Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Drugs and youth'

Background: Many youth initiate illicit drugs at a high level. Further, despite the application of preventive interventions to reduce this phenomenon and related harms, there is little evidence that current efforts to prevent illicit drug use and problematic drug use are effective. This research project was therefore undertaken to investigate determinants of, and popular responses to, the initiation of illicit drug use among youth. Methods: Meta-analytic techniques were used to quantify the evidence on the effectiveness of anti-illicit drug public service announcements. Further, data from the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS), a prospective cohort of homeless and street-involved youth between the ages of 14 and 26, were analyzed using linear regression analysis to determine factors associated with residing in Vancouver’s downtown eastside (DTES), the location of a large open air illicit drug market, and in the downtown south (DTS), an adjacent neighbourhood. Specifically, between September 2005 and December 2007, participants completed a baseline questionnaire which elicted information on income sources, drug use behaviours, sexual behaviours, and the initiation of illicit drugs. Results: We identified 7 randomized trials (n = 5,428) and 4 observational trials (n = 17,404). A meta-analysis of eligible randomized trials demonstrated no significant effect, while observational studies showed evidence of both harmful and beneficial effects. Further, among 222 youth participants, having a primary illicit income source and injection heroin use were significantly associated with residing in the DTES in multivariate analysis. No significant differences in risk of drug trade and sex trade involvement, crack use, injection cocaine use, and injection crystal methamphetamine use were found between youth residing in each neighbourhood. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that current approaches to the prevention of the initiation of illicit drug use among youth may be limited. Further, the results of our linear regression analysis suggest that a consideration of social and structural factors may increase the effectiveness of current preventive interventions. As such, policymakers should consider reorienting current approaches to illicit drug prevention among youth.

This study aimed to understand the experience of young men and women with drug trafficking and the impact on drug use, involvement in criminal groups and insecurity. A case study design was utilized, with a focus group of 10 male and female participants. Results show that violence and insecurity generated by drug trafficking has encouraged the young people to avoid consumption of illegal drugs, or opt for easily accessible drugs to cope with the constant attempts by members of organized crime to recruit them.
El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer la experiencia de hombres y mujeres jóvenes con respecto al narcotráfico y su impacto en el consumo de drogas, la participación en grupos delictivos y la inseguridad. El diseño fue un estudio de caso, en el que se realizó un grupo focal con 10 participantes. Los resultados indican que la violencia e inseguridad generada por el narcotráfico ha motivado a las y los jóvenes a alejarse del consumo de drogas ilegales, u optar por drogas de fácil acceso, como estrategia de afrontamiento frente a los constantes intentos realizados por integrantes del crimen organizado para reclutar a los jóvenes.
O objetivo desta pesquisa é entender a experiência de homens e mulheres jovens com relação ao narcotráfico e seu impacto sobre o uso de drogas, a participação em grupos criminosos e a insegurança. O desenho da pesquisa foi um estudo de caso em que se realizou um grupo focal com 10 participantes. Os resultados indicam que a violência e insegurança produzidas pelo narcotráfico têm incentivado os jovens para se afastar do consumo de drogas ilegais, ou optar por drogas de fácil acesso, como estratégia para lidar com as constantes tentativas dos membros do crime organizado para recrutar jovens.

Orientador: Heloisa Helena Baldy dos Reis
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica
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Resumo: A relação que na contemporaneidade se estabeleceu entre juventude, lazer e o uso abusivo de álcool tem representado tema de preocupações e estudos de diferentes segmentos da sociedade, devido aos impactos negativos de curto e médio prazo que vem ocasionando. Nesse sentido, este trabalho busca aprofundar o conhecimento destes sujeitos e fenômenos a partir dos locais onde eles ocorrem, na tentativa de melhor compreendê-los. A relação entre lazer, juventude e uso de drogas representa um dos grandes fenômenos da contemporaneidade, promovendo conseqüências diretas e indiretas em diferentes segmentos sociais. O álcool figura como droga lícita e, portanto, livremente comercializada no país, estando classificada, segundo pesquisas do CEBRID, como a substância de maior preferência de uso entre o público jovem brasileiro. Acompanhando tal situação, o álcool está presente na maioria dos casos de acidentes automobilísticos, brigas, agressões, discussões e mortes, especialmente entre o público jovem. Tal fato é resultado das reações que provoca no sistema nervoso central, fazendo com que a pessoa mude rapidamente de estado mental, indo de muito alegre para muito triste, de muito dócil para muito agressivo, além de ter bastante distorcida sua capacidade de ponderar, analisar e perceber as situações à sua volta. O esporte espetáculo é um dos mais importantes eventos de lazer do país, que tem como público, na maior parte, jovens, que formam as torcidas, e estes, por sua vez, têm sido atores de cenas nas quais a violência e a agressão aparentemente gratuita são facilmente observadas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar o padrão de uso de álcool junto à população jovem, freqüentadora de espetáculos esportivos de futebol, elegendo, para tanto, os jovens torcedores de agremiações futebolísticas do país. Com utilização de método qualitativo, o trabalho foi realizado com três enfoques: bibliográfico, documental e de campo, supondo a inserção do pesquisador em estádios de futebol em eventos de esporte espetáculo, com aplicação do AUDIT, instrumento para avaliar o grau de comprometimento entre sujeito e álcool. Foram pesquisados 263 sujeitos em diferentes ocasiões de espetáculos futebolísticos no estado de São Paulo durante o Campeonato Paulista de Futebol nos anos de 2007 e 2008. Lançar-se ao desafio de abordar alguns pontos existentes entre juventude, lazer e drogas, a partir de suas inter-relações na sociedade atual, representa importante exercício de compreensão do fenômeno, com intuito de provocar a reflexão e o debate necessários, tomando o devido cuidado para que não se incorra em concepções moralistas e preconceituosas, imprimindo aos temas propostos uma compreensão simplista e reducionista. Compreender o fenômeno e as possíveis relações estabelecidas entre estes e a condutas de risco, por meio da detecção dos padrões de uso de álcool nas atividades vivenciadas no tempo livre, poderá remeter-nos à proposição de ações que contribuam tanto para a diminuição dos índices de violência quanto para a diminuição dos padrões de uso de álcool entre a população estudada
Abstract: The contemporaneous relationship which has been established between abusive use of alcohol, youth and leisure has been the focus of concern and the theme of studies of different societal segments, due to both long and short term negative impacts that this has aroused. For this reason, this research aims to widen the knowledge about these subjects and phenomenon within the context where it occurs, in an attempt to have a better understanding of them. The relationship between leisure, youth and the use of drugs is regarded as one of the biggest contemporaneous phenomenon which has led to direct or indirect consequences in different segments of society. Alcohol is under the heading of licit drugs; therefore, it is licitly commercialized in this country. It is classified, according to CEBRID, as the favorite substance of consumption among Brazilian youngsters. Along with this situation, alcohol accounts for most car accidents, fights, assaults, arguments and deaths, especially among that age group. This is due to the reaction that it arouses within the nervous system, causing the person¿s mental state to change rapidly, going from a very euphoric to a very deep state of sadness, from very sweet to very aggressive mood. Furthermore, one loses one¿s capacity to ponder, to perceive one¿s surroundings and, therefore everything seems to be seen in a distorted way. Sport performance is one of the most important leisure events in the country and the large majority of fans are youngster who organize their team supporters (the cheerers), and these have been the main actors in violent scenes as well as the scenario where violence for no apparent reason can be observed. The aim of this study was to identify the use of alcohol within the youth, frequenty sports events ¿ Football, and to achieve that purpose, young supporters of a football team in the country were selected. With the use of qualitative method, the study was carried out through a combination of bibliographical and field research with the insertion of the researcher in football stadium during sport performances, with the application of AUDIT, an instrument to assess the degree of compromise between alcohol and the subject. 263 subjects were researched in different occasions within the football events in the sate of São Paulo during the paulista championship of 2007 and 2008. This challenge of approaching some specific existing aspects between leisure and drugs through the interrelation of current society represents an important attempt to understand the phenomenon, aiming to provoke a reflection and the necessary debate, however, taking care in order not to incur in moralistic and prejudiced conceptions which could lead to a simplistic and reductionist understanding of the theme proposed. Understanding the phenomenon, and the possible relationship between these and the conducts of risk through the pinpointing of alcohol use pattern and the activities carried out during free time, can lead us to propose actions that contribute both to the reduction of violence rate and the pattern of alcohol use within the population studied.
Doutorado
Educação Fisica e Sociedade
Doutor em Educação Física

