Journal articles: 'Drugs used for urinary tract infections'

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G R, Patil, and Varma S K. "Prescription Pattern of Drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in Reproductive Age Group Women." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, no. 04 (2024): 973–77. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.4.72.

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Likely bacterial illnesses, infection of the Urinary tract (UTIs) are more likely in women who are fertile. An overview of UTIs is given in the introduction, with special attention to their relevance, symptoms, and the necessity of receiving the right care to prevent complications. It talks about the main antibiotic treatment strategy and emphasizes the significance of using antibiotics sensibly in order to avoid antibiotic resistance. It also discusses non-pharmacological management techniques and the possible application of herbal medicine for managing infections of the urinary tract. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prescription patterns, adverse effects, non-pharmacological therapy, and future directions of infection of the Urinary tracts in women of reproductive age are described in the techniques section. The information-gathering sources-such as studies, clinical guidelines, and expert opinions-are covered in this section. A methodology for evaluating and compiling the information on UTIs in females that are able to procreate is given in the techniques section. The main conclusions regarding Infection of the Urinary tract (UTIs) in women who are in the age range of reproductive years. are shown in the results section. It covers the following topics: prescription patterns, side effects, pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy tactics, diagnosis techniques, pathophysiology, common bacterial agents, risk factors, prevalence of UTIs, and possible future directions. An extensive review of current knowledge regarding UTIs in this population is given in this section. The abstract concludes by summarizing the key ideas covered in the sections on the introduction, methods, and results. It highlights the relevance of infection of the Urinary tract (UTIs) among females who are capable of bearing children, the efficacy of antibiotics as a treatment, the necessity of appropriate prescribing practices, and the possible use of herbal medicine as a supplemental or alternative treatment. The relevance of holistic methods to UTI prevention and treatment is emphasized in the conclusion, which also emphasizes the necessity for further investigation to fully understand the safety and efficacy of herbal therapy in UTI management.

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Efriani, Like, Ade Irawan, and Fina Yunita. "Evaluasi Rasionalitas Penggunaan Antibiotik Infeksi Saluran Kemih Bawah di Rsd Gunung Jati Cirebon Periode Januari–Desember 2022." Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia 6, no. 2 (2024): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52216/jfsi.vol6no2p112-118.

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Urinary tract infection is an infection caused by the presence of microorganisms in the urinary tract, including the prostate bladder. Antibiotics are drugs to treat infections caused by bacteria. Giving antibiotics to people with infectious diseases aims to inhibit the growth or kill microorganisms, especially bacteria that cause disease. The aim of this research is to find out whether giving medication to patients with lower urinary tract infections at RSD Gunung Jati is rational or irrational. This research was carried out in an analytical observational manner using a retrospective research design, namely by taking patient data from medical records and prescriptions for patients suffering from lower urinary tract infections at RSD Gunung Jati, Cirebon City for the period January-December 2022. The number of samples in the study was 85 samples. according to the inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis used in this research is chi-square and mann whitney. The parameters taken in this study were the right dose, the right diagnosis, the right indication, and the right drug. The results of the study showed that lower urinary tract infections were mostly experienced by women, amounting to 58 people (68%), sufferers of lower urinary tract infections were mostly experienced by patients aged 46-55 years, amounting to 22 patients (26%). The drug most commonly received by patients with lower urinary tract infections was cefixime, 49 times (53%). Most patients with lower urinary tract infections were given in single form in 84 people (99%). Patients suffering from lower urinary tract infections most often experienced symptoms of pain when urinating, with 71 patients (47%). The evaluation results showed that the right dose by 96%, the right drug by 100%, the right indication by 100%, and the right diagnosis by 100%. In the statistical analysis, the results showed that the medication given to patients with lower urinary tract infections met the rational requirements and had a significant rationality value.

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Patil, Gayatri, and Sushil Varma. "Analysis of prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in reproductive age group (15-44 years) women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: An observational retrospective study." F1000Research 13 (April 29, 2024): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.1.

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Background Urinary tract infection is considered a common bacterial infection. Nowadays there is an increase in the irrational and inappropriate use of drugs. Adverse drug reactions have been reported to be a main cause of morbidity, hospital admission, and sometimes death. For this, it is very important to do the analysis of prescriptions and to see the adverse drug reactions due to the prescribed drugs. Objective 1. To determine the prescribing pattern of drugs used in urinary tract infections of the reproductive age group (15-44). 2. To identify adverse reactions due to drugs used for UTI of reproductive age group (15-44). 3. To observe the pattern of combination therapy for urinary tract patients of reproductive age group. 4. To analyze the Fixed Drug Combination. Methods It is a retrospective observational study. Data will be collected from 175 prescription papers. Data will be collected from the medical record section. The study will include prescriptions of UTI for Females of the reproductive age group (15-44 years).

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Yadav, Sangeeta, and Omkar Singh. "Drug Review: Fosfomycin—A Rarely used but more Practical Approach for Urinary Tract Infections." Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 7, no. 2 (2015): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1326.

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ABSTRACT In this current era of resistance, treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) on outpatient department (OPD) basis has become cumbersome. Resistance has dramatically increased for cotrimoxazole, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin in past few decades. Intravenous drugs increase the cost of treatment and patient may need hospitalization. We searched and analyzed the literature and found fosfomycin to be better alternative in resistant UTI as resistance to this drug is low and is cost-effective in comparison to available intravenous drugs. How to cite this article Agrawal P, Garg R, Yadav S, Singh O. Drug Review: Fosfomycin—A Rarely used but more Practical Approach for Urinary Tract Infections. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(2):68-70.

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Koernia Wahidah, Lilik, Novita Tri Wahyuni, and Aulia Andinni. "Analisis Efektivitas Biaya (Cost Effectiveness Analysis) Penggunaan Antibiotik Seftriakson Dan Sefotaksim Pada Pasien Infeksi Saluran Kemih Di Rsd Dr. A. Dadi Tjokrodipo Bandar Lampung." JFL : Jurnal Farmasi Lampung 12, no. 2 (2023): 97–109. https://doi.org/10.37090/jfl.v12i2.1262.

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Cost-effectiveness analysis is defined as an analysis to identify, measure and compare significant costs and their consequences of alternative interventions. Antibiotics are a group of drugs most often used to treat infectious diseases. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime are the main options for treating UTI. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a disease with conditions where there are very large numbers of microorganisms in the urine and can cause infection in the urinary tract. This study was designed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime treatment for inpatient urinary tract infections at dr. A. Dadi Tjokrodipo. The method used is descriptive with a retrospective pharmacoeconomic analysis approach. The sampling technique was purposive sampling and sampling 92 patient. The research results show characteristics based on sex most are female as much as 55 (60%), based on age ≥56 years in 35 patients (38%), and the highest length of hospitalization was 3 days in 45 patients (49%). The most widely used profile of antibiotic drug use in patients with urinary tract infections was cefotaxime with a total of 64 patients (70%). The average cost for each type of drug therapy from ceftriaxone is 735,117 and sefotaxime is 742,178. Ceftriaxone has the highest percentage of therapeutic effectiveness at 86% compared to cefotaxime at 71%. Antibiotics that are more cost effective are ceftriaxone compared to cefotaxime with an ACER calculation of 78.455. Keywords: Cost Effectiveness Analysis, Urinary Tract Infections, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime

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Patil, Gayatri, and Sushil Varma. "Analysis of prescription pattern and adverse drug reactions of drugs used in Urinary Tract Infection in reproductive age group (15-44 years) women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Central India: An observational retrospective study." F1000Research 13 (February 11, 2025): 417. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.149264.2.

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Background Urinary tract infection is considered a common bacterial infection. Nowadays there is an increase in the irrational and inappropriate use of drugs. Adverse drug reactions have been reported to be a main cause of morbidity, hospital admission, and sometimes death. For this, it is very important to do the analysis of prescriptions and to see the adverse drug reactions due to the prescribed drugs. Objective 1. To analyze the prescribing pattern of drugs used in urinary tract infections of the reproductive age group (15-44). 2. To analyze adverse reactions due to drugs used for UTI of reproductive age group (15-44). 3. To analyze the pattern of combination therapy for urinary tract patients of reproductive age group. 4. To analyze the Fixed Drug Combination. Methods It is a retrospective observational study. This study will include prescriptions for UTIs for females of reproductive age (15-44 years). Data will be collected from 47 prescription papers from the medical record section. Then we will review the available data for analysis of prescription patterns and adverse drug reactions.

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Sah, Vijay Kumar, Sunil Kumar Yadav, Arun Giri, and Sandip Kumar Singh. "Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Causative Agents of Urinary Tract Infection in Children Between 1 to 15 Years." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 19, no. 1 (2023): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v19i1.51019.

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Background: The presence of actively multiplying organisms in the urinary tract implies urinary tract infection. Although it is infrequently associated with mortality, it is still an important cause of morbidity in the pediatric age group. Prompt diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate antibiotics in children reduce the morbidities associated with urinary tract infection. The objective of the study was to find out the causative agents of urinary tract infections and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in pediatric patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the department of pediatrics over a period of 12 months and 80 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The modes of presentation, laboratory investigation reports which included urine routine microscopy, bacterial isolates with colony count from the urine culture, and antibiotic sensitivity pattern were documented. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis of data. Result: Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (55.9%). Most of them were sensitive to amikacin.The highest degree of resistance was noticed with ampicillin. Conclusion: Aminoglycosides like amikacin can be considered as first-line drugs in urinary tract infection.  Keywords: antibiotics, children, urinary tract infections.

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NIȚICĂ, Ruxandra-Patricia, Nicolae GICĂ, Corina GICĂ, et al. "Urinary tract infections in pregnancy." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 16, S3 (2021): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2021.s3.9.

