Academic literature on the topic 'Dry-distillation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Dry-distillation"
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Chen, Bo, Bo Liu, and Zhangming Shi. "Combustion Characteristics and Combustion Kinetics of Dry Distillation Coal and Pine Tar." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8888556.
Full textAbstract:
The samples of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar were investigated by TG-DTG-DSC, and the combustion characteristics and combustion kinetics of the samples were studied. The results show that there exist two significant mass loss peak and endothermic peak in the combustion of dry distillation coal tar and pine tar, which, respectively, means the volatile hydrocarbon combustion and heavy hydrocarbon combustion. At the first DTG peak range, the activation energy of dry distillation pine tar and coal tar is about the same at the initial stage (before DTG peak). Activation energy of the dry distillation pine tar increases sharply while that of dry distillation coal tar has little changes on the subsequent stage (after DTG peak). Dry distillated coal tar has better ignition performance, combustible characteristic, combustible stability, and integrated combustion characteristic, but difficult to burnout compared to the dry distillation pine tar.
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Fonslet, Jesper, and Jacek Koziorowski. "Dry Distillation of Radioiodine from TeO2 Targets." Applied Sciences 3, no. 4 (October 28, 2013): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app3040675.
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Chulkov, V. N., A. V. Bludenko, and A. V. Ponomarev. "Electron-beam mediated dry distillation of lignin." High Energy Chemistry 41, no. 6 (November 2007): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001814390706015x.
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Saifullin, N. R., and R. G. Gareev. "High-vacuum “dry” distillation of atmospheric resid." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 35, no. 6 (November 1999): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02694091.
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Mogot, Rivaldo Lee, Dewa Anom, and Jenny Kumajas. "Destilasi Kering Sampah Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)." Fullerene Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37033/fjc.v5i1.131.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia is the second largest contributor of plastic waste in the world. Lack of public knowledge about the negative effects of plastic waste and the management of plastic waste that has not been good causes a buildup of plastic waste. This study aims to convert LDPE plastic waste into a liquid similar to petroleum, separate and analyze the chemical components present in the liquid produced by the distillation of dry plastic waste. Plastic waste is dry distilled at temperatures up to 300 oC, without solvents involved. Liquid distilled from a distillation of dry distillation (Fractionation) to separate the chemical components. To find out what chemical components are present, the resulting liquid from multilevel distillation (Fractionation) was analyzed by means of Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results of IR analysis on the LDPE plastic waste fractionation distillation fluid showed the presence of Aromatic, Alkane and Alkene functional groups. The results of GC-MS analysis on the LDPE plastic waste fractionation distillation fluid for each fraction showed that in general it is a group of hydrocarbon compounds with different molecular masses.
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Liu, Bo, Zhang Ming Shi, Jin Qiao He, and Hui Fang Xu. "Combustion Kinetics Characteristics of Dry Distillation Coal Tar." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.831.
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In order to improve burning-out characteristic of dry distillation coal tar, the sample of dry coal tar was investigated by thermo-gravimetric analyzer(TGA), and the sample’ properties of kinetics and burning-out were studied. The results show that the dry distillated tar combustion is mainly dynamic combustion with diffusive combustion as a supplement. The combustion activation energy was 30 kJ/mol above, but the activation energy, frequency factor and reaction order appeared change on the subsequent combustion. The dry distillated coal tar is easy to be ignited, but difficult to burn out, so its maximum burn out temperature is higher.
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MIYATAKE, Hideo, Kazumi SAITO, and Norio KURIHARA. "Dry-distillation of experimental animal wastes containing radioisotopes." RADIOISOTOPES 37, no. 1 (1988): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.37.27.
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Towara, J., B. Hiller, O. Hutzinger, J. Kurz, and P. Klein. "PCDD/F in distillation residues from dry cleaners." Chemosphere 25, no. 7-10 (October 1992): 1509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(92)90178-t.
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Zekovic, Zoran, Dusan Adamovic, Gordana Cetkovic, Marija Radojkovic, and Senka Vidovic. "Essential oil and extract of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 42 (2011): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1142281z.
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Two different methods of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil isolation, steam distillation and extraction by methylene chloride (Soxhlet extraction) were investigated. After the determination of essential oil content in the investigated drug and in dry extract (using steam distillation), qualitative and quantitative composition of obtained essential oils, determined by TLC and GC-MS methods, were compared. The content of linalool was higher (52.4%) in essential oil obtained by coriander steam distillation than that in essential oil separeted from dry extract (42.8%), and, on the other hand, content of geranyl-acetate was lower (4.6% and 11.7%, respectively).
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Horii, M. "Gasification and dry distillation of automobile shredder residue (ASR)." JSAE Review 22, no. 1 (January 2001): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0389-4304(00)00090-4.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Dry-distillation"
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Borin, Frida, and Melika Abedi. "Membrane Distillation When Rivers Run Dry." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232567.
