Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dry earth

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Dry earth'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dry earth"

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Bondre, Ninad. "Wet moon dry Earth." Nature Geoscience 2, no. 11 (2009): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo679.

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Shaw, Napier. "If the earth went dry." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 51, no. 214 (2007): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49705121404.

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Rivoire, Pauline, Yves Tramblay, Luc Neppel, Elke Hertig, and Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano. "Impact of the dry-day definition on Mediterranean extreme dry-spell analysis." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 8 (2019): 1629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1629-2019.

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Abstract. To define a dry day, the most common approach is to identify a fixed threshold below which precipitation is considered equivalent to zero. This fixed threshold is usually set to account for measurement errors and precipitation losses due to the atmospheric evaporation demand. Yet, this threshold could vary in time according to the seasonal cycle and in the context of long-term trends, such as the increase in temperature due to climate change. In this study, we compare extreme dry spells, defined either with a fixed threshold for a dry day (1 mm) or with a time-varying threshold estimated from reference evapotranspiration (ET0), for a large database of 160 rain gauges covering large parts of the Mediterranean basin. Results indicated positive trends in ET0 during summer months (June, July and August) in particular. However, these trends do not imply longer dry spells since the daily precipitation intensities remain higher than the increase in the evaporative demand. Results also indicated a seasonal behavior: in winter the distribution of extreme dry spells is similar when considering a fixed threshold (1 mm) or a time-varying threshold defined with ET0. However, during summer, the extreme dry-spell durations estimated with a 1 mm threshold are strongly underestimated in comparison to extreme dry spells computed with ET0. We stress the need to account for the atmospheric evaporative demand instead of using fixed thresholds for defining a dry day when analyzing dry spells, with respect to agricultural impacts in particular.
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Korman, Daniel Z. "What Externalists Should Say About Dry Earth." Journal of Philosophy 103, no. 10 (2006): 503–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jphil20061031030.

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Dunai, Tibor J., Martin Melles, Dietmar Quandt, Claudia Knief, and Wulf Amelung. "Whitepaper: Earth – Evolution at the dry limit." Global and Planetary Change 193 (October 2020): 103275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103275.

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Besson, Corine. "Empty Natural Kind Terms and Dry-Earth." Erkenntnis 76, no. 3 (2011): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-011-9286-y.

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de la Sancha, Noé U., Sarah A. Boyle, Nancy E. McIntyre, et al. "The disappearing Dry Chaco, one of the last dry forest systems on earth." Landscape Ecology 36, no. 10 (2021): 2997–3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01291-x.

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HAMMOND, A. L. "Paleoclimate: Ice Age Earth Was Cool and Dry." Science 191, no. 4226 (2003): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.191.4226.455.

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Sturm, Thomas, Luís F. Ramos, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Characterization of dry-stack interlocking compressed earth blocks." Materials and Structures 48, no. 9 (2014): 3059–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0379-3.

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Kukuļs, I., O. Nikodemus, R. Kasparinskis, and Z. Žīgure. "Humus forms, carbon stock and properties of soil organic matter in forests formed on dry mineral soils in Latvia." Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 69, no. 2 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/earth.2020.04.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dry earth"

