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Journal articles on the topic 'Drumliny'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Woodard, Jacob B., Lucas K. Zoet, Ívar Ö. Benediktsson, Neal R. Iverson, and Andrew Finlayson. "Insights into drumlin development from ground-penetrating radar at Múlajökull, Iceland, a surge-type glacier." Journal of Glaciology 66, no. 259 (2020): 822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.50.

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AbstractDrumlins form at the ice/bed interface through subglacial processes that are not directly observable. The internal stratigraphy of drumlins provides insight into how they developed and associated subglacial processes, but traditional stratigraphic logging techniques are limited to natural exposures and excavations. Using ground-penetrating radar, we imaged the internal stratigraphy of seven drumlins from a recently exposed drumlin field in the forefield of Múlajökull, Iceland. Data were collected with 100 and 200 MHz antennas with maximum resolvable depths of 8 and 4 m, respectively. L

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2

Stanford, Scott D., and David M. Mickelson. "Till Fabric and Deformational Structures in Drumlins Near Waukesha, Wisconsin, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 109 (1985): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000006535.

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AbstractDeep gravel-pit exposures reveal the distribution and structure of till and underlying sand and gravel in drumlins near Waukesha, Wisconsin. The subglacial sediment is interpreted to have moved laterally into the drumlin sites because the till thickens from the margin to the core of the drumlins, the stone orientation in the till is perpendicular and oblique to ice flow on the drumlin margins, and recumbent isoclinal folds occur in sand on the drumlin margins with axes parallel to the drumlin axes. The resulting accumulations of sediment presented obstacles to ice flow and were streaml

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3

Stanford, Scott D., and David M. Mickelson. "Till Fabric and Deformational Structures in Drumlins Near Waukesha, Wisconsin, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 109 (1985): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000006535.

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AbstractDeep gravel-pit exposures reveal the distribution and structure of till and underlying sand and gravel in drumlins near Waukesha, Wisconsin. The subglacial sediment is interpreted to have moved laterally into the drumlin sites because the till thickens from the margin to the core of the drumlins, the stone orientation in the till is perpendicular and oblique to ice flow on the drumlin margins, and recumbent isoclinal folds occur in sand on the drumlin margins with axes parallel to the drumlin axes. The resulting accumulations of sediment presented obstacles to ice flow and were streaml

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4

Patterson, Carrie J., and Roger LeB Hooke. "Physical environment of drumlin formation." Journal of Glaciology 41, no. 137 (1995): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000017731.

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AbstractReview of published descriptions of drumlin fields suggests that the following conditions are important to drumlin growth: (1) compressive longitudinal and possibly extending transverse strain rates in the ice, (2) thin ice such as occurs near the glacier margin, and (3) high pore-water pressure in the subglacial sediments. Most drumlin fields display all of these, and no fields of well-developed drumlins were found that did not. On the oilier hand, the lithology of drumlin-forming sediment appears not to be important in promoting drumlin growth, since it varied widely, nor are the lit

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5

Patterson, Carrie J., and Roger LeB Hooke. "Physical environment of drumlin formation." Journal of Glaciology 41, no. 137 (1995): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000017731.

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AbstractReview of published descriptions of drumlin fields suggests that the following conditions are important to drumlin growth: (1) compressive longitudinal and possibly extending transverse strain rates in the ice, (2) thin ice such as occurs near the glacier margin, and (3) high pore-water pressure in the subglacial sediments. Most drumlin fields display all of these, and no fields of well-developed drumlins were found that did not. On the oilier hand, the lithology of drumlin-forming sediment appears not to be important in promoting drumlin growth, since it varied widely, nor are the lit

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6

McCabe, A. M. "The 1992 Farrington Lecture: Drumlin Bedforms and Related Ice-Marginal Depositional Systems in Ireland." Irish Geography 26, no. 1 (2015): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1993.455.

