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Journal articles on the topic 'Drugs trade / drug trafficking'
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1
Mentyukova, Mariya A., and Oksana S. Pustovalova. "Criminological aspects of the illegal distribution of drugs on the Internet." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 3 (2022): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2022-6-3-362-370.
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The problem of the distribution of narcotic drugs has become more and more serious in recent years, which is facilitated by the improvement of methods for such distribution. With the development of digital technologies, social networks, the Internet itself, the number of crimes committed using these technologies is growing. In this regard, it is relevant to analyze the ways and methods of drug trafficking using the Internet. This paper explores issues related to the methods of selling narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues on the Internet. The phrase “drug trafficking” is defined as the illegal trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution, and sale of substances that are subject to drug prohibition laws. So, as you might expect, the concept of Internet drug trafficking is simply the act of participating in Internet drug trafficking. The purpose is to analyze the features of committing the distribution of drugs on the Internet. Examples of the closure of such Internet sites are given.
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Rousseau, Richard. "West Africa – the Region’s Pivotal Role in International Drug Trafficking." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 20, no. 4 (December 2017): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2017.20.4.19.
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Africa is a pivotal continent for international drug traffickers and criminal organizations. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates, approximately 40 to 50 tons of cocaine destined for the European market passes through the African continent each year.1 The illicit profits from such activities amount to at least 1.8 billion dollars, but it could be much larger according to some estimates. Such profits provide drug traffickers with the financial means to destabilize already weak governmental structures and law enforcement institutions in various African countries. This massive profits fuel a trade that has far reaching consequences for Africa and the destination countries for these illegal drugs. What is the impact of the illicit drug trade on Africa?
3
Yang, Kenny. "Is Safekeeping Drug Trafficking? The Singapore Court of Appeal’s Attempt to Delineate Role and Culpability in Drug Trafficking Offenses." New Criminal Law Review 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 90–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2021.24.1.90.
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Singapore is well known for its harsh stance against drug traffickers, with drug trafficking carrying some of the most severe penalties available in law. This includes the mandatory death penalty where the weight of the drug exceeds a statutory threshold. The act of trafficking is also broadly defined in the Misuse of Drugs Act 1973 and can encompass a wide range of activities. In a series of authoritative decisions since 1994, this has also included the act of safekeeping drugs for another. However, the Singapore Court of Appeal revisited this definition in the recent decision of Ramesh a/l Perumal v Public Prosecutor [2019] 1 SLR 1003, finding that the act of safekeeping drugs does not fall under the definition of “trafficking.” As this paper argues, this new definition is an attempt by the Court of Appeal to better delineate the varying roles and culpability of those involved in the drug trade, but will have future implications for drug prosecutions and enforcement.
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Calandra, Francesca. "Between Local and Global: the ‘Ndrangheta’s Drug Trafficking Route." International Annals of Criminology 55, no. 1 (May 2017): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cri.2017.1.
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AbstractAccording to the last United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime report (2016), 247 million people aged between 15 and 64 years used drugs at least once in the past year, with cocaine being the best-selling of the goods from the ‘Ndrangheta. In this case, the drugs trade is 60% of the systemic gain due to illicit trafficking that allowed the spreading of the Calabrian criminal organization across five continents. Nevertheless, this sometimes little-known apparently harmless organization, which comes from the Aspromonte heartland in Calabria, was included by the United States in the blacklist of the 75 most dangerous drug-trafficking organizations only in 2008. Therefore, this investigative study, based on reference literature, aims to analyse what are the aspects that make the Calabrian criminal organization “local” and “global” at the same time as well as the strengths and weaknesses in combating ‘Ndrangheta’s drug trafficking.
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Anderson, Tammy L., and Philip R. Kavanaugh. "Women’s Evolving Roles in Drug Trafficking in the United States." Contemporary Drug Problems 44, no. 4 (October 26, 2017): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450917735111.
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Drugs and crime research and theory in the United States originated after President Nixon declared the first War on Drugs in 1971. This research agenda promised to reveal the scope, dynamics, and impact of the drugs–crime relationship, thus promising solutions for the country’s drug problems. The initial focus was on drug trade violence and, as a result, produced scholarship mostly on men’s involvement in drug distribution, purchasing, and related crimes. It paid little attention to women’s involvement and failed to consider how gender might shape the drugs–crime relationship. By the early 1980s, however, studies began to appear on women’s experiences and addressed the role of gender in U.S. street-based illegal markets for crack cocaine and heroin. These studies revealed women’s relative powerlessness or supporting roles to domineering males in illegal, street-based drug markets. Today, drugs of concern in the U.S. originate and are sold and purchased through both legal and illegal channels that often work in tandem. This interplay requires us to rethink the drugs–crime relationship. Our article seeks to provoke new thinking and research on how 21st-century drug trends might reshape the gendered nature of drug selling across both legal and illegal markets and the gray area in between. In specific terms, we review the nature of women’s involvement in newer drug markets and consider how their involvement differs from that of men and how theory and research might move forward in addressing these changes. Our conclusions, and those reached by others in this issue, speak to the centrality of gender scholarship in research and policy on drugs and crime currently and into the future.
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Herrera, Joel Salvador. "Cultivating Violence: Trade Liberalization, Illicit Labor, and the Mexican Drug Trade." Latin American Politics and Society 61, no. 03 (May 30, 2019): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2019.8.
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ABSTRACTThis article asks whether economic liberalization, under certain institutional conditions, is indirectly related to drug violence. Focusing on Mexico’s drug trade, where violence was historically limited by politicoinstitutional arrangements, this study examines how trade liberalization shapes social exclusion in key trafficking regions and, in turn, shapes the industry. It argues that the change in development strategy has increased the flow of workers into the drug trade by reconfiguring the agricultural sector in regions where drugs are produced while failing to absorb surplus labor in manufacturing centers containing key smuggling routes. Through both mechanisms, workers enter an illicit market with new institutional settings that allow for fierce competition and the use of violence. Using panel data on drug violence from 2007 to 2011, the study finds that exposure to trade is associated with violence in both drug-producing and -smuggling regions, but with a more sizable effect in the former.
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Yesufu, Shaka. "Illicit drug trafficking: a South African report on the extent of the global trading." ScienceRise, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2022.002552.
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The objects of this research are: First, to explore some of the issues relating to drug trafficking in South Africa. Second, to highlight the devasting consequences of drug abuse on citizens, our brothers, and sisters whose lives have been destroyed and cut short. Third, to explore, government policies, police efforts, and citizens to combat the social menace of illicit drug trafficking plaguing us.
The researcher investigated the following problems: drug trafficking and its impact on individuals or citizens and society, barriers faced by law enforcement to stop the illicit borderless organized crime.
The main results of the research are: first, drug trafficking is a lucrative global phenomenon that is very difficult to stop over the years. Second, is the identification of varieties of drugs found in South African markets, their origins, transit, and final destinations. Third, reporting the extent of drug seizures in South Africa explains why the trade has continued unabated over the years. Fourth, highlights the need for a collective and suggestive way to consign drug trafficking to history.
The area of practical use of the research is for all citizens, law enforcement officers affected by the illicit trade, communities, countries, research students, social workers, and staff members of social welfare and criminal justice departments
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Romer, Daniel. "Using Mass Media to Reduce Adolescent Involvement in Drug Trafficking." Pediatrics 93, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.93.6.1073.
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Objective. Drug trafficking among adolescents is a newly recognized high-risk behavior that seems to be involving large numbers of youths. Strategies to prevent and/or alter this behavior must be developed and evaluated. In view of the high exposure of adolescents to the mass media, interventionists seeking to reduce adolescent risk behavior have increasingly employed the media in their efforts to reduce adolescent risk behaviors in general. However, not all risk behaviors may be amenable to change as a result of this approach. Therefore, before utilizing this approach to address adolescent drug trafficking, it is important to investigate previous efforts targeting related risk behaviors. Results. Mass media campaigns against the use of drugs have been common in the US and seem to have played a role in reducing consumption of both legal and illegal drugs. The most effective messages seem to focus on the risks of drug use and the social disapproval that attends use. The mass media may increase the influence of these antidrug messages by changing the social climate surrounding drug use. Conclusions. The mass media may be a particularly effective way to reach adolescents and their parents in communities in which adolescent drug trafficking is prevalent and to unite the institutions that could influence adolescents against involvement in the drug trade. However, intervention efforts must also contend with the economic incentives of the drug trade in poor, central-city communities.
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Tang, Qingye, and Liang He. "Discourse as Social Representations: A Historical Perspective of Illicit Drugs in People’s Daily (1949–2016)." Journal of Drug Issues 51, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042620954185.
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This article draws on critical discourse analysis to examine how China’s mainstream newspaper People’s Daily represents illicit drugs from 1949 to 2016. The quantity of drug reports varies but has steadily increased with the severity of drug situations. Lexical variations show the prevalence of synthetic drugs and the newspaper’s major concern about drugs at different times. The diverse representations of drug types reveal the historical change in illicit drug use, production, and trafficking, and the rhetorical use of drug argots and metaphors disguises the outcomes of addiction and drug trade. The discursive variations in the reporting on illicit drugs are markedly conditioned by the social change and the domestic and global drug context and also reflect the evolution in China’s drug policies and attitudes toward drugs in society. The findings reveal the gradual shifts from the government’s strong ideological vigilance, concerns over Western imperialism, and the advocacy for strict law enforcement and draconian punishment to the people-oriented and public health approach.
