Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dry formulation

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Dry formulation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Dry formulation"

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Sajjad Qaisar, Masood-ur-Rehman Aarbi, Shahiq-uz-Zaman, Ammar Sadiq, and Talha Rafique. "Formulation development and characterization of famotidine dry suspension for oral use." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 6, no. 2 (2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp2022622.

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Famotidine an H2 receptor blocker is generally used to treat ulcers of stomach and intestine. Famotidine is available in liquid suspension that is unstable during shelf life. Degradation of the drug as well as bad smell and color change is major problem in liquid suspension. This problem may be solved by formulating the drug as a dry suspension. We prepared four different formulations of famotidine as dry suspension. Geometric mixing methodology was followed to prepare the formulations. IR-spectroscopy showed no incompatibility between excipients used and API. Tests performed to evaluate formulations include assay, pH, viscosity, flow property, sedimentation volume and re-dispersibility. Among all the developed formulations, F3 was most ideal having excellent flow property, 100% drug assay, optimum viscosity and pH. Other formulations displayed some problems like viscosity of F1 was high that caused difficulty in flow while assay of F2 was 94% and F4 had bitter taste and low pH value. Hence F3 formulation was selected for further studies and kept for six months in stability chamber at accelerated conditions having temperature 40 °C ±2 and 75% ±5 R.H. samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months to evaluate stability of the dry formulation. Moreover formulation (F3) was reconstituted with water and placed at accelerated conditions for 28 days to check its stability. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Results showed that no change occurred in both dry and reconstituted suspension during stability studies. It can be concluded on the basis of these findings that F3 formulation was stable and can be used in future.
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Chono, Sumio, Shiori Ishikawa, Akari Ikeda, and Kohei Togami. "Usability of theophylline extended-release dry syrups." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 14, no. 4 (2018): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134318802605.

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Objectives We examined the usability of theophylline extended-release dry syrups, including their powder fluidity and ingestibility using one branded and six generic formulations (formulations A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, respectively). Methods To evaluate the ease of handling by pharmacists, powder fluidity was evaluated by measuring the repose angle, whereas to determine ingestibility, the viewpoints of patients or caregivers were evaluated using a questionnaire survey. Results and discussion: The repose angles of formulations A, B, C, D, E, and F were approximately 30°–40°. These formulations had sufficient powder fluidity, indicating the ease of weighing for most pharmacists. However, the repose angle of formulation G was <30°. Formulation G had high fluidity, suggesting its high rolling property. Thus, powder handling for formulation G may be more difficult than that for other six formulations. The ingestibility, such as the ease of mixing the dry syrup with water and odor intensity, was different between the formulations. Conclusions The present study provides useful information for selecting branded or generic theophylline extended-release dry syrups.
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Aygüler, Cemre İrem, Özlem Akbal Dağıstan, and Ayca Yıldız Peköz. "An overview of dry powder inhaler production methods." Journal of Research in Pharmacy 29, no. 3 (2024): 1333–49. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1712419.

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In comparison with alternative delivery strategies, pulmonary administration of drugs may provide several benefits, especially when utilizing dry powder formulations. The studies have frequently concentrated on dry powder inhalers (DPIs) due to certain pros with regard to stability, dose, and patient preference. Milling, freeze-drying, spray-drying, and electrospray are the production methods for DPIs. Conventional carrier-based DPIs and newgeneration carrier-free DPIs are two essential kinds of DPI formulations. In the marketplace today, carrier-based formulations generate the majority of DPIs. To improve the dispersibility of inhalable dry powders, formulation approaches typically involve the incorporation of micronized active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with larger-sized particles, like lactose, as carriers. Nevertheless, in carrier-based formulations, the dose of drugs that could be given to patients is lower compared to carrier-free formulations. The lung deposition of the majority of carrier-based formulations is still not particularly high. Individuals who have a diagnosed allergy to lactose ought to avoid DPI products based on lactose carriers. Lactose can also interact with the functional groups of drugs or proteins since it is a reducing sugar. Furthermore, the quality and source of the lactose have been found to have a significant impact on a powder formulation's effectiveness. Carrier-free formulations seem like an advantageous choice in these situations. In this review, the formulation excipients of carrier-based and carrier-free DPIs were evaluated. Alternative delivery systems and production technologies for DPIs were also discussed.
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Tulbah, Alaa S., Hui Xin Ong, Lucy Morgan, Paolo Colombo, Paul M. Young, and Daniela Traini. "Dry powder formulation of simvastatin." Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 12, no. 6 (2014): 857–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2015.963054.

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Kotkar, Vikas. "Formulation and Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhaler." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 4625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44915.