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Background. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common infections during pregnancy. The feto-maternal complications linked to this pathology can be severe if untreated and the treatment has been a subject of interest hence the multiple drugs contraindications in pregnancy, the restraint panel of antibiotics that can be used and the antimicrobial resistance that is constantly increasing. The purpose of this article is to review the latest data from literature and guidelines regarding the best management of the urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Methods. It was undertaken a systematic electronic search for articles, reviews and guidelines using Cochrane Date Base, PubMed and the international protocols in use recommended by the Obstetrics and Gynecology societies (ACOG - American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, CNGOF – Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français, RCOG – Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Results and conclusions. Special consideration should be given to urinary tract infections developed during pregnancy because they are related to serious fetal and maternal complications. Routine screening is recommended and the antibiotic therapy properly individualized. Emotional impact on the future mothers is particularly important and non-pharmacologic prophylaxis should always be discussed at the begging of pregnancy. Future research should be focused on finding the actual mechanism of pathogenesis that link UTI and the complications they associate.

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Ryšánková, Miroslava, and Marie Hurtová. "Drug interactions of drugs used in urinary tract infections and dietary supplements." Urologie pro praxi 25, no. 1 (2024): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/uro.2024.016.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Urinary tract infection incidence in college students." Baghdad Science Journal 6, no. 4 (2009): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.6.4.640-645.

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Result of studying (61) urine samples collected from students department of Biology in the College of Education-Tikrit University and the people who hold signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections with those who do not have any signs or symptoms through a questionnaire has been with the collection of samples, and the total cases were infected (39 ) cases, a rate (63.9%) distributed (28) cases a female (68.2%) and male (11) cases event rate (55%), while the distribution of positive cases among age groups have emerged group (20-22 years) is the highest rate (56%) females. The results of urine cultures accompany the presence of different types of bacteria sick and E.coli bacteria is the highest ratios positive also it is the most common causative agents of urinary tract infections ,it is the predominant organism to be isolated. Less frequent causative Staphylococcus aureus . Susceptibility of isolates to various antimicrobial drugs was also studied. The result demonstrates the frequent incidence of resistant bacteria to commonly used drugs especially Ampicilline, Tetracyclin.

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Alwindy, Salahaldein B. "Urinary tract infection incidence in college students." Baghdad Science Journal 6, no. 4 (2009): 640–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2009.6.4.640-645.

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Result of studying (61) urine samples collected from students department of Biology in the College of Education-Tikrit University and the people who hold signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections with those who do not have any signs or symptoms through a questionnaire has been with the collection of samples, and the total cases were infected (39 ) cases, a rate (63.9%) distributed (28) cases a female (68.2%) and male (11) cases event rate (55%), while the distribution of positive cases among age groups have emerged group (20-22 years) is the highest rate (56%) females. The results of urine cultures accompany the presence of different types of bacteria sick and E.coli bacteria is the highest ratios positive also it is the most common causative agents of urinary tract infections ,it is the predominant organism to be isolated. Less frequent causative Staphylococcus aureus . Susceptibility of isolates to various antimicrobial drugs was also studied. The result demonstrates the frequent incidence of resistant bacteria to commonly used drugs especially Ampicilline, Tetracyclin.

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Degtyareva, E. I., and D. G. Romanova. "Urinary tract infections in pregnant women." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 4 (May 1, 2024): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-158.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common pathology among pregnant women and are associated with maternal and foetal complications. According to some authors, the incidence of UTIs increased 4 times in the last decades of the 20th century. Escherichia coli is the most predominant pathogen causing up to 80% of UTIs, Klebsiella is ranked second causing up to 8% of UTIs, and pathogenic staphylococcus and mixed microflora are ranked third. To diagnose UTIs, laboratory, physical and radiological diagnostic methods are applied. According to most authors, informative value yielded by lab tests is more than 90%. The prescription of antibacterial chemotherapy should be based on the results of urine culture and sensitivity testing. Before the test results are obtained, broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs (ABs) are usually prescribed. The most commonly used therapy regimens are third-generation cephalosporins with dose adjustments, as may be necessary, after sensitivity is determined. Some authors recommend to continue treatment with urinary tract antiseptics after AB therapy is completed. The impaired urine output should be restored before AB therapy is prescribed. This review presents an analysis of the literature that was found in the databases PubMed (the National Library of Medicine), The Cochrane Library, as well as in the research citation databases (Scopus, Web of Science). The etiological factors and features of the pathogenesis of UTIs in pregnant women, as well as diagnostic standards, are described. The current guidelines for the treatment and prevention of UTIs in pregnant women are considered and antibacterial therapy regimens with current dosage forms are presented. The benefits of using cefixime dispersible forms are described in detail.

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Dey, Mrinalini, Katie Bechman, Sizheng Zhao, et al. "Infection profile of immune-modulatory drugs used in autoimmune diseases: analysis of summary of product characteristic data." RMD Open 8, no. 2 (2022): e002621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002621.

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ObjectiveSerious infection remains a concern when prescribing immune-modulatory drugs for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The ‘summary of product characteristics’ (SmPCs) provide information on adverse events for example, infections, from clinical trials and postmarketing pharmacovigilance.This review aimed to compare infection frequency, site and type across immune-modulatory drugs, reported in SmPCs.MethodsThe Electronic Medicines Compendium was searched for commonly prescribed immune-modulatory drugs used for: rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, connective tissue disease, autoimmune vasculitis, autoinflammatory syndromes, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and/or other rarer conditions.Information was extracted on infection frequency, site and organisms. Frequency was recorded as per the SmPCs: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to<1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to<1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to<1/1,000); very rare (<1/10 000).Results39 drugs were included, across 20 indications: 9 conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), 6 targeted synthetic DMARDs, 24 biologic (b)DMARDs.Twelve infection sites were recorded. Minimal/no site information was available for most csDMARDs, certolizumab pegol and rituximab. Upper respiratory tract was the most common site, especially with bDMARDs. Lower respiratory, ear/nose/throat and urinary tract infections were moderately common, with clustering within drug groups.Data for 27 pathogens were recorded, majority viruses, with herpes simplex and zoster and influenza most frequent. Variable/absent reporting was noted for opportunistic and certain high-prevalence infections for example, Epstein-Barr.ConclusionOur findings show differences between drugs and can aid treatment decisions alongside real-world safety data. However, data are likely skewed by trial selection criteria and varying number of trials per drug and highlight the need for robust postmarketing pharmacovigilance.

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Ahmed, Belal, Prof Wanaiza, Mursheda Akhter, Munir Hasan, and Md Khorshed Alam. "Sensitivity Pattern of Urinary Tract Pathogens to Anti-microbial Drugs at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh." Journal of Dhaka National Medical College & Hospital 17, no. 1 (2012): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdnmch.v17i1.12186.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common infections experienced by human. It is also the most common cause of nosocomial infections in adults. The aim of this study was to determine the bacteriological pattern and their sensitivity to commonly used antimicrobial drugs in urinary tract infection in Bangladesh. This was a prospective study conducted in Microbiology department of Dhaka National Medical College, a tertiary level teaching hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 216 culture positive urine samples were examined. Female patient were found to be more 65.7% than male 34.3%. Maximum patients were from 20-35 yrs. age group. The most common isolate was E.coli 84.3%. These E.coli is more sensitive to Imipenem 93.98%, Amikacin 90.52%, Nitrofurantoin 78.88% Ceftazidim 78.26%, Ciprofloxacin 70.67%, Cefuroxime 65.49%,Ofloxacin 60.83%, Ceftriaxone 59.03% and Cephradin 56.96%. Resistance is more in case of amoxicillin 82.41%, Doxycycline 72.42%, Cefixime 58.70% and Nalidixic Acid 57.02%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdnmch.v17i1.12186 J. Dhaka National Med. Coll. Hos. 2011; 17 (01): 18-21

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Syrota, Н. I., and I. L. Platonova. "JUSTIFICATION OF NITROXOLINE APPLICATION IN CONDITIONS OF GROWTH OF RESISTANCE OF UROPATHOGENES TO NEW GENERATIONS OF ANTIMICROBATES." Ukrainian Journal of Laboratory Medicine 1, no. 2 (2023): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.62151/2786-9288.1.2.2023.07.

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Nitroxoline is a synthetic uroantiseptic, effective against a wide range of gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. For a long time it has been used for the treatment and prevention of acute, chronic and recurrent urinary tract infections, because to this day retains high activity against bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. With increasing resistance of uropathogens to new antimicrobial drugs, Nitroxoline may be an alternative drug for the treatment of acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections. The results of scientific research on the importance of Nitroxoline as a first-line drug in the treatment of this nosological group of diseases are contradictory. This motivates the study and analysis of the professional literature in the direction of clinical efficacy and determining the place of Nitroxoline among other uroseptics in the treatment of urinary tract infections in today's conditions.

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Liana-Simona, Sbîrnă, and Moldovan Clementina. "Synthesizing, preliminary analyzing and investigating the potential veterinary use of two structurally related Zn(II) complexes with ligands of the benzenesulfonamides' class." Annals of the University of Craiova Series Chemistry 29, no. 2 (2023): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucchem.2023.2.16.

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As a consequence of the fact that most bacteria types show increasing resistance to the conventional drugs, chemists and biochemists keep on trying to synthesize new potential medicines and to test their antibacterial activity. Under these circumstances, the present work’s goal is to present the synthesis, the preliminary analysis and antibacterial tests’ results for two structurally-related ligands belonging to the benzenesulfonamides' class, as well as for the two complex compounds formed by them through coordination to divalent zinc. Because of the usually high hepatotoxicity exhibited by benzenesulfonamides, they are unlikely suitable for human medical purposes, but they might present possibilities to be used as veterinary drugs. Consequently, we have focused on the possibility for our newly synthesized substances to be used in the treatment of urinary- and gastrointestinal tract bacterial infections, as well as galactophore channels’ infections, on equine and cattle; actually, for that matter, all pathogenic agents were sampled from horses or cows suffering from different infectious diseases (from urinary- or gastrointestinal tract or from females’ galactophore channels).