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Pozdniakova, M. E., and V. V. Bryuno. "Drug trafficking in Russia and in the world during the pandemic COVID-19." Sociology and Law 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 140–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2022-2-140-154.
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The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of the main changes in the global and domestic drug business during the spread of coronavirus infection. A review of data from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, documents of the state anti-drug committee of the Russian Federation, statistical materials of law enforcement agencies and the main department for combating smuggling of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation is presented. It is considered how the pandemic and the temporary closure of borders have affected the main drug markets, the usual routes for the delivery of drugs from country to country and the structure of drugs, and the international import of drugs into Russia. It is shown that criminal drug groups have proved to be quite resistant to the changes associated with COVID-19, and quickly formed new strategies for the sale of drugs aimed at overcoming the obstacles that have arisen. A comparison is made of the involvement of some countries in the international drug trade. An analysis of the dynamics of drug crime in Russia showed that against the backdrop of a general decrease in drug trafficking crimes over the past few years, there are a number of negative trends that have worsened with the onset of the spread of coronavirus infection in Russia. A significant increase in the role of the Internet and social networks in drug trafficking during the pandemic has been revealed. It is shown that, despite the positive trend of recent years to reduce various indicators of drug addiction, the pandemic has created new conditions for a possible explosive growth of drug problems in the near future.
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Krasnoshlyk, Anastasiia. "DRUG TRAFFICKING AS A PHENOMENON IN GLOBALIZED WORLD AND MODERN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 300, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-300-6-15.
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This article deals with the phenomenon of drug trafficking and its’ impact on the system of international relations and a challenge, which it creates for international security and the system of drugs control. Its’ aim is to form a detailed investigation of this factor, because of the impact it has on economic welfare of the number of states (narco-stares), their neighboring regions and on the global health. Drug trafficking makes the solution of any international conflict more complex and provokes the emergence of numerous non-state actors, who represent micro-power both in physical world and cyber-space. Various approaches and researches, concerning attitude to the phenomenon of drug-trafficking within the frame of national sovereignty, global agenda and their efficiency, are also analyzed above. Current article illuminates the conception of deviant globalization, the role which drug trafficking plays in it, gives examples of increased discrimination of ethnic societies and its specific features, as a complex process, which includes all stages of circulation of drugs: starting from their production and ending with a final consumer. We also paid attention to such unique specifics of drug trade, as “profit paradox”, “hydra effect” and “balloon effect”. They make this kind of business particularly attractive for different types of actors and complicate the task of its eradication or delimitation. Drug trafficking creates myriads of subjects all over the world, who effectively cooperate in concert in order to achieve a common goal and, thereby, form global social system. A new perception of drug trafficking will become an optimal methodological basis, which will help to increase the efficiency of anti-drug activity. Instead of isolating it within national security of specific country or social welfare agenda, a new idea of integrated concept of drug trafficking as a factor, which influences numerous dimensions of international relations and global health should be formed.
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de Quadros Rigoni, Rafaela. "“Drugs Paradise”: Dutch Stereotypes and Substance Regulation in European Collaborations on Drug Policies in the 1970s." Contemporary Drug Problems 46, no. 3 (May 16, 2019): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450919847846.
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The Dutch approach toward the consumption and trade of drugs has yielded the country a stereotypical image of a too liberal nation. But how did this image develop and to what extent has it influenced Dutch on drug policies? This article goes back to the 1970s to analyze these questions in the context of the first European collaboration around drug policies, with the creation of the Pompidou Group—Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs. The analysis draws on archival data and literature. Results show that the emergence of the Dutch stereotype of a “drugs paradise” was formed well before the shift in the national Opium Act in 1976 and the existence of coffee shops and was closely connected with the different national and international framing of a drug problem in the 1970s. The Dutch approach was seen as contributing to the increased availability of drugs in other European countries, while fighting the supply of drugs remained the dominant solution for the “drug problem” in the Pompidou group. Dutch policy makers perceived stereotypes as a problem and have indeed influenced the Netherlands to take more conciliatory positions regarding drug policies with the intention to protect the national image. This included trying to keep a low profile regarding their liberal cannabis policies and a high profile as a serious drug trade crime fighter. Consequently, despite the image of a drugs paradise, the Dutch political positions around drugs contained elements of both leniency and strict law enforcement.
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Kotsur, Mykola. "Features of the legal regulation of the fight against drug trafficking in Ukraine (1999—2005)." Legal Ukraine, no. 6 (July 17, 2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-6(210)-5.
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The article considers contents of regulatory legal acts adopted in Ukraine, aimed at combating illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs. It is shown that key aspects of them influenced by the international documents ratified by Ukraine and the need to ensure that counter their proliferation, by establishing rules of implementation, storage, trade and prescription. Describes the main provisions of Section XIII of the criminal code of Ukraine 2001, the assessment of the structure of liabilities, the strictness of the regulations and additional penalties. During the period 1999—2005 was adopted a significant number of different legal acts aimed at combating illegal turnover of narcotic drugs: the criminal Code of Ukraine 2001, National Programmes, resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, orders of Ministry of health and Ministry of agriculture of Ukraine. A feature of the criminal code of Ukraine 2001, he was a systematization of the rules on criminal liability in this area in Section XIII, to the contents of this section included twenty articles, differing in the number of parts, with notes and additional punishments. The national programme addressed the issues of implementation of the state policy in the sphere of struggle with illicit trafficking of these dangerous substances, we have established the necessity of improvement of normative legal base, exchange of information, experiences, treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has decided an important question regarding the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors, which were systematized in the form of four tables and nine lists, and specified rules on trade, production, manufacture and issue of medicines, which included these dangerous substances. Orders MOZ of Ukraine has established the procedure for the prescription, break away narcotic drugs, regulate the allocation table of amounts of narcotic drugs, as well as the order of protection, control, and storage of these dangerous substances. Key words: drug, criminal Code, the national program, normative-legal acts, penalties.
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Dell, Melissa, Benjamin Feigenberg, and Kensuke Teshima. "The Violent Consequences of Trade-Induced Worker Displacement in Mexico." American Economic Review: Insights 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20180063.
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Mexican manufacturing job loss induced by competition with China increases cocaine trafficking and violence, particularly in municipalities with transnational criminal organizations. When it becomes more lucrative to traffic drugs because changes in local labor markets lower the opportunity cost of criminal employment, criminal organizations plausibly fight to gain control. The evidence supports a Becker-style model in which the elasticity between legitimate and criminal employment is particularly high where criminal organizations lower illicit job search costs, where the drug trade implies higher pecuniary returns to violent crime, and where unemployment disproportionately affects low-skilled men. (JEL F16, J24, J64, K42, L60, O15, R23)
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KEVIN SIBANYONI, Dr EPHRAIM. "A Criminological Examination Of The Use Of Cyberspace To Traffic Drugs In Durban South Africa." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, no. 03 (March 26, 2020): 5864–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i03.05.
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This study focused on the use of cyberspace to traffic drugs in Durban, South Africa. The study seeks to determine how cyberspace is used as a tool to traffic drugs in Durban, South Africa; to investigate the current South African laws as deterrence to combat drug trafficking via cyberspace. The studyused the qualitative research method. The data was collected from a sample consisting of eight respondents using the purposive sampling technique. The researchers collected data using semi-structured interviews and the collected data was analyzed through thematic content analysis. The findings depicted that cyberspace is used as a tool to traffic drugs in Durban by providing cyberspace users with the platform to engage in unlimited and secure communication. The use of Virtual Private Networks and The Onion Ring makes it exceptionally difficult to trace cybercriminals. Recommendation: There is a need for more awareness around cybercrime and, more particularly, drug trafficking via cyberspace. More law enforcement officers should be provided with training regarding cyberspace and drug trafficking via cyberspace.
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Priangani, Ade, Kunkunrat Kunkunrat, and Silvia Nurindah. "KERJASAMA INDONESIA- MALAYSIA DALAM MENANGANI PEREDARAN NARKOBA DI PERBATASAN." Jurnal Dinamika Global 5, no. 01 (July 5, 2020): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36859/jdg.v5i1.191.
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Indonesia and Malaysia have close ties especially in their land borders, making it easier to access buying and selling that occurs between communities on the border. Especially in trade to drug trafficking that occurs in border areas such as the Entikong-Sarawak region. Purchase until delivery of drugs. The circulation of drugs that enter from Malaysia is not only from the waters border, but also from land to air lines. In addition, drug traffickers not only pass through the official flight routes and ports, but drug traffickers entering from Malaysia can also take advantage of unofficial lanes on the land and water borders between Indonesia and Malaysia which have minimal security. The research of this study is to find out, explore and describe the cooperation carried out by the governments of Indonesia and Malaysia in dealing with drug trafficking on the border, especially on the Entikong and Sarawak borders, where the drug smuggling is most often deposited by couriers or which is directly taken by the dealer. By changing the form of drug packaging into a form or stored in another place, which can trick the officers at immigration. This research is expected to be useful to increase the repertoire of the development of international relations science. Furthermore, practically, this research is expected to be useful and useful for decision makers, especially the central and regional governments of the two countries, in addressing drug trafficking and trafficking that occurs on the borders of the two countries, because it will threaten the lives of the two generations. The results of this study are with the cooperation of the two governments which are always discussed in once a year in the General Border Committee forum and cooperation between the institutions of the two countries such as the National Narcotics Agency, Customs, Police and PDRM are expected to help eradicate and reduce circulation and Drug sales that occur in the border areas of the two countries, both in the sea, air, and land. There were successes after Indonesia and Malaysia collaborated in combating drug trafficking as in 2014, Kuching PDRM succeeded in capturing two Indonesian Police officers related to drugs, which in this matter coordinated the POLRI through the West Kalimantan Regional Police with Malaysian PDRM. The collaboration between Indonesia and Malaysia is considered important because the location of the two countries is very close. As well as the two countries have a long coastline, this has the potential to serve as one of the entry points for drug smuggling. Although various prevention efforts have been carried out in the eradication of drugs by the two countries by involving various parties, there are still many obstacles that become obstacles in cooperation between the two countries to be able to minimize the level of drug trafficking and trafficking that occurs in border lanes, whether it's official or unofficial border lines.
