Journal articles: 'Dry fine grinding'

1

Kaya, E., H. Cho, and R. Hogg. "Reagglomeration phenomena in fine dry grinding of coal." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 14, no. 2 (May 1997): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402757.

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Prziwara, Paul, and Arno Kwade. "Grinding aid additives for dry fine grinding processes – Part II: Continuous and industrial grinding." Powder Technology 394 (December 2021): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.08.039.

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Gokcen, H. S., S. Cayirli, Y. Ucbas, and K. Kayaci. "The effect of grinding aids on dry micro fine grinding of feldspar." International Journal of Mineral Processing 136 (March 2015): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2014.10.001.

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Toraman, O. Y. "Dry Fine Grinding of Calcite Powder by Stirred Mill." Particulate Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (May 2013): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2012.694135.

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Zeng, Y., and E. Forssberg. "Energy consumption in fine crushing and dry rod grinding." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 9, no. 2 (May 1992): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402973.

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Weng, Rengui, Jinqi Jiang, Jun Qu, Xinfei Li, Qiwu Zhang, and Xinzhong Liu. "Effect of grinding aids and process parameters on dry fine grinding of polytetrafluoroethylene." Powder Technology 386 (July 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.03.040.

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Prziwara, Paul, and Arno Kwade. "Grinding aids for dry fine grinding processes – Part I: Mechanism of action and lab-scale grinding." Powder Technology 375 (September 2020): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.07.038.

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Prziwara, P., S. Breitung-Faes, and A. Kwade. "Comparative study of the grinding aid effects for dry fine grinding of different materials." Minerals Engineering 144 (December 2019): 106030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.106030.

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Ozkan, Alper, and Meftuni Yekeler. "Fine Dry Grinding of Zeolite in a Laboratory Ball Mill." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 20, no. 4 (September 2003): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200390033.

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Schwarzwälder, Sophie, Roland Nied, and Hermann Sickel. "Dry Fine Grinding with Jet Mills: Potentials of Energy Optimization." Chemical Engineering & Technology 37, no. 5 (April 3, 2014): 806–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201300692.

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Xu, Wei, Jun Kong, and Cai Jun Liu. "Development and Application of Fine Rubber Powder Production Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (December 2014): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.380.

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Introduction of fine rubber powder use, production process and production equipment. In rubber industry for direct forming or rubber and rubber for; modification and applications in non rubber industry rubber powder mainly into the plastic and asphalt materials. Fine rubber powder production process includes dry grinding, wet grinding, cryogenic grinding and the physical and chemical method. The main equipment, rubber powder production is often cold mill or screw extruder.

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Ming-xiang, Chen, and Huang Zhi-chu. "Experimental research on performances of dry-grinding fine cement for grouting." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 17, no. 3 (September 2002): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02838544.

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FILIO, James M., Kazumasa SUGIYAMA, Fumio SAITO, and Yoshio WASEDA. "Dry Fine Grinding of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Quenched by Water and its Reactivity during Grinding." Shigen-to-Sozai 107, no. 11 (1991): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.107.795.

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Gonzalez Garcia, F., M. T. Ruiz Abrio, and M. Gonzalez Rodriguez. "Effects of dry grinding on two kaolins of different degrees of crystallinity." Clay Minerals 26, no. 4 (December 1991): 549–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1991.026.4.09.

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AbstractGrain-size distribution, specific surface, thermal analysis, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to study the effect of dry grinding on the structure and properties of two kaolins of different degree of crystallinity. Grinding caused particles to fragment and resulted in the formation of stable large spheroidal aggregates of fine particles. These two processes were not clearly separated by a specific grinding time, but occurred in parallel shortly after grinding was started, although aggregate formation persisted at longer grinding times. The variation in the specific surface area during grinding was found to be dependent on these two processes and on the particle size and crystallinity of the initial kaolin. DTA and XRD data and the amount of water released at different temperatures revealed grinding to gradually destroy the kaolinite structure and cause the loss of hydroxyl ions and the formation of others that were subsequently removed at low and medium temperatures. An explanation for the process whereby the new hydroxyl ions are formed is provided.

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Fadda, S., A. Cincotti, A. Concas, M. Pisu, and G. Cao. "Modelling breakage and reagglomeration during fine dry grinding in ball milling devices." Powder Technology 194, no. 3 (September 2009): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2009.04.009.

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Ozkan, A., M. Yekeler, and M. Calkaya. "Kinetics of fine wet grinding of zeolite in a steel ball mill in comparison to dry grinding." International Journal of Mineral Processing 90, no. 1-4 (February 2009): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2008.10.006.

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KOTAKE, Naoya, Norihiro SHIMOI, and Yoshiteru KANDA. "Comparison of Fine Grindability in Dry and Wet Grinding based on Work Index." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 35, no. 11 (1998): 792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.35.792.

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Ohashi, Kazuhito, Yuya Takata, and Shinya Tsukamoto. "High-Efficient Regeneration of Grinding Performance Using Adhesive Films in Dry Grinding of Carbon." Key Engineering Materials 656-657 (July 2015): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.656-657.283.