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This thesis is a techno-economic analysis of five potential energy sources that can be used to drive a water purifying system called the WaterApp. The Product will be installed for a pilot project in Balasore in Odisha, India, which is the case which this study is based on. The prime focus of the techno-economic analysis is to get a broad look on the possible energy sources to provide a basis for further investigation on the implementation of the WaterApp. Today, the WaterApp is still under research and development at Scarab Development AB. The future goal is to commercialize the WaterApp and a target is providing clean drinking water for communities that are suffering from inorganically contaminated well water. Many of these communities are also suffering from poverty, which poses a great challenge in finding an altogether sustainable water providing solution. This solution could possibly be the WaterApp. The water purifying process in the WaterApp is membrane distillation (MD), which is a thermally driven process. This means that there is a need for heat source and sink, which could be a source of high costs. This in turn could threaten to obstruct further market establishments of the WaterApp. Finding a sustainable energy providing solution is thereby an important research area for the WaterApp market establishment. The five energy sources that are investigated are solar power, wind power, waste heat from a diesel generator, biogas and electricity from the grid. The basis for the techno-economic analysis is technical properties of the equipment used for each energy source as well as the levelised cost for the specific equipment. The sizing and properties of the energy providing equipment is chosen with respect to the WaterApp. Each energy scenario is simulated separately using the computer software HOMER Energy. The results from these simulations show that the most economical solution would be to use waste heat from a diesel generator. This is largely due to the low investment costs in energy equipment.Denna rapport är en tekno-ekonomisk analys av fem potentiella energikällor som kan användas till att driva en modul som renar vatten, The WaterApp. Produkten kommer att installeras i Balasore, Odisha, Indien genom ett pilotprojekt och analysen kommer att genomföras som en fallstudie av denna. Den tekno-ekonomiska analysens främsta fokus ligger i att få en bred överblick av möjliga energikällor, vilket kan bli ett underlag för vidare utredning inför implementering av The WaterApp. Idag är The WaterApp fortfarande i forsknings- och utvecklingsfasen hos Scarab Development AB. Det framtida målet är att produkten ska undergå kommersialisering, varvid en potentiell marknad vore att rikta sig mot att hjälpa samhällen som lider av oorganiskt förorenat vatten. Generellt sett är det vanligt att dessa samhällen också lider av fattigdom, vilket utgör en stor utmaning att i att hitta en lösning som i alla aspekter är hållbar och samtidigt kan förse dessa med tillräckligt stor mängd rent vatten. The WaterApp utgör potentiellt den lösningen. Processen i The WaterApp som renar vattnet är membrandestillering, vilket är en termiskt driven process. Detta innebär att det krävs en stor mängd värme, vilket skulle kunna vara en källa till höga kostnader och därmed något som hindrar The WaterApp’s vidare marknadsetablering. Detta påvisar vikten av att finna en hållbar energilösning som kan driva The WaterApp. De fem energikällor som kommer att utredas i denna rapport är solel, vindkraft, överskottsvärme från en dieselgenerator, biogas och el från elnätet. Den energiförseende utrustningens tekniska egenskaper och dess kostnadsnivå ligger till grund för den teknoekonomiska analysen. Dimensionering och val av prestanda för utrustningen är vald med hänsyn till The WaterApp. Varje energikälla simuleras därefter med hjälp av datorbaserade mjukvaran HOMER Energy. Resultatet från dessa simuleringar är att den mest ekonomiska lösningen skulle vara att använda överskottsvärme från en dieselgenerator. Detta är främst på grund av detta system skulle ha låga investeringskostnader.
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Ramirez, Garnica Marco Antonio. "Experimental and analytical studies of hydrocarbon yields under dry-, steam-, and steam with propane-distillation." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/133.
Full textAbstract:
Recent experimental and simulation studies -conducted at the Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University - confirm oil production is accelerated when propane is used as an additive during steam injection. To better understand this phenomenon, distillation experiments were performed using seven-component synthetic oil consisting of equal weights of the following alkanes: n-C5, n-C6, n-C7, n-C8, n-C9, nC10, and n-C15. For comparison purposes, three distillation processes were investigated: dry-, steam-, and steam-propane-distillation, the latter at a propane:steam mass ratio of
0.05. The injection rate of nitrogen during dry-and steam-distillation was the same as that of propane during steam-propane distillation, 0.025 g/min, with steam injection rate kept at 0.5 g/min. The distillation temperatures ranged from 115°C to 300°C and were increased in steps of 10°C. The cell was kept at each temperature plateau (cut) for 30 minutes. Distillation pressures ranged from 0 psig for dry distillation to 998 psig for steam-and steam-propane distillation. The temperature-pressure combination used represented 15°C superheated steam conditions. Distillate samples were collected at each cut, and the volume and weight of water and hydrocarbon measured. In addition, the composition of the hydrocarbon distillate was measured using a gas chromatograph. Main results of the study may be summarized as follows. First, the hydrocarbon yield at 125°C is highest with steam-propane distillation (74 wt%) compared to steam distillation (58 wt%), and lowest with dry distillation (36 wt%). This explains in part the oil production acceleration observed in steam-propane displacement experiments. Second, the final hydrocarbon yield at 300°C however is the same for the three distillation processes. This observation is in line with the fact that oil recoveries were very similar in steam- and steam-propane displacement experiments. Third, based on the yields of individual hydrocarbon components, steam-propane distillation lowers the apparent boiling points of the hydrocarbons significantly. This phenomenon may be the most fundamental effect of propane on hydrocarbon distillation, which results in a higher yield during steam-propane distillation and oil production acceleration during steam-propane displacement. Fourth, experimental K-values are higher in distillations with steam-propane for the components n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, and n-nonane. Fifth, vapor fugacity coefficients for each component are higher in distillations with steam-propane than with steam. Finally, Gibbs excess energy is overall lower in distillations with steam-propane than with steam. The experimental results clearly indicate the importance of distillation on oil recovery during steam-or steam-propane injection. The experimental procedure and method of analysis developed in this study (for synthetic oil) will be beneficial to future researchers in understanding the effect of propane as steam additive on actual crude oils.