Drug related messages in antidrug campaigns and music related media -A qualitative study about young people’s perceptions Youth are exposed to both promotional and critical drug and alcohol messages in their daily media consumption. The purpose of this study is to examine how youth perceive anti-drug campaigns and drug-promoting messages in music-related media. The empirical material consists of qualitative data, including a focus group and two individual interviews, consisting of youth between the ages of 18 and19. One main finding is that young people perceive anti-drug messages differently, yet they are virtually unanimous about what makes such messages effective. Another important finding is that drug messages in music-related media are common and the positive messages are easier to relate to even if they come across as unrealistic. An important conclusion is that anti-drug messages must be realistic and easy to relate to, clearly targeting young people. Another conclusion is that positive drug messages in music are easier to relate to and ubiquitous, requiring effective anti-drug campaigns.
Ungdomar tar del av både positiva och kritiska alkohol- och drogbudskap i sin dagliga mediekonsumtion. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur ungdomar uppfattar drogbudskap i antidrogkampanjer och i musikrelaterade medier. Det empiriska materialet består av kvalitativa intervjuer varav en fokusgrupp och två individuella, utförda med ungdomar i 18-19 års ålder. Studiens främsta resultat är att ungdomar uppfattar antidrogbudskap olika, trots detta är de i stort sett eniga om vad som gör antidrogbudskap effektiva. Ett annat viktigt resultat är att drogbudskap i musikrelaterade medier är vanligt och de positiva budskapen är lättare att relatera till även om de inte upplevs verkliga. En viktig slutsats vi författare drar är att antidrogbudskap måste vara verklighetstrogna och lätta att relatera till genom att tydligt rikta sig till ungdomar. Ytterligare en slutsats är att då de positiva drogbudskapen i musiken är lättare att relatera till och ständigt närvarande, krävs effektivare antidrogkampanjer.

Background and aim: The consumption of illicit drugs remains stable among youths in Sweden, yet an increase in consumption has been observed in affluent areas. This study aims to explore the reasons for illicit drug use in these areas and if this could be further understood using Social Identity Theory. Methods: Twenty participants from four high schools in an affluent municipality participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews regarding substance use. The interviews were coded using thematic analysis and six themes emerged.  Results: Social influence was the prominent influence for illicit drug use. Furthermore, this use was normalized and availability was high. The influence of family norms and outspoken negative effects of drugs caused a decrease in consumption. Conclusion: These results are in accordance with previous research claiming social influence on illicit drug use, and further confirms this in an affluent area. Social Identity Theory (i.e. how informants categorize, identify and compare themselves with their social group) had an impact on consumption.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer e analisar o discurso dos moradores sobre os processos de socialização no Conjunto Residencial da USP CRUSP destacando o consumo de drogas. Tomou-se a moradia como um espaço de socialização juvenil que viabiliza a presença de estudantes pobres na universidade e que poderia estar relacionado a um certo consumo de drogas. Foram entrevistados 20 alunos de graduação. As entrevistas além da caracterização sócio-econômica abordaram três aspectos: o conhecimento dos alunos sobre a história do CRUSP, a experiência de morar no CRUSP (aspectos positivos e negativos) e a visão dos moradores sobre o uso de drogas. Nesta pesquisa qualitativa o procedimento metodológico que serviu de base para a coleta e organização do material proveniente das entrevistas é denominado Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Os resultados foram apresentados em forma de Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Pôde-se perceber que os alunos têm pouco conhecimento sobre a história do CRUSP, que as alternativas para os problemas vividos pelos alunos na moradia têm sido encontradas individualmente, o que reflete a ideologia do capitalismo neoliberal e no que se refere ao uso de drogas, assim como na sociedade em geral, estão presentes as duas principais concepções que contemporaneamente têm alimentado a arena da prevenção ao consumo de drogas: guerra às drogas e redução de danos.
The aim of this paper is to analyse and acknowledge the speech of dwellers on their socialization processes in the University of São Paulo´s halls of residence CRUSP, highlighting the risks of drug intake. Such dormitories were taken as a space for juvenile socialization which enables the attendance of needy students quite likely to be related to abuse drugs. Twenty undergraduates were interviewed. Interviews beyond the socioeconomic characterization comprised three aspects: students´ awareness about CRUSP´s history, experience in living in CRUSP (drawbacks and advantages) and their view on drug use. In this qualitative research, all collection and compilation of information obtained in the interview was grounded on the Collective Subject Speech methodological process. All results were presented in such format. It was noticeable that students have little knowledge about the history of CRUSP, and that alternatives for the problems experienced by these students have been found individually, which in its turn recalls the neo-liberal capitalism ideology. Also, as regards drug intake, as well as society in general, this study observes the two main existing conceptions which have been building the drug prevention arena: war on drugs and harm reduction.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether the phenomenon of internet drugs should be considered as a moral panic or as a real danger. We have mainly focused on how society perceives young people's use of these drugs. The study is based on a qualitative approach and we have used structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with three different categories of professionals who in different ways have contact with parts of our study in their professional capacity. These are: officials, commentators, and researchers. We chose these respondents to get a chance to see the phenomenon from different perspectives. The study's starting point is moral panic and youth culture. The results and analysis section showed that the professionals had differing opinions on how to consider the phenomenon. The majority of respondents felt that there are elements of both moral panic and real danger; however, there were those who felt it was merely a moral panic, while others felt that it was solely a real danger. With this background, our conclusion is that probably internet drugs should be seen as both - a moral panic and a real danger.

Este trabalho visa compreender os elementos materiais e simbólicos que atravessam a trajetória de vida e fundamentam o interesse de jovens mulheres residentes na localidade da Candelária no Complexo da Mangueira no Rio de Janeiro em manter uma relação amorosa com traficantes de drogas. Objetiva - se com o estudo em questão: investigar a trajetória de vida das jovens que têm envolvimento amoroso com jovens rapazes que optaram por trabalhar no tráfico de drogas, buscando conhecer os motivos que as levam a estes relacionamentos; aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a realidade familiar, comunitária e social das jovens, enquanto fatores importantes para se compreender a opção de relacionamento amoroso com os rapazes do tráfico; Investigar se a partir do início das práticas e relações amorosas com jovens do tráfico são produzidos pontos de inflexão significativos nas trajetórias de vida das jovens estudadas, bem como o sentido e a direção desta inflexão (maior ou menor vulnerabilidade social). A análise e compreensão dos dados foram construídas a partir dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Produção dos Sentidos dentro do paradigma construcionista que situa o estudo a partir da análise das práticas discursivas. Os resultados obtidos revelam que os relacionamentos se formalizam pela presença do traficante e minimamente mais duas mulheres: a Fiel + A Outra e tantas outras qualificadas como O Lanchinho da Madrugada. As motivações para a efetivação dos citados relacionamentos passam por várias determinações: sedução, fama, status, aquisição de bens materiais entre outros elementos marcam os mesmos. Estas passam a experimentar novas formas de sociabilidade: a força policial, territórios ocupados por outras facções criminosas são elementos que contribuem para maior grau de vulnerabilidade social.
This work aims at to understand the material and symbolic elements that cross the life trajectory and base the interest of young resident women on the locality of the Candelária in the Complex of the Hose in Rio de Janeiro in keeping a loving relation with dealers of drugs. Objective - with the study in question: to investigate the trajectory of life of the young that has loving envolvement with young youngsters whom they had opted to working in the traffic of drugs, searching to know the reasons that take them to these relationships; to deepen the knowledge on the familiar, communitarian and social reality of the young, while factors important to understand the option of loving relationship with the youngsters of the traffic; To investigate if from the beginning of practical and the loving relations with young of the traffic significant points of inflection in the trajectories of life of the studied young are produced, as well as the direction and the direction of this inflection (bigger or lesser social vulnerability). The analysis and understanding of the data had been constructed from the estimated theoreticians and metodológicos of the Production of the Directions inside of the construcionista paradigm that it points out study from the analysis of the practical discursivas. The gotten results disclose that the relationships if minimum legalize for the presence of the dealer and more two women: the fidiciary office + To Another one and as much other qualified ones as the Lanchinho of the Dawn. The motivations for the efetivação of the cited relationships pass for some determination: seduction, fame, statuses, acquisition of corporeal properties among others elements mark the same ones. These start to try new forms of sociability: the police force, busy territories for other criminal factions are elements that contribute for bigger degree of social vulnerability.