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Abstract: This review focuses on the dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation and development process. Most DPI formulations consist of micronized drug blended with larger carrier particles, which enhance flow, reduce aggregation, and aid in dispersion. A combination of intrinsic physicochemical properties, particle size, shape, surface area, and morphology affects the forces of interaction and aerodynamic properties, which in turn determine fluidization, dispersion, delivery to the lungs, and deposition in the peripheral airways. When a DPI is actuated, the formulation is fluidized and enters the patient’s airways. Under the influence of inspiratory airflow, the drug particles separate from the carrier particles and are carried deep into the lungs, while the larger carrier particles impact on the oropharyngeal surfaces and are cleared. If the cohesive forces acting on the powder are too strong, the shear of the airflow may not be sufficient to separate the drug from the carrier particles, which results in low deposition efficiency. This review thus demonstrates that the successful delivery of dry powder aerosols to the lung requires careful consideration of the powder production process, formulation and inhaler device. The developments and improvements towards high dose powder pulmonary drug delivery are summarized and discussed here. It also throws light on the invention and improvement of novel inhaler devices as well as the further development of formulation principles and new powder engineering methods.
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Rashid, Md Abdur, Amged Awad Elgied, Yahya Alhamhoom, et al. "Excipient Interactions in Glucagon Dry Powder Inhaler Formulation for Pulmonary Delivery." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 5 (2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11050207.

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Purpose: This study describes the development and characterization of glucagon dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation for pulmonary delivery. Lactose monohydrate, as a carrier, and L-leucine and magnesium stearate (MgSt) were used as dispersibility enhancers for this formulation. Methods: Using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Raman confocal microscopy, the interactions between glucagon and all excipients were characterized. The fine particle fractions (FPFs) of glucagon in different formulations were determined by a twin stage impinger (TSI) using a 2.5% glucagon mixture, and the glucagon concentration was measured by a validated LC-MS/MS method. Results: The FPF of the glucagon was 6.4%, which increased six-fold from the formulations with excipients. The highest FPF (36%) was observed for the formulation containing MgSt and large carrier lactose. The FTIR, Raman, and DSC data showed remarkable physical interactions of glucagon with leucine and a minor interaction with lactose; however, there were no interactions with MgSt alone or mixed with lactose. Conclusion: Due to the interaction between L-leucine and glucagon, leucine was not a suitable excipient for glucagon formulation. In contrast, the use of lactose and MgSt could be considered to prepare an efficient DPI formulation for the pulmonary delivery of glucagon.
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Rashid, Md Abdur, Saiqa Muneer, Tony Wang, et al. "Puerarin dry powder inhaler formulations for pulmonary delivery: Development and characterization." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249683.

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This study aims at developing and characterizing the puerarin dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations for pulmonary delivery. The inhalable particles size (<2 μm) was accomplished by micronization and its morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The puerarin-excipient interaction in powder mixtures was analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman confocal microscopy, X-Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. Using a Twin stage impinger (TSI), the in-vitro aerosolization of the powder formulations was carried out at a flow rate of 60 L/min and the drug was quantified by employing a validated HPLC method. No significant interactions between the drug and the excipients were observed in the powder formulations. The fine particle fraction (FPF) of the drug alone was 4.2% which has increased five to six-fold for the formulations with aerosolization enhancers. Formulation containing lactose as large carriers produced 32.7% FPF, which further increased with the addition of dispersibility enhancers, leucine and magnesium stearate (40.8% and 41.2%, respectively). The Raman and FTIR techniques are very useful tool for understanding structural integrity and stability of the puerarin in the powder formulations. The puerarin was found to be compatible with the excipients used and the developed DPI formulation may be considered as an efficient formulation for pulmonary delivery for the management of various diseases at a very low dose.
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Oh, Euichaul, Uijung Kim, Beom-Jin Lee, and Cheol Moon. "Multivariate Statistical Optimization of Tablet Formulations Incorporating High Doses of a Dry Herbal Extract." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 2 (2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11020079.

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The development of oral tablet formulation for herbal medicines has been restricted by large drug loadings and the poor physicochemical and mechanical properties of dry herbal extracts (DHEs). Herein, statistical experimental designs were applied to herbal tablet formulation development and optimization using Wuzi Yanzong dry extract (WYE). The tablet disintegration time and hardness were identified as the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the product. The tablet formulation was designed to achieve a high drug loading (50% or higher of WYE), shorter tablet disintegration time (less than 30 minutes), and suitable hardness (6.0 to 7.5 kp). A D-optimal mixture design was used to evaluate the effects of excipients on CQAs to minimize the risk compression failure and improve the tabletability in formulations containing WYE at 50% and 65% by weight. A partial least squares model was used to elucidate the multivariate relationships between a large number of formulation variables and product CQAs, and determine the maximum possible WYE loading. From overlaid plots of the effects of formulation variables on CQAs, it was found that a maximum WYE loading of 67% in tablet formulation satisfied the acceptance criteria of CQAs. In conclusion, this study shows that multivariate statistical tools are useful for developing tablet formulations containing high doses of herbal extracts and establishing control strategies that ensure product quality.
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Rajnikant, Unadkant Kishan, Dr Monika Maan, Ms Archana Pachore, Dr Revathi A. Gupta, Dr Gaurav Jain, and Mr Dheeraj Gour. "Formulation Development and Evaluation of Dry Powder Injection for Reconstitution." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 12 (2024): 5440–45. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.1224.0235.

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Cordts, Eike, and Hartwig Steckel. "Formulation considerations for dry powder inhalers." Therapeutic Delivery 5, no. 6 (2014): 675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde.14.35.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dry formulation"

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Husman, Stephen H., Randy Wegener, and Frank Meizler. "Pix - Dry Flowable vs. Liquid Formulation Performance Evaluation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210771.