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The grinding performance of wheel remarkably decreases by the wheel loading in dry grinding of precision hard carbon parts. When the wheel loading occurs, the dressing is carried out to remove loading chips for generation of the grinding performance. However, many abrasive grains, which have enough cutting ability under loading chips, are removed in dressing. We therefore have developed the wheel surface cleaning using adhesive films without dressing to remove loading carbon chips on wheel surfaces in our previous reports, and the cleaning could achieve the lean regeneration of grinding performance of fine grade diamond wheels. The removing ability of loading chips is improved by increasing the peeling speed of adhesive film, the pressing time of adhesive films or the number of pressing time. However the optimum cleaning condition has not been investigated. In this report, from the viewpoint of efficiency in the treatment, we therefore investigate the optimum rolling press process of adhesive film on loading disc wheel surfaces in dry grinding of carbon. The optimum treatment processes are experimentally made clear, analyzing SPa of cleaned wheel surfaces, which is one of surface roughness parameters having the correlation with the protrusion height of abrasive grains. Furthermore, the effect of the treatment on regeneration of grinding performance is experimentally verified by grinding tests of hard carbons.

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Celik, M. S. "A comparison of dry and wet fine grinding of coals in a ball mill." Powder Technology 55, no. 1 (May 1988): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(88)80082-2.

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Prziwara, P., L. D. Hamilton, S. Breitung-Faes, and A. Kwade. "Evaluation of the capturing of dry fine particles between grinding media by drop-weight tests." Powder Technology 363 (March 2020): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.01.012.

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Miethke, Lina, Paul Prziwara, Jan Henrik Finke, and Sandra Breitung-Faes. "Opposing Effects of Additives in Dry Milling and Tableting of Organic Particles." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091434.

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Applying additives and excipients during the dry processing of fine particles is a common measure to control the particle–particle interactions, to specifically influence the powder properties and to enhance the process efficiency or product quality. In this study, the impacts of a particulate lubricant, a nano-disperse flow additive and liquid grinding aids on the dry fine milling and subsequent tableting of the ground material were investigated for three different organic model compounds. It is presented that the three additive classes cause varying and partly opposing effects during these process steps. Especially the lubricant and the grinding aids were shown to increase the efficiency of the milling process as well as the product fineness of the ground material, and to avoid critical product adhesions on the machine surfaces. Thereby, stable and efficient grinding conditions were partially not possible without the addition of such additives. However, as these positive effects are attributed to a reduction of the adhesive forces between the particles, much lower tablet strengths were achieved for these additives. This propagation of powder, and in turn, final product properties over whole process chains, has not been studied in detail so far. It was further revealed that the material behavior and the microstructure of the product particles is decisive for the processing as well, which is why additive effects may be product-specific and can even be suppressed under certain processing conditions. In comparison to the process performances, the powder properties and surface energies of the product particles were less influenced by the additives. On the contrary, particle-based morphologies or deformation behavior seem to play a major role in comparison to inorganic materials. Thus, it can be stated that global bulk properties and surface energies provide first indications of powder behavior and susceptibility. However, additional specific properties need to be evaluated to more clearly understand the influences of additives.

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Krauze, Oliwia, Dariusz Buchczik, and Sebastian Budzan. "Measurement-Based Modelling of Material Moisture and Particle Classification for Control of Copper Ore Dry Grinding Process." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020667.

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Moisture of bulk material has a significant impact on energetic efficiency of dry grinding, resultant particle size distribution and particle shape, and conditions of powder transport. As a consequence, moisture needs to be measured or estimated (modelled) in many points. This research investigates mutual relations between material moisture and particle classification process in a grinding installation. The experimental setup involves an inertial-impingement classifier and cyclone being part of dry grinding circuit with electromagnetic mill and recycle of coarse particles. The tested granular material is copper ore of particle size 0–1.25 mm and relative moisture content 0.5–5%, fed to the installation at various rates. Higher moisture of input material is found to change the operation of the classifier. Computed correlation coefficients show increased content of fine particles in lower product of classification. Additionally, drying of lower and upper classification products with respect to moisture of input material is modelled. Straight line models with and without saturation are estimated with recursive least squares method accounting for measurement errors in both predictor and response variables. These simple models are intended for use in automatic control system of the grinding installation.

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Xu, Hai Lun, and Zi Lin Li. "Environmental Benefits and Energy Efficiency of Superheated Steam as Media in Processing Ultra-Fine Fly Ash Technology." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1558.

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With superheated steam from thermal power plants for medium, the fluidized bed jet mill which had improved vertical turbine classifier was used to study Superheated steam as media in processing ultra-fine fly ash technology. Experiment tested the energy consumption of processing fly ash with superheated steam, which was converted into standard coal compared with the air jet mill technology to prove the environment and energy saving advantages in superheated steam-gas processing ultra-fine fly ash. Experimental results showed that this technology has low energy consumption, high grinding force, and its grinding, grading, collection process is completely in dry method, so this technology is an ideal method for processing ultra-fine fly ash by low-cost and large-scale. At the same time, this paper assessed the environmental benefits of some environmental indicators. Finally, the applications of this technology are summarized.

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Watanabe, Naoya, Masahiro Aoyagi, Daisuke Katagawa, Tsubasa Bandoh, Takahiko Mitsui, and Eiichi Yamamoto. "Development of TSV Reveal Process Using Very Fine Si/Cu Grinding and Metal Contamination Removal." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 001928–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-tha13.