In this essay, the research question: “How can I make teenagers use drugs more responsibly without using a scaremongering approach?” will be explored. The process will include theoretical research on the definition of drugs in relation to a strategy for reducing risks in the lives of adolescents, from a sustainable take. Another question that will be answered is why anti-drug campaigns fail, and my solution to this will be given. The result of this project will be in the form of an interactive online guide for teenagers. The aim of this project will be to provide high school students with a way to find important informa- tion they should know, before trying drugs. The case study is Romania. Here drugs are still a taboo subject and they are not explained nor talked about, in schools or families. Therefore, my guide provides explanations based on several people’s experiences and opinions about the most common drugs here.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Esse trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa sobre as transformações nos mecanismos de controle jurídico, político e social que vêm se constituindo no mundo contemporâneo no que se refere à criminalização da juventude envolvida com o uso e o tráfico das drogas e com a violência, decorrentes do modo de vida moderno nas sociedades capitalistas ocidentais. Na primeira parte do trabalho procuramos analisar historicamente algumas das principais mudanças no que diz respeito ao lugar da juventude na vida social da modernidade e sua relação com a criminalidade e com as drogas. A hipótese principal está associada à crise social e política, a desconstrução das idades da vida e à expansão acelerada do modo de vida violento e competitivo engendrado pelo capitalismo. Na segunda parte, discutimos o avanço do controle penal em contraponto ao social, a adoção das políticas de “tolerância zero” e o incremento dos instrumentos de gestão biopolítica dos jovens envolvidos com as drogas e com a criminalidade. Analisamos a disseminação dos tribunais das drogas - Justiça Terapêutica – como expressão dos novos dispositivos e tecnologias de controle e das transformações no modo de vida contemporâneo. As ações desses tribunais se destinam à prevenção e ao combate à criminalidade e à violência atribuída e/ou associada ao uso abusivo e à dependência de drogas. Tratase da aplicação de um tipo de pena - tratamento. O poder judiciário encaminha os dependentes de drogas para tratamento como parte do cumprimento de medidas legais e aos sancionados cumpre atender ao propósito de se livrar das drogas. No caso de jovens infratores a terapêutica figura como uma medida socioeducativa. O discurso e as práticas relacionados com a implantação desses tribunais são recentes no Brasil e encontram respaldo na legislação vigente
This work is the result of a research on the changes in legal, political and social control mechanisms which were established in the contemporary world regarding the criminalization of youth involved in drug traffic and usage, as well as in violence resulting from the modern way of life in western capitalist societies. In the first part of the work, we historically analyze some of the major changes on the place of youth in the current social life of modernity and its relationship to crime and drugs. The main hypothesis is associated with the social and political crisis, the deconstruction of the stages of life and the accelerated expansion of the competitive and violent way of life engendered by capitalism. In the second part, we discuss the progress of penal control in contrast to social control, the adoption of “zero tolerance” policies and the increase of biopolitics management tools for young people involved in drugs and crime. We analyze the spread of drug courts - Therapeutic Justice - as an expression of new devices and control technologies and changes in contemporary life. The actions of these courts are designed to prevent and combat crime and violence attributed to and/or associated with abuse and drug addiction. It consists in the application of a type of punishment - treatment. The judiciary directs drug users to treatment as part of the fulfillment of legal measures and users have to meet the purpose of getting rid of drugs. In the case of young drug users, therapeutic treatment figures as a socio-educational measure. Discourse and practices related to the implementation of these courts are recent in Brazil and comply with the current legislation

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad professionella som arbetar med ungdomar uppfattar är viktigt för att kunna förebygga narkotikaanvändandet bland ungdomarna ute i samhället. Till grund för studien användes Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska modell för att kunna förstå hur ungdomarna samspelar med sin omgivning och hur ungdomarna kan påverkas av olika faktorer i sin omgivning, framförallt när det kommer till deras benägenheten av att bruka narkotika. Vi ville i denna studie ta reda på de professionellas uppfattning kring ungdomars närmiljöer i samspel med ungdomarna och dess omgivning samt hur det kan åtgärdas för att minska uppkomsten av narkotika bland dessa unga. Fem personer med olika ungdomsrelaterade yrken intervjuades där kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att analysera resultatet. Resultatet av studien visade att intervjupersonerna hade många liknande uppfattning kring hur problemet bör förebyggas där mycket av fokus låg på att försöka få ut informationen om vilka effekter ett narkotikabruk kan ha. Vidare nämns också vilken stor påverkan föräldrarna har på individen och hur viktigt det är att ha bra förhållande i både hemmet och med skolan samtidigt som att det är viktigt att ungdomarna inkluderas i samhället.
The purpose of the study is to investigate what aspects professionals working with youth find important in order to prevent drug use among youth. To understand to what extent the youths’ environment can influence to their use of drugs the paper uses the Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. Five people, who in different ways work with drug prevention among youth, were interviewed. Qualitative content analysis was applied. The result shows that many of the interviewees had similar perceptions on how to prevent drug use amongst youth and stressed the importance of trying to collect information on the effects of using such substances. Moreover, the interviewees expressed the significant influence that the parents have on the individual and the importance of having a good environment at home and in school as well as the importance of including youth in the society.