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Larson, Vincent Edwin 1970. "The effects of thermal radiation on dry convection." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54433.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-99).
This work seeks to improve understanding of atmospheres in radiative-convective equilibrium. We use two types of idealized, dry radiative-convective models. The first type of model resembles Rayleigh-Benard convection, except that thermal radiative transfer is included. This type of system can be investigated in the laboratory. The second type of model is a more faithful representation of the earth's atmosphere. In this model, the temperature at the upper boundary is left unspecified, unlike the case of Rayleigh-Benard convection. For these two types of radiative-convective models, we perform various theoretical and numerical analyses of the stability properties, and various analyses of the weakly nonlinear convecting state. We prove that in these models, convection arises as monotonically growing cells, not as an oscillatory instability. That is, we prove exchange of stabilities. We investigate the linear stability modes. We find that in most cases, the linear stability threshold can be described approximately or exactly in terms of a radiative Rayleigh number. The radiative Rayleigh numbers used are like the classical Rayleigh number but with modified temperature and thermal diffusivity scales. Inspection of the radiative Rayleigh numbers reveals how various external parameters, such as the net incoming solar radiation or infrared opacity, affect the stability properties. We use the energy method to find a threshold value of a stability parameter below which all disturbances to the radiative equilibrium state, regardless of magnitude, decay. For those radiative equilibrium states which have a linear temperature profile, the energy stability threshold coincides with the linear stability threshold, thereby ruling out the possibility of subcritical instabilities. When the temperature profile is nonlinear, the energy stability profile lies below the linear stability threshold. We study weakly nonlinear convection in the atmospheric radiative-convective model via the mean field approximation. In contrast to the stability threshold, the vertical convective heat flux in the weakly nonlinear convecting state turns out to be little affected by the values of viscosity, thermal diffusivity, or radiative damping. However, the convective heat flux is strongly affected by the net incoming solar radiation and the optical depth. We formulate scaling laws for vertical convective heat flux, vertical velocity, and temperature perturbations. These scales extend the Prandtl scales to higher altitudes.
by Vincent Edwin Larson.
Ph.D.
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Bajwa, Kanwardeep Singh. "Measurements and Modeling of Emissions, Dispersion and Dry Deposition of Ammonia from Swine Facilities." NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08162006-140754/.

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Ammonia has recently gained importance for its increasing atmospheric concentrations and its role in the formation of aerosols. Studies have shown increasing atmospheric concentration levels of NH3 and NH4+, especially in the regions of concentrated animal feeding operations. Atmospheric inputs of reduced nitrogen as ammonia and ammonium by dry and wet deposition may represent a substantial contribution to the acidification of semi natural ecosystems and could also affect sensitive coastal ecosystems and estuaries. The anaerobic lagoon and spray method, commonly used for waste storage and disposal in confined animal feeding operations (CAFO), is a significant source of ammonia emissions. An accurate emission model for ammonia from aqueous surfaces can help in the development of emission factors. Study of dispersion and dry deposition patterns of ammonia downwind of a hog farm will help us to understand how much ammonia gets dry deposited near the farm, and how remaining ammonia gets transported farther away. An experimental and modeling study is conducted of emissions, dispersion and dry deposition of ammonia taking one swine farm as a unit. Measurements of ammonia flux were made at 11 swine facilities in North Carolina using dynamic flow-through chamber system over the anaerobic waste treatment lagoons. Continuous measurements of ammonia flux, meteorological and lagoon parameters were made for 8-10 days at each farm during each of the warm and cold seasons. Ammonia concentrations were continuously measured in the chamber placed over the lagoon using a Thermo Environmental Instrument Incorporated (TECO) Model 17c chemiluminescnce ammonia analyzer. A similar ammonia analyzer was used to measure ammonia concentrations at selected locations on the farm. Barn emissions were measured using open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy. A 10 m meteorological tower was erected at each site to measure wind speed and direction, temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. Data collected from field measurements made at hog waste lagoons in south eastern North Carolina, using the flow through dynamic chamber technique, were used to evaluate the Coupled Mass Transfer and Chemical Reactions model and Equilibrium model. Sensitivity analysis shows that ammonia flux increases exponentially with lagoon temperature and pH, but a linear increase was observed with an increase in total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN). Ammonia flux also shows a nonlinear increase with increasing wind speed. Observed ammonia fluxes were generally lower in the cold season than in the warm season when lagoon temperatures are higher. About 41% of the Equilibrium model predictions and 43% of the Coupled model predictions are found to be within a factor of two of the observed fluxes. Several model performance statistics were used to evaluate the performance of the two models against the observed flux data. These indicate that the simpler Equilibrium model does as well as the Coupled model. The possible effects of the ?artificial? environment within the chamber, which is different from that in the ambient atmospheric conditions above the open lagoon surface, on the measured fluxes are also recognized. Actual layout of barns and lagoons on the farms was used to simulate dry deposition downwind of the farm. Dry deposition velocity, dispersion and dry deposition of ammonia were studied over different seasons and under different stability conditions. Dry deposition velocities were underpredicted by AERMOD when compared with observed dry deposition velocities. Dry deposition velocities were the highest under near neutral conditions and lowest under stable conditions. The highest deposition at short range occurs under nighttime stable conditions and the lowest deposition occurs during daytime unstable conditions. Significant differences in model predicted depositions over crop and grass surfaces are found under stable conditions. Wind orientation at the farm can also affect deposition of ammonia downwind of the farm.
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Adam, El Fadil Ali. "Thermal performance of earth dwellings in hot dry climates : with special reference to the Sudan." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363735.