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Watanabe, Sh, Sa Watanabe, Y. Ohshima, Y. Sugo, I. Sasaki, H. Hanaoka, and N. S. Ishioka. "Isolation of 76Br from irradiated Cu276Se targets using dry distillation." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-164264.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction
76Br is of interest for in vivo PET imaging applications. Its relatively long half-life (16.1 h) allows use not only on small molecules but also proteins which have slow excretion as carrier molecules. Irradiation using a low energy proton beam (~ 20 MeV) on an enriched Cu276Se target, followed by dry distillation with thermal chromatography, is one of the best methods to obtain sufficient amounts of 76Br for clinical applications1,2. However, the thermal chromatography is plagued by poor reproducibility and appears unsuitable for automation of its production, leading us to remove the thermal chroma-tography from the dry distillation. In this investigation we employed H2O solution to collect 76Br and optimized the distillation condition using a small amount of 77Br (57.0 h). We also produced large amount of 76Br under the optimized conditions to evaluate the dry distillation method.
Material and Methods
Target preparation and dry distillation were conducted based on the methods described in previous reports1,2. To produce 77Br, Cu2natSe target was irradiated with 20 MeV proton beams (5 µA) accelerated by AVF cyclotron in the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The following two systems were used in the dry distillation optimization studies; (1) an initial system was composed of two furnaces, a main and an auxiliary furnace. Temperature of each furnace was set at 1050 °C (main) and 200 °C (auxiliary) respectively; (2) the second system was made of one large furnace composed of heating and cooling area. Temperature of the heating area was varied from 1050 to 1120 °C. In both systems PTFE tubing, leading to a H2O solution (15 mL), was inserted into the apparatus. The irradiated target was heated under streaming Ar gas (30 mL/min.). An enriched Cu276Se target (76Se enrichment: 99.67%) was used for 76Br production. Radioactivity was measured on a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector coupled to a multichannel analyzer. TLC analyses were conducted on Al2O3 plates (Merck) using 7:1 acetone:H2O as the eluting solvent.
Results and Conclusion
Low efficiency (33 %) of 77Br recovery was ob-served in the initial system. Distribution of radioactivity inside the apparatus showed that 35 % was trapped in the PTFE tube and the quartz tube. The recovery yield was increased up to 54 % when the auxiliary furnace was turned off, indicating that the temperature gradient inside the quartz tube is suitable to carry 77Br effectively to the H2O trap. We initially used a quartz boat to place the irradiated target in the furnace, but found that using a reusable tungsten backing was better. However, we found that recovery yield was dramatically reduced to 18 %. The studies where the temperature was varied showed that releasing efficiency was increased up to 100 % at the temperature of 1120 °C. Good recovery yield (~ 77 %) was achieved after optimizing the temperature gradient (FIG. 1b). Using the optimized setup, 76Br production runs (n = 6) have been conducted, allowing us to recover up to 39.8 MBq/µAh (EOB) of 76Br. High specific activity (~4400 GBq/µmol) was obtained in the final solution. TLC analysis showed that chemical form obtained was bromide. We concluded that the dry distillation using H2O trap is capable of providing enough high purity 76Br for clinical applications.
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Jaiswal, Namit. "Experimental and analytical studies of hydrocarbon yields under dry-, steam-, and steam-with-propane distillation." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5993.
Full textAbstract:
Simulation study has shown oil production is accelerated when propane is used as
an additive during steam injection. To better understand this phenomenon, distillation
experiments were performed using San Ardo crude oil (12oAPI). For comparison
purposes, three distillation processes were investigated: dry-, steam-, and steam-propanedistillation,
the latter at the propane-to-steam mass ratio of 0.05 at steam injection rate 0.5
g/min.
Two sets of the distillation experiments were carried out. In the first set of
experiments, the distillation temperatures ranged from 115ºC to 300ºC. Distillation
pressures ranged from 0 psig to 998 psig for steam- and steam-propane distillation. The
temperature-pressure combination used represented 15ºC superheated steam conditions.
In the second set of experiments, the distillation temperatures ranged from 220oC to
300oC at 260 psig. The temperature pressure combination used represented field
conditions for crude oil. For both conditions, the cell was kept at each temperature
plateau (cut) until no increase occurs in distillation yields. Distillation yields were
collected at each cut, and the volume and weight of water and hydrocarbon measured.
Based on these experiments, a thermodynamic modeling framework was developed that
describes distillation effect and oil production for steam distillation experiments. The
model is based on composition of crude oil, molecular weight of heavy fraction. The
analytical model results are compared against the experimental data for synthetic crude
and crude oil to verify the validity of the model.
Main results of the study may be summarized as follows. The yields for steam
distillation for saturated conditions of Tsat+15
o
C and Psat is 10 % and with addition of 5% of propane to steam no significant increase occurs in distillation yields. The yields for steam
distillation for field conditions of 260 psig and temperature range (220 ~300oC) is 18 %
and with addition of 5% of propane to steam no significant increase in distillation yields.