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Timko, S. A., and A. P. Podshivalov. "Regional Drug Trade via the Internet: Role Characteristics of its Participants." Lex Russica, no. 5 (May 25, 2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.174.5.125-133.
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A characteristic feature of modern drug trafficking is its contactless sale via the Internet. Such criminal activity is organized and is carried out at the regional, interregional or interstate level. The authors of the paper analyze the distribution of roles between the participants of criminal groups, which allows them to act clearly and smoothly and avoid criminal prosecution. The participants of the drug market are identified as "organizers", "regional managers", "producers", "suppliers", "operators", "financial directors", "curators", "storekeepers", "advertisers", "hackers", "couriers", "kladmen". The conducted research allow us to conclude that the structure of organized criminal groups in the regions is not so extensive and due to the combination of the functions of individual participants in criminal groups is often reduced to 3-4 role components. These include: "organizer" — a person who has established the supply of narcotic drugs to the region, who has created an Internet resource for their sale and supports the activity and vital activity of such a resource; "operator" — an intermediary who supports the interaction of drug users and pawnbrokers through the Internet; "kladmen"who directly create dead drops ("zakladki") intended for drug users. The paper considers the functions that are assigned to each of the participants of such criminal groups.Separately, the authors focus on the measures taken by members of criminal groups to conceal criminal activities: the use of encrypted messengers for communication, Internet websites specializing in drug trafficking; the use of electronic money and cryptocurrencies; the trivial involvement of front persons to register financial and banking transactions.
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Navarro, Freddy Mariñez, and Leonardo Vivas. "Violence, Governance, and Economic Development at the U.S.-Mexico Border: The Case of Nuevo Laredo and Its Lessons." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 28, no. 2 (2012): 377–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2012.28.2.377.
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The paper seeks to make sense of the impacts and responses to the current war on drugs in Nuevo Laredo. In it, the impacts of Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs) in Nuevo Laredo as well as prospects for recovery are examined from three perspectives: a political economy analysis of competitiveness in a border city; the specifics of illegal drug business in Mexico as compared to Colombia using Michael Porter's “Competitiveness Diamond”; and the strategies of local government to regain governance. The results are summarized in five theses about how Nuevo Laredo's international trade culture affects how they cope with cartel violence.
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Koolaee, Elaheh, and Hossein Komeili Esfahani. "Some Notes on Human Trafficking in the South Caucasus." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 18, no. 2 (June 18, 2014): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20140208.
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It is difficult to obtain accurate statistics on human trafficking nowadays, but, according to some data, between 800 and 900 thousand people are trafficked annually, almost 80 percent of them being women. Meanwhile, about 70 percent of the latter are trafficked for sex trade. Human trafficking as an organised crime is in the third place, after drugs and arms trade, of international monetary transactions with its profit estimated from 7 to 10 billion dollars. This article aims at examining some key issues concerning human trafficking in the South Caucasus.
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Harper, Nathan, and Nathan Tempra. "Drug trafficking in the Golden Triangle: The Myanmar problem and ASEAN effectiveness." Jurnal Sentris 1, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4171.116-124.
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This essay explores the issue of drug trafficking and production in Myanmar to understand the extent of damage this problematic situation has on the South East Asian region and to discuss what steps are being taken by institutions to stem the proliferation of narcotics such as heroin and amphetamines. Myanmar’s turbulent political history and unique geographical position have been explained to garner knowledge on why drug trafficking and production are so closely associated with the nation. The policymaking efforts of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to combat drug trafficking and production in the region have so far been plagued by obstructions such as internal corruption, a lack of multilateral cooperation and insufficient resources. These barriers combine to create policy that it is aligned closer to empty rhetoric than actual physical implementation. The ASEAN and China Cooperative Operations in Response to Dangerous Drugs (ACCORD) agreement has shown signs of a changing tide toward effective policymaking, due mainly to China stepping up to the plate of regional leadership. This essay recommends that in order to successfully fight drug trafficking and production, ASEAN need to establish more realistic and achievable goals with an emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Furthermore, compliance mechanisms should be put in place by ASEAN so that countries such as Myanmar, who often deviate from the status quo of drug policy, will be reprimanded for doing so in the future. Thus, creating an environment of multilateral cooperation, togetherness and consistency in relation to combatting the illegal drug trafficking and production trade
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Sarfaraz, Syeda Farhana. "Consequences Of Drug Abuse On Spouses Of Drug Addicts In Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 6, no. 1 (December 8, 2012): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v6i1.413.
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The issue of drug addiction or abuse is often over shadowed by the many of the human development problem such as poverty, illiteracy, lack of basic health care. But the fact is drug abuse is rapidly growingly in Pakistan and South Asia in general. Pakistan is the worst victim of narcotics trade in South Asia region. According to an estimate about 20 tons of heroin consume with in Pakistan annually. One addict in a family affects several other members the number of people suffering directly or indirectly runs into many more millions. This is a fastest growing problem which cuts across class, rural, urban, provincial and religious boundaries. A number of socio-economic problems, large disparities between income groups, poverty, corruption, lack of political will and above all easy access to drugs are known to be linked to drug abuse and crime. In fact it is a problem of social disorganization with multidimensional implication on the individual and other family members. The overall purpose of the study was to examine the consequences of drugs abuse on spouses of the drug uses in contemporary society. The problem of drug abuse and drug trafficking has assumed transnational character in recent years and no nation can claim to be free from this issue.
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Morelato, Marie, Susana Medeiros Bozic, Damien Rhumorbarbe, Julian Broséus, Ludovic Staehli, Pierre Esseiva, Claude Roux, and Quentin Rossy. "An insight into the sale of prescription drugs and medicine on the AlphaBay cryptomarket." Journal of Drug Issues 50, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022042619872955.
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Internet access has provided new ways to trade goods. Unlike conventional legal sale sites, cryptomarkets facilitate exchanges in a context where the anonymity of participants is warranted. The aim of this article was to obtain a better understanding of the trafficking of prescription drugs and medicine on the AlphaBay cryptomarket. The results showed that alprazolam, oxycodone, and Adderall were the most offered prescription drugs while alprazolam, diazepam, and oxycodone were the most sold substances. The sale was dominated by North America, Australia, and Western European countries. The revenue of prescription drugs was estimated to be more than US$65 million since the creation of AlphaBay, a small market in comparison with the worldwide legal pharmaceutical market’s estimate of US$1.3 trillion in 2020. Digital traces offer a complementary way to understand the trafficking of prescription drugs and medicine and to identify the most prolific vendors and their implication in this trafficking.
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Samosir, Agustinus, and Anak Agung Sagung Laksmi Dewi. "Criminological Study of Drug Distribution in Lubuklinggau City." Sociological Jurisprudence Journal 4, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/scj.4.2.2021.129-133.
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Drug crimes are a serious crime against humanity, which has a tremendous impact, particularly on the young generation. Drug crimes also count as transnational crime, considering that the distribution and trade of drugs are executed illegally across national borders. As a legal state, to uphold the rule of law is to eradicate the distribution and use of narcotics, specifically in Lubuklinggau. This situation became the basis for us to explore the problem: how is the criminology study of drug distribution in Lubuklingau city?. The prevention of drug distribution in Lubuklinggau today needs improvement, particularly in terms of facilities. Advanced detection tool is necessary to improve the prevention of drug trafficking. Professional guidance and prevention efforts are made in various locations, such as government offices, schools, campuses, with supervision from police officers. The enforcement system also needs to give severe punishments to offenders.
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Stepanova, Olga Yu. "Propaganda and illegal advertising of drugs: issues of improving Russian legislation." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 7, no. 4 (March 14, 2021): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls20426.
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The article is devoted a current issue in contemporary Russia: the propaganda and advertising of drugs. One of the priorities of the state today is the fight against drug trafficking, an important component of which is the involvement of minors in the use and distribution of prohibited substances and drugs, including narcotic drugs. Methods of distribution and promotion of drugs are constantly improving and the Internet is the most accessible and popular among them. The drug trade is now fully global, and one of the most common ways to interact and implement its goals of distribution and universal access is the worldwide internet. Today, the internet has a billion registered users of all ages, genders, etc. The internet is an area where the mechanisms of state regulation are far from perfect.
The author analyzes statistical data of registered offenses under article 6.13 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation and considers proposals, including legislative initiatives, aimed at implementing the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, which indicates the need to develop strict legal measures to prevent and punish actions aimed at promoting and advertising drugs. The author proposes to make changes to the domestic criminal legislation by adding a new norm providing for punishment for the acts in question. Pro-drug propaganda and advertising are also addressed.
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Weisz Argomedo, Daniel. "Climate Change, Drug Traffickers and La Sierra Tarahumara." Journal of Strategic Security 13, no. 4 (December 2020): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.13.4.1813.