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Three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) using through silicon via (TSV) have been developed as an emerging technology that can lead to significant progress (1–4). Among various TSV processes, the via-middle process has potential for wide spread use because formation of small-sized TSVs is relatively easy in the via-middle process. However, TSV reveal process must be performed for electrical contact in the via-middle process. This TSV reveal process is important because it can influence the metal contamination and stacking yield of 3D-ICs. Conventionally, TSV reveal is performed by Si grinding and Si dry etching (5). A disadvantage of that method is the resultant TSV depth deviation, which can cause bonding failure during wafer/chip stacking. In (6), TSV leveling was performed by introducing a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) step after deposition of the backside insulator. However, the revealed TSVs break during CMP step if they exceed a certain height. To overcome these problems, we developed a novel TSV reveal process comprising direct Si/Cu grinding and metal contamination removal (7,8). First, simultaneous grinding of Cu and Si was performed using a novel vitrified grinding wheel. In situ cleaning with a high-pressure micro jet and the inelastic porous structure of the grinding wheel suppressed the adhesion of Cu contaminants to the Si, and TSVs were leveled and exposed. Next, an electroless Ni-B film was deposited on the Cu surface of the TSVs. The Si was etched with an alkaline solution, whereas the Cu was protected by the Ni-B film. An insulator was deposited, and then the insulator on the top surface of the TSV was removed. We achieved the backside reveal of TSVs without TSV depth deviation and suppressed Cu contamination to less than 1e11 atoms/cm2. However, after direct Si/Cu grinding with an 8000 grit grinding wheel, the average surface roughness of Si was 5–10 nm, which is larger than that after chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In this paper, we developed vitrified grinding wheels with very high grit numbers (#30,000 and #45,000) and present an improved version of our TSV reveal process. The average surface roughness of Si after Si/Cu grinding was approximately 3 nm for the 30,000 grit grinding wheel and 1 nm for the 45,000 grit grinding wheel. This value is equivalent to that after CMP. The improved process produced a uniform reveal of 4-um-diameter TSVs without TSV depth deviation and Cu contamination. The Cu contaminant concentration on Si region between TSVs was small (<3e10 atoms/cm2). This process will reduce the cost of the TSV reveal process and considerably improve the TSV yield.

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Kim, H. J., M. S. Dhanoa, W. J. Maeng, M. A. Neville, R. T. Evans, A. B. McAllan, and N. D. Scollan. "Effect of sample preparation when evaluating feed degradability using dacron bags." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031925.

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In dacron bag methodology an important measurement is the wash value component. This component is assumed to be wholly degrabable and forms a major proportion of effective degradability calculations (Cockburn et al., 1993). Grinding of feeds with a high content of solubles or fine particles may result in high initial wash-out values and may affect feed degradability adversely. An experiment, was conducted to assess the effect of grinding on dry matter (DM) degradation of maize and wheat, using the in situ dacron bag technique.

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SUGANUMA, Akira, Toshitaka HAMADA, Fumio BABA, and Akinobu INAGAKI. "Three Phases of a Dry Fine Grinding Process of Limestone Powder Identified by Specific Surface Area." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 28, no. 9 (1991): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.28.572.

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Prziwara, P., S. Breitung-Faes, and A. Kwade. "Impact of the powder flow behavior on continuous fine grinding in dry operated stirred media mills." Minerals Engineering 128 (November 2018): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2018.08.032.

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Öksüzoğlu, Bilge, and Metin Uçurum. "An experimental study on the ultra-fine grinding of gypsum ore in a dry ball mill." Powder Technology 291 (April 2016): 186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.12.027.

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Routray, Sunita, and R. Bhima Raog. "Effect of Thermal Shock on Grindability of Zircon for Preparation of Zircon Flour." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0005.

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AbstractThis paper deals with the effect of thermal shock treatment on grindability and grinding characteristics of zircon minerals and the overall energy saving achieved. This attempt is made due to a fine dry grinding of zircon minerals to produce zircon flour is an energy intensive operation. The effect of grinding time on grinding of zircon minerals in a continuously agitated rod mill indicate that the time required is 170 minutes for obtaining 75% of particles passing 45 µm size for natural zircon mineral whereas for thermally treated zircon it is only 100 minutes to achieve the same. Hence, 70 minutes of grinding time is saved. The work index test results show that 13.3% of the total energy can be saved when a sample is preheated to 850 °C and subjected to thermal shock treatment. The effect is due to the development of numerous micro-cracks and fractures in samples subjected to thermal shock.

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Matys, Elena, Yury Deniskin, Ekaterina Stativa, and Dmitriy Shlychkov. "Special features of obtaining fine powders for additive technologies." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 02037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199102037.

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The paper discusses some issues of fine powders production technologies adjustment. These powders can be used in concrete mixtures for 3D building printers. The work proposes the implementation of vibrational sieves which use the dry method of sifting fine and ultra-fine powders with high performance and efficiency. In this technology, ground material is removed from the mill which prevents the material from consolidation and the grinding process from the slowdown. The paper focuses on a new type of equipment able to withstand overload conditions of up to 30g. It is lightweight, compact, it does not require filters, cyclones, high-pressure fans, sluice feeders. Its sieves do not clog and do not require tightening which considerably simplifies and reduces the cost of operation.

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San Emeterio, F., R. B. Reis, W. E. Campos, and L. D. Satter. "Effect of Coarse or Fine Grinding on Utilization of Dry or Ensiled Corn by Lactating Dairy Cows." Journal of Dairy Science 83, no. 12 (December 2000): 2839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75184-8.