The results indicate that propane has minimal distillation effect on the heavy oil. This
occurs possibly because of lesser amount of light fractions in the heavy oil that enhance
the separation of components in the oil caused by the concentration gradient.
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Breunig, K., I. Spahn, S. Spellerberg, B. Scholten, and H. H. Coenen. "Production of Radiobromide: new Nickel Selenide target and optimized separation by dry distillation." Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-166107.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction
Radioisotopes of bromine are of special interest for nuclear medical applications. The positron emitting isotopes 75Br (T½ = 1.6 h; β+ = 75.5 %) and 76Br (T½ = 16.2 h; β+ = 57 %) have suitable decay properties for molecular imaging with PET, while the Auger electron emitters 77Br (T½ = 57.0 h) and 80mBr (T½ = 4.4 h) as well as the β−-emitter 82Br (T½ = 35.3 h) are useful for internal radiotherapy. 77Br is additionally suited for SPECT. The isotopes 75Br, 76Br and 77Br are usually produced at a cyclotron either by 3He and α-particle induced reactions on natural arsenic or by proton and deuteron induced reactions on enriched selenium isotopes [1]. As target mate-rials for the latter two reactions, earlier ele-mental selenium [2] and selenides of Cu, Ag, Mn, Mo, Cr, Ti, Pb and Sn were investigated [cf. 3–7].
Besides several wet chemical separation techniques the dry distillation of bromine from the irradiated targets was investigated, too [cf. 2, 4, 5]. However, the method needs further development.
Nickel selenide was investigated as a promising target to withstand high beam currents, and the dry distillation technique for the isolation of n.c.a. radiobromine from the target was optimized.
Material and Methods
Crystalline Nickel-(II) selenide (0.3–0.5 g) was melted into a 0.5 mm deep cavity of a 1 mm thick Ni plate covered with a Ni grid. NiSe has a melting point of 959 °C. For development of targeting and the chemical separation, natural target material was used. Irradiations of NiSe were usually performed with protons of 17 MeV using a slanting water cooled target holder at the cyclotron BC1710 [8]. For radiochemical studies a beam current of 3 µA and a beam time of about 1 h were appropriate.
To separate the produced no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) radiobromine from the target material a dry distillation method was chosen. The apparatus was developed on the basis of a dry distillation method for iodine [cf. 9,10] and optimized to obtain the bromine as n.c.a. [*Br]bromide in a small volume of sodium hydroxide solution.
Changing different components of the apparatus, the dead volume could be minimized and an almost constant argon flow as carrier medium was realized. Various capillaries of platinum, stainless steel and quartz glass with different diameters and lengths were tested to trap the radiobromine.
Results and Conclusion
Nickel selenide proved successful as target material for the production of radiobromine by proton irradiation with 17 MeV protons. The target was tested so far only at beam currents up to 10 µA, but further investigations are ongoing.
The optimized dry distillation procedure allows trapping of 80–90 % of the produced radiobromine in a capillary. For this purpose quartz glass capillaries proved to be most suitable. After rinsing the capillary with 0.1 M NaOH solution the activity can be nearly completely obtained in less than 100 µL solution as [*Br]bromide immediately useable for radiosynthesis. So, the overall separation yield was estimated to 81 ± 5 %.
The radionuclidic composition and activity of the separated radiobromide was measured by γ-ray spectrometry. Due to the use of natural selenium the determination of the isotopic purity was not meaningful, but it could be shown that the radiobromine was free from other radioisotopes co-produced in the target material and the backing. The radiochemical purity as well as the specific activity were determined by radio ionchromatography.
Further experiments using NiSe produced from nickel and enriched selenium are to be per-formed. The isotopic purity of the produced respective radiobromide, the production yield at high beam currents and the reusability of the target material have to be studied.
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Cheng, Yu-Han, and 鄭羽娢. "An experiment on carbonized and dry distillation produce and probiotics for aquaculture breeding additives." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70807408380833582823.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
工業管理系所
104
Plant can be used as materials in dry distillation in which charcoals and vinegar are main products through the carbonization process. Products of charcoals have been extensively utilized in the aspects of absorption and heat isolation and products of vinegar are commonly used in the field of disinfection, functions of protective arginine and enriched total parenteral nutrition for breeding additives and fertilizers. This study experiments the carbonization characteristics and machine made charcoal with various manufacturing processes for beeches from Germany through the designed high pyrolysis carbonization equipment. The carbon produce is then extruded as powder presence with beech wood vinegar, also manufactured through the carbonization processes, for the experiments of aquaculture feeding additives. The experiments are designed as the effect of wood vinegar and probiotics in water clean, and the effect of carbonization produce, wood vinegar, and probiotics as feeding additives in a form of four scenarios for the use of macrobrachium rosenbergii breeding. The experimental results indicate that the mix of carbon powder and wood vinegar as feeding additives on feed conversion rate is significant which may narrow down the feeding period, decrease the food pellets, and therefore increase the return rate. All three feeding additives are effective on the increase of dissolved oxygen and wood vinegar is effective on the decrease of ammonia nitrogen.