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The Irish drumlin bell comprises a wide morphological range of subglacial bedforms which are best developed in lowland zones located mainly in northern and western sectors of the island. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that drumlinisation occurred around 17ka B.P. in response to fast ice flow from major centres of inland ice dispersion onto the continental shelf. Well-defined moraines and morainal banks bordering the drumlin fields indicate that drumlinisation was accompanied by a high basal debris flux to ice sheet margins which was resedimented in a variety of subaquaeous settings. Field obs

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7

Clark, Chris D. "Emergent drumlins and their clones: from till dilatancy to flow instabilities." Journal of Glaciology 56, no. 200 (2010): 1011–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406068.

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AbstractSubglacial bedforms are a range of landforms (10-105m long) shaped mostly in glacial sediments and are abundant on ice-sheet beds. Numerous explanations for their generation, especially of drumlins, have been proposed. Rather than viewing them as resulting from erosion or deposition directly by ice, Smalley and Unwin (1968) proposed that both might occur simultaneously if, beneath the glacier, a layer of lubricating sediment existed and ‘flowed’, conducting geomorphic work (erosion, deposition, shaping) of its own. This idea appears to have steered the field, leading perhaps to final r

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8

Kesteren, A. R. van. "Soil erodibility relationships on drumlin deposits in the Cape Caribou River area, Labrador." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 80, no. 4 (2000): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-002.

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Universal soil loss equation (USLE) soil erodibility (K) factors were computed from drumlin soils in the Cape Caribou River area, Labrador. Soil erodibility variation was investigated, using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, for three stratifications: (i) topographic position (TOP), (ii) mineral soil horizon (HOR), and (iii) soil texture (TEX). Topographic position with two substrata, drumlin summits (SUM) and drumlin side slopes (SID), was not significant. Horizons A, B and C and textural classes loamy sands (LS), sandy loams (SL) and loams (L) were significant. A log linear likelihood c

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9

Spagnolo, Matteo, Edward C. King, David W. Ashmore, Brice R. Rea, Jeremy C. Ely, and Chris D. Clark. "Looking through drumlins: testing the application of ground-penetrating rada." Journal of Glaciology 60, no. 224 (2014): 1126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2014jog14j110.

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AbstractGround-penetrating radar (GPR) is becoming a commonly applied technique in geomorphology. However, its use in the study of subglacial bedforms has yet to be fully explored and exploited. This paper presents the results of a GPR feasibility study conducted on a drumlinized terrain in Cumbria, UK, where five drumlins were investigated using multiple radar antenna frequencies. The site was selected for the presence of nearby bedrock outcrops, suggesting a shallow drumlinized diamict–bedrock contact and a permeable lithology. Despite the clayey sediment and unfavourable weather conditions,

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10

Hättestrand, Clas, Dermot Goodwillie, and Johan Kleman. "Size distribution of two cross-cutting drumlin systems in northern Sweden: a measure of selective erosion and formation time length." Annals of Glaciology 28 (1999): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821689.

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AbstractNearly 9000 individual lineations (drumlins and flutes) from two ice- flow systems have been mapped over a 22 500 km2 area of northern Sweden by interpretation of aerial photographs.The lineations were classified according to their size and orientation to allow a quantitative analysis of their distribution. The two glacial lineation systems, separated in time by at least 100 000 years and two individual overriding ice sheets, cross-cut at a high angle. The older system occurs over the entire study area and is interpreted to have formed by prolonged sheet flow during Marine Isotope Stag

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11

Saha, K., and K. J. J. Van Landeghem. "EVALUATING AN AUTOMATED OBJECT-ORIENTED METHOD TO DELINEATE DRUMLINS FROM BOTH TERRESTRIAL AND SUBMARINE DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-3-2021 (June 17, 2021): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-3-2021-29-2021.

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Abstract. In the field of geomorphological mapping, the demand for automated delineation of bedforms is growing due to the increasing availability of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) in small to medium resolutions. This automated technique is not commonly applied in submarine DEMs, where bedform morphology is often subdued due to erosion and part-burial. Here we analyse drumlins in both terrestrial and submarine environments to compare and contrast the set of rules needed for their automated delineation from 3D topographic data. An existing set of rules for automated extraction to delineate the

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12

Ostendorf, David W., Don J. DeGroot, Wayne M. Shelburne, and Travis J. Mitchell. "Hydraulic head in a clayey sand till over multiple timescales." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 41, no. 1 (2004): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-074.