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Wang, Zhe, Hong Li, Haiyan Chen, Juan Lv, Hao Leng, Junhui Xiao, and Shuai Wang. "Effects of grinding and dehydration on kaolin in a steam jet mill." Clay Minerals 56, no. 1 (March 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2021.18.

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AbstractSteam jet milling was applied for the first time to ultra-fine grind the filter cake (moisture content 23.80%) produced by a kaolin concentrator. The material was dehydrated and dried simultaneously during grinding, and the final ground sample met the moisture content requirement for powder products of <2%. The particle size of the ground kaolin samples decreased and the particle-size distribution was more concentrated, indicating that the steam jet milling was more effective for kaolin processing than the conventional dry grinding process. In addition, steam jet milling can improve the whiteness and decrease the crystal order of the samples, thus improving the kaolin properties in follow-up applications.

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Landesberger, Christof, Christoph Paschke, and Karlheinz Bock. "Influence of Wafer Grinding and Etching Techniques on the Fracture Strength of Thin Silicon Substrates." Advanced Materials Research 325 (August 2011): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.325.659.

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We investigated the influence of various backside thinning techniques on the fracture strength of thinned single crystalline silicon wafers by means of ring-ball breaking tests and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the case of wafer grinding the mean breaking force of samples depends on the surface roughness after fine grinding. Subsequently applied stress-relief processes spin-etching, CMP polishing and plasma dry etching lead to a strong increase of breaking force by a factor of 6 to 15. The three different stress-relief techniques resulted in the same maximum values of breaking force. However, the required amount of material removal is specifically different and also depends on the conditions of initial grinding step. The results will help to identify optimum wafer thinning sequences in the field of MEMS devices and future applications of ultra-thin and flexible integrated circuits.

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Tamura, Takahiro, Tsuyoshi Ishikawa, and Mitsumasa Kimata. "Potentiality of Fine Grinding Using the Horizontal Dry Bead Mill, and Relationship between Required Power and Particle Size." Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan 54, no. 10 (2017): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4164/sptj.54.648.

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Fomina, Ekaterina V., Natalia I. Kozhukhova, Evgeny A. Belovodsky, V. A. Klimenko, and Marina I. Kozhukhova. "Microstructural Analysis of Changes in the Morphology of Quartz Raw Materials of Different Genesis at Dry Milling." Materials Science Forum 1017 (January 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1017.91.

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The influence of the genesis of quartz-containing rocks on the strength of particles and changes in morphology during destruction from the standpoint of the mineralogical approach in the development of the scientific direction "geonics" ("geomimetics") has been investigated. The kinetics of dry grinding of raw materials in a laboratory ball roller mill was carried out. The features of the formation and development of cracks, particle size distribution, changes in the morphology and microstructure of fragments have been studied. It was found that in natural quartz cracks develop along the surface, where the highest concentration of impurities creates a defect structure with destruction into small particles. The purest structure of hydrothermal quartz is susceptible to brittle fracture into fragments similar in morphology to the base particle. Reducing the defectiveness of the structure increases the strength of the crystals. The internal energy potential of techno genic raw materials is determined by its defective structure, which undergoes the greatest deformations during grinding, allowing obtaining the maximum values of the specific surface area and reduce the grinding time. A difference in the degree of crystallinity of quartz, which composes the polymineral techno genic raw materials, makes it possible to obtain the optimal granulometry of fine particles. The conducted research is aimed at identifying the mechanisms of destruction of quartz rocks and can be used in solving engineering problems not only in construction materials science, but also in geotechnics.

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Fomina, Ekaterina V., Natalia I. Kozhukhova, Evgeny A. Belovodsky, V. A. Klimenko, and Marina I. Kozhukhova. "Microstructural Analysis of Changes in the Morphology of Quartz Raw Materials of Different Genesis at Dry Milling." Materials Science Forum 1017 (January 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1017.91.

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The influence of the genesis of quartz-containing rocks on the strength of particles and changes in morphology during destruction from the standpoint of the mineralogical approach in the development of the scientific direction "geonics" ("geomimetics") has been investigated. The kinetics of dry grinding of raw materials in a laboratory ball roller mill was carried out. The features of the formation and development of cracks, particle size distribution, changes in the morphology and microstructure of fragments have been studied. It was found that in natural quartz cracks develop along the surface, where the highest concentration of impurities creates a defect structure with destruction into small particles. The purest structure of hydrothermal quartz is susceptible to brittle fracture into fragments similar in morphology to the base particle. Reducing the defectiveness of the structure increases the strength of the crystals. The internal energy potential of techno genic raw materials is determined by its defective structure, which undergoes the greatest deformations during grinding, allowing obtaining the maximum values of the specific surface area and reduce the grinding time. A difference in the degree of crystallinity of quartz, which composes the polymineral techno genic raw materials, makes it possible to obtain the optimal granulometry of fine particles. The conducted research is aimed at identifying the mechanisms of destruction of quartz rocks and can be used in solving engineering problems not only in construction materials science, but also in geotechnics.

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Hemery, Youna, Marc Chaurand, Ulla Holopainen, Anna-Maija Lampi, Pekka Lehtinen, Vieno Piironen, Abdelkrim Sadoudi, and Xavier Rouau. "Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients, part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding." Journal of Cereal Science 53, no. 1 (January 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2010.09.005.