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Hou, Shu-Han, and 侯舒涵. "Studies on the Component Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of High Temperature Dry Distillation Products of Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens)." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44651590682054698849.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
102
Wood vinegar and bamboo vinegar are red-brown or yellow liquid from Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) in their carbonization processes high temperature dry distillation. Their chemical compounds including water, acidic, phenolic, alcoholic, and neutral components induced its antibacterial activities. The main objective of this study was using Beech and Moso bamboo as materials to retrieve vinegars from different temperature carbonization processes and to quantitatively analyze the twelve components of the vinegars and to investigate their antibacterial activities using a gas chromatography (GC). Loss on drying results showed, wood vinegar was lower than bamboo vinegar and were of 70.2 to 79.8%; pH were of 2.3 to 3.68. Component analysis showed that wood vinegar had the higher content of the twelve components. Wood vinegar retrieved in 250℃ had higher content of cyclopentanol and vanillin ( 28.12 and 4.12 mg/mL, respectively)；wood vinegar retrieved in 300℃ had higher content of hexane, acetic acid, propionic acid, 3-methoxy pyridine, butyric acid, maltol, 4-ethylphenol, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and 4-methoxyphenol (0.47, 119.54, 24.99, 0.98, 16.42, 1.28, 9.55, 11.00 and 4.16 mg/mL, respectively)；wood vinegar retrieved in 600℃ had higher content of 2-hydroxy pyridine (0.14 mg/mL). After drying, wood vinegar had higher component contents than bamboo vinegar. In 250℃, wood vinegar had higher content of cyclopentanol (5.91 mg/mL)；300℃ had higher content of hexanal, acetic acid, propionic acid, 3-methoxypyridine and butyric acid (0.4, 20.48 , 3.99, 0.20 and 0.59 mg/mL, respectively)；400℃ had higher content of maltol and 4-ethylphenol (1.25 and 0.77 mg/mL, respectively). Both wood vinegar and bamboo vinegar had antibacterial active and could effectively inhibit Burkholderia gladioli, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, and Pectobacterium chrysanthemi. Wood vinegar retrieved in 300℃ and bamboo vinegar retrieved in 400℃ had the best inhibition zone when the concentration was 10~100 folds diluted. Totally, loss on drying was decreased by the increasing of carbonization temperatures; however, pH level was increased by the increase of temperature. Wood vinegar retrieved in 300℃ and bamboo vinegar retrieved in 400℃ had highest component contents; in which, acetic acid was the highest one. After drying, the components contents were declined. Wood vinegar retrieved in 300℃ and bamboo vinegar retrieved in 400℃ had the highest antibacterial effects.
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林佩蔘. "A study on the teacher's creative design of microscale laboratory in the nature science and living technology domain for the nine-year sequence curriculum:microscale organic experiment of dry wood distillation." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19382117598165577148.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
化學系
90
For the coming nine-year sequence curriculum, this study is emphasized to design a safe, rapid microscale laboratory of dry wood distillation for junior high school students in organic laboratory, to explore students’ opinions of doing experiments and to understand how teachers and students feel about this experiment. The sample of research subjects are junior high school students coming from two distinctive schools in Kaohsiung, with recruiting four chemistry teachers and four classes of the eighth grade. 135 students are included in this research. The method illustrated in this thesis is collecting questionnaires of learning experience, calculating the percentage of statistical data and analyzing it. In addition, the questionnaires obtained from teachers are analyzed by induction and to assess teachers opinions. The final conclusion of this research are as follow： １、Students think that doing experiments will help their learning, and they prefer to carry it out by hands-on. ２、The materials in this experiment can be obtained around us, correspondent with the purpose “obtained easily, done easily and understood easily”. Further more, it can let pupils understand the basic concept of nature science and the skill of life technics by manipulation. ３、According to the data, the microsacle experiment of dry wood distillation is more interesting and much safer than the traditional dry wood distillation in text book and it also has the advantages of settings, manipulating and packing. In addition, the dry wood distillation can be carried out with only two or three matchsticks or toothpicks consumed. Due to low pollution and safety, our microscale apparatus of dry wood distillation is a good example of green chemistry. ４、The comment obtained from teachers suggests that they identify that microscale dry wood distillation experiments can encourage students to learn and lower the danger of doing experiments. They also think that the experiment won’t be difficult to conduct students to learn and it will increase the concept of environmental protection. They are willing to be the one for spreading the concept in the nature science and living technology courses. Meanwhile, the experiment is also a good criterion that will encourage teachers to design teaching materials on their own.