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The purpose of this article is to uncover the ways in which climate change will impact indigenous people in contested areas as is the case of the Tarahumara indigenous community in Northern Mexico. The case study takes place on a border that John Sullivan conceptualizes as a “hyperborder” due to the complexity and high level of both licit and illicit trade. Sullivan explains how this border region has been heavily contested as criminals exploit weak governance. After 9/11 the increase of security at the border led drug trafficking organizations to diversify into internal drug distribution which required control over micro-territories. As the drug war extended cartel’s became interested in control over rural areas and specifically those inhabited by indigenous as they are ideal for the cultivation of drugs and serve as strategic corridors for trafficking illegal commodities. The high levels of competition around this “hyperborder” creates a dangerous situation as both criminal groups and the government battle to control it and capture its economic incentives. This case study seeks to unravel how climate change exacerbates competition over land and resources in hyperborder contexts and expose how criminal organizations affect contested areas that are present in several regions throughout Latin America.
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Schulz, Erhard, Hussein Almohamad, and Sani Ibrahim. "Drugs, Flight, and Migration. A Comparison of North and West Africa, Near East and Europe." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Geographia 65, no. 1-2 (December 30, 2020): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbgeogr.2020.01.
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"Even foreseeable, the migration wave of 2015 did confuse Europe profoundly. For long time one argued on “push and pull” or on implantation in the demographic transition as the backgrounds of immigration. Moreover, an enforced and constant immigration was claimed for the Central European countries in order to assure the life standard. On the other side, it was impossible to develop standards for migration and flight- beyond the Geneva Convention. In parallel to that, the weight of the “informal” part of production and trade was widely neglected on the official as on the academic level. Thus, a – time wise – tight connected economic system of drug trade/traffic and the transport of migrants or refugees developed since the 1990s. By now, it is interwoven with the various terror-groups, militias or officials too. Both parts of that well-organised system see Europe as their main destination, but Africa is systematically developed as a future market for drugs too. It is clear, that the civil population is suffering most in all the regions. Maps for five time slices – the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1990s, 2015, and 2018 will present the different interconnections of drug traffic and migration/flight. They show the traditional system of migration and flight up to the 1990s, when the international drug traffic interconnected with the various terror groups and shaped a new economic system. The initiatives of the European Union to stop or channelize migration and future chances for the region will have to cope with them. Keywords: Drug trafficking, flight, migration, North and West Africa, Near East, Europe "
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Priatna, Dolly, and Kathryn A. Monk. "The role of the academic community in combating wildlife trafficking." Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/injast.v3i2.6302.
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In Indonesia, the value of the illegal trade in wildlife reaches more than US one million per year. Apart from being a source country, Indonesia also has a significantly growing home market for illegally traded wildlife as pets, skins, and medicines.The illegal wildlife trade uses various modus operandi, directed by organized criminal groups and carried out by a variety of perpetrators on the ground, often very poor locals from rural communities. Whilst this trading activity is a transnational crime, that is, across national and continental borders, and may use the same supply routes usually associated with other crimes such as weapons, drugs and people trafficking, it is usually only the poachers on the ground who are caught and prosecuted. In summary, universities and their researchers have a significant role in the fight against the illegal and unsustainable wildlife trade, in monitoring wildlife populations and poaching activity, and in changing people's behavior, so that the activities of hunting, trading, or owning protected wildlife become unattractive and unacceptable to all communities. This role draws on disciplines across the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, encouraging those interdisciplinary behaviours so important for effective environmental management that delivers for the long-term health and well-being of people.
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Grinyuk, R., and B. Kindyuk. "MEDICAL WORKERS' LIABILITY FOR CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC PRODUCTS UNDER ARTICLE 320 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 116 (2021): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/1.116-3.
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The article considers the peculiarities of criminal liability of employees of health care institutions for violation of the provisions of Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which consists of two parts, which differ in the ways (forms) of committing criminal offenses and limits of liability. The methodological basis of the study includes logical-semantic method, by which the types of methods (forms) of committing criminal offenses under Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are studied; a systematic approach, on the basis of which the author analyses the sequence of actions of employees of investigative bodies in the investigation of crimes on the grounds of criminal activity provided for in the provisions of this article. It is established that Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine consists of two parts and provides for a wide range of criminal offenses, in particular the cultivation of sleeping poppy or hemp; violation of the rules of production, manufacture, storage, accounting, release, distribution, trade, transportation, shipment or use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors intended for the production or manufacture of these drugs or substances; theft, misappropriation, extortion of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, or their acquisition by fraud or abuse of office by an official, etc. It is shown that the disposition of Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine has a blanket nature, which requires specification of its provisions in other regulations, including orders, instructions, rules. It is emphasized that employees of medical institutions and health care institutions must clearly know the content of the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers № 770 "On approval of the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors" from 06.06.2000, the order of the Ministry of Health № 188 "On approval of tables of small, large and especially large amounts of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors that are in illicit traffic" from 01.08.2000, which will significantly help them to avoid offenses related to drug trafficking. Special attention should by paid to compliance with the rules of storage, transfer, accounting, release, distribution, trade, transportation, as well as the introduction of drug logs. The article also shows the sequence of actions of employees of investigative bodies during crime investigation on grounds of the criminal activity provided by Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
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Grinyuk, R., and B. Kindyuk. "MEDICAL WORKERS' LIABILITY FOR CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF TRAFFICKING OF NARCOTIC PRODUCTS UNDER ARTICLE 320 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Legal Studies, no. 116 (2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2195/2021/1.116-4.
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The article considers the peculiarities of criminal liability of employees of health care institutions for violation of the provisions of Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which consists of two parts, which differ in the ways (forms) of committing criminal offenses and limits of liability. The methodological basis of the study includes logical-semantic method, by which the types of methods (forms) of committing criminal offenses under Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are studied; a systematic approach, on the basis of which the author analyses the sequence of actions of employees of investigative bodies in the investigation of crimes on the grounds of criminal activity provided for in the provisions of this article. It is established that Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine consists of two parts and provides for a wide range of criminal offenses, in particular the cultivation of sleeping poppy or hemp; violation of the rules of production, manufacture, storage, accounting, release, distribution, trade, transportation, shipment or use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors intended for the production or manufacture of these drugs or substances; theft, misappropriation, extortion of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their analogues or precursors, or their acquisition by fraud or abuse of office by an official, etc. It is shown that the disposition of Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine has a blanket nature, which requires specification of its provisions in other regulations, including orders, instructions, rules. It is emphasized that employees of medical institutions and health care institutions must clearly know the content of the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers № 770 "On approval of the list of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors" from 06.06.2000, the order of the Ministry of Health № 188 "On approval of tables of small, large and especially large amounts of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and precursors that are in illicit traffic" from 01.08.2000, which will significantly help them to avoid offenses related to drug trafficking. Special attention should by paid to compliance with the rules of storage, transfer, accounting, release, distribution, trade, transportation, as well as the introduction of drug logs. The article also shows the sequence of actions of employees of investigative bodies during crime investigation on grounds of the criminal activity provided by Art. 320 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.
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Shirk, David, and Joel Wallman. "Understanding Mexico’s Drug Violence." Journal of Conflict Resolution 59, no. 8 (May 24, 2015): 1348–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715587049.
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A dramatic increase in criminal violence in Mexico since 2007 has resulted in an estimated 60,000–70,000 “additional” homicides, often of an especially brutal form, related to drug trafficking and other organized-crime activities. This violence has been accompanied by a steep increase in rates of kidnapping and extortion and has targeted participants in the narcotics trade as well as government officials, journalists, and civil society activists. Despite the magnitude of the violence and enormous public concern about it, scholarly literature on this topic has been scant. This issue offers some of the most promising analyses conducted thus far on the trends in violence and their causes, focusing largely, though not exclusively, on the role Mexico’s government has played in the business of illegal drugs and the violence that accompanies it. In this introduction, we discuss the challenge of deriving reliable statistics on drug-related violence, its spatial and temporal patterns, prevailing explanations, its relationship to organized crime in general, and differences between this violence and substate political violence.
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Mora, Frank O. "Border Games: Policing the U.S.-Mexico Divide. By Peter Andreas. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000. 176p. $39.95 cloth, $15.95 paper." American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055402650464.
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The difficulty of policing a complex border like that between the United States and Mexico, specifically stemming the flow of illegal drugs and immigration, demonstrates, according to Peter Andreas's insightful and pathbreaking analysis, the challenges associated with globalization, diminished sovereignty, and economic integration between developed and developing economies. In fact, as he notes, intensifying law enforcement on the U.S.-Mexico border has had several unintended consequences, including enhancing the incentive and thus the flow of illegal drugs and migrants, which, in turn, create obstacles to the expansion of legal flows. Throughout the book an implicit question emerges: How do you balance the positive gains from globalization with the negative or dark side effects of free trade, that is, drug trafficking and illegal immigration? Taking the dilemma further, how can states in a global, borderless economy promote two contradictory policies simultaneously: strong prohibitionist, law-enforcement policies to enforce state sovereignty and economic neoliberalism and integration?
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Sudakova, Tatyana, and Maria Vasilyeva. "On Some Criminological Parameters of Ensuring Anti-Drug Security." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(2).223-233.