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This paper presents an analysis of hydraulic head data measured every 2 h for 2 years in the leading edge of a drumlin that consists of weathered, brown clayey sand till and underlying unweathered gray clayey sand till. The brown till responds as an unconfined aquifer and acts as a boundary condition for the confined gray till aquifer. Analytical models are presented for interpretation of the hydraulic head data using annual, monthly, and daily timescales, for estimation of drumlin (landform) hydraulics and till (formation) properties. The annual average head data from open-standpipe piezomete

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13

Fiore, Julien, André Pugin, and Milan Beres. "Sedimentological and GPR Studies of Subglacial Deposits in the Joux Valley (Vaud, Switzerland): Backset Accretion in an Esker Followed by an Erosive Jökulhlaup." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 56, no. 1 (2004): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008602ar.

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Abstract During the Würmian glaciation, the Jura ice sheet covered the Joux Valley (Vaud, Switzerland). A geomorphological study reveals many drumlins in this valley. Some are composed of gravels and sand, others of till. Outcrops show that the surface of the sandy-gravel drumlins is a major and sharp erosion surface. Given the lack of shearing structures in sediments below this erosion level, its origin cannot be linked to ice action of the glacier. Very high-energy subglacial meltwater floods (jökulhlaups), probably due to the drainage of subglacial or supra-glacial lakes, are the more likel

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14

Haygood, Montana, and Bruce N. Walker. "Temporary and Permanent Hearing Loss Among College-Aged Drumline Members." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (2016): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601234.

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Many musicians experience dangerous levels of sound exposure throughout their musical careers. In particular, members of marching percussion ensembles (“drumlines”) are exposed to prolonged periods of potentially damaging levels of sound. As a result, they are at risk of developing hearing loss. This study determines whether any significant hearing loss or threshold shifts occurs with drumline members in an indoor drumline and college marching band. Two groups of participants were analyzed: one group consisted of both college drumline and community-based competitive drumline members, while the

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15

Maclachlan, John C., and Carolyn H. Eyles. "Quantitative geomorphological analysis of drumlins in the peterborough drumlin field, ontario, canada." Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 95, no. 2 (2013): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12005.

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16

Hart, Jane K. "Recent drumlins, flutes and lineations at Vestari-Hagafellsjökull, Iceland." Journal of Glaciology 41, no. 139 (1995): 596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000034912.

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AbstractIn the foreland of the Vestari-Hagafellsjökull glacier, Langajökull, central Iceland, three scales of subglacial bed forms are found: drumlins, flutes and lineations. The smaller bed forms are superimposed upon the larger. These three bed forms probably formed as a result of the presence of a rigid suhglacial core producing a lee-side low-pressure area into which sediment flowed and collected. The cores of the drumlins are tumuli (lava blisters), whilst the cores of the flutes and lineations were large clasts.Differences between the three scales of bed forms are that: (a) the flutes an

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17

Hart, Jane K. "Recent drumlins, flutes and lineations at Vestari-Hagafellsjökull, Iceland." Journal of Glaciology 41, no. 139 (1995): 596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000034912.

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AbstractIn the foreland of the Vestari-Hagafellsjökull glacier, Langajökull, central Iceland, three scales of subglacial bed forms are found: drumlins, flutes and lineations. The smaller bed forms are superimposed upon the larger. These three bed forms probably formed as a result of the presence of a rigid suhglacial core producing a lee-side low-pressure area into which sediment flowed and collected. The cores of the drumlins are tumuli (lava blisters), whilst the cores of the flutes and lineations were large clasts.Differences between the three scales of bed forms are that: (a) the flutes an

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18

Menzies, J. "Inverse-graded units within till in drumlins near Caledonia, southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, no. 6 (1986): 774–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-079.