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黃國書. "A Study on the Teacher''s Creative Design of Microscale Laboratory in the Nature Science and Living Technology Domain for the Nine-Year Comprehensive Curriculum─Microscale Design on Experiment of Dry Wood Distillation." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30665018711609014409.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄師範大學
化學系
91
Abstract The Nine-year Comprehensive Curriculum for Elementary and Junior High Education will be formally implemented in the seventh grade of all junior high schools in the fall semester of 2002 in Taiwan. This current research is an attempt to study the effects of adopting a microscale design approach to laboratory instruction upon the students’ attitudes and the instructors’ opinions in contrast with the traditional one and to evaluate whether this approach is feasible and can be employed generally to fit in well with the Nine-year Comprehensive Curriculum. The subjects consisted 3 teachers and 109 eighth-grade students of 3 different classes in a Kaohsiung Municipal junior high school. The teachers gave their respective classes laboratory instruction in the chemistry experiment “dry wood distillation,” which was selected from the standard junior high school physics and chemistry textbook. The traditional approach incorporated in the textbook was first adopted, and then the same experiment was conducted again after a micro-scaled design. Student and teacher opinions elicited from two separate questionnaires were analyzed and interpreted. The result indicated that the majority of students were in favor of performing the dry wood distillation experiment with the micro-scaled design on the ground that as compared with the traditional approach, it was easier to manipulate; the wooden chopsticks were easier to heat evenly; it was much safer; it saved resources; it consumed less time. All of the three teachers responded positively to the adoption of the microscale design. They further remarked that the experience of participating in this research was inspiring and would be enormously beneficial to their undertaking material design in the domain of nature and technology of the Nine-year Comprehensive Curriculum.
Books on the topic "Dry-distillation"
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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Fuel Ethanol Manufactured by Dry Mill Distillation. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Fuel Ethanol Manufactured by Dry Mill Distillation. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Pure Ethyl Alcohol Manufactured by Dry Mill Distillation. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Dry-distillation"
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deBuys, William. "High Blue: The Great Downshift of Dryness." In A Great Aridness. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199778928.003.0006.
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Mapmakers typically depict the aridlands of the world in colors like buff and buckskin, in contrast to the greens of wetter regions. Their choice is true to reality, for dry places usually produce scant vegetation, and the bare ground, baked by unobstructed sun, tends to wear a washed-out shade of dun, or one of its cousins. In the North American Southwest, you might add a touch of rust to reflect the widespread iron-rich geology. In many areas, oxides of iron produce the pinkish flesh tones that make it easy to think the landscape is alive. If you also brush in some piney greens and spruce black for upland woods and forests, and dab smaller areas white to represent high-country snowcaps, you have a fair start toward capturing the palette of the region. But you would still be missing the most definitive color of the Southwest, which is found not beneath the feet, but overhead. You can look up, straight up, almost any day of the year, and there it is: an intense, infinite blue, miles deep and beyond reach. It is not merely bluish, not the watery blue of Scandinavian eyes, not the black-mixed blue of dark seas or bachelor buttons, not the hazy blue of glacier ice or distant mountains, but an Ur-blue, an über-blue, a defining quintessence. It is to other blues as brandy is to wine: a distillation, pure and heady. It can be a little deflating to reflect that the ethereal blue of southwestern skies results from mundane forces, that it is the product of solar radiation and atmospheric gases interacting in an environment shaped by climate. If the air held more water vapor, the sky would whiten overhead, as it does at the horizons, where the light that reaches our eyes has more atmosphere and diffusing vapor to travel through.
Conference papers on the topic "Dry-distillation"
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Guanghua Wang, Fanjie Gong, Wenbing Li, Yunzhou Lu, Mingdong Sun, Tiejun Liu, Yuhe Liang, Xiaoyuan Li, and Zengqiang Huang. "Ammonia removal from coal dry distillation wastewater." In Environment (ICMREE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmree.2011.5930667.
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Ramirez-Garnica, M., O. Cazarez-Candia, and D. Mamora. "Experimental Studies of Hydrocarbon Yields under Dry-, Steam-, and Steam-Propane Distillation." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2006-061.
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Pratama, Chaidir, Ahid Nurmanjaya, Wira Y. Rahman, Fany Triyatna, Hambali, Fernanto Rindiyantono, and Anung Pujiyanto. "The effect of pressure drop on purity of 32P products with dry distillation process." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0002614.
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Haynes, Megan W., Andrey Gunawan, and Shannon K. Yee. "Techno-Economic Comparison Between Conventional and Innovative Combined Solar Thermal Power and Desalination Methods for Cogeneration." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7515.
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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has determined that solar power coupled desalination could be the next step in helping to resolve the water-energy nexus. For many decades, integration of concentrating solar power (CSP) electricity generation for combined power and water production has typically utilized the conventional method of steam Rankine cycles. Current research focuses on an enticing innovative method which combines CSP with Brayton cycles and uses supercritical CO2 (sCO2) as a working fluid, allowing for a broader temperature range. This techno-economic study analyzes the power and possible freshwater generation of each cycle and provides a comparison of the techno-economic advantages associated with each technology when applied to desalination processes. The results of this study suggest that recompression-closed Brayton (RCBR) cycle is likely to have the most significant impact in decreasing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), almost halving it from combining CSP with the traditional Rankine cycle. Also, to minimize levelized cost of water (LCOW) a smaller scale desalination facility which utilizes multi-effect distillation with thermal vapor compression (MED/TVC) instead of multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is most applicable. Although the lowest LCOE values are for wet-cooled RCBR with MSF and MED/TVC, in areas where freshwater generation is crucial to be optimized there is only a 0.04 cents/kWh increase for dry-cooled RCBR with MED/TVC to a cost of 9.8 cents/kWh. This suggests the best candidate for optimizing freshwater generation while minimizing both LCOW and LCOE is dry-cooled RCBR with MED/TVC desalination.
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Panthalookaran, Varghese, and Neeraj Nair. "On Design of a Buoyancy-Driven Solar Combi-System for Simultaneous Production of Drinking Water and Hot Water." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62239.