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The current state strategy of national security enumerates some crucial directions of its implementation. Illegal drug trade, when carried out by criminal organizations and groups in most dangerous forms, is identified by legislators as a separate problem among the threats to national security. Thus, the anti-drug security today acquires a specific meaning and significance within the context of determining its vital indicators and criteria of effectiveness to ensure the protection and sustainable development of society. The understanding of anti-drug security is connected with a complex of consolidated legal, political, information, socio-economic and other measures aimed at further development and implementation of the state policy of counteracting the activities of criminal organizations and groups connected with illegal drug trade with the goal of ensuring national interests and strategic national priorities. One of the criteria of the effectiveness of anti-drug security measures is the implementation of the policy of counteracting illegal drug trade and other forms of illegal trafficking carried out in a group. The official information on the effectiveness of such policy shows that there are no serious results in this sphere. These conclusions are based on the stable average statistical domination of persons convicted for illegal operations with drugs without the goal of selling (over 70 % of all persons convicted for drug crimes) among all those convicted for such operations. This indicator has been increasing year-on-year practically during the whole past decade. The specific weight of persons convicted for collective crimes has traditionally been insignificant in the structure of all illegal drug trade and does not exceed 8–9 % of all drug-related crime. These statistical facts are totally in discord with the priorities outlined in the policy of counteracting illegal drug trade. The causes of statistical dominance of such indicators are connected with the organizational and legal difficulties in the work of the law enforcement system, which is supported by the statistical and specific sociological methods used in the research of the regional specifics of these processes.
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Otniel, Yovan Gary, and Avirell Felicia Kangmajaya. "COOPERATION BETWEEN INDONESIA-PHILIPPINES ON COMBATING DRUGS IN ASEAN [KERJA SAMA INDONESIA-FILIPINA TERHADAP PEREDARAN NARKOTIKA DI ASEAN]." Verity: Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional (International Relations Journal) 12, no. 24 (March 5, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v12i24.3282.
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<p>The cooperation between the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of the Philippines in regards to combating the illicit drug trade signed in 2015 was an extension to the 2010 bilateral agreement to combat transnational organized crime. So far, this cooperation with the Republic of the Philippines hasn’t been successful in reducing the number of drugs being trafficked to Indonesia. Instead, Indonesia has shifted from being a transit hub to a lucrative market for the international illicit drug industry. Thus, this research is aimed to identify and analyze the reasons behind Indonesia’s decision to extend the latter in 2015 and the implementation of this new agreement with the Philippines in regards to Indonesia’s effort on combating the illicit drug trade in Southeast Asia. This research applies the qualitative descriptive approach in this research, especially on the concepts foreign policy and bilateral security cooperation, achieved through both literature studies and interviews. Results of the research showed that the continuous rise of Indonesia’s drug trafficking numbers and the profits being used as funding for other transnational criminal activities such as but not limited to terrorist groups, serves as the foundation behind Indonesia’s decision in its bilateral agreement of intelligent and best practice exchanges with the Republic of the Philippines in regards to combat drug trafficking, which has positively impact Indonesia’s capability on combating the illicit drug trade in the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN).</p><p> </p><p><strong>Bahasa Indonesia Abstract:</strong> Kerja sama antara Republik Indonesia dengan Republik Filipina berkaitan dengan upaya melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal yang ditandatangani pada 2015 merupakan kelanjutan dari kesepakatan bilateral untuk melawan kejahatan transnasional yang terorganisir pada 2010. Sejauh ini, kerja sama dengan Republik Filipina tersebut masih belum berhasil mengurangi jumlah narkotika yang diperdagangkan secara ilegal di Indonesia. Bahkan, Indonesia justru beralih dari peran sebagai “terminal penghubung” menjadi pasar yang sangat menjanjikan bagi industry perdagangan narkotika ilegal. Sehingga, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis alasan-alasan dibalik keputusan Indonesia untuk melanjutkan proses kerja sama pada 2015 serta implementasi dari kesepakatan baru dengan Filipina tersebut dikaitkan dengan upaya-upaya Indonesia dalam melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal di Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, terutama yang berkaitan dengan konsep kebijakan luar negeri dan kerja sama keamanan bilateral, yang dicapai melalui studi pustaka dan wawancara. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan angka perdagangan narkotika ilegal di Indonesia yang berkelanjutan serta keuntungan yang digunakan sebagai pendanaan terhadap aktivitas kejahatan transnasional lainnya (terutama dan tidak terbatas kepada kelompok terorisme) adalah fondasi dibalik keputusan Indonesia terhadap kesepakatan bilateral dengan Republik Filipina di bidang pertukaran intelijen dan praktik terbaik sebagai upaya melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal. Hal ini memberikan dampak yang positif terhadap kapabilitas Indonesia dalam melawan perdagangan narkotika ilegal di kawasan Asia Tenggara melalui ASEAN.</p>
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Prescott, Christopher, and Josephine Munch Rasmussen. "Exploring the “Cozy Cabal of Academics, Dealers and Collectors” through the Schøyen Collection." Heritage 3, no. 1 (February 9, 2020): 68–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3010005.
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In the wake of the trade in ancient materials, several ethical and political issues arise that merit concern: the decimation of the cultural heritage of war-torn countries, proliferation of corruption, ideological connotations of orientalism, financial support of terrorism, and participation in networks involved in money laundering, weapon sales, human trafficking and drugs. Moreover, trafficking and trading also have a harmful effect on the fabric of academia itself. This study uses open sources to track the history of the private Schøyen Collection, and the researchers and public institutions that have worked with and supported the collector. Focussing on the public debates that evolved around the Buddhist manuscripts and other looted or illicitly obtained material from Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq, this article unravels strategies to whitewash Schøyen’s and his research groups’ activities. Numerous elements are familiar from the field of antiquities trafficking research and as such adds to the growing body of knowledge about illicit trade and collecting. A noteworthy element in the Schøyen case is Martin Schøyen and his partners’ appeal to digital dissemination to divorce collections from their problematic provenance and history and thus circumvent contemporary ethical standards. Like paper publications, digital presentations contribute to the marketing and price formation of illicit objects. The Norwegian state’s potential purchase of the entire Schøyen collection was promoted with the aid of digital dissemination of the collection hosted by public institutions. In the wake of the Schøyen case, it is evident that in spite of formal regulations to thwart antiquities trafficking, the continuation of the trade rests on the attitudes and practice of scholars and institutions.
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Kulinich, T. "US IN LATIN AMERICA: KEY CURRENT INTERESTS AND METHODS OF THEIR ADVANCEMENT." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, no. 132 (2017): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apmv.2017.132.0.52-66.
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The present article reviews the current set of interests of the United States of America in respect of Latin American countries. The author believes that the key groups of interests pursued by the US in Latin America are as follows: political and security interests, economic interests, and combined interests, the most important of the latter being the interests relating to combating drug trafficking. The author believes that the economic interest, albeit being a secondary one in terms of formal hierarchy of interests, is in fact one of the core US interests in the region at present. The US is interested to preserve its influence upon the Latin American market, and further engage the Latin American workforce and industrial capacities to the benefit of the US economy. The US pursues its interests in Latin America, inter alia, through various integration projects, including NAFTA, CAFTA-DR, FTAA, and a range of free trade areas. The article also addresses the interest of the US in the field of prevention of drug trafficking, which constitutes an important area of cooperation between the US and the Latin American countries concerned. The author argues that, despite the fact that the current outcomes of the ongoing war on drugs may be perceived as controversial, the issue in question serves as a strong factor contributing to the growth of the US influence over, and its presence within, the region. The article also reviews key methods used by the US to further its interests in Latin America, including the classical methods and those relating to soft power.