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Examination of several drumlins in the Caledonia drumlin field of southern Ontario reveals inverse-graded units occurring from the surface to near bedrock. These units were found within a two-till, conformable sequence. Evidence indicates that the two tills, on the basis of provenance and geochemical and geotechnical characteristics, are subfacies of a single depositional phase. Fine subunits within each inverse-graded unit have above average calcium and magnesium contents and exhibit pore-wall cutan formation. Below average calcium and magnesium contents occur within coarse subunits, and no c

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19

Fowler, A. C. "The formation of subglacial streams and mega-scale glacial lineations." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2123 (2010): 3181–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0009.

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The instability theory of drumlin formation has been very successful in predicting the existence of ribbed moraine, as well as its amplitude and wavelength. However, the theory as it stands has not yet been shown to have the capability of predicting the existence of three-dimensional bedforms—drumlins—or their more extreme cousins, mega-scale glacial lineations. We extend the instability theory to include a dynamic description of the local subglacial drainage system, and in particular, we show that a uniform water-film flow between ice and deformable subglacial till is unstable, and that as a

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20

Hindmarsh, Richard C. A. "Drumlinization and drumlin-forming instabilities: viscous till mechanisms." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 147 (1998): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s002214300000263x.

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AbstractGlacially induced flow naturally tends to thin and extended till cover through shock formation, even in the absence of longitudinal gradients in the applied stress. Thicker till cover has an increased effective pressure at its surface and base, a lower sliding velocity or deformation rate and above a critical thickness, a decrease in wave velocity with thickness, leading to reverse-facing shocks moving downstream. For sliding and for some theologies of internal deformation, a decrease in sediment flux with thickness occurs, implying backward-moving kinematic waves and reverse-facing, r

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Hindmarsh, Richard C. A. "Drumlinization and drumlin-forming instabilities: viscous till mechanisms." Journal of Glaciology 44, no. 147 (1998): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002214300000263x.

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AbstractGlacially induced flow naturally tends to thin and extended till cover through shock formation, even in the absence of longitudinal gradients in the applied stress. Thicker till cover has an increased effective pressure at its surface and base, a lower sliding velocity or deformation rate and above a critical thickness, a decrease in wave velocity with thickness, leading to reverse-facing shocks moving downstream. For sliding and for some theologies of internal deformation, a decrease in sediment flux with thickness occurs, implying backward-moving kinematic waves and reverse-facing, r

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22

Shoemaker, E. M. "Subglacial water-sheet floods, drumlins and ice-sheet lobes." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000001702.

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AbstractThe effect of subglacial lakes upon ice-sheet topography and the velocity patterns of subglacial water-sheet floods is investigated. A subglacial lake in the combined Michigan–Green Bay basin, Great Lakes, North America, leads to: (1) an ice-sheet lobe in the lee of Lake Michigan; (2) a change in orientations of flood velocities across the site of a supraglacial trough aligned closely with Green Bay, in agreement with drumlin orientations; (3) low water velocities in the lee of Lake Michigan where drumlins are absent; and (4) drumlinization occurring in regions of predicted high water

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23

Shoemaker, E. M. "Subglacial water-sheet floods, drumlins and ice-sheet lobes." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000001702.

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AbstractThe effect of subglacial lakes upon ice-sheet topography and the velocity patterns of subglacial water-sheet floods is investigated. A subglacial lake in the combined Michigan–Green Bay basin, Great Lakes, North America, leads to: (1) an ice-sheet lobe in the lee of Lake Michigan; (2) a change in orientations of flood velocities across the site of a supraglacial trough aligned closely with Green Bay, in agreement with drumlin orientations; (3) low water velocities in the lee of Lake Michigan where drumlins are absent; and (4) drumlinization occurring in regions of predicted high water

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24

Hart, Jane K. "Identifying fast ice flow from landform assemblages in the geological record: a discussion." Annals of Glaciology 28 (1999): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821887.

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AbstractDifferent types of fast ice flow (both spatial and temporal) in valley glaciers (surging glaciers, tidewater glaciers and deforming-bed glaciers) and ice sheets (ice streams and deforming-bed ice-sheet flow) are discussed briefly. Although there are unlikely to be any specific individual landforms associated with fast ice flow, there may be landform assemblages.At valley glacier scale, it is suggested that there are two landform assemblages: (1) an ice-thrust type, dominated by bulldozed push moraines and hummocky moraines (associated with glaciers with a high supraglacial sediment sup

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Fannon, J. S., A. C. Fowler, and I. R. Moyles. "Numerical simulations of drumlin formation." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2204 (2017): 20170220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0220.