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Cotton crop response was evaluated using the growth regulator FIX in a conventional liquid formulation compared to an equivalent rate of a newly developed dry flowable (DF) formulation. The DF formulation will be available in 1996 in water soluble packets with each 57 gram packet the equivalent of one pint liquid PIX. Both formulations regulated plant height and height:node ratios equally.
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Vilkner, Torsten. "Miniaturised devices for dry powder handling in drug formulation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419490.

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Schueller, Laurent. "Effects of particle surface modifications on dry powder formulation performances." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425683.

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Ong, Michael Lau Hui. "The aerosol performance and physico-chemical properties of co-milled dry powder formulations for high dose delivery." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16277.

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The overall aim of the thesis was to investigate the aerosol performance and physico-chemical properties of dry powder formulations produced by co-milling an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API- Beclomethasone Dipropionate - BDP) with an additive (Magnesium Stearate - MGST), using the jet mill apparatus, for high dose delivery. Co-milled formulations were produced at the set concentration of 1% w/w BDP, varying concentrations of MGST (0%-7.5% w/w), adding lactose as the final bulking agent. In general, 5% w/w MGST was found to be the optimal concentration for aerosol performance in terms of powder dispersibility% and emitted dose (ED%) from in-vitro aerosol performance analysis. The effect of BDP concentrations (from 1% w/w-40% w/w) co-milled at a fixed concentration of 5% w/w MGST, was investigated and a reduction in aerosol performance was observed with an increase in BDP% w/w concentration. High dose delivery (in mg of API) was achieved at a BDP concentration of < 20% w/w. In the final experiment, the effect of relative humidity (RH-between 50-75% RH) after short term storage (0, 1, 5, 15 days, respectively) on the aerosol performance and physico-chemical properties of the co-milled formulations (1% BDP/99% lactose and 1% BDP/5% MGST/94% lactose) was investigated. Generally, aerosol performance was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the co-milled formulation containing 5% w/w MGST, after storage at 75% RH for 15 days. This was likely due to the hydrophobicity of MGST which provided a barrier from moisture absorption on the surface of micronised particles. The results from this thesis demonstrated how high dose delivery (in mg) with improved powder stability can be achieved by co-milling of BDP with the additive material MGST.
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Afrose, Afrina. "Crystallization engineering techniques for developing a novel dry powder inhaler formulation for ibuprofen." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/107550/1/Afrina_Afrose_Thesis.pdf.

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The technique of producing inhalable particles (<5&#956;m) for dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations mostly involves crystallization followed by high energy input size reduction systems (e.g., milling and homogenization), which produces particles with very high surface energy and poor flow property that restricts the efficient dispersion of drug from the formulations. This investigation has used an anti-solvent precipitation crystallization (APC) method of producing inhalable ibuprofen (IBP) crystals for pulmonary delivery from a DPI formulation.
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Huang, Wenhua. "Investigation of semipermeable coated tablet and liposomal dry powder inhaler formulation of salbutamol sulfate." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1159.

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Sprunk, Angela [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleinebudde, and Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Breitkreutz. "Dry Foams in pharmaceutical formulation / Angela Sprunk. Gutachter: Peter Kleinebudde ; Jörg Breitkreutz. Betreuer: Peter Kleinebudde." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1047440512/34.

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Abdul, Le Brun Laure. "Mise au point d’une méthodologie pour la formulation des bétons secs à démoulage immédiat." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS035/document.

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De nos jours, le bloc est le produit le plus vendu en préfabrication, avec un chiffre d’affaires de 418 millions d’euros en 2015 (chiffres issus de la Fédération de l’Industrie du Béton). Toutefois, ce résultat atteste d’une baisse de production constatée depuis 2012.Dans ce contexte économique difficile, les industriels cherchent à optimiser la formulation de leurs produits. Les particularités de ceux-ci (consistance sèche et teneur en air moyenne comprise entre 7 et 15 %) rendent impossible l’utilisation des outils existants.L’objectif de la thèse est alors de mettre au point une méthode de formulation adaptée aux blocs, permettant d’optimiser le rapport coûts/performances. Cela implique de diminuer le dosage en ciment, matériau le plus couteux du béton et également le plus négatif en termes d’émissions de CO2. Pour cela un squelette granulaire optimal doit être utilisé.La méthodologie de formulation mise au point se déroule ainsi en deux étapes. La première consiste à sélectionner le mélange granulaire présentant l’arrangement maximal. La deuxième détermine les volumes des autres constituants (ciment, eau efficace, air et addition) en fonction des exigences de consistance et de performances mécaniques. Les travaux ont permis d’obtenir un modèle d’empilement compressible adapté à la mise en place des mélanges granulaires secs à l’aide d’une presse vibrante et d’un moule de bloc. Celui-ci calcule la compacité des mélanges granulaires dans de telles conditions et permet de sélectionner le mélange optimal. Les travaux ont également permis de relier les propriétés aux états frais et durcis à la formulation des bétons secs. La résolution du système d’équations obtenu permet de déterminer la formulation qui optimise le rapport coûts/performances.Un outil numérique regroupant ces résultats est développé. Il nécessite de renseigner un ensemble de données (squelettes granulaires, masses volumiques réelles, coûts, etc.), ainsi que les exigences de consistance et de performances mécaniques. Il propose alors la formulation optimisant le rapport coûts/performances. Celle-ci peut ensuite être testée à échelle réduite sur des cubes car les résultats ont permis de relier les performances mécaniques des cubes et des blocs<br>Construction’s sector is knowing an important mutation and is confronted with unpresented stakes with major importance for next decades: population growth and needs in accommodation and infrastructures, climate change, uses of durable and natural resources, societal expectations from consumers as well as territorial’s stakeholders. Concrete precast industry is strongly enlisted to answer at these news needs, for the constructive systems proposed as well as for the production processes of concrete’s products. The stake is especially important for concrete masonry units with a production in France in 2017 of 6.7 million tons. These products are realized using press which compact concrete with vibration and pression. Blocs are made of dry cast concrete with average air content between 7 and 15%. Today, formulation methodologies are adapted to delayed demoulding products and so not made for bloc concrete.This thesis aims to develop a formulation methodology adapted to blocs and to their process, in order to optimize their performances in economic conditions. This implies disposing of robust tools able to determine optimal proportions for each constituent, considering process specifications. Especially, it is necessary to use an optimized aggregates mix.The formulation methodology developed runs through two steps. The first one consists in choosing the aggregates mix with maximal packing density. The second one determines other constituents volumes (cement, efficient water, air and addition) according to consistency and mechanical performances requirements. The compressive packing model (F.de Larrard) is adapted to dry aggregates mix casting with vibrating press in a bloc mold. Results also make it possible to connect fresh and hardened properties to the formulation of dry cast concretes. Solving the system of equations gives the formulation optimizing the ratio costs/performances
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Al-Saedi, Zahraa Hasan Falhi. "Formulation and In vitro Evaluation of Cyclosporine A Inserts Prepared Using HPMC for Treating Dry Eye Disease." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1456095904.