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Ji, Kankan, Xingquan Zhang, Shubao Yang, Liping Shi, Shiyi Wang, and Yuguo Wu. "Surface integrity of quenched steel 1045 machined by CBN grinding wheel and SiC grinding wheel." International Journal of Structural Integrity 8, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-03-2016-0011.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate surface integrity of quenched steel 1045 ground drily by the brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) grinding wheel and the black SiC wheel, respectively. Surface integrity, including surface roughness, sub-surface hardness, residual stresses and surface morphology, was investigated in detail, and the surface quality of samples ground by two grinding wheels was compared. Design/methodology/approach In the present work, surface integrity of quenched steel 1045 machined by the CBN grinding wheel and the SiC wheel was investigated systematically. All the specimens were machined with a single pass in the down-cutting mode of dry condition. Surface morphology of the ground specimen was observed by using OLYMPUS BX51M optical microscopy. Surface roughness of seven points was measured by using a surface roughness tester at a cut-off length of 1.8 mm and the measurement traces were perpendicular to the grinding direction. Sub-surface micro-hardness was measured by using HVS-1000 digital micro-hardness tester after the cross-section surface was polished. The residual stress was tested by using X-350A X-ray stress analyzer. Findings When the cut depth is increased from 0.01 to 0.07 mm, the steel surface machined by the CBN wheel remains clear grinding mark, lower roughness, higher micro-hardness and higher magnitude of compressive stress and fine microstructure, while the surface machined by the SiC grinding wheel becomes worse with increasing of cut depth. The value of micro-hardness decreases, and the surface roughness increases, and the surface compressive stress turns into tensile stress. Some micro-cracks and voids occur when the sample is processed by the SiC grinding wheel with cut depth 0.07 mm. Originality/value In this paper, the specimens of quenched steel 1045 were machined by the CBN grinding wheel and the SiC wheel with various cutting depths. The processing quality resulted from the CBN grinding wheel is better than that resulted from the SiC grinding wheel.

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Candau, Nicolas, Oguzhan Oguz, Noel León Albiter, Gero Förster, and Maria Lluïsa Maspoch. "Poly (Lactic Acid)/Ground Tire Rubber Blends Using Peroxide Vulcanization." Polymers 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091496.

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Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) blends using Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a crosslinking agent were prepared with the following aims: propose a new route to recycle wastes rubber from the automotive industry and improve the toughness and impact strength of the inherently brittle bio-based PLA. The GTR were subjected to two types of grinding process (cryo- and dry ambient grinding). Swelling measurements revealed the grinding to be associated with a mechanical damage of the rubber chains, independently on the type of grinding or on the GTR size (from <400 µm to <63 µm). Moreover, the finest GTR contains the largest amount of reinforcing elements (carbon black, clay) that can be advantageously used in PLA/GTR blends. Indeed, the use of the finest cryo-grinded GTR in the presence of DCP showed the least decrease of the tensile strength (−30%); maintenance of the tensile modulus and the largest improvement of the strain at break (+80%), energy at break (+60%) and impact strength (+90%) as compared to the neat PLA. The results were attributed to the good dispersion of both fine GTR and clay particles into the PLA matrix. Moreover, a possible re-crosslinking of the GTR particles and/or co-crosslinking at PLA/GTR interface in presence of DCP is expected to contribute to such improved ductility and impact strength.

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Hardy, M. "X-ray diffraction measurement of the quartz content of clay and silt fractions in soils." Clay Minerals 27, no. 1 (March 1992): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1992.027.1.05.

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AbstractAn XRD method for measurement of quartz content using ZnO as the internal standard was tested on different particle sizes between 0 and 20 µm. Calibration curves showed a good correlation coefficient for particle-size fractions up to 20 µm; the slope increased for the fractions from 0·7 to 5 µm and was relatively constant for coarser particle sizes. Fine quartz fractions were etched with hydrofluoric acid to remove the surface layer damaged during dry grinding. The use of such etched quartz increased the slopes of the calibration curves for small particle-size fractions and approximated the natural fine quartz fraction much better than the original dry-ground material. The mean of six measurements gave good accuracy provided that the slope of the calibration curve was adjusted for the particular particle-size fraction. This method was used on 0–2 µm, 0–0·2µm and 0·2–2 µm fractions of French silty soils and the results are in agreement with the data from chemical analysis and with the mineralogical interpretation.

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Kuai, Jicai, Dmitrii V. Ardashev, and Huali Zhang. "Study of α-Fe2O3 formation and its measurement in oxide films of wheel surface during ELID grinding process." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 04 (February 10, 2017): 1750025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500257.

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This paper presents the study of forming mechanism of [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 in oxide films on electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding wheel surface. To investigate the component content and the microtopography of oxide films, XRD, XPS, IR spectrum analysis, SEM, and TEM measurements are performed on ELID grinding wheels. In XRD test results, the characteristic absorption band of [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 is found in the oxide film. XPS tests show that there is full of ferrous iron and oxygen element in the oxide film. Also, the characteristic spectral line of XPS is identical to the standard spectrum of [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3. Several vibration peaks (471, 1029, 1384, 1630, 3430) are observed by IR spectrum analysis. It can be easily seen by contrast with the standard photographs that the vibration peak of 1029 is of Fe-O vibration band in IR spectrum of [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 powder. Therefore, these measurement results confirm the existence of [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 in the oxide films, and explain the polishing effect of oxide films during ELID grinding. The fresh oxide film is porous and moisture rich. However, the oxide film after squeezing to dry is investigated by SEM imaging to present tortoiseshell cracks. Geometrically, [Formula: see text]-Fe2O3 appears to be nearly spherical with particle size around 5–50 nm. This indicates fine polishing improvement by oxide films, and is identified as the mechanism responsible for excellent surface quality by ELID grinding.