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We summarize the present form of the instability theory for drumlin formation, which describes the coupled subglacial flow of ice, water and sediment. This model has evolved over the last 20 years, and is now at the point where it can predict instabilities corresponding to ribbed moraine, drumlins and mega-scale glacial lineations, but efforts to provide numerical solutions of the model have been limited. The present summary adds some slight nuances to previously published versions of the theory, notably concerning the constitutive description of the subglacial water film and its flow. A new n

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26

Quinty, François, and Louise Filion. "Décrochements pelliculaires et gélifluxion en nappe sur le versant nord des drumlins, région du lac Minto, Québec subarctique." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 43, no. 1 (2007): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032753ar.

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RÉSUMÉ L'examen des photographies aériennes à l'échelle de 1/40 000 d'un secteur s'étendant à l'est de la baie d'Hudson, entre le 56° et le 58° de latitude nord, soit dans la région du lac Minto, a révélé l'existence de phénomènes d'érosion par des mouvements de masse sur le versant nord des drumlins. La description des formes d'érosion sur le terrain et l'étude des sols et des paléosols ont permis de distinguer deux processus responsables de l'évolution du versant d'un drumlin, soit les décrochements pelliculaires et la gélifluxion en nappe. Les premiers sont des mouvements rapides qui laisse

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27

Smalley, Ian, and Jeff Warburton. "The shape of drumlins, their distribution in drumlin fields, and the nature of the sub-ice shaping forces." Sedimentary Geology 91, no. 1-4 (1994): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90132-5.

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Quiroga, D. R. A., A. Coronato, G. Scioscia, et al. "Erosive features caused by a Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colony on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel, Argentina." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 46, no. 2 (2020): 477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.4337.

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An active Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colony has been established on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel (54°54´26” S; 67°22´58” W) since 1976. It is located in remnants of eroded drumlins placed in both ending and joined by gravel terraces of glaciofluvial and marine origin. Forest patches occupy the eastern side of the island while most of the island is covered by bushes, tussocks and grasses. This paper presents penguins as bio-erosion agents on glacial and marine landforms. An analysis of multiple criteria surveyed in the field was performed, using Quantum GIS® 3.2.1 with remo

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29

Rosli, Helmi. "Motivations and Factors that Contribute to Successful Drumline Groups in Malaysia." Asian Social Science 15, no. 2 (2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n2p60.

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Drumline has gained more popularity as an independent percussion group with its new music arrangement and attractive drum groove. It is seen that a quite number of drumline groups have been established in Malaysia as part of music activities such as secondary school and university drumline and community group. However, the insufficient emphasis or highlights has likely created diverse perceptions on the development of drumline groups as they have the tendency to have different reasons for joining a drumline group. Therefore, to further investigate this matter, the study focuses on four subscal

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Menzies, John. "Glasgow's drumlins." Scottish Geographical Magazine 112, no. 3 (1996): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14702549608554954.

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King, Edward C., John Woodward, and Andy M. Smith. "Seismic and radar observations of subglacial bed forms beneath the onset zone of Rutford Ice Stream, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 53, no. 183 (2007): 665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409216.

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We present seismic and radar data from the onset region of Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, which show the form and internal structure of a variety of bed forms beneath an active ice stream. The ice flow in the area of our survey accelerates from 72 to >200 m a–1, the ice is 2200–3200 m thick, and the bed of the ice stream lies up to 2000 m below present sea level. We have imaged the internal structure of the bed forms with seismic reflection techniques and also observed radar reflections from below the bed in some circumstances. We observed a transverse moraine 2 km wide and 1.5 km lon

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Brennand, Tracy A., and John Shaw. "Tunnel channels and associated landforms, south-central Ontario: their implications for ice-sheet hydrology." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 3 (1994): 505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-045.