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Muhsin, Mohammad Didare Alam. "Preparation and in vitro evaluation of a polymer based controlled release dry powder inhaler formulation for pulmonary delivery." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/71806/1/Mohammad%20Didare%20Alam_Muhsin_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis described the synthesis of an L-leucine conjugate of the biodegradable polymer, chitosan and its potential application for the development of controlled release nanoparticulate dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. The study demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of conjugated chitosan nanoparticles had favourable effects on the dispersibility and controlled release profile of a model drug. The toxicity profile of the nanoparticulate formulation revealed promising outcome for its use in pulmonary delivery. The chitosan conjugate produced in this project would be useful for the application of polymer nanoparticulate systems for efficient lung delivery of drugs.
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Books on the topic "Dry formulation"

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1954-, Martin Gary, and Marriott Christopher 1944-, eds. Particulate interactions in dry powder formulations of inhalation. Taylor & Francis, 2001.

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Bethard, Greg. Controlling milk fever and hypocalcemia in dairy cattle: Use of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) in formulating dry cow rations. Agricultural Experiment Station, Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, New Mexico State University, 1998.

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Srichana, Teerapol. Dry Powder Inhalers: Formulation, Device and Characterization. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2017.

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Zeng, Xian Ming, Christopher Marriot, and Gary Martin. Interaction in Dry Powder Formulation for Inhalation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Zeng, Xian Ming, Gary Peter Martin, and Christopher Marriott. Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Formulation for Inhalation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Zeng, Xian Ming, Gary Peter Martin, and Christopher Marriott. Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Formulation for Inhalation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Zeng, Xian Ming, Gary Peter Martin, and Christopher Marriott. Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Formulation for Inhalation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Zeng, Xian Ming, Gary Peter Martin, and Christopher Marriott. Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Formulation for Inhalation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Zeng, Xian Ming, Gary Peter Martin, and Christopher Marriott. Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Formulation for Inhalation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2000.

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Zeng, Xian Ming, Christopher Marriott, and Gary P. Martin. Particulate Interactions in Dry Powder Formulation for Inhalation. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dry formulation"

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Woodbridge, Richard. "Dry hiding - an alternative to titanium dioxide." In Principles of Paint Formulation. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3674-1_5.

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Heda, Pavan, Vikas Agarwal, and Shailesh K. Singh. "Dry-Fill Formulation and Filling Technology." In Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315111896-8.

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Shepard, Kimberly B., David Zeigler, W. Brett Caldwell, and Matthew Ferguson. "Dry Powder Formulation of Monoclonal Antibodies for Pulmonary Delivery." In AAPS Introductions in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47567-2_3.

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Am Ende, Mary T., Daniel O. Blackwood, Daniel S. Gierer, and Christopher P. Neu. "Challenges in Development and Scale-Up of Low-Dose Drug Products By Dry Granulation: A Case Study." In Formulation and Analytical Development for Low-Dose Oral Drug Products. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470386361.ch6.

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Sørensen, Jan, and Ole Sjøholm. "Multiparameter Flow Cytometry for Characterization of Physiological States inPseudomonas FluorescensDR54 Biocontrol Inoculants Under Dry Formulation and Long-Term Storage in Clay Carrier." In Molecular Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118297674.ch89.

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Walters, Kenneth A. "Ungual Formulations: Topical Treatment of Nail Diseases." In Treatment of Dry Skin Syndrome. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27606-4_22.

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Saraf, Swarnlata. "Formulating Moisturizers Using Natural Raw Materials." In Treatment of Dry Skin Syndrome. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27606-4_25.

