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Yulianti, Riska, Nabila Tri Amanda, Khairil Anwar Notodiputro, Yenni Angraini, and Laily Nissa Atul Mualifah. "COMPARISON OF SARIMA AND SARIMAX METHODS FOR FORECASTING HARVESTED DRY GRAIN PRICES IN INDONESIA." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 19, no. 1 (2025): 319–30. https://doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol19iss1pp319-330.
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Harvested dry grain (HDG) is a vital commodity for rice availability and plays a strategic role in Indonesia’s agricultural economy. Farmers typically sell HDG to rice millers post-harvest, yet disparities between farm-level selling prices and consumer-level purchase prices. This price gap can lead to financial losses for farmers, highlighting the need for accurate forecasting can lead to potential losses for farmers. SARIMA models are effective in capturing seasonality and trends but often fail to incorporate external factors influencing the dependent variable, resulting in less accurate forecasts when such factors have significant impacts. SARIMAX models, however, can include exogenous variables like the government purchase price (GPP), which supports farmer income by establishing a price floor for HDG and directly influencing farm-level price dynamics. This study aims to compare the SARIMA and SARIMAX models in forecasting HDG prices at the farm level in Indonesia, using GPP as an exogenous variable. The dataset, obtained from Statistics Indonesia, covers January 2008 to March 2024, and the forecasting accuracy is measured using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The findings indicate that the best model is the SARIMAX model (1,1,1)(0,1,2)12, achieving a MAPE of 10.919%. The forecasted results show that HDG prices in 2024 are expected to remain stable, with only a gradual increase throughout the year.
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Lili, Salfina, Zaki, Meirinaldi, Sumarni, and Meida Arief Elsya. "Determination of Rice Prices to the Welfare of Petani in West Sumatra Province." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 05, no. 1 (2022): 25–32. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i1-05.
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: The study aims to analyze the influence of rice production, crop dry grain prices (GKP), rice consumption, per capita income and the number of people moderated by rice prices that impact on farmers' well-being. This research method uses a quantitative approach with panel data. The study was conducted in West Sumatra Province in 19 districts / cities with secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of West Sumatra Province in 2013 - 2019. Data analysis uses multiple line regression with panel data. Simultaneous and partial research results found that rice production, crop dry grain prices (GKP), rice consumption, per capita income, and population can have a significant and positive effect on rice prices in West Sumatra province. While the impact of rice prices has a significant and negative effect on the welfare of farmers in West Sumatra province. The price of dry grain harvest (GKP) is the main factor that affects the price of rice, where rice consumption is a contributing factor that affects the price of rice. Meanwhile, rice production, per capita income and population, is a variable factor of disruption, because rice consumption is influenced by income / purchasing power and the number of family members,and in addition when viewed from the impact, the price of rice has a significant and negative effect on the welfare of farmers.
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Sugeng Supriyanto. "ANALISIS HARGA MINIMUM LAYAK DI TINGKAT PETANI ATAS GABAH KERING PANEN (GKP) DAN BERAS DI DESA PAHANG ASRI KECAMATAN BUAY PEMUKA PELIUNG KABUPATEN OKU TIMUR." Jurnal Bakti Agribisnis 1, no. 02 (2015): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53488/jba.v1i02.44.
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The objectives of this study were to: (1) Calculate what is the minimum feasible price at the farmer level for dry rice harvest and rice in Pahang Asri Village, (2) Compare the minimum price with the actual price (market price) on the sales of dry milled grain and rice. This research was conducted in Pahang Asri Village, Buay Pemuka Peliung District, OKU Timur District. Determining the location was done purposively, from 13 villages in Kecamatan Buay Pemuka Peliung only Pahang Asri Village selected by the researcher to conduct a research on analysis of minimum price of rice and rice with the consideration that in the village the only village that has a village regulation ( Perdes) on rice yield management. Data collection at research location was conducted in March to June 2014 (Production data of planting season I, October 2013 - March 2014). The study found that the minimum average minimum rate at farmers' level for dry paddy harvest (GKP) is Rp.2.666 / kg and the minimum price is feasible at the farmer level on rice of Rp. 3.754, - / kg. The two minimum prices at the farmers' level are lower than the actual price of Rp 3,217, - per kg for dry harvest (GKP) and Rp. 6.434, - per kg for rice. There is a difference between the actual price and the appropriate minimum price at the farmer level of dry unhulled rice (GKP). In the Paired Samples Statistic table, the average actual price of dry paddy harvest (GKP) is Rp.3.217,11 / kg and for the minimum price of dry paddy harvested (GKP) is Rp.2.666 / kg. This indicates that the actual price of dry paddy harvest (GKP) is higher than the minimum price of dry paddy harvested (GKP).