Orientador: José Sterza Justo
Banca: Paulo Roberto de Carvalho
Banca: Sonia Regina Vargas Mansano
Banca: Antônio Carlos Barbosa da Silva
Banca: Cristina Amélia Luzio
Resumo: Esse trabalho é o resultado de uma pesquisa sobre as transformações nos mecanismos de controle jurídico, político e social que vêm se constituindo no mundo contemporâneo no que se refere à criminalização da juventude envolvida com o uso e o tráfico das drogas e com a violência, decorrentes do modo de vida moderno nas sociedades capitalistas ocidentais. Na primeira parte do trabalho procuramos analisar historicamente algumas das principais mudanças no que diz respeito ao lugar da juventude na vida social da modernidade e sua relação com a criminalidade e com as drogas. A hipótese principal está associada à crise social e política, a desconstrução das idades da vida e à expansão acelerada do modo de vida violento e competitivo engendrado pelo capitalismo. Na segunda parte, discutimos o avanço do controle penal em contraponto ao social, a adoção das políticas de "tolerância zero" e o incremento dos instrumentos de gestão biopolítica dos jovens envolvidos com as drogas e com a criminalidade. Analisamos a disseminação dos tribunais das drogas - Justiça Terapêutica - como expressão dos novos dispositivos e tecnologias de controle e das transformações no modo de vida contemporâneo. As ações desses tribunais se destinam à prevenção e ao combate à criminalidade e à violência atribuída e/ou associada ao uso abusivo e à dependência de drogas. Tratase da aplicação de um tipo de pena - tratamento. O poder judiciário encaminha os dependentes de drogas para tratamento como parte do cumprimento de medidas legais e aos sancionados cumpre atender ao propósito de se livrar das drogas. No caso de jovens infratores a terapêutica figura como uma medida socioeducativa. O discurso e as práticas relacionados com a implantação desses tribunais são recentes no Brasil e encontram respaldo na legislação vigente
Abstract: This work is the result of a research on the changes in legal, political and social control mechanisms which were established in the contemporary world regarding the criminalization of youth involved in drug traffic and usage, as well as in violence resulting from the modern way of life in western capitalist societies. In the first part of the work, we historically analyze some of the major changes on the place of youth in the current social life of modernity and its relationship to crime and drugs. The main hypothesis is associated with the social and political crisis, the deconstruction of the stages of life and the accelerated expansion of the competitive and violent way of life engendered by capitalism. In the second part, we discuss the progress of penal control in contrast to social control, the adoption of "zero tolerance" policies and the increase of biopolitics management tools for young people involved in drugs and crime. We analyze the spread of drug courts - Therapeutic Justice - as an expression of new devices and control technologies and changes in contemporary life. The actions of these courts are designed to prevent and combat crime and violence attributed to and/or associated with abuse and drug addiction. It consists in the application of a type of punishment - treatment. The judiciary directs drug users to treatment as part of the fulfillment of legal measures and users have to meet the purpose of getting rid of drugs. In the case of young drug users, therapeutic treatment figures as a socio-educational measure. Discourse and practices related to the implementation of these courts are recent in Brazil and comply with the current legislation
Doutor

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Frente ao fracasso das políticas preventivas focadas apenas na condenação do uso de determinadas drogas e os preocupantes dados sobre o consumo de substancias psicotrópicas entre estudantes no Brasil, este estudo teve por objetivo contribuir para o desenvolvimento de iniciativas voltadas para a prevenção do uso indevido de drogas entre jovens escolares, orientadas pela abordagem da Redução de Danos. A pesquisa está calcada no pressuposto de que as ações educativas devem ser elaboradas a partir do conhecimento das informações e experiências da população em relação ao tema tratado e por uma abordagem pedagógica participativa e dialógica, a fim de construir propostas adequadas à realidade do grupo ao qual a ação se destina. Por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o conhecimento, as representações e as práticas sociais acerca do consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas de um grupo de 40 escolares, do ensino médio e fundamental, de ambos os sexos, na faixa de 11 a 19 anos, da rede pública e particular do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados da pesquisa, somados à revisão bibliográfica, fundamentaram a atualização do conteúdo do Jogo da Onda (FIOCRUZ/ Edições Consultor, 1998), um jogo educativo sobre o uso indevido de drogas, orientado pela abordagem da redução de danos. O jogo já foi avaliado e adotado em programas de educação em saúde no país e se encontra esgotado desde 2008. Os achados revelam que a maioria dos estudantes possuem uma concepção negativa sobre as drogas ilícitas, enquanto as drogas lícitas não são percebidas como de risco; foi observado que os alunos desconsideram a singularidade dos elementos envolvidos no consumo (o sujeito, o tipo de droga e o contexto de uso). A revisão do Jogo da Onda permitiu a atualização de parte do conteúdo do jogo e a proposição de novos conteúdos relacionados ao consumo de bens materiais e simbólicos, à discriminação, à educação sobre drogas, às mídias e mediações socioculturais, à motivação e aos relacionamentos afetivos e sexuais. Frente à carência de formação dos profissionais de ensino na área de drogas e de recursos educativos participativos sobre o tema, os resultados do presente estudo poderão subsidiar o incremento de práticas educativas sobre drogas e temas afins, voltados para o contexto formal e informal de ensino.
Faced with the failure of preventive policy focused only on the condemnation of the use of certain drugs and the concerning data on the consumption of psychotropic substances among students in Brazil, this study aimed to contribute to the development of initiatives aimed at preventing drug abuse among young students, guided by the approach of Harm Reduction. The research is based on the assumption that educational activities should be developed from the knowledge on information and experiences of the population on the subject and with a participatory and dialogic teaching approach in order to build appropriate proposals to the reality of the group that the action is intended to. Through semi-structured interviews, this study aimed to investigate the knowledge, representations and social practices on the consumption of licit and illicit drugs of a group of 40 students, from primary and secondary school grades, both sexes, range of 11-19 years of the public and private schools of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The survey results, together with the literature review, founded a base on updating of the contents of the Jogo da Onda (FIOCRUZ / Publishing Consultant, 1998), which is an educational game about the misuse of drugs, guided by the harm reduction approach. The game has already been evaluated and adopted in health education programs in the country and is sold out since 2008. The findings reveal that most students have a negative conception of illicit drugs, while legal drugs are not perceived as risky; it was observed that students do not consider the uniqueness of the elements involved in the consumption (the subject, the type of drug and context of use). The revision of the Jogo da Onda allowed to update the game content and proposals for new contents related to the consumption of material and symbolic goods, discrimination, drug education, the media and socio-cultural mediation, motivation and emotional and sexual relationships. Considering the lack of training of teachers in the area of drugs and participatory educational resources on the topic, the results from this study can support the growth of educational practices on drugs and related topics, focusing on the context of formal and informal education.

Background: Risk perception has been studied concerning the use of marijuana and it impacts the intention to use that specific substance. Aim: The aim was to study the association between the perceived risk of cannabis use and cannabis use among Swedish youth after controlling for gender, age, and education. The aim was also to study whether the association between the perceived risk of cannabis use and cannabis use was different according to gender. Method: The thesis project was based on data from the Flash Eurobarometer 330 - Youth Attitudes on Drugs. Results: When age and education were controlled for, both among Swedish youth and among male participants, the perceived risk had an association with cannabis use - higher risk perception entailed a lower use. Discussion: The association between the perceived risk of cannabis use and cannabis use appears to be due to the impact of risk perception on behaviour. Conclusion: By preserving the risk perception that Swedish youth have of cannabis, it may be possible to protect them from the potential harm that cannabis use cause.