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Brar, Gurinder Singh, Nimo Singh Khundrakpam, and Dharmpal Deepak. "Formulating Empirical Model of MRR in Near-Dry EDM." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9471-4_12.

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Pouillot, Anne, Rachel Ametsitsi, and Ada S. Polla. "Formulating a Day Cream with SPF: A Case Study." In Handbook of Formulating Dermal Applications. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119364221.ch22.

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Retzlaff, John, and Donald R. Sanders. "SRK Formula History." In Intraocular Lens Calculations. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50666-6_53.

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AbstractThis is a complete history of the formulation and development of the SRK family of formulas by Drs. Sanders, Retzlaff, and Kraff from the original SRK I in 1980 to the final SRK/T in 1990 including all the travails that led to their development.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dry formulation"

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He, Yunhua, Ruodong Huang, Yufeng Song, Yao Zheng, Xueying Yang, and Chao Gao. "Research on formulation system of high thermal conductivity and low viscosity epoxy resin for dry-type transformers." In 10th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering, Materials, and Automation Technology (MMEAT 2024), edited by Yunhui Liu and Zili Li. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.3046650.

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Yagüe, Alex, and David Morton. "Can Low Zinc Epoxy Primers Work as Well as Traditional Zinc Rich Epoxy Primers?" In Coatings+ 2021. SSPC, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2021-00008.

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Abstract Zinc-rich primers, with zinc dust loadings of 80-85% by weight in the dry film, are often the preferred primer during new construction of assets placed in environments with high atmospheric corrosivity. Coating standards such as SSPC-Paint 20 and ISO 12944 demand that zinc-rich primers contain at least 65% and 80% zinc dust by weight in the final dry film, respectively. Traditional zinc rich primers need this high zinc loading to achieve galvanic protection of steel. New technology allows us to develop zinc primers with a lower content of zinc and/or different zinc morphology than dust to provide similar or better corrosion protection to the steel. Previous studies on traditional zinc-rich epoxies showed that only the zinc in the first 20-30 microns (0,79-1,18 mils) of the coating can provide galvanic protection. As a normal zinc coating is specified typically at 60-80 microns (2,36-3,15 mils) most of the zinc is not able to protect the steel against corrosion. A new zinc activation technology not only improves the cathodic protection of zinc-rich epoxies but also enables us to decrease, significantly, the zinc content in the dry film without compromising the anticorrosion properties of the primer. Additionally, the synergistic combination of the activation technology and zinc flakes allows the formulation of epoxy primers with reduced content of zinc which exhibit excellent corrosion protection to the steel. This paper will examine the formulation of new activated low zinc epoxy primers and compare their mechanical and anticorrosion properties to conventional zinc rich epoxy primers. Comparable corrosion resistance at reduced zinc levels in the dried film will be demonstrated and show that zinc metal levels can be reduced to as low as 45% by weight without compromising galvanic protection while improving adhesion and mechanical properties of the dry film. Finally, the performance in cyclic ageing test of the primer in a two-coat system will also be presented. Learning objectives Amount of zinc can be reduced in zinc primersNew ways of formulating zinc primers will be discussedLevels of corrosion protection can be maintained with excellent mechanical propertiesAnti-corrosive performance of low zinc primer in a two-coat system
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Reynolds, James, and Peter Bock. "Third Generation Polysiloxane Coatings for CUI Mitigation." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11415.

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Abstract Polysiloxane is an inorganic compound with tremendous advantages of stability vs. organic compounds such as epoxy and urethane. Third generation, pure inorganic formulation, elevated temperature polysiloxane coatings for CUI mitigation offer significant advantages over earlier versions, including true air dry, weather resistance without baking, and an ultrahigh-build spray-on insulation material suitable for cyclic service to 750 °F.
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Zhang, Yong. "Advanced Chemical Resistant Epoxy Systems to Endure High Pressure and High Temperature in Pipes and Tanks." In CONFERENCE 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2023-18766.

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Abstract Epoxy resin-based coatings have been used for many years to line the inside of chemical storage tanks and process vessels due to their good thermal and chemical resistant properties in Oil &amp; Gas industry. They are particularly suited for services that require resistance to hydrocarbons, water immersion, caustics and acids. A lot of paint manufacturers and coating formulators are working on this area to develop new product to meet the more and more challenging requirements. Several unique multifunctional epoxy resins and amine curing agents have been developed, which offer superior performance in HTHP chemical resistant liner application. A detailed low VOC, high solids chemical resistant liner formulation is described. Various performance aspects of experimental and commercial benchmark are compared, including dry time, Tg, hardness, multiple chemicals immersion tests at elevated temperature, up to &amp;gt; 400 °C dry heat test and thermal cycle test. Experimental formulas demonstrated better solvent resistance, high temperature water immersion performance and dry heat resistance comparing with the commercial control.
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Williams, Todd, and Ahren Olson. "High Productivity and Performance Polyaspartic DTM and Two-Coat Systems." In SSPC 2014 Greencoat. SSPC, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2014-00066.