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Richa Kumari, Man Mohan Sharma, and Suman Meena. "Role of Panchakarma in management of Urinary Tract Infection - Review Article." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 9, no. 1 (2024): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.9.1.23.

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All ages of urinary tract infections (UTI) are associated with substantial morbidity and long-term problems. Since using antibiotics helps treat urinary tract infections, it is highly concerning from a therapeutic standpoint when harmful germs become resistant to them. Ayurvedic medications are said to include particularly significant ingredients that are used to treat a variety of illnesses. The review study included a variety of scientific and clinical data that support the effectiveness of Ayurvedic medications in treating urinary tract infections. In the current paper, an evaluation of the effectiveness of Ayurvedic medications for treating clinical conditions such as UTIs was conducted. Good antibacterial qualities were demonstrated by ayurvedic drugs against gramme positive and negative microscopic organisms that cause urinary tract infections. Other aspects are highlighted likewise mitigating, diuretic, cell reinforcement, nephroprotective and antiurolithiatic properties helpful in the administration of UTI and all medications are protected even in high dosages subsequently can be adequately utilized for UTI conditions. In this paper an attempt is made to highlight the research work of role of Panchkarma in UTI, which would be effective in the treatment of UTI.

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L, Panayappan. "Urinary Tract Infection: Prescribing Pattern of Antibiotics at a Tertiary Care Hospital." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 5 (2017): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i5.17287.

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Objectives: The purpose of Drug Utilization Review is to ensure drugs are used appropriately, safely and effectively to improve patient health status. The use of drugs in appropriate, safe and effective manner would decrease the treatment cost for the patients. Urinary Tract infection is most common and can lead to secondary infections. So continuous analysis of prescribing pattern in urinary tract infection is a vital one. To find out the various risk factors of urinary tract infection. To study the Prescribing pattern and rational use of Antibiotics in UTI Patients in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in 100 patients in a tertiary care teaching hospital, by collecting patient data from the medical records of patients from General Medicine Department.Results: Analysis of prescribed drugs revealed that use of antibiotics like Ceftriaxone (35%) and Amikacin (22%) were significantly higher than other drugs prescribed such as Ciprofloxacin (16%), Nitrofurantoin (15%), Ofloxacin (5%), Cefixime (3%), Moxifloxacin (2%) and Clarithromycin (2%). Culture sensitivity test was done only in 30% of the total cases (100) for which empirical treatment had to be applied rather than specific antibiotic treatment. The most common isolated organisms were E.coli (60%),Proteus (20%), Klebsiella (13.33%) and Psedomonas (6.66%).Conclusion: Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides and Quinolones were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in this study. Present findings together with previous ones are suggestive the need of periodic monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the bacterial isolates to provide effective treatment.Keywords: Antibiotics, Prescription, Bacterial infection.

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Mekonnen, Shambel, Tewodros Tesfa, Tadesse Shume, Fikru Tebeje, Kedir Urgesa, and Fitsum Weldegebreal. "Bacterial profile, their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and associated factors of urinary tract infections in children at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0283637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283637.

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Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common pediatric infections and contribute to high morbidity and mortality. At present, the antimicrobial resistance emergency has quadrupled worldwide and poses a serious threat to the treatment of patients. However, there have been few studies on UTIs in children in Ethiopia, particularly in the east. Objective This study aimed to assess the bacterial profile of urinary tract infections, their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, and associated factors in under-five children at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, eastern Ethiopia. Method We conducted hospital-based quantitative study on 332 consecutively selected under-five children from March 20 to June 10, 2021. Parents and guardians were interviewed to collect data using a structured questionnaire. Random urine samples were collected aseptically, and standard microbiological techniques were used to identify the bacteria and test for susceptibility to various antibiotics. Data were entered into Epi Info version 7 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 for analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression analysis. The crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to determine the significance of the predictors. A p-value at a 95% confidence interval of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infections was 80 (24.1%) 95% CI:19.40–29.00%). Most of the bacterial isolates 55 (68.75%) were gram-negative bacteria, predominantly E. coli 23 (28.75%) and K. pneumoniae 10 (12.50%). Being a rural resident (AOR: 4.10, 95%CI: 1.45 11.54), uncircumcised male (AOR: 3.52, 95%CI: 1.33, 9.39), previous history of antibiotic usage (AOR: 7.32, 95%CI: 2.11, 25.37), indwelling catheterization (AOR: 10.35, 95%CI: 3.74, 28.63), previous history of urinary tract infections (AOR: 5.64, 95% CI: 1.36, 23.38), and urinary frequency (AOR: 5.56, 95%CI: 2.03, 15.25) had higher odds of culture positive result. The majority of the isolates have shown high levels of antibiotic resistance. Meropenem, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were effective against gram-negative uropathogens, whereas rifampin and ciprofloxacin were the most sensitive drugs for gram-positive isolates. From the tested bacterial isolates, 53/86 (61.6%), 11/86 (11.6%), and 2/86 (2.3%) were found to have multidrug resistance (MDR), extreme drug resistance (XDR), and pan drug resistance (PDR), respectively. Conclusions About one-fourth of the children were culture-positive for many types of bacterial uropathogens; this is higher compared with most of the previous studies in Africa. Rural dwellers, uncircumcised males, indwelling catheterization, a history of antibiotic use and urinary tract infection, and frequent urination all had a higher risk of bacterial infections. Many isolates were resistant to multiple drugs, primarily beta-lactams. Urinary tract infections as well as the growth and spread of resistant bacterial pathogens should be monitor regularly.

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Rahul, Katkar, Upadhyay Prem Shanke, and G. Nath. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF INGREDIENTS OF HARITAKYADI YOGA IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 13, no. 2 (2022): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.130232.

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Haritakyadi Yoga is used to treat Urinary tract infections, as mentioned in the Ayurvedic literature. In the present study, Haritakyadi Yoga formulation has been screened for antibacterial activity against selected bacterial species. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was performed by the broth dilution method. The Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion method studied the zone of inhibition at 2 and 4 mg/ml concentrations in DMSO solution. Nitrofurantoin drugs (5 µg/ml) were used as a reference control for the antibacterial study. The zone of inhibition study revealed concentration dependant nature of the extract with better effectiveness against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. The Haritakyadi Yoga formulation and individual components exhibited antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains responsible for Urinary tract infection.

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Al-Shukri, Adel S., Mariya R. Kolomijceva, and Sergei B. Petrov. "Doxycycline in the treatment of infections of the urinary tract: A review." Consilium Medicum 26, no. 7 (2024): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2024.7.202991.

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Research shows that microbial resistance to antibacterial drugs continues to increase, highlighting the need to find new strategies to combat infections. In this context, previously used antibacterial drugs such as doxycycline have begun to attract renewed attention from the medical community. In addition, recent studies are revealing new properties of this drug that may expand its role in clinical practice, opening up new prospects for use. The review describes the place of doxycycline in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections, presents treatment regimens for urethritis, pelvic inflammatory diseases, as well as the non-antimicrobial properties of the drug.

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Khanam, Dr Majeda, Dr Anwara Sultana, Dr Sania Hoque, and Dr Fatima Ferdous. "Assessment of the Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Female Patients at a Tertiary Level Hospital." EAS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6, no. 04 (2024): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjpp.2024.v06i04.001.

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Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infectious disease which affects both, men and women. It is a significant health concern due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to have a current understanding of the antibiotic susceptibility (AS) pattern of uropathogens to manage UTI effectively. Objective: This study aims to assess the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens causing uncomplicated urinary tract infection in female patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics in collaboration with the Department of Microbiology at SBMC, the Outpatient Department of Medicine, and Gynae & Obstetrics at Sher-E-Bangla Medical College, Barishal, Bangladesh, from January 2017 to December 2017. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected and processed using standard guidelines for microbiological procedures. Positive microbiological cultures were found in 200 of the 314 patients, Data on socio-demographic, clinical, and risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: In this study, the age of the subjects ranged from 15 to 75 years, majority of subjects (38.4%) belonged to age group of 45-60 years. The mean age was found 42.6±11.4 years. Out of 200 cases, E. coli was the most predominant gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the pathogenic bacteria isolated from urine samples were MDR organisms. Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as Amikacin and gentamycin were the most effective drugs. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections are prevalent, affecting 64% of cases, with all isolates showing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, it is recommended to provide health education on the transmission and causes of urinary tract infections.

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Sursyakova, K., T. Safyanova, and V. Prokopiev. "Experience in using the RAPD-PCR technique for identifying E. coli strains in patients with urinary tract infections." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Inspector), no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2002-02.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIS) in the Russian Federation are widespread and often occur in children, adults, most often affecting people in the most active period of their lives. The course of UTI is determined by a number of predisposing factors, such as age, sex, General condition of the patient, the presence of immunocompromising factors. Uncontrolled use of antibacterial therapy is often a predisposing factor in the chronization of the process in the upper urinary tract.To determine the identity of E. coli strains. In 2019, biological material was collected from 50 patients of «Altai regional hospital for war veterans» with urinary tract infections (chronic pyelonephritis and chronic cystitis) to assess bacteriuria. According to the results of bacteriological research, 23 strains of E. coli were isolated. After that, molecular genetic analysis was performed using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA method of E. Coli strains obtained from patients with urinary tract infections, and their identity was evaluated. The results of this study showed that the method used is a reliable method of epidemiological mapping and determination of relationships between closely related varieties and strains of microorganisms isolated from various sources. Carrying out one bacteriological examination of urine in urinary tract infections is not enough, only high-tech techniques allow establishing the exact type of the causative agent of these infections and will allow selecting the correct appointment of antimicrobial drugs in patients with this group of infections.