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Kusumaningrum, Demeiati Nur. "The United States and Latin America Regional Cooperation: Organization of American States (OAS)." JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK 4, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v4i1.5566.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini berpendapat bahwa perjanjian kerja sama OAS menjadi instrumen Amerika Serikat untuk mencapai kepentingan keamanan dan ekonomi. Semangat untuk menyebarkan kebebasan dan hak asasi manusia dianggap sebagai karakter AS sebagai negara demokrasi liberal. Pemerintahan Obama mengambil kesempatan lebih besar untuk memperkuat kerja sama dengan negara-negara Amerika Latin melalui OAS sebagai sarana untuk merebut kekuasaan dan pengaruh yang berkaitan dengan masalah perjanjian perdagangan bebas Amerika Latin dan kontrol terhadap penyelundupan narkoba. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Data dan informasi diperoleh dari kajian pustaka. Peneliti menerapkan analisis konten dokumen melalui publikasi pemerintah, publikasi ilmiah, dan laporan. Perubahan kebijakan luar negeri AS di bawah pemerintahan Obama percaya pada reformasi pasar dan pragmatisme Amerika berdasarkan demokrasi dan liberalisasi perdagangan. Kemajuan ekonomi Mercosur memicu kepercayaan terhadap kemajuan pembangunan di antara negara-negara Amerika Latin dan membuat mereka menjauhi pengaruh politik AS. Sementara itu, keamanan nasional AS terancam oleh meningkatnya perdagangan narkoba dari Meksiko dan kawasan selatan sejak tahun 1980-an. Kerangka kerja kerja sama OAS dalam memerangi perdagangan narkoba yang dikembangkan oleh AS sebagai aktor dominan melegitimasi pengaruh AS dalam forum regional. Dengan memperkuat kerja sama AS dan Amerika Latin pada pengendalian obat-obatan, pemerintah AS mampu memanfaatkan berkembangnya ekonomi Mercosur dan merealisasikan kebijakan AS tentang pengendalian narkoba di seluruh kawasan Amerika.Kata kunci: Amerika Latin, Ekonomi Politik, Keamanan, Kepentingan, Regionalisme AbstractThis research argue on the OAS cooperation agreement becomes United States instrument to achieve the political economy and political security. The spirit to spread of freedom and human right perceived as the character of US as a liberal democratic country. The Obama administration take a greater chance to strengthened the cooperation with Latin American countries by the OAS as a means to seize power and influence dealt with the matter of Latin America free trade agreement and drugs control. This research used qualitative research method by descriptive analysis. The data and information obtained from library research. The researcher apply document content analysis through the government publications, scholars publications, IGO reports, and other research publication. The foreign policy changes of US foreign policy under Obama administration believe in market reform and American pragmatism based on democracy and trade liberalization. The economic advancement of Mercosur triger the confidence building among Latin America countries and let them survive without US political influence.Whereas, US national security threaten by the increasing of drug trafficking from Mexico and southern area since 1980s. The OAS framework of cooperation on combating drugs trafficking developed by US as the dominant actor to legitimate the US influence in American regional forum. By strengthening the US and Latin America cooperation on drugs control the US administration is able to contribute to the economic benefits of Mercosur and achieve US policy on drug control throughout the American region.Keywords: Interest, Latin America, Political Economy, Regionalism, Security
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Djordjević, Saša, and Bojan Dobovšek. "Organised crime in Western Balkans Six at the onset of coronavirus." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 40, no. 9/10 (September 30, 2020): 807–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-06-2020-0229.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) into crime-fighting and present new criminal landscapes in the Western Balkans Six (WB6) (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) at the beginning of the pandemic crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper builds on the content analysis of legal acts, strategic documents, academic articles, media reporting, official documents, four semi-structured interviews with civil society organisations, two consultations with police officers and two consultations with civil society organisations.FindingsIn the first nine weeks of the spread of COVID-19, the WB6 experienced a small rise in the price of marijuana. The same applied to stimulant drugs like ecstasy and amphetamines. However, very little heroin was available. Prices of protective face masks, disinfectants and medicinal alcohol skyrocketed due to attempts at price gouging. There were cases of scams using mobile and digital technologies, as well as burglaries of newspaper or cigarette kiosks, shops, pharmacies and exchange offices. It was difficult to determine whether the smuggling of and trafficking in human beings experienced a decline or increase. No cases of sexual exploitation for providing online services were noted, although the number of calls made to organisations that assist in the area of human trafficking increased. People with drug and alcohol problems, persons living with HIV, those susceptible to stress, citizens with mental health problems, pensioners, the poor, the homeless and recently released prisoners were the biggest potential victims of crime at the onset of the crisis brought by the pandemic.Research limitations/implicationsThe research findings are limited to specific forms of crime (illicit drug trade, economic crime, fraud, scams, theft, smuggling of and trafficking in human beings) in the WB6 and based on findings from four interviews and four consultations, together with available secondary data.Originality/valueThis is the first overview of criminal activities occurring in the WB6 during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.
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Nagle, Luz Estella. "How Conflict and Displacement Fuel Human Trafficking and Abuse of Vulnerable Groups. The Case of Colombia and Opportunities for Real Action and Innovative Solutions." Groningen Journal of International Law 1, no. 2 (December 5, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5a86a75a7c5c9.
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Disaffected, impoverished, and displaced people in weak and failing states are particularly vulnerable. Human trafficking exploits social and political turmoil caused by natural disasters, economic crisis, and armed conflict. The exploitation and forced servitude of millions of trafficking victims take many forms. Women and children are trafficked into becoming child soldiers and concubines of illegal armed groups, men, women and children are trafficked into forced labor and sexual slavery, forced to sell drugs, steal, and beg money for the criminals controlling them, and thousands are coerced or forced into a growing black market trade in human body parts. The growth in illegal mining operations by illegal armed groups and organized crime is also fueling conditions of forced labor. Trafficking victims are dehumanized and suffer grave physical and mental illness and often die at the hands of their captors and exploiters. Colombia is particularly afflicted by the scourge of human trafficking. All the elements of modern-day slavery and human exploitation are present in this Latin American state that is struggling to overcome decades of internal armed conflict, social fragmentation, poverty, and the constant debilitating presence of organized crime and corruption. Women’s Link Worldwide recently reported that human trafficking is not viewed as an internal problem among Colombian officials, despite estimates that more than 70,000 people are trafficked within Colombia each year. This article examines human trafficking in its many forms in Colombia, the parties involved in trafficking, and the State’s response or lack of response to human trafficking. The article also presents innovations that might be effective for combating human trafficking, and proposes that Colombia can serve as an effective model for other countries to address this growing domestic and international human rights catastrophe.
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Безногих, В. С. "REVIEW OF ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING IN WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION IN UKRAINE ACCORDING TO OPEN SOURCES (2020)." Вісник Луганського державного університету внутрішніх справ імені Е.О. Дідоренка 2, no. 94 (June 30, 2021): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33766/2524-0323.94.259-277.
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The article provides an analysis of crime related to firearms, ammunition and explosives. It is written based on the results of the study of information on this category of crimes collected in open sources (law enforcement websites and media news resources). In contrast to the departmental statistics and narrative reports that serve certain tasks of law enforcement agencies, the present analysis attempts to describe additional qualitative characteristics for this category of crimes in order to identify more specific trends and determine the impact of the situation in south-eastern Ukraine caused by the armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Relying on his experience of work in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) projects, the author of the study attempts to adapt and apply the principles of collecting of qualitative information from open sources, which are used to collect information on drugrelated crimes for the Drug Monitoring Platform in the Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOPT). The study covers all types of crimes related to firearms, ammunition and explosives, both those in which the weapon is the subject of a crime (illegal possession, sale, smuggling), and crimes in which a weapon or explosive used as an instrument of crime (murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, property damage, hooliganism). The study also includes cases of illegal use of traumatic firearms, which within the existing criminal legislation of Ukraine are classified as hooliganism. The article provides summary table on prices for certain types of weapons and ammunition in the regions of Ukraine based on the results of successful operations of weapons purchasing realized by law enforcement agencies. In general, the materials presented in the article are an additional source of criminalistics information and can serve as a basis for further analysis and research. The article is a logical continuation of an article published last year based on the results of the 2019 study.
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Hakkarainen, Pekka, and Jukka Törrönen. "Drugs and change in the welfare state framework as reflected in newspaper editorials." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 20, no. 1 (February 2003): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250302000109.
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This article presents a comparative analysis of the treatment of the drug problem and drug policy issues in Finnish newspaper editorials across three periods, viz. 1966–1971, 1972–1985 and 1993–2000. The material for the first two periods was obtained through Alko Inc.'s library and information service, while the editorials published in the 1990s were drawn from the newspapers' own electronic archives. The analysis reveals three main shifts in the welfare state's drug policy rationality over the past 35 years. First, there has been a shift from the closed nation to a global world. During the first drug wave of the 1960s Finland was categorised as a separate, isolated corner beyond the reach of the world's trafficking routes, and the aim was to create a united national front in defence against the external enemy. In the 1990s, the enemy is both on the outside and in, and Finland is positioned as an integral part of global processes. Secondly, there is evidence of a transition from the protection of deviant individuals and groups to the protection of the whole population. When drug use began to attract attention in the 1960s, it was categorised mainly as a problem for youths. The aim was to keep Finland clean above all by protecting the youth: this, it was hoped, could be achieved through police control, on the one hand, and education, on the other. In the 1990s drugs were no longer categorised solely as a youth problem, but the whole population is affected. The newspapers began to deconstruct the deviant label by arguing that drug users were ordinary Finnish youths who needed to be helped rather than isolated. The need for help and support was raised alongside the issue of protection (care and harm reduction). The shift in emphasis from deviance control to the development of treatment and care clearly illustrates the shift in the welfare state framework from paternalistic protection to client-ism that underlines the individual's rights and clienthood. Third, there has been a shift in the way that the actors in the drug problem are positioned. The control-oriented action programme that stressed the subject position of the police in the efforts to combat the first drug wave, was widely endorsed in the print press in the 1970s, even though there were other proposed positions in the newspapers in the 1960s. In the 1990s this model was called into question. The position take in the press was that it would no longer be possible to fend off the second drug wave simply by means of control and policing. There were growing calls for prevention, treatment and harm reduction alongside criminal control. According to the predominant line of thinking in the editorials, the new action programme was to be based upon equal cooperation among control authorities and other actors. In this programme the concept of drug offender was broken down into the components of sellers and users. The subject position of the control authorities was defined above all through combatting drug trade. Drug users, by contrast, were to be integrated into society: responsibility for this was given to the welfare state's service system and to various community actors. In the division of labour among state authorities, this model implied a strengthening of the position of the service system in the field of drug policy. There are also important continuities to be seen in the welfare state's drug policy rationality. Key among these is that related to the view of young people as the major group at risk that requires national protection. There has also been a strong emphasis in all three periods on collective welfare state responsibility.
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NAWROTEK, Jarosław. "SMALL ARMS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ARMED FORCES." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 152, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0879.
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Russia has been for many years one of main producers and exporters of arms and military equipment. But even if the Russian Military-industrial Complex still maintains a leading position, there is at least one domain where it was forced to quit positions kept during the Soviet Union and does not present any new achievements. The question refers to firearms where relatively low costs of manufacture are transformed on a few percentage share in the world arms trade. This market has a significant symbolic meaning for Russia despite of its modest financial dimension. Military operations require a deployment of infantry with its firearms, independently on state of the art technology of the arms used by the armies. Beside the armed forces, the firearms are used by special and antiterrorist services, police, border and coastal guards, and also by the structures dedicated for fighting the drugs trafficking.