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Stupnik, M. I., V. V. Peregudov, V. S. Morkun, T. A. Oliinyk, and M. K. Korolenko. "Development of Concentration Technology for Medium-Impregnated Hematite Quartzite of Kryvyirih Iron Ore Basin." Nauka ta innovacii 16, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scin16.06.056.

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Introduction. Trends in developing Ukraine’s metallurgy in the context of using its mineral raw base indicate prospects for mining hematite quartzite deposits. Problem Statement. The problem of producing high-quality hematite ore concentrates is associated with the fact that aggregates of martite, goethite, marshallit quartz, and other low hard minerals can be easily reground while crushing and grinding. This results in increased content of fine particles (slimes), which decreases selectivity of separating ore and non-metallic minerals. One of the ways to solve this problem is gentle ore grinding Purpose. Developing a technology of dry and wet concentration for hematite quartzite from Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Basin. Materials and Methods. While conducting the research, a set of methods are used including generalization of research data; chemical and mineral analysis of ore and concentration products prior to and after concentrating by magnetite and gravitation methods; mathematical modeling of processes; technological testing in laboratory and industrial conditions. Results. Magnetic and gravitation separation is used for hematite ore concentration. Sintering ore with Fe content of 55.1% and concentrates of 62.32-64.69% Fe have been produced from hematite ore. Iron extraction in marketable products makes up 73.6-80.49%. Conclusions. There have been developed technologies for dry and wet concentration for hematite quartzites of Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Basin. For the first time, magnetic separation has been suggested to be used for hematite ore concentration. This has enabled producing concentrates with an iron content over 64.0%, decreasing ore grinding front by at least 40% as compared with the initial one, and reducing operation and capital expenses by over 30%.

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Stupnik, M. I., V. V. Peregudov, V. S. Morkun, T. A. Oliinyk, and M. K. Korolenko. "Development of Concentration Technology for Medium-Impregnated Hematite Quartzite of Kryvyirih Iron Ore Basin." Science and innovation 16, no. 6 (November 2020): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.06.056.

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Introduction. Trends in developing Ukraine’s metallurgy in the context of using its mineral raw base indicate prospects for mining hematite quartzite deposits. Problem Statement. The problem of producing high-quality hematite ore concentrates is associated with the fact that aggregates of martite, goethite, marshallit quartz, and other low hard minerals can be easily reground while crushing and grinding. This results in increased content of fine particles (slimes), which decreases selectivity of separating ore and non-metallic minerals. One of the ways to solve this problem is gentle ore grinding Purpose. Developing a technology of dry and wet concentration for hematite quartzite from Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Basin. Materials and Methods. While conducting the research, a set of methods are used including generalization of research data; chemical and mineral analysis of ore and concentration products prior to and after concentrating by magnetite and gravitation methods; mathematical modeling of processes; technological testing in laboratory and industrial conditions. Results. Magnetic and gravitation separation is used for hematite ore concentration. Sintering ore with Fe content of 55.1% and concentrates of 62.32-64.69% Fe have been produced from hematite ore. Iron extraction in marketable products makes up 73.6-80.49%. Conclusions. There have been developed technologies for dry and wet concentration for hematite quartzites of Kryvyi Rih Iron Ore Basin. For the first time, magnetic separation has been suggested to be used for hematite ore concentration. This has enabled producing concentrates with an iron content over 64.0%, decreasing ore grinding front by at least 40% as compared with the initial one, and reducing operation and capital expenses by over 30%.

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Lukutsova, N. P., E. G. Karpikov, and S. N. Golovin. "Highly-Dispersed Wollastonite-Based Additive and its Effect on Fine Concrete Strength." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1005.

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The effective highly-dispersed additive on the basis of the natural mineral wollastonite has been developed and studied. It enables obtaining fine concrete with the bending strength of up to 21.6 MPa and the strength of compression of up to 55 MPa, and the content of 0.5% (in terms of dry matter). The additive is a suspension of wollastonite after mechanical, and then ultrasonic processing in the aquatic environment of the anionic stabilizer of naphthalene-formaldehyde type. Due to the laser granulometry it has been ascertained that grinding wollastonite together with the anionic stabilizer leads to a change in the specific surface from 20 400 to 32 600 cm2/cm3 and to forming the particles with a modal diameter of 10.31 μm. After ultrasonic processing in the aquatic stabilizer environment the wollastonite particle size reduces to 0.4 μm. The positive heat and humidity effect on the structure and strength of the concrete with highly-dispersed wollastonite-based additive under the mode 3+4+3 h at the isothermal hardening temperature of 80оС is shown. The application of the developed additive in the fine concrete composition makes it possible to save up to 15% of cement due to the strength increase.

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McLellan, Neil, Nelson Fan, Shilai Liu, Kim Lau, and Jingshen Wu. "Effects of Wafer Thinning Condition on the Roughness, Morphology and Fracture Strength of Silicon Die." Journal of Electronic Packaging 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1647123.