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This quantitative-qualitative research was developed with the objectives to evaluate the alcohol consumption through the Alcohol Use Disorders Investigation Test - AUDIT, between the students of graduation of the course of Physics, of the Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus Rio Claro and, to identify to the knowledge and attitudes of these students on the alcoholic beverage ingestion. The results gotten in the initial stage of the research -quantitative - had allowed the aiming of the following stage - qualitative. Interviews half-structuralized with eight students of the 30 had been carried through that they had answered to Test AUDIT. The results of the related test had shown that, little more than 83% present standard of consumption of low risk. The transcription and analysis of the interviews had allowed a deepening in the universe of these students, where it was possible to apprehend part of its knowledge and attitudes with relation to the alcohol, and the identification of the factors of vulnerability and empowerment. The orientation necessity was clear, to the adults who coexist young and children, on the curses of the alcoholic beverage use and on the necessity of a bigger attention to those situations that come to facilitate its use. It was possible also to perceive the importance of the family as factor of support to the behavior of these young. How much to the pertaining to school environment, it was verified that it lacks to preparation to the educators and professionals of the health, and a bigger reflection on the part of all the society, so that the question of the alcoholic beverage consumption is faced as catalytic of sad future consequences for children and young. The educative work must exceed the field of the information and the university must dare and go beyond the knowledge technician, for the integral formation of the diverse professionals who for it pass.
Esta pesquisa quanti-qualitativa foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de avaliar o consumo de álcool, através do Alcohol Use Disorders Investigation Teste AUDIT, entre os alunos e alunas de graduação do curso de Física, da Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, e identificar os conhecimentos e atitudes destes(as) estudantes sobre a ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas. Os resultados obtidos na etapa inicial da pesquisa quantitativos permitiram o direcionamento da etapa seguinte qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com oito alunos(as) dos 30 que responderam ao Teste AUDIT. Os resultados do referido teste mostraram que pouco mais de 83% apresentam padrão de consumo de baixo risco. A transcrição e análise das entrevistas permitiram um mergulho no universo destes estudantes, sendo então possível apreender parte de seus conhecimentos e atitudes com relação ao álcool, e a identificar os fatores de vulnerabilidade e de empowerment. Ficou clara a necessidade de orientação, aos adultos que convivem com jovens e crianças, sobre os malefícios do uso de bebidas alcoólicas e sobre a necessidade de uma maior atenção àquelas situações que venham a facilitar o seu uso. Foi possível também perceber a importância da família como fator de apoio à conduta destes jovens. Quanto ao ambiente escolar, verificou-se que falta preparo aos educadores e profissionais da saúde, e uma maior reflexão por parte de toda a sociedade, para que a questão do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas seja encarada como catalisadora de tristes conseqüências futuras para crianças e jovens. O trabalho educativo deve exceder o campo da informação e a universidade deve ousar e ir além dos conhecimentos técnicos, para a formação integral dos diversos profissionais que por ela passam.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The drugs phenomenon is becoming more relevant in Brazil and worldwide in recent decades, reaching all levels of society. The frequent association between groups of youngsters, especially poor youth, and drug use, present in the media and in the public policies, has raised discussions and interventions that need to be analyzed and problematized in their propositions and development. Such interventions have not considered the socioeconomic and cultural situation that these youngsters are submitted, accumulating ineffective results. This data raises the need to take a "step back" in argument, reversing the order of the question and inquire, a posteriori about the best way to treat these young people in use or abuse of drugs - an issue undoubtedly relevant - and start asking first which are the social contexts and the social arrangements that put these youngsters in a vulnerable situation to the drugs issue and how this exposure occurs in their daily practices. In order to investigate how drugs make up the path of poor youngsters who live in outlying areas was undertaken a qualitative research that aimed to access the experiences of young people, between 15 and 29 years old, living on the outskirts of a medium-sized city in the State of São Paulo, which attending to a social institution dedicated to leisure, culture and sports activities. The methods applied to reach the aims were the participant observation, semi-structured interviews and workshops of Activities. The propositions of social occupational therapy constituted the theoretical background of the study. The use of participatory methodologies in the apprehension of the universe of subjects studied allowed accessing their perceptions about the drug issue, pointing out, however, other issues that permeate their daily experiences, determining their condition of vulnerability. Issues such as the constant violations of their civil rights; restrictions to urban mobility; social stigma; real and/or symbolic violence; the centrality of work and their links with and through the drug trafficking, emerged from the reports of these young people, enabling to build a picture of the extended social context in which they are located, indicating that, although present in everyday life, drugs are not the main source of concern or of increasing of the vulnerability of these young people.
O fenômeno das drogas vem adquirindo maior relevância nos cenários nacional e mundial nas últimas décadas, atingindo todas as camadas sociais. A frequente associação entre grupos de jovens, em especial jovens pobres, e o uso de drogas, presente na mídia em geral e nas políticas públicas, tem suscitado discussões e intervenções que precisam ser analisadas e problematizadas em suas proposições e desenvolvimento. Tais intervenções, especialmente as direcionadas a esses grupos, não têm considerado a situação socioeconômica e cultural a que estão submetidos esses jovens, acumulando resultados pouco efetivos, do ponto de vista público. Esse dado suscita a necessidade de se dar um passo atrás na argumentação, invertendo a ordem da pergunta e indagar posteriormente sobre qual a melhor forma de tratar esses jovens em uso ou abuso de drogas - questão, sem dúvida, relevante e iniciar sobre quais os contextos e arranjos sociais que permitem que esses jovens, pobres, moradores das periferias das cidades, estejam expostos às drogas e de que maneira essa exposição se dá em suas práticas cotidianas. Com o intuito de investigar como as drogas compõem a trajetória de jovens pobres moradores de periferia, empreendeu-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, que teve por objetivo acessar as experiências de jovens, entre15 e 29 anos, moradores da periferia de uma cidade de médio porte no interior do Estado de São Paulo, frequentadores de um equipamento social de lazer, cultura e esporte. O estudo utilizou como métodos a observação participante, entrevistas semidirigidas e a realização de Oficinas de Atividades. As proposições da terapia ocupacional social constituíram o embasamento teórico do estudo. O emprego de metodologias participativas na apreensão do universo dos sujeitos estudados permitiu acessar suas percepções acerca da temática das drogas, pontuando, porém, outras questões que permeiam suas vivências cotidianas, determinando sua condição de vulnerabilidade. Temas como as constantes violações de seus direitos civis; restrições, algumas implícitas, outras nem tanto, à mobilidade urbana; estigma social; violência real e/ou simbólica; a centralidade do trabalho e suas relações com e por meio do tráfico de drogas, emergiram dos relatos desses jovens, possibilitando construir um panorama ampliado do contexto social no qual se inserem, evidenciando que, ainda que presentes no cotidiano, as drogas não constituem a principal fonte de vulnerabilização nem de preocupação daqueles jovens.

The subjects of ‘youth’, ‘substance use’ and ‘homelessness’ are interconnected, but only a relatively small number of studies have examined the relationships between all three components. Literature highlights how homeless substance users are constructed as ‘vulnerable’ – yet ‘deviant’. Furthermore, academics have examined how people manage the ascribed identities of ‘substance user’ and ‘homeless’ as well as that of ‘youth’. According to sociologists, people’s self-identities and actions develop as a consequence of interactions with their socio-spatial worlds. Therefore, it is useful to contextualise the act of substance use within these complex interactions. This thesis explores the meanings and contexts of young, homeless people’s substance use. Data were obtained through an ethnographic study conducted in a homeless hostel over a seven month period in 2013 in which twenty-two young people (aged 16-21) and twenty-seven staff members participated. The majority of data were derived from participant-observation encompassing 200-250 informal interactions with the young people and 100-120 interactions with staff along with observations of people’s actions and descriptions of events and appearances. The field-notes were supplemented by four semi-structured interviews and a focus group, involving a total of eleven young people. Drawing on theories underpinned by symbolic interactionist and phenomenological philosophies, three overarching dimensions of the young people’s experiences were identified as important to their substance use and wider lives. First, the young people engaged in ‘place-making’ actions (including substance use) to personalise spaces within the tightly controlled environment of the hostel. Secondly, substance use was interwoven with the relationships that the young people held with their families, friends and the staff. The ‘pro-drug’ voices of their friends and relatives were arguably stronger than the ‘anti-drug’ voices of the staff. Thirdly, the categories of ‘youth’ and ‘substance user’ were recognised by the participants as pertaining to them, whereas the ‘homeless’ label was relatively meaningless. The thesis concludes that to understand people’s substance use experiences, it is important to consider the socio-spatial contexts within which they are located, particularly when these are temporary.

