary school to young adulthood (age 24). Findings suggest that both chronic and late-increaser patterns of youth violence elevated the likelihood of later IPV perpetration. Partial mediation effects of the relation between youth violence and IPV were found for variables related to one’s partner and the surrounding community. Individual characteristics of the perpetrator were not uniquely predictive of IPV when measured as a risk index and modeled along with other risk factors. Findings indicate that the risk of IPV could be lessened by addressing earlier forms of violence and by intervening to reduce risks within and across domains of influence.

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Bouchard, Martin, Melvin Soudijn, and Peter Reuter. "Conflict Management in High-Stakes Illegal Drug Transactions." British Journal of Criminology 61, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa054.

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Abstract We draw from aspects of Black’s theory of conflict management to (1) provide a description of the types of disputes occurring at the highest levels of the drug trade and (2) examine whether conflicts that end in violence differed from those that found a peaceful resolution. A mixed-methods approach was used to analyse 33 incidents of smuggling transaction failures at the highest levels of the cocaine trade in the Netherlands. The results show that outcomes were determined by the way in which conflicts arose; lost product due to negligence and fraud increased the likelihood of violence. The fragile equilibrium between peaceful or violent resolution depended on whether the guilty party accepted blame or provided evidence that could account for losses.

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Gibler, John. "Marketing Violence in Mexico’s Drug War." NACLA Report on the Americas 44, no. 3 (May 2011): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2011.11725543.

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González, Francisco. "Drug Violence Isn't Mexico's Only Problem." Current History 110, no. 733 (February 1, 2011): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2011.110.733.68.

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Johnson, Lallen T. "Drug Markets, Travel Distance, and Violence." Crime & Delinquency 62, no. 11 (July 10, 2016): 1465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128714568302.

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Silva, Camila Daiane, Vera Lúcia de Oliveira Gomes, Marina Soares Mota, Giovana Calcagno Gomes, and Cristiane Lopes Amarijo. "Violence against women: aggressors drug users." Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental Online 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.9789/2175-5361.2015.v7i2.2494-2504.

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FISHBEIN, DIANA. "Neuropsychological Function, Drug Abuse, and Violence." Criminal Justice and Behavior 27, no. 2 (April 2000): 139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854800027002001.

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Sales, Paloma, and Sheigla Murphy. "Surviving Violence: Pregnancy and Drug Use." Journal of Drug Issues 30, no. 4 (October 2000): 695–723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260003000403.

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Lum, Cynthia. "Violence, Drug Markets and Racial Composition." Urban Studies 48, no. 13 (January 17, 2011): 2715–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010388953.

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Uribe Aramburo, Nicolás Ignacio, and Guillermo Alonso Castaño Pérez. "Football gangs, drug consumption and violence." Psicología desde el Caribe 31, no. 2 (May 1, 2014): 243–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/psdc.31.2.4845.

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Becker, Daniel F., and Carlos M. Grilo. "Prediction of Suicidality and Violence in Hospitalized Adolescents: Comparisons by Sex." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 9 (September 2007): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200905.

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Objective: To examine psychological correlates of suicidality and violent behaviour in hospitalized adolescents and the extent to which these associations may be affected by their sex. Method: A sample of 487 psychiatric inpatients (207 male, 280 female), aged 12 to 19 years, completed a battery of psychometrically sound self-report measures of psychological functioning, substance abuse, suicidality, and violent behaviour. We conducted multiple regression analyses to determine the joint and independent predictors of suicide risk and violence risk. In subsequent analyses, we examined these associations separately by sex. Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that 9 variables (sex, age, hopelessness, self-esteem, depression, impulsivity, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and violence risk) jointly predicted suicide risk and that an analogous model predicted violence risk. However, we found several differences with respect to which variables made significant independent contributions to these 2 predictive models. Female sex, low self-esteem, depression, drug abuse, and violence risk made independent contributions to suicide risk. Male sex, younger age, hopelessness, impulsivity, drug abuse, and suicide risk made independent contributions to violence risk. We observed a few additional differences when we considered male and female subjects separately. Conclusions: We found overlapping but distinctive patterns of prediction for suicide risk and violence risk, as well as some differences between male and female subjects. These results may reflect distinct psychological and behavioural pathways for suicidality and violence in adolescent psychiatric patients and differing risk factors for each sex. Such differences have potential implications for prevention and treatment programs.

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Haritavorn, Niphattra. "Resisting Violence: The Construction of Tactics Among Thai Women Who Inject Drugs." Feminist Criminology 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2017): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557085116685397.

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This study examines the range of tactics used by Thai women who inject drugs in their attempts to lessen the impact of gendered structural violence. Participant observation and in-depth interviews with 35 Thai women who inject drugs were conducted. The women’s tactics to cope with structural violence included leaving home, adopting masculine traits, engaging in various forms of work, and having a drug partner. These tactics are a means of balancing gender and drug use, which are complicated by living under the threat of violence, aspects of embodied experiences that are trapped in powerful conventional roles of masculinity and femininity.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drug violence'

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