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The nexus between availability of solar energy and nonavailability of drinking water is well known. Drinking water scarcity is prevalent in regions where sun shines heavily, which provides an ideal condition for exploiting available solar insolation to produce potable water. When combined with the production of hot water, it could lead to the optimum use of solar energy. The same system can be preferentially used to produce drinking water during hot and dry summer and hot water in cold and wet winter. The current paper describes a work in progress to design a solar combi-system that meets the drinking water and hot water needs of small households in coastal India. The solar distillation operates based on an open humidification-dehumidification cycle. Efficient solar combi-collectors are used to produce hot and dry air and hot water simultaneously. The hot air blasts into the evaporation chamber, which consists of structures to optimize evaporation of the hot water. This allows enhanced humidification of dry air. The condensation chamber efficiently dehumidifies or condenses the saturated air to yield distilled water. The water thus produced is made potable with proper mineralization. A hot water heat store preserves hot water to be fed into the evaporator as well as to the hot water pipeline. The combi-system planned for a small household with approximately 10 liters of drinking water requirement per day and proportionate hot water requirement. The complete system is designed to be driven entirely by the buoyancy forces, without any moving parts.
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Li, Peiwen, Aditya Peri, Hongzhang Ma, and Yingwen Chen. "Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis of a Water and Solute Separation System: Using Solar Thermal Energy for Water Desalination." In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49492.
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A concept and the associated device of thermal-driven water treatment to fully separate water and solute have been proposed. The device is integrated to a conventional multi-effect-distillation water treatment system to achieve high energy efficiency and 100% water extraction using high temperature thermal energy. In the water treatment system, water for reclamation is sprayed into droplets which fall into hot, dry air and creates very effective convective heat transfer between water droplets and hot airflow. During the heat transfer process, water is vaporized for pure water collection while the crystallized solute from the reclamation water settles down to the bottom for collection. The current study investigates the energy consumption versus water treatment in the system, the correlation of the size of droplets and the temperature of hot air, and the mass heat distribution in subsystems or devices. Results from the study provide important guidance to the design of such a water treatment system.
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Widmer, Wilbur, Weiyang Zhou, and Karel Grohmann. "Converting Citrus Waste to Ethanol and Other Co-Products." In ASME 2009 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec2009-5502.
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Conversion of citrus processing waste (CPW) generated during juice production into value added co-products is an important aspect of the juice industry as it offers a solution to waste disposal issues. Currently the practice of drying citrus waste to produce citrus pulp pellets (CPP) for use as cattle feed is profitable. However, until the recent rise in value, CPP value was marginal and often did not meet production costs. Another concern has been volatile organic emissions during CPP production. Only one third of the residual peel oil present in citrus waste is recovered during CPP production with most being vented to the atmosphere during drying and is a growing environmental concern. Improvements in limonene recovery and development of alternative value added co-products obtained from CPW could add substantial value to the citrus crop. For current CPP production, the energy required to dry CPW is the major cost involved and approximately 25 lb of limonene are obtained per ton of CPP produced. Since limonene is recovered during evaporation/concentration of pressed peel juice using a waste heat evaporator, little additional cost is associated with limonene recovery. The concentrated citrus molasses produced may be added back to the press cake or fermented to make ethanol, but only contains a third of the sugars in CPW that are fermentable by conventional yeast. While utilizing the entire CPW stream for ethanol using hydrolysis and fermentation is more involved, three times the amount of ethanol can be obtained compared to using press liquor alone. Most of the limonene must be removed as it inhibits fermentation. In the process developed 85–95% of the limonene contained in CPW can be removed and recovered by steam stripping. This greatly reduces concerns associated with the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during processing of CPW and the limonene recovered has a value equal or greater than stripping costs. Using a mixture of enzymes and yeast, the CPW is then hydrolyzed and fermented simultaneously to produce ethanol followed by distillation to remove and recover the ethanol. Enzyme costs to hydrolyze and liquefy CPW have been reduced to less than a dollar per gallon of ethanol produced, and the economics for distillation are still being optimized. The distillation residues contain half the solids of raw citrus waste that can still be utilized as a CPP product. Other uses for the residues such as incorporation of the pectic materials into building product and paper additives, and ion exchange materials for wastewater remediation are also in development. Paper published with permission.
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Costa, Iago G., José V. C. Vargas, Wellington Balmant, Arion Z. Filho, Luiz P. Ramos, Dhyogo M. Taher, and André B. Mariano. "Green Diesel From Microalgae." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3959.
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Abstract This work developed a process of extraction of crude oil from microalgae for production of hydrocarbon based fuel (green diesel). The microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus were cultivated in 12 m3 compact photobioreactors (FBRS) for 15 days using biodigester effluent as nutrients. Microalgae oil was obtained from the dry biomass through hot extraction with organic solvents (hexane and ethanol). After extraction the solvents were recovered from the sample using evaporation methods. After solvent recovery, the results showed that with pure ethanol, only 1.7% w/w crude oil was obtained, whereas with a mixture of hexane and ethanol the yield was 11.1% w/w. Fractional distillation was used as purification methods of the compounds in order to separate the nonsterifiable portion. The first process (pure hexane) after purification delivered 0.4% w/w, and the second process (hexane and ethanol) yielded 6.3% w/w. In addition, the sample was characterized using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). An average of 70.6% w/w hydrocarbons ranging from C11 to C22 was found in the first experimental condition, and the main compounds were undecane (8.1% w/w) and pentadecane (10.62% w/w). For the second experimental condition, about 79.6% w/w hydrocarbons were found that varied from C13 to C23 and the main compounds were pentadecane (13.5% w/w) and heptadecane (11.28% w/w). The lower heating value of the purified microalgae oil was measured as 42,464.6 kJ·kg−1, whereas petroleum-based diesel has a lower heating value of 42,500.2 kJ·kg−1. In sum, green diesel from microalgae was proven to have potential to be a concrete alternative to replace diesel from the technical point of view.