The thesis studies linking rural youth in the production of Cannabis sativa in the region of dry border of Paraguay and Brazil. In the 1980s, criminal organizations started to explore the production of the drug, taking advantage of the advantages agro-climatic regional actions and the lack of effective control. The region has become a major producer of drugs and began to incorporate rural youth in illicit activities. The objective of the research is to understand the reasons why rural youth link up the activities of production, processing and transportation of cannabis, highlighting the conditions and risks of illicit work. The research follows a qualitative approach and the survey was conducted at the Department of Amambay in the municipalities of Pedro Juan Caballero and Capitán Bado. The main technique of data collection was semi-structured interviews, conducted for ten young rural sixteen key informants and two-parent families. The interviews were complemented with free observation, the literature search and survey documents. Linking young people in the production of cannabis is associated with lack of profitable alternative licit agricultural production and qualification of young people working for other occupations that offer opportunities to build personal autonomy and a promising future. The lack of public policies for rural youth is exploited by criminal organizations to incorporate youth in impoverished rural production, processing and transportation of drugs. It is concluded that alternatives to the problem of rural youth involvement in the production of cannabis pass through the institutionalization of the reform, juvenile credit policy, education and vocational training for young people and for the legalization of cannabis growing.
A tese estuda a vinculação de jovens rurais na produção da Cannabis sativa na região de fronteira seca do Paraguai com o Brasil. Na década de 80, organizações criminais passaram a explorar a produção dessa droga, aproveitando-se das vantagens agroclimatológicas regionais e da falta de ações eficazes de controle. A região tornou-se importante produtora da droga e passou a incorporar jovens rurais nas atividades ilícitas. O objetivo da pesquisa é compreender as razões que levam os jovens rurais a se vincularem nas atividades de produção, processamento e transporte da cannabis, destacando as condições e os riscos do trabalho ilícito. A pesquisa segue uma abordagem qualitativa, e o levantamento dos dados foi realizado no Departamento de Amambay, nos municípios de Pedro Juan Caballero e Capitán Bado. A principal técnica de coleta de dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada, dirigida para dez jovens rurais, 16 informantes-chave e dois pais de família. As entrevistas foram complementadas com a observação livre, a pesquisa bibliográfica e o levantamento documental. A vinculação dos jovens na produção de cannabis está associada à falta de alternativa rentável na produção agrícola lícita e de qualificação dos jovens para outras ocupações laborais, que ofereçam possibilidades de construir a autonomia pessoal e um futuro promissor. A carência de políticas públicas para a juventude rural é aproveitada pelas organizações criminais para incorporar jovens rurais empobrecidos na produção, processamento e transporte da droga. Conclui-se que as alternativas para o problema do envolvimento de jovens rurais na produção de cannabis passam pela institucionalização de programas de reforma agrária, de políticas de crédito juvenil, de educação e qualificação profissional dos jovens e pela legalização do cultivo da cannabis.

This thesis is an analysis of a curriculum development process used to train youth workers to raise and respond to alcohol issues. Within an interpretivist framework, a seven-stage model of curriculum planning was developed. Stage 1 involved examination of the literature on youth work and alcohol and youth work training, an empirical needs assessment study (via a national survey and in-depth consultation in one youth service) and examination of the results in relation to the literature on young people and alcohol. Stage 2 used the stage 1 data to define the rationale, which in turn informed stages 3-5, formulation of aims and learning outcomes, learning activities and teaching resources. Stage 6, delivery, involved pilot courses in in- service and initial-training contexts. Illuminative evaluation was used to assess the training process (Stage 7) and its impact on youth worker practice. The staged model was found to be a practical curriculum development framework, particularly combined with an action-research approach. The study confirmed the importance of thorough training needs assessment, including the needs of service users. Youth workers were found to typically adopt a reactive approach to alcohol issues, which focused on individual young drinkers rather than structural determinants of alcohol-related harm. The pilot courses were successful in stimulating planned alcohol education initiatives. Features of training that enabled youth workers to tackle alcohol issues included: a clear rationale based on youth work principles, harm-reduction goals, understanding the place and meaning of alcohol in young people's lives, a practice focus and managerial support. The study discusses the implications of the findings for youth work training and informal education practice and suggests a strategy for fixture development of the alcohol training materials.