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A systematic investigation on the effects of wafer thinning process on the surface roughness, morphology and fracture strength of silicon chips was conducted. The results of the study suggest that the fracture strength of the silicon chips was determined predominantly by the geometry and scratch tip sharpness of a few large and deep scratches formed during wafer thinning. Although additional polishing by dry-polishing technique after traditional mechanical coarse/fine grinding could greatly improve the average roughness of the die surface, it would not further strengthen the silicon chips because the dry polishing could not successfully remove large scratches or reduce the scratch size. Plasma etching was found to have a high effectiveness in fracture strength improvement. Mechanism study shows that plasma etching turned the very sharp and large scratches into U-grooves, leading to a reduced stress concentration, hence, a much improved fracture strength.

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Fadlalla, B., R. N. B. Kay, and E. D. Goodall. "Effects of particle size on digestion of hay by sheep." Journal of Agricultural Science 109, no. 3 (December 1987): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081776.

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SummaryThe digestion and retention times of milled hay diets were first studied in three sheep fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulae. The hay was milled through 5, 20 or 40 mm screens. Solubility of dry matter (D.M.) in water and rate of loss of D.M. from hay in nylon bags suspended in the rumen increased with fineness of grinding. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut tended to fall with fineness of grinding, as did mean retention time (MRT) of a particulate marker, [103Ru]phenanthroline ([103Ru]phen), within the gut and of [103Ru]phen and a liquid marker, [51Cr]EDTA, within the rumen. Dry-sieved abomasal particles were much smaller than particles of any of the hay preparations, most passing through a 0·6 mm screen.A second experiment was made on four other sheep, fitted with rumen cannulae and given a similar hay, chopped to 50 mm or milled through 2, 5 or 20 mm screens. Apparent digestibility of D.M. within the gut fell significantly with fineness of grinding, from 55% with the chopped hay to 46% with the 2 mm hay, as did MRT, from 45 to 40 h respectively. Rumen pH at 1 h after feeding decreased with fineness of grinding.In a third experiment, using the four sheep given chopped or 2 mm hay, retention times of particulate matter and of fluid in the reticulo-rumen and in the caecum-colon were measured. [103Ru]phen and [51Cr]EDTA were dosed together into either the rumen or the terminal ileum, and the rates of decline of marker concentration in rumen samples or faeces respectively were used to calculate the appropriate half times(t½). In the rumen particulate and fluid markers showed significantly shorter t½ values with the 2 mm hay (20·8 and 12·4 h, respectively) than with the chopped hay (25·9 and 15·6 h, respectively) without a significant difference in rumen outflow (0·437 and 0·492 l/h, respectively). In the caecum-colon the corresponding t½ values were 6·4 and 6·3 h, and 7·1 and 6·6 h, there being no significant difference either between markers or between diets.Samples of chopped hay and of 20, 5 and 2 mm hays were suspended in bags in the rumen of sheep given either chopped or 2 mm hay to eat. The fine hays lost D.M. more rapidly than the coarse hays but D.M. loss was slower when the sheep's diet was 2 mm hay that when it was chopped hay.It is concluded that three factors accounted for the effect of milling on digestibility: retention time in the reticulo-rumen, D.M. degradation rate in the rumen, and the potential digestibility of the hay preparation (asymptotic D.M. loss as measured in the rumen bag studies). It appeared that fine grinding reduced the digestibility of the hay because the effects of shortened MRT in reducing duration of digestion and of lowered rumen pH in depressing cellulolysis outweighed the effects of grinding in accelerating digestion and increasing potential digestibility within the rumen.

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Khamatova, Alsu, Grigory Ivanovich Yakovlev, Vadim Khozin, and Grigory Nikolaevich Pervushin. "Effect of Hardening Accelerators and other Chemical Admixtures on the Properties of a Quick-Setting Mixture." Solid State Phenomena 276 (June 2018): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.276.116.

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The physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of quick-setting compositions based on fine-grained electric steelmaking slag (ESS) produced by Izhstal PJSC, Russia, have been examined. The study also focuses on the processes of interaction of the components of the compositions based on ESS in combination with hardening accelerators (Li2CO3, K2SO4) and plasticizing additives (SP-1, Melflux 2651F). It has been found that mechanoactivation of the composition improves the hydration in comparison with chemical admixtures. This can be proved by the obtained results of the setting and testing timing of the mechanical properties of the mixture. Plasticizers being added, the setting time increases at the average by 2.3 times, and accelerators being added, by 2 times compared with the mechanically activated composition. The influence of mechanoactivation on the strength of the compositions has been described. In comparison with the plasticized composition, the strength increases by 10%, while using accelerators – by 30%. Thus, the most effective way of producing a dry mixture with the properties of quick setting and hardening is a short-term mixed grinding of all its components, which makes it possible to exclude accelerating chemical admixtures and plasticizing additives in the mixture. Also, grinding positively affects the strength gain of quick-setting compositions while reducing the gypsum content to 5%.

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Su, Linlin, Fei Gao, Hualong Tao, Xiaoming Han, and Rong Fu. "Correlations between third body evolution and tribological performance of copper-matrix friction material under abrasive paper interference conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 6 (August 18, 2017): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117726887.