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Gonguet, Christophe. "Mechanism of attenuation of compressional and shear waves for dry, water and benzene satruated rocks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52886.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, 1985.
Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.
Bibliography: leaves 45-47.
by Christophe Gonguet.
M.S.
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Bland, David William. "In-Plane Cyclic Shear Performance of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Walls." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/495.

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This thesis presents results from testing of interlocking compressed earth block (CEB) masonry shear walls. CEBs are low strength earth masonry units sometimes stabilized with cement or lime. The interlocking compressed earth blocks (ICEBs) used in this experiment are dry stacked interlocking hollow units, which can be reinforced and grouted after they are laid. Although significant research has been undertaken to optimize the material properties of CEBs, little has been done to investigate the performance of structural systems currently being built using this technology. Test results are reported for three 1800 mm x 1800 mm wall specimens constructed with cement stabilized ICEBs and subjected to cyclic in-plane lateral loading. Wall specifications were varied to identify the shear performance of partial and fully grouted walls, and to observe the performance of a flexure dominated wall panel. It was determined that the shear strength of fully grouted walls is significantly higher than that of partially grouted walls and calculation of capacity based on current ACI 530-08 masonry provisions significantly overestimates the shear strength of ICEB wall panels. Based on the observed performance, recommendations are made for limiting the calculated nominal shear strength in design. Results also indicate that calculations based on simple bending theory conservatively predict the flexural strength of a fully grouted ICEB wall. Discussion of ICEB material properties and recommendations for design and construction procedures are included.
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Herskedal, Nicholas Anthony. "Investigation of Out-of-Plane Properties of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Walls." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/916.

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Interlocking compressed earth blocks (ICEBs) are cement stabilized soil blocks that allow for dry stacked construction. The incomplete understanding of the inelastic performance of ICEB building systems limits widespread acceptance of this structural system in earthquake prone areas. This thesis presents results from an experimental program designed to explore the behavior of ICEB walls, built according to current design practice in Indonesia and Thailand, and subjected to out-of-plane loading. A total of five reinforced and grouted ICEB walls were constructed and tested. Results from experimentation show the current masonry design code, ACI 530, adequately predicts the yield strength of these walls. However, ACI 530 grossly over-predicts the ICEB wall stiffness. All tests showed flexural behavior and failure, except for one wall. A brittle failure was observed in one wall before reaching the predicted flexural strength, prompting a suggested maximum shear tie spacing. The testing results provide useful data for developing analytical models that predicts the seismic behavior of ICEB walls under out-of-plane loading. A moment-curvature relationship was developed that accurately predicts the behavior of these walls in the elastic range as well as the inelastic range. By comparing the data provided by two walls of similar sizes, one including a pilaster and one without a pilaster, insight into stiffener elements was gained. Analysis of these two walls provides a limit on the length and height of ICEB walls without stiffener elements to prevent significant structural damage during a seismic event. In all, conclusions based on experimental data from ICEB out-of-plane loading tests are aimed to provide suggestions for ICEB construction in areas of high-seismicity.
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Garimella, Sarvesh. "Cloud condensation nucleus activity comparison of dry- and wet-generated mineral dust aerosol : the significance of soluble material." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90821.