Ce travail dérive d'une recherche dont l'objectif principal a été de discuter quelles pédagogies sont utilisées pour aborder et traiter les jeunes qui ont une dépendance aux drogues chimiques ainsi qu'enquêter comment l'éducation se comporte dans ces cas. La question principale de cette enquête est: Quelle conception de l'éducation soutient de telles actions? L'éducation est-elle responsable de produire des chemins pour ces jeunes, autres que la mort annoncée? Je soutiens l'idée que l'éducation ouvre des perspectives importantes pour le développement humain ayant en vue que les individus sont constitués dans et par l'interaction sociale et historique. Dans l'étude des jeunes et leur exposition au "business de la drogue" - euphémisme de "business de la mort" - il a été possible de percevoir que ce qu'on appelle "d'éducation" dans le contexte des actions de l'État en relation aux "consommateurs de drogues" ou "dépendants chimiques" constitue une politique de retour du problème aux propres dépendants. Le travail accomplit par les ONG pour la Réduction des Méfaits, n'exclut pas les jeunes de la drogue puisque ceci n'est pas son but. Sa proposition est éducative et génère une pédagogie dont la perspective, obtenue par les réducteurs de méfaits, ne fait aucune intervention directe sur le pronostic de la mort annoncée par l'usage de drogue, par contre elle met en place selon la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits, la préservation de la vie et de leur conscience à ce sujet. Il est important dans ce processus d'établir de multiples interactions entre la jeunesse, les drogues, les réductions de méfaits et d'autres propositions de récupération face aux possibles actions éducatives de ce moment historique. Ce qui touche le champ empirique, j'ai enquêté l'ONG l'Industrie de la Solidarité : l'engagement avec la vie (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), située à Imbituba - Santa Catarina, qui intervient aussi dans les municipalités voisines. Avec une perspective ethnographique, j'ai suivi les réducteurs de méfaits dans leurs approches avec les jeunes et j'ai réalisé une observation participante, à la fois, lors des approches ainsi que lors des interventions dans leurs actions éducatives. En plus, j'ai pu constater comment l'insertion et l'acceptation de la proposition de réduction des méfaits se manifestent dans la communauté. J'ai fait des annotations du quotidien de l'ONG par le biais d'un journal de bord et j'ai recueilli des témoignages de consommateurs de drogues. Le deuxième champ empirique a été le Centre de Convivialité Écologie de l'Être (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser). Comme observatrice, en possession de mon journal de bord et d'entrevus avec la coordonnatrice, j'ai suivi des jeunes en cure depuis la période de désintoxication jusqu'au processus de réinsertion sociale, c'est alors que des objectifs comme le retour aux études/cours et la pratique du sport ont été mis en place. Ces jeunes ont écrit des témoignages décrivant leurs expériences jusqu'à présent et la signification de la drogue dans leurs vies. La compréhension de l'éducation comme possibilité pour l'être humain est le résultat du croisement de plusieurs expériences, d'avoir une autre perspective de créer des liens sociaux, d'être capable d'interpréter et conduire sa propre histoire à n'importe quelle époque de sa vie, c'est-à-dire d'avoir un futur ouvert. Je conclus en montrant les limites de la stratégie de Réduction de Méfaits comme politique de l'État et les possibilités pédagogiques présentes en interventions qui viabilisent d'autres trajectoires pour les jeunes consommateurs en excluant le chemin de la dépendance chimique.
O presente trabalho deriva de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo central foi o de discutir que pedagogia(s) são utilizadas para abordar e tratar jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, os quais se constituem como dependentes químicos, bem como investigar como a educação se articula nessas relações. A questão central da investigação é: que concepção de educação sustenta tais ações? Ela produz pedagogias, ou seja, intervenções que possibilitem produzir outras trajetórias para esses jovens que não a da morte anunciada? Defendo a idéia de que a educação abre perspectivas importantes para o desenvolvimento humano, tendo em vista que os sujeitos se constituem nas e pelas interações sociais e históricas. No estudo dos jovens e sua exposição ao "negócio da droga" - eufemismo para "negócio da morte" -, foi possível perceber que o que se chama de "educação", no âmbito das ações do Estado em relação aos "usuários de drogas" ou "dependentes químicos", configura-se como política de devolução do problema aos próprios dependentes. O trabalho desenvolvido pelas ONGs para Redução de Danos não afastam os jovens das drogas, posto que esse não é seu intento. Sua proposta é educativa e gera uma pedagogia cuja perspectiva, concretizada pelos redutores de danos, não faz intervenção direta no prognóstico de morte anunciada pelo uso de drogas, mas coloca em ação a estratégia de Redução de Danos que tem em vista a preservação da vida e de sua consciência sobre ela. Foi importante, nesse processo, estabelecer múltiplas interações entre juventude(s), drogas, redução de danos e outras propostas de recuperação frente às ações educativas possíveis neste momento histórico. No que toca ao campo empírico, investiguei a ONG Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO, localizada em Imbituba - Santa Catarina, que atua também em municípios próximos. Com uma perspectiva etnográfica, acompanhei os redutores de danos em suas abordagens com jovens e realizei observação participante, tanto das abordagens como das intervenções em suas ações educativas. Além disso, observei como se expressam, na comunidade, a inserção e a aceitação da proposta de Redução de Danos. Registrei o cotidiano da ONG por meio de um diário de campo e coletei depoimentos de usuários de drogas. O segundo campo empírico foi o Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser, onde acompanhei - com observação, caderno de campo e entrevistas com a coordenadora da proposta - jovens internos desde o período de desintoxicação até o processo de reinserção social, quando colocaram em ação metas, como o retorno ao estudo, cursos e a prática de esportes. Esses jovens escreveram depoimentos, nos quais descreveram suas trajetórias até então e o significado da droga em suas escolhas de vida. Do cruzamento dessas várias experiências, resultou a compreensão da educação como possibilidade aberta para o ser humano, para ter outras perspectivas de relacionar-se socialmente, de ser capaz de interpretar e conduzir a própria história em qualquer época da sua vida, ou seja, de ter um futuro aberto. Concluo evidenciando os limites da estratégia de Redução de Danos como política estatal e as possibilidades pedagógicas presentes em intervenções que viabilizem outras trajetórias para os jovens em contextos de uso de drogas, que não a da dependência química.
The present work drifts of a research whose central objective was the discussing what pedagogy(ies) are used to approach and to treat young in contexts of the drugs use which are constituted as chemical dependents and to investigate how the education pronounces in those relationships. The main subject of the investigation is: what education conception does sustain such actions? Does it produce pedagogies, in other words, interventions that make possible to produce other paths for these young ones that not the announced death? I defend the idea that the education opens important perspectives for the human development, having in mind that the subjects are constituted in the and for the social and historical interactions. In the youth's study and their exhibition to the "business of the drug" - euphemism for "business of the death" - it was possible to notice that what calls her "education", in the scope of the State actions in relation to the "users of drugs" or "chemical dependents" is configured as devolution politics of the problem to the own dependents. The work developed by NGOs for Reduction of Damages does not moves away young people of the drugs, although it is not its project. Its proposal is educational and it generates a pedagogy whose perspective, realized by the reducers of damages, does not do direct interventions in the prognosis of announced death by the use of drugs, but it places in action the Reduction of damage strategy that aims the preservation of the life and their conscience about it. It was important, in that process, to establish multiple interactions among youth, drugs, reduction of damages and other proposals of recovery front to the possible educational actions at this historical moment. In relation to the empirical field, I investigated NGO Solidarity Industry: commitment with the life (Indústria da Solidariedade: compromisso com a vida - ISO), located in Imbituba - Santa Catarina, which also acts in close municipal districts. With an ethnographic perspective, I accompanied the reducers of damages in their approaches with young people and I accomplished participant observation, as much of the approaches as of the interventions in their educational actions. Besides, I observed the insertion and acceptance of the proposal to Reduction of damages are expressed in the community. I registered the daily of NGO through a field diary and I collected users of drugs depositions. The second empirical field was the Center of Living Ecology of the Being (Centro de Convivência Ecologia do Ser), where I accompanied - with observation, field notebook and interviews with the coordinator of the proposal - internal youth from their desintoxication period to the process of social reinsertion, when they put in action goals, such as the return to the study, courses and the practice of sports. These young ones wrote depositions in which they describe their paths and the meaning of the drug in their choices of life. Of the crossing of those several experiences, it resulted the understanding of the education as open possibility for the human being, to have other perspectives to be connected with the society, being able to interpret and to lead the own history in any time of their life, in other words, having an open future. I conclude evidencing the limits of the Reduction of Damages strategy as state politics, and the present pedagogic possibilities in interventions that make possible other trajectory for the youth in use of drugs contexts, that no the one of the chemical dependence.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This research seeks to problematize the productions of truth concerning the crimes committed against the lives of young people. It focuses at the discursive web on the means to make public a slaughter that took place on April 16, 2014, in the Sete Jovens Square, in Brasilândia, São Paulo. The name of the Square is a tribute to seven young people who were the victims of another massacre in 2007, in the same region. The research was based on Foucault's discussion of regimes of truth and the perspective of oral history, which privileges the issue of memory as a process of meaning creation. We conducted interviews and ethnographic experiments in the region, especially around the Square. The Square was built as the result of an ancient struggle by the region's residents in order to guarantee a leisure place. However, the disputes over its occupation show the historically constructed intersection between dangerousness, race and poverty, as well as the expansion of controls on the poor population and their circulation in public spaces, through projects that articulate "security and citizenship" and control in open air. The preferred targets of this control are children and young people, especially the black youth. Making the massacre public is a memory production job confronting what Foucault called state racism that separates those who must live from those who must die
Esta pesquisa busca problematizar as produções de verdade nos crimes cometidos contra a vida de jovens, tendo como foco a trama discursiva em torno de como foi tornar pública uma chacina ocorrida em 16 de abril de 2014, na Praça Sete Jovens, na Brasilândia, em São Paulo. O nome da Praça é uma homenagem a sete jovens atingidos por outra chacina ocorrida em 2007, na mesma região. A pesquisa apoiou-se na discussão de Foucault a respeito dos regimes de verdade e na perspectiva da história oral, que privilegia a questão da memória como processo de criação de sentidos. Realizamos entrevistas e experimentações etnográficas na região, especialmente em torno da Praça. A construção da Praça é consequência de uma luta antiga dos moradores na direção de garantir um espaço para o lazer. Todavia, as disputas pela sua ocupação evidenciam a intersecção historicamente construída entre periculosidade, raça e pobreza, bem como a expansão dos controles sobre a população pobre e sua circulação nos espaços públicos, por meio de projetos que articulam “segurança e cidadania” e realizam o controle a céu aberto. Os alvos preferenciais deste controle são crianças e jovens, especialmente negros. Tornar pública a chacina é um trabalho de produção de memória e de enfrentamento ao que Foucault chamou de racismo de estado que separa os que devem viver e os que devem morrer