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The influence of the degree of morphological variances of third body on the friction coefficient is a foundational question for understanding the friction mechanism. The correlations between the composition and morphology of third body as well as the surface roughness and the friction coefficient of copper-matrix friction material were investigated using a pin-on-disc tribometer by a method of interface interference caused by various grit size abrasive papers by grinding the friction surface during friction. Friction tests were conducted under friction speeds of 200–800 r/min at a normal load of 0.5 MPa. The results indicate that the friction coefficients increase under dry abrasive paper interference condition. It is generally 0.07–0.09 higher than the noninterference case. Large particle sizes of abrasive paper interference causes the change in the morphology of third body. More specifically, high surface roughness caused by plowing of coarse abrasive paper interference is the main cause for high friction coefficient. This phenomenon is weakened with the increase in speed. And small particle size of abrasive paper interference induces the change in the composition and distribution of third body due to fine SiC particles grinding and embedding into the friction interface. These changes increase the hard spots contact area, exacerbate the abrasive wear at all speeds, leading to a higher friction coefficient.

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Kist, P. P., I. L. Aurélio, M. Amaral, and L. G. May. "Effect of the bur grit size on the flexural strength of a glass-ceramic." Cerâmica 62, no. 362 (June 2016): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132016623621988.

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Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine the biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of a CAD/CAM leucite reinforced glass-ceramic ground by diamond burs of different grit sizes and the influence of surface roughness on the BFS. For this, 104 plates were obtained from CAD/CAM ceramic blocks and divided into 4 groups (n = 26), according to bur grit size: extra-fine, fine, medium and coarse. Roughness parameters (Ra, RyMax) were measured, and plates were kept dry for 7 days. The flexural test was carried out and BFS was calculated. Ra, RyMax and BFS data were subjected to analysis of variance and post-hoc test. Weibull analysis was used to compare characteristic strength and Weibull modulus. Regression analysis was performed for BFS vs. Ra and RyMax. When burs with coarse grit were used, higher surface roughness values were found, causing a negative effect on the ceramic BFS (117 MPa for extra-fine, and 83 MPa for coarse). Correlation (r) between surface roughness and BFS was 0.78 for RyMax and 0.73 for Ra. Increases in diamond grit size have a significant negative effect on the BFS of leucite-reinforced glass-ceramics, suggesting that grinding of sintered glass-ceramic should be performed using burs with the finest grit possible in order to minimize internal surface flaws and maximize flexural strength.

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Родионов, Юрий Юрьевич, Анастасия Игоревна Скоморохова, Юрий Викторович Родионов, Дмитрий Вячеславович Никитин, Сергей Иванович Данилин, Анна Олеговна Сухова, and Антон Владимирович Сильвестров. "Prospects of using a liquid ring vacuum pump with automatic adjustable discharge window when grinding grape seeds and pomace." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 1(115) (March 22, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2021.50.40.009.

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Для повышения сохранения биологически активных веществ, уменьшения энергопотребления в процессе измельчения и получения порошка заданной степени помола из виноградных выжимок и семян предлагается использование установки двухступенчатой дисково-шаровой вакуумной мельницы. Предложенная конструкция двухступенчатой мельницы оказывает влияние на безопасность работы (исключаются взрывы) и экологичность (не создает запыленности окружающей среды). В конструкции разработанной установки важным объектом является вакуумный насос. Приведены устройство и основные принципы работы классического одноступенчатого водокольцевого вакуумного насоса производства ОАО «БЕСКОМ» и жидкостно-кольцевого вакуумного насоса с возможностью автоматического регулирования размеров нагнетательного окна, разработанного в ФГБОУ ВО «ТГТУ» на кафедре «МИГ». Показаны основные преимущества предлагаемого насоса по сравнению с классическим вариантом. На основе испытаний был проведен сравнительный анализ разработанного жидкостно-кольцевого вакуумного насоса с автоматическим регулируемым размером нагнетательного окна и классического вакуумного насоса равной быстроты действия, результаты которого продемонстрировали существенную эффективность использования первой машины. Установлено, что затраты удельной мощности в процессе транспортирования растительных порошков на 20-25% ниже при равной быстроте действия. Экономический расчет демонстрирует эффективность применения новой конструкции разработанного вакуумного насоса в технологическом процессе тонкого измельчения сухих растительных продуктов за счет вакуумного отвода заданной фракции помола. Поэтому разработанный насос рекомендуется использовать для измельчения сухих сыпучих растительных продуктов на крупных перерабатывающих предприятиях агропромышленного комплекса, пищевой, фармацевтической и парфюмерной отраслях промышленности. To increase the preservation of biologically active substances, reduce energy consumption in the grinding process and obtain a powder of a given degree of grinding from grape pomace and seeds, it is proposed to use a two-stage disk-ball vacuum mill. The proposed design of a two-stage mill affects the safety of work (excluding explosions) and environmental friendliness (does not create a dusty environment). An important object in the design of the developed installation is the vacuum pump. The device and basic principles of operation of a classic single-stage liquid ring vacuum pump manufactured by JSC "BESCOM" and a liquid ring vacuum pump with the ability to automatically adjust the size of the discharge window, developed at the TSTU Department of MIG are presented. The main advantages of the proposed pump in comparison with the classic version are shown.Based on the tests, a comparative analysis of the developed liquid ring vacuum pump with an automatically adjustable discharge window size and a classical vacuum pump of equal action speed was carried out, the results of which demonstrated the significant efficiency of using the first machine. It has been established that the specific power consumption in the process of transporting plant powders is 20-25% lower with the same speed of action. An economic calculation demonstrates the effectiveness of using a new design of the developed vacuum pump in the technological process of fine grinding of dry plant products due to the vacuum removal of a given grinding fraction. Therefore, the developed pump is recommended to be used for grinding dry bulk plant products at large processing enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, food, pharmaceutical and perfumery industries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dry fine grinding'

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