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The Peterborough–Trenton drumlin field and associated meltwater erosion marks (s-forms) were interpreted as the products of erosion by turbulent separated flows within a catastrophically released subglacial meltwater sheet, the Algonquin event. Recent theoretical modelling of ice-sheet hydrology suggests progressive channelization of meltwater during the collapse of such a sheet. Inductive testing of this hypothesis using observations in south-central Ontario forms the crux of this paper. A geometric model of the interaction of rough ice base and bed surfaces gives inferred meltwater flow patt

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Spagnolo, Matteo, Chris D. Clark, and Anna L. C. Hughes. "Drumlin relief." Geomorphology 153-154 (June 2012): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.023.

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34

Jónsson, Sverrir Aðalsteinn, Ívar Örn Benediktsson, Ólafur Ingólfsson, et al. "Submarginal drumlin formation and late Holocene history of Fláajökull, southeast Iceland." Annals of Glaciology 57, no. 72 (2016): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2016.4.

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ABSTRACTFláajökull is a non-surging outlet glacier draining the south-eastern part of the Vatnajökull, southeast Iceland. Fláajökull was stationary or advanced slightly between 1966 and 1995 and formed a prominent end moraine. Glacial retreat since then has revealed a cluster of 15 drumlins. This study focuses on the morphology and sedimentology of the drumlins. They are 100–600 m long, 40–130 m wide, and have cores of glaciofluvial sediment or till. The drumlins are draped by ~1 m thick, massive subglacial traction till. The glacier forefield is characterized by a number of arcuate and saw-to

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Taylor, Stephen M., Jason How, Michael J. Travers, et al. "SMART Drumlines Ineffective in Catching White Sharks in the High Energy Capes Region of Western Australia: Acoustic Detections Confirm That Sharks Are Not Always Amenable to Capture." Biology 11, no. 10 (2022): 1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11101537.

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The management of human-shark interactions can benefit from the implementation of effective shark hazard mitigation measures. A Shark-Management-Alert-in-Real-Time (SMART) drumline trial in the Capes region of Western Australia was instigated after several serious incidents involving surfers and white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias). The project aimed to determine whether white sharks (target species), which were relocated after capture, remained offshore using satellite and acoustic tagging. Over a 27-month period, 352 fish were caught, 55% of which comprised tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier).

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Rõuk, Aarend-Mihkel, and Anto Raukas. "Drumlins of Estonia." Sedimentary Geology 62, no. 2-4 (1989): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90126-7.

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37

Butcher, Paul A., Kate A. Lee, Craig P. Brand, et al. "Capture Response and Long-Term Fate of White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) after Release from SMART Drumlines." Biology 12, no. 10 (2023): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12101329.

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Human-shark conflict has been managed through catch-and-kill policies in most parts of the world. More recently, there has been a greater demand for shark bite mitigation measures to improve protection for water users whilst minimizing harm to non-target and target species, particularly White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias), given their status as a Threatened, Endangered, or Protected (TEP) species. A new non-lethal shark bite mitigation method, known as the Shark-Management-Alert-in-Real-Time (SMART) drumline, alerts responders when an animal takes the bait and thereby provides an opportunity

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38

Fowler, A. C. "The instability theory of drumlin formation applied to Newtonian viscous ice of finite depth." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 466, no. 2121 (2010): 2673–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0017.

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The Hindmarsh instability theory of drumlin formation is applied to the study of interfacial instabilities, which may arise when ice flows viscously over deformable sediments. Here, the analytic form of this theory is extended to the case where the ice is Newtonian viscous and of finite depth, and where the basal till can be both sheared by the ice and squeezed by basal effective pressure gradients: previous authors assumed infinitely deep ice, based on the assumption that the developing waveforms had wavelength much less than ice depth. The previous infinite depth theory only allowed transver

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39

TIKKANEN, MATTI. "Recent drumlin research." Boreas 17, no. 3 (2008): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1988.tb00972.x.

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40

Shaw, John, and David R. Sharpe. "Drumlin formation by subglacial meltwater erosion." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, no. 11 (1987): 2316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-216.