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Thesis: S.M. in Atmospheric Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2014.
70
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 60-65).
This study examines the interaction of clay mineral particles and water vapor to determine the conditions required for cloud droplet formation. Droplet formation conditions are investigated for two common clay minerals, illite and sodium-rich montmorillonite, and an industrially derived sample, Arizona Test Dust. Using wet and dry particle generation coupled to a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, the critical activation of the clay mineral particles as cloud condensation nuclei is characterized. Electron microscopy (EM) is used to determine non-sphericity in particle shape. EM is also used to determine particle surface area and account for transmission of multiply charged particles by the DMA. Single particle mass spectrometry and ion chromatography are used to investigate soluble material in wet-generated samples and demonstrate that wet and dry generation yield compositionally different particles. Activation results are analyzed in the context of both K-Köhler theory (K-KT) and Frenkel, Halsey, and Hill (FHH) adsorption activation theory. This study has two main results: (1) K-KT is the suitable framework to describe clay mineral nucleation activity. Apparent differences in K with respect to size arise from an artifact introduced by improper size-selection methodology. For dust particles with mobility sizes larger than ~ 300 nm, i.e. ones that are in an atmospherically relevant size range, both K-KT and FHH theory yield similar critical supersaturations. However, the former requires a single hygroscopicity parameter instead of the two adjustable parameters required by the latter. For dry-generated particles, the size dependence of K is likely an artifact of the shape of the size distribution: there is a sharp drop-off in particle concentration at ~300 nm, and a large fraction of particles classified with a mobility diameter less than -300 nm are actually multiply charged, resulting in a much lower critical supersaturation for droplet activation than expected. For wet-generated particles, deviation from K-KT is likely a result of the dissolution and redistribution of soluble material. (2) Wet-generation is found to be unsuitable for simulating the lofting of fresh dry dust because it changes the size-dependent critical supersaturations by fractionating and re-partitioning soluble material.
by Sarvesh Garimella.
S.M. in Atmospheric Science
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Ambers, Steven Ellis. "In-Plane Shear Wall Performance as Affected by Compressed Earth Block Shape." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1705.

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This thesis investigates the in-plane shear performance of full-scale walls made from compressed earth blocks. Compressed earth blocks are a type of masonry where the blocks are composed of compressed soil and typically dry-stacked without mortar. Prior research has demonstrated that the in-plane shear strength of these blocks falls far short of capacities predicted by conventional masonry building codes, requiring new testing to develop effective and safe designs for seismic conditions. This thesis specifically studies the effects of block type and the use of grouted shear keys at the block head joints. Three full-scale walls were constructed and tested under in-plane, cyclic loading. To compare the effect of block type on shear strength, one wall was constructed from Rhino blocks as used by the Center for Vocational Building Technology, while another used V-Lock blocks designed by the Vermeer Corporation. Apart from differences in size and interlock mechanism, the standard Rhino blocks have shear keys at the head joints which are not present on the V-Lock blocks. To examine the effect of these shear keys, a third wall was built from Rhino blocks with the shear keys removed. The two standard block types displayed no major difference in strength that could not be attributed to grouted area or the presence/absence of the head joint shear keys. The Rhino block wall with shear keys reached a higher peak load relative to the grouted area but experienced a brittle drop in capacity after peaking, while the other two walls exhibited an extended loading plateau after the initial peak. All walls failed with cracking and block sliding along the main diagonals, a failure mode similar to conventional masonry. Proposals are made for modifying the equations for shear capacity from the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) 2013 code for use in designing compressed earth block shear walls.
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Diaz, Melisa A. "Spatial and Temporal Geochemical Characterization of Aeolian Material from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500468216147725.

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Witherow, Rebecca A. "Minor Alkaline Earth Element and Alkali Metal Behavior in Closed-Basin Lakes." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250628213.

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Books on the topic "Dry earth"

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Earth, sky, wet, dry: A book of nature opposites. Orchard Books, 2000.

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Floods upon the dry ground: Giving foundation and understanding to the progressive move of the Holy Spirit in the earth. Revival Press, 1998.

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Verhoeveh, R. F. A. A comparison between the excavation of overburden in an open pit mine by dry earth moving equipment and removal by dredging techniques. s.n, 1990.

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Earth day. Heinemnann Library, 2011.

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Earth day. Capstone Press, 2013.

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Earth Day. Crabtree, 2009.

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Earth day. ABDO Publishing Company, 2014.

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Keep, Linda Lowery. Earth Day. Carolrhoda Books, 1991.

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ill, Bergherr Mary, ed. Earth Day. Carolrhoda Books, 2004.