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Suvitha., T., and J. Victoria. "Antibiogram of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Urinary Tract Infections." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 5 (2018): 582–85. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd15842.

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The present study was carried out to isolate the bacterial species from the urine sample collected from 30 female patients with urinary tract infections and to test the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated bacteria. Samples were collected from the Government Hospital, Pattukkottai, Thanjavur District, Tamilnadu, India. The collected urine samples were streak plated different agar media. The bacterial colonies on the plates were subject to motility, gram staining and biochemical tests. E. coil, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aureus were identified and confirmed using Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Totally 29 isolates were obtained in which 18 were E. coli, 8 Klepsiella Sp and 3 Staphyococcus aureus species. Then the bacterial species were tested against the antibiotics such as Cefuroxime, Gentamicin, Nitrofurantion, Amaxicillium and Tetracycline. The antibiotic, gentamicin showed maximum activity against all the bacterial species followed by Cefuroxime, Nitrofurantioin, Amoxyullum and Tetracycline. Thus the present study reveals the importance of selecting a particular antibiotic for the treatment of urinary tract infections of female patients, those who are highly prone to the infection caused by the urinary tract infecting bacterial species. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process, regular surveillance and monitoring is necessary to provide physician's knowledge on the updated and most effective empirical treatment of UTIs. Periodic reassessment of in vitro susceptibility pattern of ordinary pathogens to serve as a guide for antibiotic therapy since these organisms exhibit resistance to first line drugs used for UTI infection. Suvitha. T | Victoria. J "Antibiogram of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Urinary Tract Infections" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15842.pdf

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Shapovalova, OV, ОV Shevcova, and OL Sokolova. "MICROORGANISMS ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY DETERMINATION IN URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS." Annals of Mechnikov Institute, no. 2 (November 18, 2016): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.167487.

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Introduction. Nowadays Urinary tract infections (UTI) are considered to be the most common bacterial infections. Escherichia coli is the most frequently uropathogen. Other microorganisms of the genera Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Proteus, Morganella, Citrobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida are also isolated with variable frequency. In recent years there has been a decreasing tendency of the causative agents of UTI sensitivity to various antibiotics, which causes growth of an inefficiency treatment risk. In connection with the above the investigations were carried out with the purpose to identify the actual causative agents of bacteriuria and their sensitivity to antibiotics and antifungal drugs. Materials and methods. Bacteriological examination of urine was performed at 42 patients of SI "Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology, AMS of Ukraine" clinic. The bacteriological method for determining the number of bacteria in the test material, cultural and bacterioscopic methods for identifying microorganisms and disk-diffusion method for sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics determining were used. The clinical material for the study was an average portion of the morning urine or urine collected by catheter. The biological material collection and bacteriological examination was carried by quantitative method, the isolated microorganisms identification and their sensitivity to antibiotics determining was performed by standard methods in accordance with current guidelines. We used the following antibiotics group to determine the microorganisms sensitivity: penicillin, cephalosporin, karbapenems, tetracyclines, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolones, oxazolidinones, macrolides, lincosamides, glycopeptides, antifungal antibiotics. Results and discussion. During the biological material study 55 isolates of bacterial and fungal pathogens were obtained. The microorganisms’ concentration in urine was in the range of 3,0x106 CFU/ml to 3,0x109 CFU/ml, and the most bacterial isolates content was equal 1,5x109 CFU/ml. Among the most commonly identified microorganisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. were often detected in 5,3x108 CFU/ml concentrations. For Streptococcus spp. and Proteus mirabilis that value was 1,5x109 CFU/ml; for Klebsiella pneumonia - 3,0x108 CFU/ml; for Candida spp. - 3,0x106 CFU/ml respectively. The most common microorganisms (which frequency of occurrence in urine was ≥ 5%) were: E. coli (14,5±4,7)%, Str. agalactiae and St. haemolyticus (10,9±4,2)%; St. aureus and Pr. mirabilis(7,3±3,5)%; St. epidermidis, Kl. pneumoniae, St. hominis, Candida spp. (5,4±3,0)%. While analyzing obtained results we concluded that meropenem was the most effective drug, 78,7% of all cultures had the sensitivity to it. The sensitivity to gatifloxacin had 73,7% of cultures; to tigecycline – 71,1% of isolates; to amikacin -67,3% of cultures; to moxifloxacin – 59,6% of isolates; to two drugs (levofloxacin and pefloxacin) - 55,8% of isolates respectively. It was found that Staphylococcus aureus appeared to be resistant to vancomycin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefazolin, azithromycin, linezolid. This species and St. epidermidis and St. hominis isolates were multi-drug resistant to four or more drugs from different groups. All Streptococcus agalactiae isolates were insensitive to cefuroxime. All Escherichia cultures were resistant to cefuroxime, Proteus - to cefuroxime, ampicillin and cefazolin. E. coli, Pr. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, Ps. aeruginosa, Ac. haemolyticus had multi-drug resistance. In addition, (73,1 ± 6,1)% of all 52 bacterial isolates obtained were resistant to amoxiclav. Conclusions. 1. The most common microorganisms (which incidence in urine were ≥ 5%) are: Escherichia coli (14,5±4,7)%, Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (10,9±4,2)%; Staphylococcus aureus andProteus mirabilis (7,3±3,5)%; Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus hominis, Candida spp. (5,4±3,0)%. 2. The most effective antibacterial drug is meropenem. 78,7% of all isolates have sensitivity to it. The sensitivity to gatifloxacin have 73,7%; to tigecycline 71,1%; to amikacin – 67,3%, to moxifloxacin – 59,6% of cultures, to two agents (levofloxacin and pefloxacin) – 55,8% of cultures respectively. 3. 100% of the family Micrococcaceae isolates were resistant to benzylpenicillin, 95,8% - to ampicillin, 87,5% - to amoxicillin and cefuroxime, 83,3% - to azithromycin, erythromycin and lincomycin. Members of the Streptococcaceae family were resistant to cefuroxime. 100% of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolates had no sensitivity to carbenicillin, 87,5% of isolates - to cefuroxim and gentamicin, 81,2% - to amoxicillin and ampicillin, 75,0% - to cefazolin, 50,0% - to ceftriaxonum and aztreonam. 4. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter haemolyticus isolates were multi-drug resistant.

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Mir Munsif Ali Talpur, Mir Munsif Ali Talpur, and Tajnees Pirzada and Muhammad Afzal Arain Tajnees Pirzada and Muhammad Afzal Arain. "Application of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate (Antibiotics) in Marketed Drugs." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 5 (2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000687.

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Ciprofloxacin HCl, 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, is a synthetic broad antibacterial compound belonging to the group of fluoroquinolones which is antimicrobial drug act through the inhibition of DNA-gyrase, an enzyme that is critical to bacterial chromosome replication. It is used in a wide range of infections of the urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as in skin structure and ocular infections. Levofloxacin Hemihydrate is a fluoroquinolone, has a broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and used in respiratory and urinary tract infections. Various Pakistani branded antibiotic drug samples containing Ciprofloxacin HCl and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate were collected from local market and their working standards from the material suppliers of Karachi city. Samples were analyzed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Then the method was validated by linearity, accuracy, precision (reproducibility, intermediate precision) and range which suggested that method is appropriate and proper to determine the potency of these various brands of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate. The analytical data suggest that the drug samples analyzed were within the limit of the Pharmacopeia requirement and criteria.

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Mir Munsif Ali Talpur, Mir Munsif Ali Talpur, and Tajnees Pirzada and Muhammad Afzal Arain Tajnees Pirzada and Muhammad Afzal Arain. "Application of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate (Antibiotics) in Marketed Drugs." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 5 (2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000687/jcsp/42.05.2020.

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Ciprofloxacin HCl, 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, is a synthetic broad antibacterial compound belonging to the group of fluoroquinolones which is antimicrobial drug act through the inhibition of DNA-gyrase, an enzyme that is critical to bacterial chromosome replication. It is used in a wide range of infections of the urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as in skin structure and ocular infections. Levofloxacin Hemihydrate is a fluoroquinolone, has a broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and used in respiratory and urinary tract infections. Various Pakistani branded antibiotic drug samples containing Ciprofloxacin HCl and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate were collected from local market and their working standards from the material suppliers of Karachi city. Samples were analyzed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Then the method was validated by linearity, accuracy, precision (reproducibility, intermediate precision) and range which suggested that method is appropriate and proper to determine the potency of these various brands of Ciprofloxacin HCl and Levofloxacin Hemihydrate. The analytical data suggest that the drug samples analyzed were within the limit of the Pharmacopeia requirement and criteria.

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Syed Muneeb Mohammad,Javid Ahmad,Nazir Ahmad Parray, Mohd Rafiq Lone*,Nisar Ahmad Ganie,Mohsin Rashid,. "Bacterial Agents and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility in Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) of Pediatric Age Group." Innovative Journal of Medical and Health Science 9, no. 4 (2019): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijmhs.v9i4.2551.