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Abstract These case studies are presented demonstrating the cost savings and performance of one-coat direct-to-metal (DTM) and two-coat polyaspartic exterior coatings of three industrial maintenance applications involving hopper railcars, bridges and an exposed steel beam superstructure. In each example, the rapid cure time of the polyaspartic coating provided increased productivity to complement its documented high performance. For example, fifty hopper railcars were coated in 2002 using a one-coat DTM polyaspartic formulation at eight dry mils. After 11 years in field service, the railcars were examined for corrosion resistance and weathering performance. The increased productivity and cost savings of the polyaspartic formulation versus a traditional two-coat epoxy/polyurethane coating was documented and will be discussed. A second case study discusses shop-applied polyaspartic coating replacing a traditional three-coat system on structural steel supporting the signature atrium of the new Marine Corps museum in Quantico, VA. The final case study examines the 10 year-long performance of a field-applied two-coat polyaspartic coating replacing a traditional three-coat system on a bridge. Attendees will learn about formulating principles of polyaspartic coating that enables their longevity in the field, and the technical and performance benefits of two-coat polyaspartic systems versus traditional three-coat zinc/epoxy/urethane. Finally, the cost benefits of using polyaspartics to reduce the number of coats in both DTM and two-coat applications will also be discussed.
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McDonald, James, David Morton, Lars Thorslund Pederson, and Pablo Bernad. "Making Mud-Cracking IOZ’S a Thing of the past." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07835.

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Abstract Zinc rich primer coatings, both organic and inorganic, are used extensively in highly corrosive environments as part of high performance coating systems. In the 1950’s, inorganic zinc (IOZ) silicate primer formulations required curing temperatures averaging 350°F. This was commonly done by flame curing the backside of the steel substrate1. During the 60’s and 70’s, formulations were developed to cure under ambient air drying conditions rather than high temperature flame curing/baking2. Even with the formulation improvements made to traditional IOZ’s, they cure slowly, require humidity to cure and are susceptible to mud-cracking even with small overages in film build. IOZ’s have proven performance advantages for corrosion protection, but application limitations described earlier, limit their use. It is the aim of this paper to describe novel additives and the subsequent testing which render previous application limitations inapplicable. Much research and development has been done to improve mud-crack resistance of IOZ’s in years past. Overall, that research has led to minor improvements. The research carried out recently has shown drastic improvement (up to 80%) in mud-cracking resistance. In addition, these additives may reduce dry to re-coat times of IOZ’s by nearly half. All these benefits can be achieved with novel additives which are specifically designed to provide durability, productivity and improved mechanical performance.
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Yagüe, Alex, and David Morton. "Challenging the Organic “Zinc Rich” Primer Standard." In Coatings+ 2020. SSPC, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2020-00077.

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Abstract Zinc-rich primers are often the primer of choice during new construction of assets placed offshore for oil &amp; gas production. The SSPC-Paint 20 specification covers both inorganic (Type I) and organic (Type II) highly pigmented zinc-rich coatings and the level of zinc dust is classified by the weight of zinc in the dried film. Oil &amp; gas specifications demand at least Level 2 (≥ 77% and less than 85%) to meet the performance demands of this specification and the harsh conditions experienced when offshore. In conventional zinc-rich epoxy primers (Type II) the high levels of zinc are achieved by adding large amounts of zinc dust particles into an epoxy matrix as a pigment. The dispersion of the zinc is crucial to ensure electrical contiguity and hence galvanic protection of steel. Formulation is critical to ensure the correct PVC/cPVC ratio to ensure both galvanic protection and adequate adhesion plus mechanical properties. This paper will examine the formulation and performance of new, activated zinc epoxy primers compared to conventional zinc-rich epoxy primers. We will demonstrate comparable corrosion resistance at reduced zinc levels in the dried film (Level 3 ≥65%) and show that zinc metal levels can be reduced to as low as 31% by weight without compromising galvanic corrosion protection while improving adhesion and mechanical properties of the dry film.
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Shahab, Mohammad, Sunidhi Bachawala, Marcial Gonzalez, Gintaras Reklaitis, and Zoltan Nagy. "Design Space Identification of the Rotary Tablet Press." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.156711.

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The determination of the design space (DS) in a pharmaceutical process is a crucial aspect of the quality-by-design (QbD) initiative which promotes quality built into the desired product. This is achieved through a deep understanding of how the critical quality attributes (CQAs) and process parameters (CPPs) interact that have been demonstrated to provide quality assurance. For computational inexpensive models, the original process model can be directly deployed to identify the design space. One such crucial process is the Tablet Press (TP), which directly compresses the powder blend into individual units of the final product or adds dry or wet granulation to meet specific formulation needs. In this work, we identify the design space of input variables in a TP such that there is a (probabilistic) guarantee that the tablets meet the quality constraints under a set of operating conditions. A reduced-order model of TP is assigned for this purpose where the effects of lubricants and glidants are used to characterize the design space to achieve the desired tablet CQAs. The probabilistic design space, which takes into account interactions between crucial process parameters and important quality characteristics including model uncertainty, is also approximated because of the high cost associated with the comprehensive experiments.
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Hansen, S. H., and A. W. Skilbred. "Predicting the Anti-corrosive Performance of Zinc Rich Epoxy Primers by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." In CONFERENCE 2025. NACE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00020.