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Schubert, Frank, and Ian Parkinson. "Renewable Energy and Water System (REWS) at Musco Family Co. Olive Plant." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90315.
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This paper presents the results of a demonstration of a unique water distillation system at the Musco Family Olive Plant in Tracy, California. The Musco REWS (Renewable Energy/Water System) was developed by Combined Solar Technologies (CST) of Carmel Valley, California using its SteamBoy™ brine boiler technology. The system is powered using solar thermal and biomass energy. The notoriously hard to clean waste water from the olive canning process was a challenge for CST, a start-up company who had previously done successful technology demonstration projects for the California Department of Water Resources (agricultural drainage water) and Clint Eastwood’s Tehama Golf course Water Treatment Plant (Reverse Osmosis Brine). The olive waste water at the Musco plant contained a high concentration of salts as well as organic materials. CST successfully treated water directly from the plants waste water stream (12,000 TDS) as well as the water from the plants Title 27 ponds (67,000 TDS). The CST processed water averaged 250 TDS. The CST REWS at the Musco olive facility uses one of the plants waste (olive pits) streams to provide the heat energy for the process. The olive pits are combusted in fluid bed burners that are specially designed for olive pit combustion. The Musco plants 200 tons per week of olive pits contain 8800 btu/lb (dry). The olive pits are fed into the CST burners where the heat energy is used to heat a heat transfer fluid (HTF) to 450F. The HTF is then directed to the SteamBoy™ brine boilers. The heat from the HTF evaporates the plants waste water under pressure. The resulting pressurized saturated steam is then used to power SteamBoy™ steam engine/generator sets. The engines are set up to leave large quantities of heat in the exhaust. That heat is used to take the remaining solids and sludge to a dry state in custom built drying pans that separate the minerals from the water, leaving a very high concentration of organics in the remaining water. That water is used in the burners for temperature control and as a way to eliminate the organics with combustion. The exhaust from the combustion of the olive pits goes first though an electrostatic particle separator and then to a selective catalytic reduction system. From there the exhaust is directed to bubbling algae tanks that reduce the CO2 by over 50%. The system has completed a successful demonstration phase and is now being upgraded to a full scale plant (50,000 GPD).
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Mathew, Anil, Mitch Crook, Keith Chaney, and Andrea Humphries. "Bioethanol Production From Canola Straw Using a Continuous Flow Immobilized Cell System." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91061.
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Global cultivation of canola increased by approximately 22% between 2000 and 2009, due to increased demand for canola oil for biodiesel production and as an edible oil. In 2009 over 290,000 km2 of canola was cultivated globally. In contrast to oilseed, the commercial market for canola straw is minimal and it is generally ploughed back into the field. The high carbohydrate content (greater than 50 % by dry weight) of canola straw suggests it would be a good feedstock for second-generation bioethanol production. There are four major steps involved in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials: (i) pretreatment, (ii) hydrolysis, (iii) fermentation, and (iv) further purification to fuel grade bioethanol through distillation and dehydration. Previous research demonstrated a glucose yield of (440.6 ± 14.9) g kg−1 when canola straw was treated using alkaline pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Whilst bioethanol can be produced using cells free in solution, cell immobilization provides the opportunity to reduce bioethanol production costs by minimizing the extent to which down-stream processing is required, and increasing cellular stability against shear forces. Furthermore, the immobilization process can reduce substrate and product inhibition, which enhances the yield and volumetric productivity of bioethanol production during fermentation, improves operational stability and increases cell viability ensuring cells can be used for several cycles of operation. Previous research used cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in Lentikat® discs to convert glucose extracted from canola straw to bioethanol. In batch mode a yield of (165.1 ± 0.1) g bioethanol kg−1 canola straw was achieved. Continuous fermentation is advantageous in comparison to batch fermentation. The amount of unproductive time (e.g. due to filling, emptying and cleaning) is reduced leading to increased volumetric productivity. The higher volumetric productivity of continuous fermentation means that smaller reactor vessels can be used to produce the same amount of product. This reduces the capital costs associated with a fermentation plant. Research demonstrated a higher bioethanol yield was attained (224.7 g bioethanol kg−1 canola straw) when glucose was converted to bioethanol using immobilized cells in packed-bed continuous flow columns. On an energy generation basis, conversion of 1 kg of canola straw to bioethanol resulted in an energy generation of 6 MJ, representing approximately 35% energy recovery from canola straw. The amount of energy recovered from canola straw could be improved by increasing the amount of energy recovered as bioethanol and by utilising the process by-products in a biorefinery concept.