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Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for one of the common cause of hospital visits and therefore determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens will help guide physicians to choice the best choice of antibiotics to affected patients. The aim of this study was to isolate the bacteriological agent causing the urinary tract infection and determination of their susceptibility to antibiotics. Methods: Our study was hospital based prospective study in which patients suspected of UTI were admitted and urine sample were collected using ‘urinary catheter’ method in patients less than 3 years of age, while for older children ‘mid stream clean catch’ method was used. Cultures were bacteriologically analyzed using standard microbiological procedures and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for the isolated pathogens.Results: 208 patients with suspected UTI were included in study, out of 208 patients, urine cultures were taken from all patients, 38 cultures (18.2%) were reported as positive. The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli 27 (71%), Klebsiella Species 6 (15%), Enterococcussps 3(7.8%), Proteus sps 1(2.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1(2.6%). E. coli and Klebsiella showed the highest percentage of resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin (100%) however, all isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella were susceptible to Nitofurantoin. Among all UTI isolates, least resistance was observed against drugs such as ceftriaxone, cefixime ciproflaxacilin and gentamicin. Conclusion: The finding of our study showed that E. Coli was the most common uropathogen and there was high resistance to routinely used drugs in clinical practice. So it high time to change the empirical therapy from conventional drugs like ampicillin and amoxicillin to drugs like nitrofurantoin or ciprofloxacilin. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, urine culture, antibiotic susceptibility.

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Dr, Taiba Zulfiqar Dr Amsal Saeed Dr Rafia Javed. "A SIX-MONTHLY DESCRIPTIVE OBSERVATIONAL RESEARCH ON IN-VITRO EFFICACY OF CIPROFLOXACIN, COTRIMOXAZOLE AND NITROFURANTOIN AGAINST NUMEROUS URINARY ISOLATES." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 05 (2018): 3454–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1243122.

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Background: Young adults face the issue of urinary tract infections as a common disease. Because of the increased use of the fluoroquinolones, empirical therapy in the case of an uncomplicated infection of the urinary in the target age group has also become controversial. Our research was also aimed at the nitrofurantoin efficacy, cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin (trimethoprim-sulphamethaxazol); these are orally used drugs available in common. Material & Methods: Our descriptive research was held in Services Hospital, Lahore (Microbiology Department) in the time span of January – June, 2016. We included a total of 270 isolates of urinary tract infection selected from outdoor and indoor respectively 132 and 138; culturing of the specimens was also carried out in the time span of the research. We identified the isolates through conventional techniques with the help of API – 10 S. We also assessed all the isolated for ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethaxazol) along with related common antibiotics which are also used for the urinary pathogens. Results: In the total sample of the research dominant isolated was E. Coli which was cultured in the 158 cases (58.51%), after that the Klebsiella pneumonia in 48 cases (17.77%) & enterococcus spp respectively in 16 cases (5.92%). The sensitive percentage in the outdoor cases (132) was observed as nitrofurantoin (92.4%), ciprofloxacin (47.1%) and cotrimoxazole (62.1%); whereas in the indoor isolates (138) the respective sensitivity was observed as 84.0%, 34.7% and 28.9% respectively. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the Nitrofurantoin is outdoor and indoor isolates is useful in the empirical urinary tract infection which is not complicated. Keywords: Nitrofurantoin, Cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim-sulphamethaxazol, Urinary Tract Infections and Urine.

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Zubkova, T. G., I. I. Tokin, E. Yu Karnaukhova, and D. A. Lioznov. "Etiotropic therapy and chemoprophylaxis of influenza with neuraminidase inhibitors." Medical Council, no. 21 (January 28, 2020): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-21-232-238.

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Influenza is a common respiratory infection caused by viruses of types A, B and C. Characteristic of influenza infection is the development of intoxication and damage to the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, often the trachea. Complications of influenza occur in 10–15% of patients. Most often it is pneumonia, bacterial focal infections (sinusitis, otitis, urinary and biliary tract infections), activation of chronic infections (tuberculosis, rheumatism). In influenza infection, as in the treatment of any infectious disease, the greatest importance belongs to etiotropic therapy. The world health organization recommends the use of neuraminidase inhibitors for etiotropic treatment of influenza. Currently, 2 neuraminidase inhibitors are used in the Russian Federation - oseltamivir and zanamivir. Both of these drugs are included in the clinical guidelines approved by the Ministry of health of Russia. In the Russian pharmaceutical market, oseltamivir is represented including the domestic drug Nomides in several dosages of 75 mg, 45 mg, 30 mg, which allows it to be used in children from 3 years. Etiotropic drugs should be prescribed as early as possible from the moment of clinical manifestation of the disease, optimally - in the first 48 hours from the onset of the disease, without waiting for laboratory verification of the diagnosis. The advantages of etiotropic therapy are reducing the risk of complications, shortening the period of fever and other symptoms. It is equally important to reduce the incidence of secondary complications requiring antibiotics and hospitalizations due to influenza. Etiotropic drugs for influenza therapy, including nomides, are used to prevent influenza infection. It should be noted that chemoprophylaxis does not replace vaccination against influenza, but is an auxiliary method of preventing the disease.

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Afrah. "The Most Prescribed Antibiotics for Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Women in Nasiriya City- South of Iraq." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 10, no. 2 (2023): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v10i2.1109.

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Antibiotics are chemicals or natural compounds that act by fighting various types of bacterial infections including urinary tract infection in pregnant women which is considered the most vulnerable patients to such infection due to several factors which may be hormonal , anatomical etc. The aim of this recent study is to confirm a pattern of antibiotic selection used for urinary tract infection in pregnant women in Nasiriya city- South of Iraq. Ninety pharmacies were asked about the antibiotics prescribed for their patients, the doses, dosage form, dose frequency, concomitant drugs (aim from administration of these drugs with antibiotics) and adverse effect. The study period was extended from January2022 till August 2022. From this study , the most dispensed antibiotics ware Cefexime 35.5% in a dose 400 mg capsule every twelve hours and the most frequently prescribed dosage form according to the physicians feedback and the analysis of the data was displayed the oral administration either (tablets or capsules) and it is less commonly prescribed are paraenteral antibiotics . In this work cefixime was the most dispended with a percent (35.5) cefixime may be due to it because there is more prescription due to safety during pregnancy , also it available in pharmacies

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Kavanagh, Oisín N. "Alkalising agents in urinary tract infections: theoretical contraindications, interactions and synergy." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 13 (January 2022): 204209862210807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20420986221080794.

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Introduction: Alkalising agents have the potential to enhance the efficacy of many antimicrobial agents used in the treatment of Urinary Tract Infections; they also have the potential to cause significant patient harm if used incorrectly. This work seeks to illustrate and quantify these risks and synergies by modelling drug solubility and supersaturation against pharmacokinetic data for commonly used antibiotic agents. Methods: Solubility-pH relationships are employed to quantify the crystalluria risk for compounds which may be reasonably expected to be co-prescribed—or co-administered—with urinary alkalisers (amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin). These results are correlated against reports of crystalluria in the literature and in the EU Adverse Drug Reaction database. Results and Discussion: We find a correlation between the maximum theoretical supersaturation attainable and crystalluria reports for sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Shifts in urine pH which can be induced by alkalising agents may produce supersaturated states (and thus induce crystalluria) and may also affect antimicrobial efficacy. The importance of employing biorelevant media to improve predictive capacity of this analysis is also discussed. Conclusion: Despite their widespread use, alkalising agents have significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of the most common drugs used to treat UTIs. With self-care set to increase, all OTC products should be critically re-evaluated to ensure patient safety, particularly within contexts where healthcare professionals are not involved in treatment selection. This analysis suggests a need for consistency across patient and healthcare professional documents to improve clarity. Plain Language Summary OTC Alkalising agents need additional warning information Alkalising agents (e.g., sodium and potassium citrate) can be purchased in many locations without the supervision of a healthcare professional. Although they are thought as innocuous agents, alkalisers can greatly influence the way some antibiotics behave in the body and this can potentially cause patient harm. This work illustrates these risks and synergies by modelling drug solubility and supersaturation against pharmacokinetic data for commonly used antibiotic agents. Manufacturers and patients should be aware that the use of alkalising agents with these drugs (and potentially many others) may cause unintended consequences.

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M., Kumar. "Preliminary studies on antibacterial effect of some medicinal plants against urinary tract pathogens." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 24, no. 3 (2024): 157–62. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/24.3.157-162.

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Medicinal plants have wide medicament application used to prevent and management of many ailments. These plants are used for primary health care in human communities who are deprived of modern medical care. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are most common form of bacterial infections, affecting people throughout their lifespan. Hence the present study to evaluate the antibacterial potential of folk medicine against Urinary tract infection causing pathogens. In the present study 25 urine samples were collected and from the samples totally 58 bacterial colonies were isolated, among the 58 colonies six dominant urinary tract bacterial pathogens were identified by using Biochemical and Morphological characters which were confirmed as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of folk three medicinal plant extract such as Allium sativum, Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale, used against bacteria isolates. Compared with folk three medicinal plant extract the Allium sativum was effective to kill the all bacteria isolates. Hence the herbal drugs have to be subjected to extensive pharmacological, toxicological and clinical tests to confirm the prescribed status. Thus the ethnobotanical approach will be like a search for molecular diversity subjecting a wide variety of new molecules from plant sources and testing them with as many different tests as possible. published by the International Journal of Biosciences (IJB)

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Djordjevic, Zorana, and Milena Ilic. "Urinary tract nosocomial infections at the Clinical centre in Kragujevac." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 140, no. 3-4 (2012): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh1204184d.

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Introduction. Urinary tract infections are the most frequent hospital infections and account for about 40% of total hospital infections. The main risk factor for their development is the use of catheters. Objective. Assessment of basic epidemiological and etiological characteristics of nosocomial urinary tract infections (NUTIs) and investigation of differences in risk factors among the patients with NUTIs with and without the urinary catheter. Methods. The study comprised patients treated in chosen units/ of the Clinical Center in Kragujevac, in whom NUTI was registered during 2009. Differences in risk factors for NUTIs between the catheterized and uncatheterized patients were tested by the logistic regression analysis. Results. NUTIs was registered in 162 patients whose average age was 66.2?13.5 years with approximately equal gender participation (51.2% men and 48.8% women). Almost three quarters of the patients with NUITs had indwelling urinary catheter, 12.0?7.7 days on average (from 1 to 39 days). In the patients with urinary catheter, the risk for NUITs was significantly positively associated with emergency admission to hospital treatment (p=0.0185). The uncatheterized patients had a significant frequency of malignant tumours comparing to the patients with a urinary catheter (p=0.039). The compared groups did not differ in other risk factors. The most frequently isolated microbial agents was Klebsiella spp (37.3%), then Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.1%) and Proteus mirabilis (11.9%). Most of the bacteria showed a great level of resistance to frequently used antibacterial drugs, even up to 100%. Conclusion. It is necessary to define national recommendations for the prevention and control of NUTIs in the future.