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Abstract Zinc rich epoxy primers (ZREPs) protect steel substrates both by inducing a galvanic potential and acting as a physical barrier. When testing and developing ZREPs, it can be challenging to differentiate their anti-corrosion (AC) performance. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a well-known assessment method for evaluating the barrier properties of protective coatings. This paper aims to describe how EIS can be used to predict the AC performance of ZREPs. Potential benefits of using EIS on ZREPs are saving time during formulation development, obtaining quantitative values on their galvanic performance, and predicting lifetime. Selected ZREPs with minimum 80 weight % zinc in dry film have been evaluated. Their electrochemical properties have been assessed through EIS and compared to their performance in the accelerated corrosion tests neutral salt spray (ISO 9227) and cyclic aging (ISO 12944-9).1,2 The evaluation includes running EIS and potentiodynamic measurements on the single coat ZREPs as well as monitoring their open-circuit potential (OCP). In conclusion, the work shows that EIS is a promising assessment technique for evaluating ZREPs. Especially, the potentiodynamic EIS used to obtain an estimate on corrosion current, and the OCP measurements with time, seem to correlate well with the AC performance of the ZREPs.
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Obeyesekere, Nihal, and Thusitha Wickramarachchi. "Transition from Combinatorial Chemistry to Present Day Robotics in Product Development for Oil Field Chemicals." In MECC 2023. AMPP, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5006/mecc2023-20245.

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Abstract In this paper, the slow evolution of combinatorial chemistry from its dawn in 1980’s to today’s oil field product development is discussed. Combinatorial chemistry comprises chemical synthetic methods that make it possible to prepare a vast number of compounds in a single process. These compound libraries can be made as mixtures, sets of individual compounds or chemical structures generated by computer software. This phenomenon was first invented by Arpad Furka (Lorand University, Budapest) in 1982. He described the principle of it, the combinatorial synthesis and a deconvolution procedure. The methodology was first used in drug discovery using a wide range of linear or wide range of macrocyclic chemical molecules: peptides, non-peptide oligomers, peptidomimetics, small-molecules, and natural product-like organic molecules. However, handling vast amounts of data and extremely small chemical recovery were a very difficult endeavor. To avoid this problem and help to refine the size of the chemical libraries, various software programs were utilized. This was achieved by utilizing a tool known as Design of Experiment (DoE). In this paper, the high throughput product screening to identify corrosion inhibitors was performed by utilizing critical micelle concentration (CMC). CMC was used to differentiate performance of libraries of chemical blends. Combinatorial synthesis (or blends) and combinatorial screening were performed by utilizing robotics methodologies. The corrosion inhibitor formulations predicted by DoE were built out by using combinatorial chemical methods and the arrays of chemical formulations were screened by utilizing high throughput robotics, using CMC as the selection guide. To validate the concept, several known corrosion inhibitor formulas were selected to optimize their efficacy. Each formula contained several active ingredients and a solvent package. These raw materials were blended in random but in a control, manner using combinatorial methodologies. After formulation of a vast array of formulation by using Design Expert solvent package. These raw materials were blended in random but in a control, manner using combinatorial methodologies. After formulation of a vast array of formulation by using Design Expert (DE) software, the products were screened for by CMC using automated surface tension workstation. Several formulations with lower CMC than the reference products were selected. The selected corrosion inhibitor formulations were identified and blended in larger scales. The efficacy of these products was tested by classical laboratory testing methods such as rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) and rotating cage autoclave (RCA) to determine their performance as anti-corrosion agents. These tests were performed against the original reference corrosion inhibitor. The testing indicated that several corrosion inhibitor formulations outperform the original blend thus validating the proof of concept.
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Reports on the topic "Dry formulation"

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Wagner, George W., Glenn E. Lawson, and Claire M. Wells. Formulation of a Broad-Spectrum, All-Weather, Solid-Based, Peracetate - Solvent" Dry Decontaminant Concentrate". Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada520685.

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Droppo, James G. Improved Formulations for Air-Surface Exchanges Related to National Security Needs: Dry Deposition Models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890729.

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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Li, Bin, Fei Wen, Hongru Chen, and Ri-Li Ge. A meta analysis of the prevalence rate of diabetic retinopathy. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0112.

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Review question / Objective: P: diabetic retinopathy; I:—; C:—; O: prevalecne rate; S:cross-sectional study. Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of diabetic retinopathy and to provide scientific basis for its prevention and control． Condition being studied: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus, which ultimately seriously affects the vision of patients. It is the leading cause of blindness among young and middle-aged workers worldwide. It is one of the main causes of binocular blindness in elderly patients in western countries.Because of the high incidence, wide range, complex pathogenesis, serious consequences and poor treatment effect of DM and its DR,many countries have actively carried out epidemiological research on the population of DM patients in order to understand the incidence, distribution and related risk factors of DR, and to provide scientific basis for the formulation of targeted public prevention and control measures.
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Kadoya, Warren, Samuel Beal, Susan Taylor, and Katerina Dontsova. The effects of physical form, moisture, humic acids, and mixtures on the photolysis of insensitive munitions compounds. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49501.