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Ponto, Joanna. Earth day. Enslow Publishing, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dry earth"

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Gupta, Ravi P. "Dry Snow." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_124.

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Khouider, Boualem. "The Governing Equations and Dry Dynamics." In Mathematics of Planet Earth. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17775-1_1.

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Gupta, Ravi P. "Dry and Wet Snow Line/Zone." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_125.

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Hermance, John F. "Analysis of Storm Events (and Interstorm Dry Periods)." In SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00575-1_5.

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Abzalov, Marat. "Dry Bulk Density (DBD) of Rocks." In Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39264-6_7.

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McKay, Christopher P. "Life in the Cold and Dry Limits: Earth, Mars and Beyond." In Journey to Diverse Microbial Worlds. Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4269-4_26.

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Min’ko, N., and O. Dobrinskaya. "Rational Usage of Amorphous Varieties of Silicon Dioxide in Dry Mixtures of Glass with Specific Light Transmittance." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22974-0_65.

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Fayaz, Fahim, Mahadi B. Bahari, Thong L. M. Pham, et al. "Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production via Ethanol Dry Reforming over Rare-Earth Metal-Promoted Co-based Catalysts." In Recent Advancements in Biofuels and Bioenergy Utilization. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1307-3_8.

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Risby, Bonnie, and Annelise Palouda. "Earth Day." In Logic Safari. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003236283-7.

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Lang, Kenneth R. "Good Day, Sunshine." In Sun, Earth and Sky. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57852-6_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dry earth"

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Giordano, Ersilia, Francesco Clementi, Giammichele Cocchi, and Laura Marcheggiani. "On the nonlinear behaviour of unfired dry earth." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2019 (ICCMSE-2019). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5138013.

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Pal, P. C., S. Majhi, and S. Kumar. "Propagation of SH-Waves in a Sandwiched Dry Sandy Medium." In Future Challenges in Earth Sciences for Energy and Mineral Resources. Geological Society of India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/cgsi/2016/95897.

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Fu, Anmin, Rong Fu, Tao Sun, and Xiangji Kong. "Sensitivity of vegetation toward precipitation in dry land of China using satellite images." In 2014 3rd International Workshop on Earth Observation and Remote Sensing Applications (EORSA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eorsa.2014.6927874.

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Chowdhury, S.-S., K. Deb, and A. Sengupta. "STABILITY OF EARTH RETENTION SYSTEM IN DRY COHESIONLESS SOIL UNDER STATIC AND SEISMIC CONDITION." In 4th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120113.4742.c1027.

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Ling, Nan, Chen Anqiang, Xiong Donghong, and Liu Gangcai. "The effects of film flow on headcut erosion of a gully in the dry-hot valley of Jinsha River, China." In International Conference on Earth Science and Environmental Protection (ICESEP2013). WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/icesep131321.

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Chela-Flores, Julian, and Joseph Seckbach. "The Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica: from sulfur stains on Earth to sulfur stains in the Jovian system." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Richard B. Hoover, Paul C. W. Davies, Gilbert V. Levin, and Alexei Y. Rozanov. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.898763.

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Winarso, Paulus Agus. "Caused and condition of the hydrometeorological hazard during dry season period 2017." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EARTH HAZARD AND DISASTER MITIGATION (ISEDM) 2017: The 7th Annual Symposium on Earthquake and Related Geohazard Research for Disaster Risk Reduction. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5047292.

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Vidhi, Rachana, Pardeep Garg, Matthew S. Orosz, D. Yogi Goswami, and Pramod Kumar. "Ground Cooling System for Improving the Efficiency of Low Temperature Power Generation." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6618.

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This paper presents an analysis of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) with dry cooling system aided by an earth-coupled passive cooling system. Several organic fluids were considered as working fluids in the ORC in the temperature range of 125–200°C. An earth-air-heat-exchanger (EAHE) is studied for a location in the United States (Las Vegas) and another in India (New Delhi), to pre cool the ambient air before entering an air-cooled condenser (ACC). It was observed that the efficiency of the system improved by 1–3% for the system located in Las Vegas and fluctuations associated with temperature variations of the ambient air were also reduced when the EAHE system was used. A ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) is also studied for these locations where cooling water is pre cooled in an underground buried pipe before entering a condenser heat exchanger in a closed loop. The area of the buried pipe and the condenser size are calculated per kW of power generation for various working fluids.
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Vlahović, Miljan, Milica Vlahović, and Zoran Stević. "Utilizing renewable resources – converting geothermal energy to electricity." In 8th International Conference on Renewable Electrical Power Sources. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/mkoiee.020.8.1.101.