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Gupta, Anshu, Chanderpriya Agarwal, Karun Bhatti, Arvind Agarwal, and Rosy Tayal. "Drug utilization study of urinary tract infections in obstetrics and gynecology department." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 12, no. 3 (2023): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20231131.

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Background: The aim of study was to determine the utilization pattern of antimicrobial agents in obstetrics and gynaecology department. Antimicrobial agents are one of the most commonly used drugs word wide and has main contribution in human health system. UTI infection is one of the most widespread bacterial infections of genitourinary tract which can be treated by AMAs. The main aim of this study is; to identify the pattern of drug utilisation of antimicrobials in prescriptions, to analyse the utilisation of different classes of drugs and to identify the outcome of the treatment. Methods: This prospective, observational and analytical study was conducted in patients of obstetrics and gynaecology department of MMIMSR, Mullana after obtaining approval from institutional ethical committee. Demographic data, medical history, prescribed treatment details (drug name, dose, frequency, dosage form etc) and diagnosis, type of UTI, laboratory investigations and outcome of treatment was evaluated. Results: A total 242 female patients were registered, out of which 200 were included in the study as 42 were dropouts. Majority of female patients were belonging to the age group of 18-37 (63%). Most of the female patients had uncomplicated UTI 188 (94%) (p value=0.35), 186 (93%) had significant pyuria and 64 (32%) had urine culture positive (p value= 0.01). Burning micturation and frequency were the most common symptoms observed in 146 (73%). In the study 67(33.5%) females were pregnant and 133 (66.5%) were non pregnant (p value= 0.01). Out of 200 patients 64 (32%) had positive urine cultures and 136 (68%) had negative urine culture reports. E. coli 28 (14%) was the most common bacteria isolated followed by Klebsiella 16 (8%). Average number of drugs prescribed per prescription to non-pregnant was 3.97 and to pregnant were 4.67. In majority of prescriptions, the drugs were prescribed by oral routes (51%) and most of the drugs prescribed were generic (57%). Most of the patients (93%) were recovered from UTIs in 5-7 days of treatment. Conclusions: Our study concluded that the uses of AMAs for UTI were found to be rational and according to the causative organism and susceptibility pattern.

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Mahmud, Abbas, Rizki Dyah Haninggar, and Fajar Akbar. "Isolate Gram Negative Bacteria Resistant Antibiotics Carbapenems in Maternal Urine Pregnant." Jurnal Analis Medika Biosains (JAMBS) 11, no. 2 (2024): 122. https://doi.org/10.32807/jambs.v11i2.397.

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Pregnant women with bacterial uria, more than half have infections with antibiotic- resistant organisms. This pattern of resistance has a real clinical impact because pregnant women with antibiotic-resistant Gram Negative lower urinary tract infections are estimated to be 2-3 times more likely to develop pyelonephritis. Antibiotic resistance is common among pathogenic bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. Enterobacterales are frequently encountered pathogens that cause community-associated infections, such as urinary tract infections. Urinary tract pathogenic bacteria are generally caused by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli is a common cause of bacteriuria symptomatic and asymptomatic. In the era of multidrug resistance, appropriate diagnosis and treatment must be given to avoid in pregnant women and prevent antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a serious threat to the mother and fetus because it is difficult to obtain safe antibiotics. Increased bacterial resistance of urinary tract pathogens may complicate the selection of appropriate drugs. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity of carbapenem antibiotics to bacterial isolates from the urine of pregnant women. This type of research is descriptive observational research, where the sample used is urine Pregnant. A urine specimen sample is inoculated to in Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) media, next inoculated to MacConkey agar medium. Isolate bacteria from MacConkey To be done Gram examination and sensitivity test. Sensitivity test use method diffusion the Kirby-Bauer disc uses an antibiotic disc group Carbapenems namely Meropenem (MER) 10ug. Data in the form of mark sensitivity form resistant (R), Intermediate (I) and Sensitive (S) of antibiotic group, participant data processed use SPSS application. This study obtained there were 5 ( 20 %) Gram Negative bacteria that resistant antibiotic meropenem (MER) from group Carbapenems . Conclusion: There is isolate Gram Negative bacteria from urine pregnancy that resistant to antibiotics meropenem from group carbapenemia. Type of group carbapenems the is the antibiotic

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Alekseeva, N., N. Dvoynikova та I. Zarva. "АНТИБИОТИКОРЕЗИСТЕНТНОСТИ УРОПАТОГЕНОВ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ В МНОГОПРОФИЛЬНОМ СТАЦИОНАРЕ". Baikal Medical Journal 2, № 4 (2023): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.57256/2949-0715-2023-4-45-52.

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Urinary tract infections are among the most common bacterial infections. Currently, one of the main problems of therapy, as for the infections of other localizations, is the high level of antibiotic resistance. Timely prescribed and adequately selected antimicrobial therapy is the main factor determining the treatment outcome. The aim of the study. To carry out dynamic analysis of the etiological structure of urinary tract microflora and to assess antibiotic resistance of the most significant uropathogens in patients of the Clinics of the Irkutsk State Medical University (Clinics of ISMU) in order to optimize the use of antimicrobial drugs in a multidisciplinary hospital. Materials and methods. We analyzed bacterial strains (n = 2414) collected from urine of patients treated at the Clin-ics of ISMU from 2018 to 2022. Microbiological examination of urine was conducted in bacteriological laboratory of the Clinics of ISMU. Results. During the study period, E. coli remained the main uropathogen. There has been an increase in antibiotic resistance of E. coli to the main antimicrobial agents which are traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections, including fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. There is an increase in the frequency of detection of E. coli strains producing extended-spectrum b-lactamases from 5.4 % to 12.4 %. Meropenem and nitrofurantoin retain the greatest activity against E. coli. Conclusion. The results of this study indicate the need to strengthen control over the use of antimicrobial agents in medical organizations, the importance of constant microbiological monitoring in order to identify the characteristics of local antibiotic resistance and update protocols for empirical treatment of urinary tract infections.

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Davydova, Iu V., and A. Y. Lymanskaya. "Improvement of effectiveness in treatment for urinary tract infection in pregnant women." Ukrainian journal of Perinatology and Pediatrics, no. 2(86) (June 25, 2021): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/pp.2021.86.7.

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The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of Phytolysin Active prescription in therapy of urinary tract infections in pregnant women. Materials and methods. The efficacy of Phytolysin Active (1 capsule per day for 21 days) in the complex treatment for urinary tract infection was studied in comparison with the group of pregnant women using traditional antimicrobial therapy. The first group consisted of 27 pregnant women who received complex treatment (antibiotic therapy + Phytolysin Active), the second consisted of 25 women who used exclusively antibiotic therapy. Among pregnant women in the first group, symptomatic gestational cystitis was observed in 9 (33.3%) cases, and in the second group in 8 (32%) patients. Results. The effectiveness of combination therapy with the use of Phytolysin Active was proved by significant improvement in general well-being and disappearance of cystitis symptoms in 8 (88.9%) women compared with 5 (62.5%) patients in the treatment group who used exclusively antimicrobial drugs. After treatment with the addition of Phytolysin Active to antibiotic therapy, Escherichiaсoli pathogen, which is most often diagnosed in this pathology, was observed in 1 (3.7%) women compared to 5 (20%) cases in the second group. Also, 25 (92.6%) women of the first group had no recurrence of urinary tract infections for 3 months. Conclusions. Complex treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women with the use of the drug Phytolysin Active is more effective than the use of antibiotic therapy alone, which is proved by the high rate of the pathogen elimination and absence of infection recurrence for 3 months. The synergistic action of two active components of Phytolysin Active (Polpharma) – cranberry proanthocyanidins and lactobacillus acidophilus – improves the effectiveness of treatment and prevents relapse. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the institution. The informed consent of women was obtained for the research. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Key words: pregnancy, urinary tract infections, treatments, herbal medicine, cranberry, lactobacilli.

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Quazi, Shadma Hafizuddin, Riyaz Siddiqui, Tanaji R. Shende, Harshal Mahajan, and Amruta Vishwas Dashputra. "Drug utilization study in acute febrile illnesses in a tertiary care hospital of central India." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2023.151.

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Acute febrile illness (AFI) can be caused by various aetiologies. Different antimicrobials are available to be used depending on the cause. Also, there are interpersonal variations in the prescription of these antimicrobials. Antibiotic stewardship programs frequently employ antibiotic policies to reduce the needless use of drugs and improve management. As a result, the purpose of this study is to examine current patterns in the use of antibiotics in patients with acute febrile illness.It is an observational study based on records that were conducted at a tertiary care hospital. 300 patient case files with acute febrile illnesses were admitted to the Department of Medicine after analysing numerous etiologies for antibiotic usage. Antibiotics for different aetiologies of febrile sickness were noted in a case record form. Data collected were analysed for proportion to find the prescription pattern of antimicrobials.Respiratory tract infections, especially upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) (26.6%) are frequent clinical diseases for which antibiotics were administered followed by acute gastroenteritis (16%), urinary tract infection (UTI) (12.3%) and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (9.6%), dengue fever (9%) & viral fever (8.3%). Ceftriaxone (20%) was one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics and Piperacillin+ Tazobactum (16.25%) was followed by Amoxycillin + clavulanic acid (10.5%), Clarithromycin (8.5%), Cefuroxime (7.25%). According to our analysis, respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal infections were the two conditions for which antibiotics were most frequently administered. Third-generation cephalosporins, particularly ceftriaxone and cefixime, were the most frequently used antibiotics.