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Some drumlins are shown to belong to a family of remnant erosional ridges associated with subglacial meltwater. The lengths of these ridges vary in scale from a few tens of millimetres to over 5 km. Similar form elements are illustrated for three scales of forms. It is concluded that some drumlins are composed of preexisting sediment or bedrock left upstanding in ridges as a result of the removal of surrounding materials. This erosional theory is related to an earlier theory in which drumlins are held to result from the infilling of subglacial cavities. The unifying factor for both theories is

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41

Nenonen, Jari. "The Kaituri drumlin and drumlin stratigraphy in the Kangasniemi area, Finland." Sedimentary Geology 91, no. 1-4 (1994): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)90140-6.

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42

Clark, Chris D., Jeremy C. Ely, Matteo Spagnolo, Ute Hahn, Anna L. C. Hughes, and Chris R. Stokes. "Spatial organization of drumlins." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43, no. 2 (2017): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4192.

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43

Hindmarsh, Richard C. A. "Coupled ice–till dynamics and the seeding of drumlins and bedrock forms." Annals of Glaciology 28 (1999): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821931.

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AbstractThe geomorphological effects of ice sliding over till, internal deformation of till and till sliding over bedrock are considered. Two questions are examined: (1) is the till-sheet flow unstable, i.e. is a layer of uniform thickness maintained or not, and (2) does the slip of till over bedrock cause amplification of relief of the bedrock? Such instabilities seem to be necessary to explain such features as drumlins and whaleback forms.It is found that the answer to (1) and (2) depends on the position of the system in a parameter space, defined by the till rheology, and applied shear stre

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44

Zakrzewska Borowiecka, B., and R. H. Erickson. "Wisconsin drumlin field and its origin." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 29, no. 4 (1985): 417–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/29/1985/417.

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45

DROZDOWSKI, EUGENIUSZ. "An international drumlin bibliography." Boreas 15, no. 4 (2008): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1986.tb00936.x.

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46

Dionne, Jean-Claude. "Le rocher profilé : une forme d’érosion glaciaire négligée." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 38, no. 1 (2007): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032537ar.

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RÉSUMÉ On propose ici d'appeler rocher profilé, une forme d'érosion glaciaire dissymétrique du plancher rocheux. Il s'agit d'une colline rocheuse de taille moyenne ayant la forme d'un drumelin et renseignant à la fois sur la direction et le sens de l'écoulement de la glace. Ces formes particulières, caractéristiques des substrats rocheux à structure monoclinale ou pseudo-monoclinale, ont été observées en Hudsonie et en Minganie. Elles correspondraient aux rocks drumlins ou roc-drumlins de certains auteurs. Ces deux expressions confuses devraient être bannies.

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Spagnolo, Matteo, Chris D. Clark, Anna L. C. Hughes, Paul Dunlop, and Chris R. Stokes. "The planar shape of drumlins." Sedimentary Geology 232, no. 3-4 (2010): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.01.008.

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48

Shaw, John, Donald Kvill, and Bruce Rains. "Drumlins and catastrophic subglacial floods." Sedimentary Geology 62, no. 2-4 (1989): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90114-0.

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Clapperton, Chalmers M. "Asymmetrical drumlins in Patagonia, Chile." Sedimentary Geology 62, no. 2-4 (1989): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90127-9.

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Mount, Charles, D. A. Weir, B. Collins, P. Lynch, A. O'Sullivan, and M. Deevy. "Excavation and Environmental Analysis of a Neolithic Mound and Iron Age Barrow Cemetery at Rathdooney Beg, County Sligo, Ireland." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65 (1999): 337–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x0000205x.

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Excavations and environmental analysis of a mound and two barrows indicate that activity commenced within the range 3930–3520 cal BC with the construction of a large mound enclosed by a substantial ditch on a drumlin which had been largely cleared to grassland. A pollen sequence recovered from the fosse indicates that the drumlin remained under grassland for some time. It was still under grassland in the Iron Age when a pair of sequential barrows was constructed about the period 380 cal BC–cal AD 80. The earlier bowl barrow covered a pyre site with remains of an inhumation burial, and the late

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