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Brigitta, Bella. "AN OVERVIEW OF THE JUDICIARY AGAINST THE MARKETING AUTHORIZATION WHICH WAS REPEALED OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS BRAND PI KANG SHUANG IN SAMARINDA BASED ON LAW NO. 36 OF 2009 ON HEALTH." Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 2 (October 23, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ls.v2i2.1243.
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In traditional medical products brands Pi Kang Shuang, experiencing problems with marketing authorization that are not listed on the traditional medical products Pi Kang Shuang brands, there are two problems in this thesis any reason What are the factors still circulating products not my traditional medical Pi Kang Shuang brands do not have a marketing authorization in Samarinda and how control center taken for the Food and Drug Administration's efforts (BBPOM) on the circulation and trafficking in conventional drugs that have not been recorded in the city of Samarinda. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause of traditional medicines that were not registered in the city of Samarinda trading and identify enforcement conducted by the Food and Drug Administration Center (BBPOM) in Samarinda for violating trading traditional medicines that are not registered and do not have BPOM number in the city of Samarinda. Writing method that I use is an experimental research done by direct observation of spaciousness for data collection, processing and analysis of law data on enforcement brand traditional medicinal Pi Kang Shuang products who do not have marketing authorization, which is where the study's authors are still trading products exist traditional medical Pi Kang Shuang brands. The concept of the book is provided to improve the supervision of the Centre for Food and Drug Control, provide guidance on traditional medicine which has a legitimacy that would come at a time when there is no longer in traditional medicine has not traded for marketing authorization
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Cogoljević, Vladan, Milan Beslać, and Dragan Janjušić. "The crash of globaization as a consequence of migration and the COVID-19 pandemic." International Review, no. 1-2 (2022): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/intrev2202082c.
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Globalization as an economic-political process, based on the freedom of movement of labor, capital, goods, services, information, solidarity between countries and the in recent decades, is imposed as a basic option for growth, development and increasing living standards. Globalists have never emphasized the negative effects of globalization, such as creating conditions for increasing drugs trafficking and other illicit things, human trafficking, creating conditions for increasing terrorism, creating growing disparities between rich and poor, and what is, no less important, exploitation of the underdeveloped by the developed. The migrant crisis has completely exposed everything that was proclaimed years ago. Already "erased" borders have become stronger than ever (countries have literally fenced themselves off with multi-level physical barriers) [11], rigorous entry measures have been introduced, etc. A further collapse of globalization has been caused by a corona virus pandemic. The countries that most proclaimed freedom of movement made it impossible, there was a lack of solidarity in the equal distribution of medicines and other medical devices, especially vaccines. Thus, globalization is no longer a common interest, but the interests of nation-states have become the only interests and disregards for other countries and their interests. The aim of this paper is to show that globalization, as an economic and political process, results in the creation of wealth for the already rich and the poverty of the poor, as well as the exploitation of the poor by the rich. In addition, the paper should show that in case of crisis (migrant crisis and pandemic), globalization shows all its negative effects manifested by lack of solidarity, taking into account only their own interests, breaking trade and international trade chains, increasing prices of all products, etc. During this research, the method of analysis and synthesis, the method of induction and deduction and descriptive analysis will be used, and a conclusion will be made on the basis of all relevant data.
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Kotsur, Mykola. "Special features of the legal regulation of antidrug resistance in the SSR in the period 1960—1991." Legal Ukraine, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37749/2308-9636-2020-2(206)-5.
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In this article the dynamics of normative-legal acts, aimed at the fight against drug addiction, which were adopted in the Soviet Union during the period from 1960 to 1991 b. It is shown that the Decree of the Presidential Verkhovna Rada of the Soviet Socialist Republic of 1974 significantly strengthened the criminal indifference for such evils, in the wake of the USSR Committee of 1960. The role of such crimes was played by the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Looking at the adoption of these legal and regulatory acts in the fight against drug addiction, the doctrines of the Radyanskie sciences have been changed. The processes of drug addiction in the Soviet Socialist Republic have been growing on a zealous scale, the evil caused by drug addiction has increased, and the happy fakhieves and abuses have become clear from this point of view. In ostensibly arguments the following reasons hung: antisocial life; chase for receipt vid sale of drug products; batannyami pidnyati nasty and unknuti physical pain. The Statute of the URSR Committee of 1960 was not in the present world that the fight against anesthesia was effective for the cause of an insignificant number of children for what the criminality of vidpovidalnist was. Look at the sanctions caused by the illegal drug-related speeches of the URSR CC of 1960, shows the fact that there have been prolonged penalties for such crimes, the therminomic activity of voli right robots has lines of 1 to 3 rows and more in the types of smuggling of drug trafficking of sanctions is increased by lines of 3 to 10 rows. In the fight against illegal narcotics, the role of the SSR played a significant role in the work of doctors and the number of states, associated with the problems, which were published on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Thus, the doctors in their offices, brought negative injections into the state of health, psychic, behavioral and drug use. The newest fight against drug addiction took place after the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was adopted in the 25th quarter of 1974, which significantly broadened the scope of punitive measures, added new warehouses, unify the norms of criminal legislation and provoked strict punishment for the times of the 1960 URDF Communist Party Committee, up to that date, a severe thermic punishment was carried out for such crimes up to 15 years, according to p. 1 and p.1. 2 given to the Decree, up to 10 years, there were three points and the establishment of such worlds as the Confiscation of the Main. In this historic period, there was a tendency to fight against illegal sowing of narcove cultures, which was found at the Station for the sake of the Ministers of the Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as at the Visconauts' Committees of the Masses, they were glad to report about the control and prevention of sowing of such cultures. It is shown that the Ministry of Health of the USSR has adopted legal and regulatory assets of the world in terms of the strength of the protection of drugs, control over their types, trade and prescription. Key words: Criminal code, Decree, drugs, misdemeanours, Supreme Court of the USSR, criminality.
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Galeotti, Mark. "Global Crime: Political Challenges and Responses." Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 3 (September 2011): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592711002416.
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The world is movement. People migrate in response to labor needs and human disaster; money and memes flit between countries, and people move almost too quickly to track; the flow of energy and commodities bind consumers to providers in supply chains that neither party can usually envisage. Needless to say, this is as true of criminal activities as any other sphere of human endeavor, especially when it comes to trafficking drugs. According to the United Nations, as of 2010 the trade in opiates generates an annual turnover of up to $65 billion, with cocaine accounting for a further $88 billion. The crudest street gang peddling crack or heroin in a darkened stairwell is part of a complex transnational business, even if its members scarcely know from which country their product originally hails. The roaring torrents of Afghan opiates and Latin American cocaine crash through border checkpoints, leaving corrupted customs officers and pipelines for other illicit transfers in their wake, hollow out political systems, and transform into equally powerful flows of dirty money that in due course wash into every banking system in the world.
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Georgiou, George Costas. "Unintended Consequences of Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT)." International Finance and Banking 4, no. 2 (August 10, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ifb.v4i2.11375.
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Money laundering is illegal world-wide and constitutes a significant economic inefficiency. One must wonder why current anti-money laundering and combating the financing (AML/CFT) efforts are primarily driven by the threat of terrorism and drug-trafficking when the overwhelming majority of illicit money flows is due to other causes, primarily fraud. The significant costs imposed on financial institutions, together with ever increasing levels of regulation mandated by AML/CFT efforts and the minuscule in comparison illicit money flows intercepted by these efforts has thereby resulted in both moral hazard and conflicts of interest for financial institutions. Furthermore, AML/CFT efforts take on a new meaning when one realizes that illicit money, flows not only through traditional banks but also shadow banks and other non-bank financial intermediaries. The costs of compliance are enormous in comparison to the benefits with the “war on terrorism” superseding the more relaxed “war on drugs”, although even the latter was onerous in comparison to the even more relaxed efforts against the more widespread “white-collar” crime of fraud. In this paper, we trace the evolution of the present AML/CFT regime while at the same time assessing the costs and benefits of this government initiative on the efficiency of the financial system both in modern advanced economies and as well as the less developed economies of the world.
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Douvris, Chris, Edward Bentil, Isaac Ayensu, Clement Osei Akoto, Isaac Kingsley Amponsah, Joseph Adu, and Derek Bussan. "Trace Metals in Cannabis Seized by Law Enforcement in Ghana and Multivariate Analysis to Distinguish among Different Cannabis Farms." Toxics 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100567.
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For hundreds of years, cannabis has been one of the most known cultivated plants due to its variety of uses, which include as a psychoactive drug, as well as for medicinal activity. Although prohibiting cannabis products, the countries of the African continent are the largest producers of cannabis in the world; a fact that makes the trafficking of cannabis-based illicit drugs a high priority for local law enforcement authorities. The latter are exceedingly interested in the use of chemical analyses for facilitating quantification, identification, and tracing of the origin of seized cannabis samples. Targeting these goals, and focusing on the country of Ghana, the present study used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of 12 elements (Pb, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, Fe, Na, and K) in cannabis seized by Ghana’s law enforcement authorities and soils of cannabis farms. Furthermore, multivariate analysis was applied to distinguish among different cannabis farms and match them with the samples. As a result, 22 seized cannabis samples and 12 other cannabis samples with their respective soils were analyzed to reveal considerable As and Pb concentrations. As and Pb levels in cannabis were found up to 242 ppb for As and 854 ppb for Pb. Multivariate analysis was applied for separating different cannabis farms and seized samples based on elemental analysis, evidently linking the seized samples with two Ghana regions.