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According to the official definition, approved by the European Geothermal Energy Council (EGEC), geothermal energy is energy accumulated as heat below the surface of solid soil. Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. It is generally defined as the part of geothermal heat that can be directly utilized as heat or converted into other types of energy. Geothermal resources vary by location and depth towards the Earth's core. Their use is possible for different purposes depending on their temperature. This paper presents the harnessing geothermal resources for electricity generation. There are three main types of geothermal power plants: dry steam plants, flash steam plants, and binary cycle plants. Dry steam plants pipe hot steam from underground into turbines, which powers the generator to provide electricity. Flash steam plants pump hot water from underground into a cooler flash tank. The formed steam powers the electricity generator. Binary cycle plants pump hot water from underground through a heat exchanger that heats a second liquid to transform it into steam, which powers the generator. In all mentioned systems the used fluids are recycled. It can be concluded that geothermal power plants work similarly to other power plants, but providing the steam for starting the turbine from the earth's interior. The fact that used fluids return to the ground makes geothermal energy resources renewable.
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Chae, Hyunbyung, Woohyun Song, Jinwoo Lee, and Donghan Seo. "The Characteristics of Girth Welds for Strain-Based Design API-X100 Grade Plate and Pipe." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31242.

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As the major oil wells run dry, many efforts on exploring a new one are under way especially in the northern area of the Earth. In this cold environment, the pipelines should have a distinctive ability of being able to endure the large longitudinal strain caused by the ground movements, such as seismic activity, slope instability, frost heave and so on. To overcome these difficulties strain-based design (SBD) of pipeline is getting spotlighted, and POSCO has developed SBD API-X80 including higher grades of line pipe steels. In this work noticing that the reliability of girth welds becomes more important in SBD compared with stress-based design, ways to improve the reliability of girth welds in a SBD API-X80 grade steel have been investigated. Mechanical and metallurgical properties were evaluated, and further CTOD tests in mechanized gas metal arc (GMA) girth welding with narrow gap grooves were conducted and the results were discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Dry earth"

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Hungerman, Daniel, and Vivek Moorthy. Every Day is Earth Day: Evidence on the Long-term Impact of Environmental Activism. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26979.

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Heffernan, Andrea, Ashley McAskill, Sara Snyder, et al. The Making of the 2010 Keep Columbus Beautiful Earth Day Celebration. University of Iowa, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/qzxm-8td3.

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Scholz, Florian. Sedimentary fluxes of trace metals, radioisotopes and greenhouse gases in the southwestern Baltic Sea Cruise No. AL543, 23.08.2020 – 28.08.2020, Kiel – Kiel - SEDITRACE. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al543.

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R/V Alkor Cruise AL543 was planned as a six-day cruise with a program of water column and sediment sampling in Kiel Bight and the western Baltic Sea. Due to restrictions related to the Covid-19 pandemic, the original plan had to be changed and the cruise was realized as six oneday cruises with sampling in Kiel Bight exclusively. The first day was dedicated to water column and sediment sampling for radionuclide analyses at Boknis Eck and Mittelgrund in Eckernförde Bay. On the remaining five days, water column, bottom water, sediment and pore water samples were collected at eleven stations covering different types of seafloor environment (grain size, redox conditions) in western Kiel Bight. The data and samples obtained on cruise AL543 will be used to investigate (i) the sedimentary cycling of bio-essential metals (e.g., nickel, zinc, and their isotopes) as a function of variable redox conditions, (ii) the impact of submarine groundwater discharge and diffusive benthic fluxes on the distribution of radium and radon as well as greenhouse gases (methane and nitrous oxide) in the water column, and (iii) to characterize and quantify the impact of coastal erosion on sedimentary iron, phosphorus and rare earth element cycling in Kiel Bight.
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