A study of data from 85 undergraduate and graduate students involved in church youth groups revealed a significant relationship between degree of religious belief and drug using behavior and attitudes. Highly religious subjects disapproved of drinking alcoholic beverages and used cigarettes and alcohol less than subjects professing lower religiosity. Protestant subjects had more negative attitudes and less personal use of tobacco and alcohol than Catholics. Similar findings pertaining to drug using behavior and attitudes were reported between groups for all other substances.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The drug issue today has been represented by an alarming debate characterized by the disqualification of many people who use those substances. The discussion, commonly, is focused on problematizations around a poor youth, on which there is an imbued approach by lack, by criminalization or by the concentration of attention on fighting products, losing sight of the sociocultural details of their uses. From a perspective contrary to the simplistic association between poor youngsters and drug use, it was aimed to know the life histories of young residents of a medium-sized city in the interior of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos (SP), who use illicit drugs and consider that they need assistance in this using, seeking to identify their personal and social networks, formal and informal, that this population has accessed for assistance regarding such use, or even networks that are imposed into their lives. As a methodological resource, it was performed a monitoring of two young participants from previous activities of projects connected to the University coming from teaching, research and extension nature, resuming previously established contacts and following them up for a period of one year through an ethnographic analysis of field data, achieved through the immersion in their daily lives and the writing of field diaries to reflect on that reality. We also sought to access the agents cited by youngsters as present on their networks, to conduct semi-structured interviews with them. At last categories of analysis to be discussed were raised, according to the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Social Occupational Therapy, Sociology and Anthropology. The results showed the importance of these networks in the aid facing difficult situations due to the use of drugs, especially those from informal nature. We emphasize the aid granted to the people belonging to religious temples however this was not found to be related to attachment to divinities, a fact that puts in check speeches about the "salvation" of drug users by faith. Networks of formal stamp showed "just" in the modalities of admission via therapeutic community and containment through a regional police station. Thus recognizing that the study of networks can point out to potential ways of approach to the drug phenomenon, we hope to contribute with assumptions for the formulation of more consistent with reality public policies, which can effectively act as social supports in the life of those youngsters.
A questão das drogas na atualidade tem sido representada por um debate alarmante caracterizado pela desqualificação de inúmeros indivíduos que fazem uso dessas substâncias. A discussão, comumente, encontra-se focada nas problematizações em torno de uma juventude pobre, sobre a qual se realiza uma abordagem imbuída pela falta, pela criminalização ou pela concentração da atenção no combate a produtos, perdendo de vista os detalhes socioculturais dos seus usos. A partir de uma perspectiva contrária à associação simplista entre jovens pobres e uso de drogas, objetivou-se conhecer histórias de vida de jovens moradores de uma cidade de porte médio do interior paulista, São Carlos (SP), que fazem uso de drogas ilícitas e consideram que necessitam de auxílio em função deste uso, buscando identificar as redes pessoais e sociais, formais e informais, que esta população tem acessado para obter auxílio com relação a este uso ou, ainda, as redes que se impõem em suas vidas. Como recurso metodológico, realizou-se o acompanhamento de dois jovens participantes de atividades prévias de projetos ligados à Universidade, de natureza de ensino, pesquisa e extensão, retomando contatos anteriormente estabelecidos e acompanhando-os pelo período de um ano por meio de uma análise etnográfica dos dados do campo, alcançada através da imersão em seus cotidianos e da redação de diários de campo para a reflexão sobre aquela realidade. Procurou-se também acessar os atores citados pelos jovens como presentes em suas redes, para realizar entrevistas semiestruturadas com eles. Por fim, levantaram-se categorias de análise para serem discutidas, segundo os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Terapia Ocupacional Social, da Sociologia e da Antropologia. Os resultados nos revelaram a importância dessas redes no auxílio frente às situações de dificuldades em função do uso das drogas, sobretudo as de cunho informal. Destacou-se o auxílio concedido aos sujeitos pertencentes a templos religiosos, porém, este não se encontrou relacionado ao apego às divindades, fato que coloca em cheque discursos acerca da salvação de usuários de droga pela fé. As redes de cunho formal apresentaram-se apenas nas modalidades de internação via comunidade terapêutica e de contenção por meio de uma delegacia regional. Dessa forma, reconhecendo que o estudo sobre as redes pode nos apontar possíveis caminhos de abordagem para o fenômeno das drogas, esperamos contribuir com pressupostos para a formulação de políticas públicas mais condizentes com a realidade, que possam, efetivamente, atuarem como suportes sociais na vida daqueles jovens.

The purpose of this study was to examine the demographic differences in methamphetamine usage among youth and how methamphetamine users engaged in the use of other illegal drugs including, marijuana, cocaine, heroin, ecstasy and also engage in risk taking behaviors. The study utilized secondary data from the National Institute of Health, Youth Behavioral Risk Survey (YRBS) of20011. Sample size consisted of 294 both male and female youth who are methamphetamine users. The findings revealed that drug use amongst youth continues to be on the rise. Findings noted that male meth users had the highest rates of cocaine, ecstasy and heroin use compared to female meth users. The highest rate among female meth users was seen in cocaine use. Findings also revealed that cocaine use was the highest among Hispanic/Latino meth users and ecstasy use was the highest among Non-Hispanic/Latino meth users. In addition findings revealed that a significant association was found in youth's drug use and their involvement in risk taking behaviors. Prior research and findings from this study help society have a more proactive approach when helping youth who suffer from the disease of addiction.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes special report study entitled: Rehabilitation in natural surrounding : towards a therapeutic environment. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis advisor: Rebekah Levine Coley
Substance abuse and dependence are among the nation's leading health issues, leading to more illnesses, disabilities, and deaths than any other modifiable health condition. Substance use among youth is of particular concern, as rates are higher than among any other age group and because early use is associated with a higher risk of later abuse and dependence and a higher incidence of related risk-taking behavior. Thus, a better understanding of the causes of substance use problems is a central issue. The primary goal of this study was to examine genetic and environmental predictors of youth alcohol and drug abuse and dependence. This study expands upon extant research by being the first to utilize a genetic risk score (GRS) approach to examine the joint effect of four dopaminergic genetic polymorphisms on substance abuse and dependence, by incorporating cumulative measures of environmental risk and promotive factors, and by examining gene-environment interactions (GxEs) and gender differences in substance use predictors, thus allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of environmental and genetic influences than has previously been attempted. Analyses were conducted on a national longitudinal sample of 1,396 Caucasian youth who participated in surveys and DNA sampling in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, with individuals followed from adolescence (ages 12-18) into early adulthood (ages 24-32). Logistic regression analyses examined main and interactive effects of cumulative environmental risk and promotive factors and genetic risk scores on clinically significant alcohol and drug abuse and dependence in early adulthood. Analyses were conducted separately for males and females to examine gender differences in substance use predictors. Results show that a dopaminergic GRS index significantly predicted the likelihood that female, but not male, youth will meet clinical criteria for substance abuse and dependence, even after accounting for cumulative environmental influences. No evidence of GxE was found. These results provide a better understanding of the etiology of substance abuse and dependence and provide evidence of the utility of GRS methods for studying genetic influences on substance use behaviors
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology

Background: Given the limited understanding of the epidemiology of methamphetamine (MA) use among street-involved youth and injection drug users (IDU), this thesis sought to: systematically characterise the evidence base demonstrating associations between MA use and adverse health outcomes among young people; examine the incidence and predictors of MA injection initiation among a cohort of IDU in Vancouver; describe the prevalence and correlates of MA use among sexual minority drug users; determine whether frequent MA injection predicts emergency department (ED) utilisation; and finally, explore the pathways through which MA use drives injection-related risk behaviour including syringe sharing. Methods: Street-involved youth and IDU participating in three open prospective cohort studies were asked to complete semi-annual interviewer-administered questionnaires, provide blood samples for HIV testing, and consent to hospital database linkages. A variety of longitudinal techniques were used to investigate the association between self-reported MA-related outcomes (e.g., initiation, frequent use) and individual, social, and structural determinants of interest. Results: A systematic review identified consistent associations between MA use and a number of health outcomes, including depression, suicidal ideation, and psychosis. Scientific evidence to suggest an association between MA use and a number of previously suggested harms (e.g., infectious disease transmission, dental problems) is equivocal. Some subpopulations, including sexual minority drug users, are more likely to use MA, which appears to exacerbate exposure to HIV-related risks and other vulnerabilities. Longitudinal analysis revealed that young people, non-injection stimulant users, homeless individuals, and those involved in the city’s open drug scene are most likely to initiate MA injection. The injection of MA, particularly frequently, was associated with a number of health and behavioural outcomes, including an increased hazard of ED utilisation and syringe sharing. Barriers to accessing harm reduction and HIV prevention services likely account for many of these relationships. Conclusions: Methamphetamine use is increasingly common among street youth and IDU in Vancouver. Its use and resultant harms appear to be driven by intersecting individual, social, and structural factors. Comprehensive interventions that are based upon sound scientific evidence and that address existing health and social inequities among marginalised populations are required.