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The explosive formulations IMX-101 and IMX-104 are replacing conventional explosives in munitions, making them safer to transport and handle. However, munitions manufacturing and military training can lead to the environmental release of constituent insensitive munitions compounds. These IMCs absorb ultraviolet light and transform photochemically into products with potentially greater toxicity. This study explores the effects of physical form, moisture, humic acids, and compound mixtures on the photolysis of solid and dissolved IMCs under UV-A and UV-B light. Irradiation of dry vs. moist solid IMC crystals yielded few measured products, and while photolysis rates were not significantly different, they were orders of magnitude slower than for aqueous IMCs. There was no significant difference in photolysis rates for aqueous IMCs irradiated with 0, 0.4, and 4 mg L-1 humic acids, but 40 and 400 mg L-1 humic acids inhibited NTO and enhanced NQ photolysis. Although organic and inorganic products were detected in the mixtures, an average of 15–35 % of the theoretical starting IMC masses was not accounted for. Overall, aqueous IMCs transformed 4–48 times faster than the solid IMCs, but the environmentally-relevant conditions tested were found to play a minor role in IMC photolysis.
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Horton, David R., Victoria Soroker, Peter Landolt, and Jocelyn Millar. Optimization and field-testing of synthetic sex attractants for two psyllid pests of pears (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). United States Department of Agriculture, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7594407.bard.

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OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW Improve field activity of pheromone Evaluation of the seasonality of psylla reproduction Evaluate the seasonality of female attractiveness (pheromone production) Evaluate seasonality of male response to synthetic pheromone components Develop practical use for pheromone Test psylla trapping by synthetic pheromone impregnated in rubber septa (provided by J. Millar, cooperator in USA). Test a sprayable formulation of pheromone developed by D. Horton (USA cooperator) SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS No consistent seasonality in female attractiveness was observed. Female attractiveness was observed in winter forms in the end December and in May-June in summer forms. C. bidenshas a very distinct but short period of low mating rate, that is associated with low ovarian development. This short period of low ovarian development and low mating rate cannot be considered as a reproductive diapause. Ovarian development is inhibited by short day photoperiod especially in presence of low temperatures. Male attraction to individual synthetic putative pheromone components is not strong and fluctuates seasonally. While 7MeC27was attractive to males of the winter form, it was not attractive to the summer forms in the beginning of the summer. These data are in accordance with differences in cuticular profiles of winter and summer attractive females vs non attractive ones. Cuticular profile of females shows significant seasonality and difference according to their attractiveness to males especially in summer time. Differences between attractive and non-attractive females is based on several compounds . Female attraciveness in summer and winter is apparently based on a different combination of chemical cues, but 7meC27 is one of the common components to both mixtures. These two last findings are likely to be the main reason for our failure to have consistent success in trapping C. bidensin the field. It seems that a sprayable formulation of pheromone on the pear is better way of pheromone application to attract psyllid then the impregnated rubber septa, but additional trials are needed.
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Jones, Nicole S., Jeri D. Ropero-Miller, Heather Waltke, Danielle McLeod-Henning, Danielle Weiss, and Hannah Barcus. Proceedings of the International Forensic Radiology Research Summit May 10–11, 2016, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. RTI Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.cp.0005.1709.

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On May 10–11, 2016, the US Department of Justice (DOJ) National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI; Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice of the Netherlands), the International Society for Forensic Radiology and Imaging (ISFRI), the International Association of Forensic Radiographers (IAFR), and NIJ’s Forensic Technology Center of Excellence (FTCoE) at RTI International organized and convened the International Forensic Radiology Research Summit (IFRRS) at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam. The summit assembled 40 international subject matter experts in forensic radiology, to include researchers, practitioners, government employees, and professional staff from 14 countries. The goal of this 2-day summit was to identify gaps, challenges, and research needs to produce a road map to success regarding the state of forensic radiology, including formulating a plan to address the obstacles to implementation of advanced imaging technologies in medicolegal investigations. These proceedings summarize the meeting’s important exchange of technical and operational information, ideas, and solutions for the community and other stakeholders of forensic radiology.
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Dasgupta, Anuttama, and Smitha N. Capacity Development Forum 2024 Proceedings. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/cdf10.2024.

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The Capacity Development Forum (CDF) is an initiative of the Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS) that aims to bring together diverse stakeholders involved in capacity development in India into a ‘community of practice’ to consolidate learnings from across the country and around the world into a strong and value-added network to consolidate learnings across the country and from around the world. The longer-term objective of the forum is to collaborate on Capacity Development practices and create a repository of knowledge on Capacity Development. The third convening of the IIHS Capacity Development Forum was held on 27-28 June 2024 in a hybrid format – at IIHS, Bengaluru City Campus and online, on the theme: ‘Capacity Development and Behavioural Insights – Implications for Institutional Design and Public Policy’. The CDF 2024 focussed on how the understanding of human behaviour and motivations is key to achieving larger objectives not only at an individual level, but also within institutions and societies. The panels brought together stakeholders from a range of sectors to discuss how nudges and incentives can be used to influence human behaviour at various scales, and how this in turn informs the design, formulation and implementation of policies and programmes to make them more effective. Day 1 of the convening comprised panels that brought together capacity development practitioners from the public and private sectors, to discuss various aspects of policy capacity and enhancing it through incorporating behavioural insights, international perspectives on the role of Capacity Development agencies in developing behavioural science capacity of public officials, and the role of leadership in organisational behaviour change. This was followed by a learning hub on Day 2 focussing on cases from practice incorporating behavioural insights from different sectors, and a game-based learning workshop incorporating behavioural insights and illustrating various biases in human behaviour.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke &amp; Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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10

How does diagnosis and formulation fit together – when do you choose which? ACAMH, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.9989.

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