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Arivazhagan, R. M., S. Utham Kumar Jamadhagni, and Syed Umarhathab. "Maritime Transnational Crime: An Analysis of Coastal Tamil Nadu." YMER Digital 21, no. 04 (April 30, 2022): 610–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.04/61.
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Maritime Transnational Crimes are common in port cities, mostly covering crimes such as smuggling goods; illegal wildlife trade (IWT) in shipment of both flora and fauna species like pangolin meat and red sanders; smuggling of endangered marine species like sea cucumber, turtles, seahorse, shark fins, etc.; smuggling explosives in vessels and containers, illegal activities like trafficking- humans (International Maritime Broder Line- IMBL violations cases), drugs, arms and ammunitions, piracy (robbery), illegal logistics services (migrant smuggling) are also, rampant. Tamil Nadu is the second largest coastal state in peninsular India, with 13 coastal districts covering 1076 kms which shares international maritime border with South and Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka and Maldives. The state and central government of India in order to secure the maritime border and to prevent these crimes have engaged law enforcement agencies such as Forest Department, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), Directorate of Intelligence (DRI), Customs Officials (CO), Coastal Security Group (CSG) - Marine Police, Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and Indian Navy. Simultaneously, the coastal communities are ushered and play a vital role in preventing Maritime Transnational Crimes in the international maritime boundaries and sea shores. Though, these attempts are effective still the transnational maritime crimes are increasing day by day in the coastal Tamil Nadu. This paper attempts to highlight the Maritime Transnational Crimes and smuggling activities in coastal Tamil Nadu and the role of coastal community in coastal security. This paper is an empirical study of descriptive nature with qualitative approach
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Barros, Alexandre Patrício Silva, Denise Carla De Melo Vieira, and Clay Anderson Nunes Chagas. "TERRITÓRIO, REDE E TRÁFICO DE DROGAS: uma aproximação teórico-conceitual da atividade de comercialização de substâncias ilícitas na cidade universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto (UFPA), em Belém/PA." InterEspaço: Revista de Geografia e Interdisciplinaridade 3, no. 10 (December 29, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2446-6549.v3n10p115-136.
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TERRITORY, NETWORK AND DRUG TRAFFICKING: a theoretical-conceptual approach of the activity of commercialization of illicit substances in the university city Prof. José da Silveira Netto (UFPA), in Belém/PATERRITORIO, RED Y TRÁFICO DE DROGAS: una aproximación teórica-conceptual de la actividad de comercialización de las sustancias ilícitas en la ciudad universitaria Prof. José da Silveira Netto (UFPA), en Belém/PACompreender os processos que ocorrem no espaço necessita de vários fatores que, ajudam a reunir informações que se espraiam na sua organização. Então, a partir da problemática do tráfico de drogas na cidade universitária Prof. José da Silveira Netto (UFPA), onde esta atividade acaba exercendo novas dinâmicas sobre o espaço, tendo potencial para ser considerado um agente paralelo ao Estado, o artigo tem como objetivo fazer uma aproximação teórica dos conceitos que permeiam o tráfico de drogas no campus, afim de compreender a dinâmica espacial desta prática, visando a construção de uma rede de relações sociais. Assim, o trabalho se propõem colaborar para os estudos relacionados ao conceito de território voltado para a questão da segurança pública, destinado à investigação no ramo da Geografia e/ou ciências afins, em que o elemento de pesquisa seja colocado no contexto urbano. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram utilizados duas etapas, a saber: revisão bibliográfica de autores que se debruçam sobre as relações sociais que envolvem o espaço, materializando o território, sendo o principal conceito e, a partir de então, relacionar o próprio à atividade de venda e consumo de drogas na universidade; trabalhos de campo para melhor compreensão da realidade da área de estudo, e assim, utilizar toda a discussão teórica sobre esta realidade. Logo, fazer um estudo sobre o tráfico de drogas na UFPA perpassa por vários desafios, pois a questão da venda e do consumo de drogas dentro do campus é uma atividade que muitos sabem que ocorre, porém poucos fazem alguma discussão sobre o tema, ocasionando a falta de debate para se chegar a ações que tratem este problema com maior seriedade, e buscar viabilizar a convivência das pessoas que frequentam e utilizam esses espaços.Palavras-chave: Território; Tráfico; Drogas; Rede.ABSTRACTUnderstanding the processes that occur in space requires several factors that help gather information that spreads throughout your organization. Then, from the problematic of drug trafficking in the university city Prof. José da Silveira Netto (UFPA), where this activity ends up exerting new dynamics on space, having the potential to be considered an parallel agent to the State, the article aims to make a theoretical approximation of the concepts that permeate drug trafficking on campus, in order to understand the spatial dynamics of this practice, aiming the construction of a network of social relations. Thus, the paper intends to collaborate for studies related to the concept of territory geared to the issue of public safety, aimed at research in the field of Geography and/or related sciences, where the research element is placed in the urban context. As methodological procedures, two stages were used: bibliographical review of authors that deal with the social relations that involve space, materializing the territory, being the main concept and, from then on, to relate the own to the activity of sale and drug use at university; fieldwork to better understand the reality of the area of study, and thus, to use all the theoretical discussion about this reality. Therefore, a study of drug trafficking in UFPA has several challenges, since the issue of drug sales and consumption on campus is an activity that many people know to occur, but few make any discussion about the subject, lack of debate to arrive at actions that deal with this problem more seriously, and seek to make possible the coexistence of people who attend and use these spaces.Keywords: Territory; Traffic; Drugs; Network.RESUMENComprender los procesos que hacen con que no hay espacio necesario de varios factores que ayudan a reunir información que se lanzan en su organización. Entonces, a partir de la problemática del tráfico de drogas en la ciudad universitaria Prof. José da Silveira Netto (UFPA), donde se ha desarrollado una nueva dinámica sobre el espacio, con un potencial para ser considerado como un agente paralelo al Estado, el artículo tiene como objetivo hacer una aproximación teórica de los conceptos que permean el tráfico de drogas en el campus, la visión de una dinámica espacial de la práctica, visando la construcción de una red de relaciones sociales. Por lo tanto, el trabajo se ha propuesto para los estudios relacionados con el concepto de territorio volcado para la cuestión de la seguridad pública y no se ha llevado a cabo ninguna investigación sobre el tema de la geografía y las ciencias afines. Como resultado metodológico de dos etapas, un comentario: revisión bibliográfica de autores que se dejan sobre como relaciones sociales que se encuentran en el espacio, materializando el territorio, siendo el concepto principal y, a partir de entonces, relacionar lo propio a la actividad de venta y consumo de drogas en la universidad; trabajos de campo para mejorar la comprensión de la realidad del área de estudio, y utilizar, todo el debate teórico sobre esta realidad. Logotipo, hacer un estudio sobre el tráfico de drogas en la UFPA pasa por varios desafíos, por la cuestión de la venta y el consumo de drogas en el campus es una actividad que muchos saben que ocurre, sin embargo discute sobre el tema, ocasionando falta de debate para encontrar una acción que trate este problema con la mayor seriedad y buscar una convivencia de personas que frecuente y utilizar estos espacios.Palabras clave: Territorio; Tráfico; Drogas; Red.
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Fyl, Ruslan, and Galina Luk'yanova. "ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS AGAINST CONTROLLING GOODS TURNOVER." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 5 (February 8, 2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-5-165-169.
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The purpose of this article is to describe the content of the economic and legal bases of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods. Using systemic and formal-logical methods, the amount of economic losses is outlined and the magnitudes of consequences arising from the circulation of counterfeit goods for the state, patent holders, consumers and manufacturers of counterfeits are outlined. It has been stated that drugs, toys, agrochemicals, and foodstuffs are the most counterfeit at the moment and are not only supported by crime as a crime in the field of intellectual property, but also endanger the lives and healths. Considering the market of counterfeit goods described its features, which are that the operation indicated the author but due to factors such as low solvency of the population in developing countries; the inability to sell counterfeit products separately from the original products, due to the fact that the original products are used for masking in the sale of counterfeiting; lack of specialized equipment for establishing counterfeit goods and knowledge of the original; scale and narrow specialization of counterfeit goods market participants; the transnational nature of this market; splicing organized crime with law enforcement agencies; high profitability of counterfeit market. The practical importance of the research is the documentary analysis examines the international legal aspects of counterfeiting of such goods and notes that the rules of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPS and the EU Customs Regulation on Intellectual Property Observance set out measures to combat trafficking in goods that infringes intellectual property rights. Consequently, successfully tackling counterfeit goods trafficking requires a constant search for innovative methods of struggle. An effective strategy for overcoming this phenomenon should combine the various measures of its counteraction, all of them should be used in a coordinated and systematic way, complementing each other. Therefore, both economic and political management methods must be taken into account to overcome the counterfeit. And only their optimal combination will have the greatest effect in the formation of concepts of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods. And this is definitely worth the effort since the innovative and economic development of the state depends on solving the problem of creating an effective system of protection of intellectual property rights. Methodology. A methodological framework of the economic and legal bases of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods is defined by the complex of scientific cognition methods that allow us to look at this problem as a multi-aspect, interdisciplinary phenomenon. On the basis of the system, structural, systemic-functional and other scientific approaches, the idea of counteraction to the circulation of counterfeit goods has formed a complex systemic category covering the theoretical and practical level of economic and legal activity.