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BAIKO, S. V., V. V. SNOPKOV, and V. V. VALAKHOVICH. "Modern aspects of urinary tract infection in children: etiology, clinic, diagnosis, treatment and prevention." Practical medicine 20, no. 3 (2022): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2022-3-94-100.

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The purpose — to study the microbial spectrum and sensitivity to antibiotics (AB) of acute and recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI), to evaluate approaches to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute pyelonephritis (AP) in children in comparison with international guidelines. Material and methods. At the initial stage, the microbial landscape of urine and the antimicrobial sensitivity of uropathogens were assessed in 67 children with AP and in 78 patients with rUTI from January 01 to December 31, 2021. Subsequently, clinical, laboratory and instrumental changes, as well as approaches to treatment and prevention were studied in children with AP. Results. The most common etiological uropathogen of AP and rUTI is E. coli — in 82 and 70% of cases, respectively. The share of febrile infection among patients with AP was 77%. 76% of girls with AP had inflammatory changes in the external genital organs according to the gynecological examination. There is an increase in resistance to the main drugs of etiotropic therapy for AP (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid) and anti-relapse prevention (furazidin). The starting AB in the treatment of AP in 97% of cases was administered intravenously, cefotaxime was used more often (91%). Step therapy was used in 77% of patients. Anti-relapse prophylaxis was carried out in 58% of children, and cefuroxime was prescribed for this purpose in 45% of cases. The recurrence rate of urinary tract infection was 4.5%. Conclusions. Given the regular updating of international recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections in children, timely revision and adaptation of local protocols to these changes is required.

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Dey, M., K. Bechman, C. Smith, A. Cope, E. Nikiphorou, and J. Galloway. "AB0649 INFECTION PROFILE OF IMMUNE-MODULATORY DRUGS USED IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: ANALYSIS OF SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTIC DATA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (2021): 1357.2–1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2207.

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Background:The number of immune-modulatory drugs used to treat immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) has exponentially increased in recent decades. While effective in controlling disease, serious infection remains a concern.Accurate information on immune-modulatory drugs, including infections, is required to guide prescribing decisions. The “summary of product characteristics” (SmPC) by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) provides a useful repository of information on adverse events e.g. infections, from clinical trials and post-marketing pharmacovigilance (1).To date, no comparison has been undertaken on reported infection frequencies across SmPCs for immune-modulators.Objectives:To compare infection frequency, site and type across the most commonly-prescribed immune-modulatory drugs used to treat IMIDs, using information provided by SmPCs.Methods:A drug was included if licensed in Europe for treatment of one of the following: rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, connective tissue disease, autoimmune vasculitis, autoinflammatory syndromes, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis), psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and other rarer conditions.The Electronic Medicines Compendium (EMC) was searched for commonly prescribed immune-modulatory drugs used for the above indications. SmPC documents were manually searched for information on infection frequency, extracted from sections 4.4 and 4.8. Infection frequency was recorded as per convention in the SmPC: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000) (1), for each drug. Information was further extracted on infection site (e.g. respiratory, skin etc), type (e.g. bacterial, viral etc) and individual pathogenic organisms.25% of included SmPCs were screened and extracted by a second reviewer. Disagreements were resolved with input from a third reviewer.Results:In total, 39 drugs were included, used across 20 indications: nine conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), six targeted synthetic DMARDs (tsDMARDs; four Janus kinase [JAK] inhibitors, two sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators) and 24 biologic DMARDs (17 cytokine-targeted; seven cell-targeted).Twelve sites of infection were recorded. Minimal or no site information was available for most csDMARDs and siponimod, certolizumab pegol and rituximab. The most common sites of infection are listed by drug group in Figure 1. Upper respiratory tract was the most common site, especially with bDMARDs. Lower respiratory, ear/nose/throat (including sinusitis) and urinary tract infections were moderately common, with clustering within drug groups. No drugs reported risk of cardiac infections; the eye, musculoskeletal, neurological, oral and reproductive sites were the least commonly-reported sites of infection.Infection data for 27 distinct pathogens were recorded, the majority viruses, especially with bDMARD use. Herpes simplex and zoster were the most frequently listed (mainly with bDMARDs and tsDMARDs), followed by influenza. Common non-viral causes of infection were candida and tinea species.Variable or absent reporting was noted for opportunistic infections (e.g. tuberculosis and fungi) and certain high-prevalence viruses e.g. Epstein-Barr.Conclusion:The SmPC literature reports differences in infection risk, by site and pathogen, between immune-modulatory drugs. The findings can be used to visualise differences and aid treatment decisions. However, some of the patterns we have shown lack face-validity to clinicians familiar with real-world safety data. The data fail to capture risk of rare infections, are likely skewed by trial selection criteria, varying number of trials per drug and quirks of individual study-reporting methodologies.The findings highlight the need for robust post-marketing pharmacovigilance studies.References:[1]A Guideline on Summary of Product Characteristics Module 1.3. 2008.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

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Iqbal, Fatima, Fariha Nasreen, Sidra Iqbal, Irum Naz, Attiya Elahi, and Faisal Rehman. "Bactericidal Effect of Antibiotics against Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection among Children." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 1 (2023): 824–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171824.

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Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections in children. Use of antibiotics according to updated sensitivity pattern is critical. Aim: To determine major bacteria causing UTI with drug sensitivity pattern to find best empirical therapy. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study was conducted at WAPDA hospital Rawalpindi from June 2022 to November 2022. A total of 71 urine culture positive children aged between 1 to 14 years were enrolled. The main variables for the study included age and sex of patient, isolated bacteria and the sensitivity pattern against different drugs. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The variables are presented in the form of standard deviation and frequency of percentages. Results: The average age of enrolled children was 5.9 (SD ± 3.6) years. The common bacteria leading to UTI were E. coli 43 (60.6%) followed by Klebsiella 11 (15.5%) and Enterococcus 5 (7%). The most common organism isolated was E. coli. The most effective drugs against E. coli are Meropenem (97.2%), Fosfomycin (90.2%), and Amikacin (89.7%). The resistance pattern is Co-trimoxazole (86%), Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (69.8%) and Cefixime (70.7%). Conclusion: The most common isolate was E. coli. The sensitivity of nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin and Amikacin to the pathogens’ causing UTI is high and can be used empirically. Other commonly used antibiotics are mostly resistant, therefore regular studies in every region are necessary to update the protocols for treatment of UTI. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, E. coli, Amikacin, Urine culture and sensitivity

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Stuhec, M. "The pharmacotherapy of infections in patients with mental disorders receiving psychotropic drugs: Focus on good practices." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S15—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.64.

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There is little data on infection treatment in patients with mental disorders, including on the selection of psychotropic, antibiotic, antifungal, and antiviral medications. Bacterial, viral, and fungal infections often occur in patients with mental illnesses, and there is little data on rational pharmacotherapy in this vulnerable population. Antibiotic treatment is a common event during hospitalization in adult psychiatric hospitals and poses a risk of significant potential to almost a quarter of all patients. Most infections are bacterial infections where antibiotics are used, and this topic will be covered in this lecture.Most patients are being treated for urinary tract infections or respiratory tract infections. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics are co-amoxiclav and cotrimoxazole, followed by ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antibiotics and psychotropics often occur, where medications with QTc prolongation potential should be avoided (e.g., some antipsychotics and antidepressants, quinolones, and cotrimoxazole). Penicillins are the most appropriate group, and quinolones should be avoided. DDIs between antibiotics and psychotropic drugs have been reported to occur in 20% of patients, which means that DDIs checking is always necessary before prescribing. Psychiatric adverse events (e.g., hallucinations, restlessness, insomnia) have also been seen in patients with mental disorders.The participants will learn about general recommendations on antibiotic prescribing in this population, focusing on antibiotics and psychotropics, supported by evidence-based data and real clinical pharmacological tools useful for daily practice.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Mayank, Malik, Habib Anwar, Ahmad Razi, and Khanna Shreshth. "Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Various Oral Antidiabetic Drug Regimens Used for Type - 2 Diabetes Mellitus - in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Delhi." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 13, no. 3 (2023): 155–66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11239978.

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Objectives: Aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of various oral antidiabetic drugs/regimens used for Type-2 diabetes patients. The primary objectives were to compare fasting blood glucose(FBS), post prandial blood glucose(PPBS), and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary objectives were to compare Body weight (kg), vitals (blood pressure in mmhg) and to identify adverse drug reactions (if present) in all groups. Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in Medicine OPD of a tertiary care Hospital in South Delhi over a period of 17 months. All the patients receiving oral anti diabetics were enrolled. The patients receiving injectable antidiabetic drugs were excluded. Patients were followed for 3 visits after the first visit, reviewed after every 12 weeks. All the necessary information were recorded in case record form that includes demographic details (age, gender etc), concomitant medication history, past medical history, vitals, physical examination (body weight[kg]) and relevant laboratory reports (FBS [mg/dl], PpBS [mg/dl], glycosylated haemoglobin [%]). Results: A total of 248 patients were enrolled in our study and drugs received by the patients were found to be Biguanides(25%), Biguanides + Sulfonylureas (25.4%), Biguanides + Sodium Glucose co transporter (SGLT2) inhibitors (25.4%), Biguanides + Dipeptidyl peptidase (Dpp4) inhibitors (24.1%). A significant reduction in FBS, PPBS, and HbA1c was seen in all groups of patients. Adverse drug reactions were hypoglycemia, dizziness, urinary tract infections and Gastric side effects distributed in different groups. Maximum reduction in body weight in patients receiving B+SGLT2i was seen and weight increase was seen in the patient group receiving B+Su. Conclusion: Overall, all classes of drugs showed efficacy in reducing glycemic parameters and body weight with SGLT2i showing maximum effect. Sulfonylureas were commonly associated with hypoglycemia and Sglt2i were associated with urinary tract infections.

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Criscuolo, Marianna, and Enrico Maria Trecarichi. "Ceftazidime/Avibactam and Ceftolozane/Tazobactam for Multidrug-Resistant Gram Negatives in Patients with Hematological Malignancies: Current Experiences." Antibiotics 9, no. 2 (2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020058.

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Patients suffering from hematological malignancies are at high risk for severe infections, including in particular bloodstream infections, which represent one of the most frequent life-threatening complications for these patients, with reported mortality rates reaching 40%. Furthermore, a worrisome increase in antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., cephalosporin- and/or carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa) involved in severe infectious complications among patients with hematological malignancies has been reported during the last years. The two novel combination of cephalosporins and β-lactamase inhibitors, ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam, were recently approved for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections and nosocomial pneumonia and display activity against several MDR Gram-negative strains. Although not specifically approved for neutropenic and/or cancer patients, these drugs are used in this setting due to increasing rates of infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this review is to describe the actual evidence from scientific literature about the “real-life” use of these two novel drugs in patients with hematological malignancies and infections caused by MDR Gram-negative bacteria.

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Yonnet, Gael J., Anette S. Fjeldstad, Noel G. Carlson, and John W. Rose. "Advances in the Management of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity in Multiple Sclerosis." International Journal of MS Care 15, no. 2 (2013): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2012-031.

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Bladder dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) can be socially disabling, have negative psychological and economic consequences, and impair patients' quality of life. Knowledge of the functional anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract is essential to understand the symptoms associated with central nervous system lesions and the pharmacotherapies used to treat them. Treatments for neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) have consisted mainly of administration of anticholinergic drugs, which have been shown to provide suboptimal clinical benefits and be poorly tolerated. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of intravesicular botulinum toxin therapy provides a second-line option for MS patients with NDO not responsive to anticholinergic drugs. We performed a review of key literature pertaining to the intravesicular application of botulinum toxin. In the management of NDO, administration of intravesicular botulinum toxin using clean intermittent catheterization decreases the incidence of urinary tract infections, promotes urinary continence, and improves quality of life for 9 months after a single injection; moreover, those benefits are maintained with repeated injections over time.

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Faiza, Naseer. "Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants (Clove, Cinnamon, Garlic) Extracts and their Combined Effect with Antibiotics in Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Escherichia coli." International Journal of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology 2, no. 2 (2018): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.31531/2581-3080.1000128.

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Urinary   tract   infection   is   an   inflammatory response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion that is usually associated with bacteriuria and pyuria. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are most familiar pathogenic infections that cause severe complications of urinary tract and difficult problems. The development of drug resistance especially to antibiotics which are used in treatment of infection is major problem. The main objective of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against pathogenic bacteria most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli) involved in UTIs. Different bacterial strains of E. coli were provided by Institute of Microbiology in University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also performed for direct detection and identification of E. coli by targeting UID gene. After confirmation of E. coli antimicrobial sensitivity of various antibiotics as quinolones, aminoglycosides, cephalosporin and beta-lactam were tested by standard disc diffusion method. Results were recorded as by measuring diameter of zone of inhibition and analyzed by analysis of variance techniques (ANOVA). Five antibiotics ampicillin, imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Nalidixic acid showed resistance pattern towards three strains. Clove, cinnamon, garlic aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared and tested to check their antibacterial efficacy against isolated E. coli. Clove and cinnamon extracts has showed best antibacterial activity against UTI strains as by their mean ± SE values (13.33 ± 2.05 for clove and 11.33 ± 0.5 for cinnamon). Ethanolic extract (10%) of clove with 27 mm, boiled extract (10%) of cinnamon and garlic with 16 mm and 14 mm diameters of zone of inhibition showed maximum inhibitory response. Combined effect of plant extracts 10% with antibiotics was also tested. In combined effect, resistance drugs ampicillin, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Nalidixic acid showed susceptibility pattern as by increasing diameter of zone of inhibitions on three UTI strains. Hence it is concluded that combined effect is more (additive effect) than treated UTI alone with antibiotics. Various plant extracts can be used in combination with antibiotics as a treatment therapy in E. coli caused UTIs.

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Rafalsky, V. V. "Antibiotic resistance of pathogens causing uncomplicated urinary tract infections in Russian Federation." Herald Urology 6, no. 3 (2018): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2018-6-3-50-56.

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Introduction.The choice of antibiotic for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) is mainly carried out empirically. At the same time, it should correspond to local data on the sensitivity of uropathogens to antibacterial drugs. If the level of uropathogen resistance in the region is more than 10-20% to any antibiotic, its use should be limited to empirical therapy.Purpose of research.Identify the structure of pathogens of uncomplicated UTIs and determine the dynamics of their sensitivity to the most commonly used antibacterial drugs.Materials and methods.This article presents a summary data of Russian multicenter epidemiological on the etiology of uncomplicated UTIs and the resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. The study are included female outpatients meeting the following criteria: 1) non-pregnant women over 18; 2) the presence of lower UTIs (acute or exacerbation of chronic cystitis); 3) uropathogen isolation > 103 CFU/ml with a positive test results for the presence of leukocytes in the urine and >105 CFU/ml for any test results for the presence of leukocytes in the urine.Results.The most frequent uropathogen causing uncomplicated UTI is E. coli, which is excreted in 72.4% - 90.6% of patients. Cephalosporins of the third generation (cefixime), Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin have a high microbiological activity against E. coli, the frequency of resistant strains to them is 0%, 0-1.9% and 0%, respectively. The persistently high resistance of E. coli strains is determined to Ampicillin (33.1% - 41.5%) and Co-trimoxazole (19.3% - 26.2%). For non-fluorinated and fluorinated quinolones, there is a tendency to increase the proportion of resistant strains during the study period.Conclusions.High generation Cephalosporins (cefixime), Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin have high activity against uropathogens сausing uncomplicated UTI. Ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole cannot be considered the drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated UTI according to currently established criteria.

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Голдыцкий, С. О., И. С. Абельская, Ю. В. Слободин, С. С. Галицкая, Е. Ф. Качанко, and А. О. Зановский. "Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy of Urinary Tract Infections in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance." Рецепт 27, no. 1 (2024): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2024.27.1.010.

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Инфекция мочевыводящих путей является актуальной и широко распространенной проблемой в современной урологии, клинические проявления которой могут протекать по-разному – от невыраженной дизурии до септического состояния. Это объясняет необходимость поиска эффективной профилактики и антибиотикотерапии на фоне растущей антибиотикорезистентности. За последние 10 лет произошли серьезные изменения в подходах антибиотикотерапии основных урологических инфекционных заболеваний, которые должны применяться в клинической практике. Следует отметить, что проблема антибиотикорезистентности крайне актуальна не только в урологической практике. Учитывая объем назначаемых антибактериальных препаратов в урологических стационарах, необходимо внедрение системных мультидисциплинарных подходов к контролю качества и количества назначаемых препаратов. Urinary tract infection is a pressing and widespread problem in modern urology, the clinical manifestations of which can occur in different ways – from mild dysuria to a septic state. This explains the need to find effective prophylaxis and antibiotic therapy against the backdrop of growing antibiotic resistance. Over the past 10 years, there have been major changes in the approaches to antibiotic therapy for major urological infectious diseases, which should be used in clinical practice. It should be noted that the problem of antibiotic resistance is extremely relevant not only in urological practice. Considering the volume of prescribed antibacterial drugs in urology hospitals, it is necessary to introduce systemic multidisciplinary approaches to control the quality and quantity of prescribed drugs.

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Pradnya, Nilesh Jagtap, Rohidas Tanpure Prajakta, Bhikaji Mirke Nayana, and Y.Patil Ravindra. "The Magic of Herbal Remedies in Kidney Stone - A Review Article." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 05, no. 01 (2020): 103–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3784767.

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Kidney stones are the third most common urinary tract problems after urinary tract infections and prostate pathology with high recurrence. Kidney stones may cause extreme pain and blockage of urine flow. The problem of urinary stones or calculi is a very ancient one and many remedies have been employed during the ages these stones are found in all parts of the urinary tract, the kidney, the ureters and the urinary bladder and may vary considerably in size. They are usually treated with medications that may cause a number of side-effects. overuse of synthetic drugs, which results in higher incidence of adverse drug reactions, has motivated humans to return to nature for safe remedies. Medicinal herbs are used in different cultures as a reliable source of natural remedies. Herbs and herbal drugs have created interest among the people by its clinically proven effects. A total of 503 species, 365 genera and 119 families were cited for treating kidney stones. The most common used plant parts are root and rhizome (25%), mode of preparation decoction (62%) and route of administration is oral in all cases. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive information about traditionally used antiurolithiatic plants and Polyhebal formulation present in market having scientifically proved pharmacological activities like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, litholytic, lithotriptic, antiurolithiatic, antispasmodic, ACE inhibition and Phospholipase A2 inhibition as a plausible mechanism of action. Alternative to synthetic agents, many herbal plant's with antiurolithiatic activity are known from across world. This review focuses on kidney stone with all related information and plants Species and polyherbal formulations used for the treatment of kidney stone. The purpose of this paper is to critically review available literature on herbal medicines and their possible role in the management of urolithiasis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Drugs used for urinary tract infections'

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