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Yulianti, Nanda Devi, Syahrul Ahmad Gunawan, Baiturrahmi Nur Hizbandyah, Anggita Shakarine Brata, and Syti Sarah Maesaroh. "ANALISIS HARGA GABAH KERING PANEN DAN HARGA BERAS PREMIUM TERHADAP NILAI TUKAR PETANI DI JAWA BARAT PERIODE 2019-2021." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Agribisnis 11, no. 3 (2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jiia.v11i3.7214.
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A measure of farmer welfare knowledge is determined by the farmer exchange rate (NTP). Factors that affect farmers' wealth are the price of harvested grain (GKP) and the price of premium rice. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the analysis of premium rice price at harvest dry grain (GKP) and farmer exchange rate (NTP). The sample used is the monthly time interval from January to December in the 2019-2021 range with 36 data for each variable. Data analysis comes from secondary data taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) report using multiple linear regression analysis test method using the SPSS application. The results showed that the price of harvested dry grains (GKP) and the price of premium rice had a positive effect on farmer exchange rates (NTP). Key words: exchange rates, farmer, rice
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Saleh, Tri Wahyudi, Benyamin Lakitan, Dedik Budianta, Muhammad Yamin, Gemala Cahya, and Muhammad Huanza. "The impact of government purchase price policy of rice for producers and consumers in Indonesia." Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 13, no. 1 (2024): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jlso.13.1.1024.654.
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One of the rice policies was the government purchase price policy which was the price in grain or rice purchases by the Government at producer level to be stable become government rice reserves. The point of this research was to define the impact of the government purchase price policy of rice for producers and consumers. This research was conducted using qualitative analysis with descriptives based on tabulations of secondary data. Results of the research showed that government purchase price was part of the government's efforts to protect the basic price of grain and rice at the farm level thus creating affordable input prices and providing economic added value to farmers. The study found that an improvement in government purchase price by 18-20% could increase the price of grain and rice from March to August 2023. The total percentage change in prices from March to August 2023 for dry harvested grain was 10.3%, dry milled grain was 10.8%, premium rice was 0.6%, medium rice was 3.2% respectively. Meanwhile, the impact on consumers of this policy was the occurrence of inflation of 0.41% which caused rice prices to increase. The government should evaluate the Government Purchasing Price (GPP) gradually every year.
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Ginting, Nelva, Reflianta Sinaga, and Sary Yani Gea. "Vertical Market Integration Analysis of Rice in Indonesia." Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences 3, no. 11 (2024): 4491–504. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v3i11.11910.
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Rice is a staple food in Indonesia, but challenges in the country's rice markets and marketing systems persist, leading to significant losses for both producers and consumers due to volatile price fluctuations. The prices of various food products are rising sharply due to growing demand driven by population growth, which is not adequately supported by supply. This study aims to examine the vertical market integration of rice in Indonesia using the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) as the analytical method. The findings reveal that the markets for harvested dry grain at the producer level and rice at the consumer level are integrated in the long term, indicating that changes in producer-level harvested dry grain prices are influenced by consumer-level rice prices. However, this integration is not observed in the short term.
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Rasyid, Akram Akramur, and Budyanra Budyanra. "DETERMINAN KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI TANAMAN PANGAN DI PROVINSI ACEH TAHUN 2012-2017." JURNAL PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI DARUSSALAM 4, no. 2 (2019): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jped.v4i2.12572.
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AbstractThe economy in Aceh Province is heavily dependent on agriculture, especially agricultural-cropswhich absorb the largest workforce of 29.68 percent and contribute the second largest grossdomestic product (GDP) after industrial sector by 13.14 percent in 2017 and increase year toyear. However, the absorption of agricultural manpower especially large agricultural-crops is notbalanced with farmers' welfare level when viewed from NTPP which is still below 100 value. Thisresearch aims to know the development of welfare level of agricultural-crop farmer and othervariables, variables that affect it. In this research, the welfare level of agricultural-crop farmers isapproached with NTPP variable as dependent variable, while independent variables used are drypaddy harvest price, rice seed price, grain transport cost, and NTPP of previous period. The datasource is from the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) in 2012-2017 monthly. This research usesdescriptive analysis and time series data regression analysis. The results showed that the variablesof dry harvested paddy price, NTPP of the previous period were significantly positive, and theprice of paddy seed was negatively significant to NTPP current period in the long run. In the shortterm the price of dry grain harvest and NTPP of the previous period was significantly positive forNTPP current period. The results of this study recommend to the government in maintaining thestability of the rice seed price by subsidizing the good quality of rice seeds to farmers andmaintaining the stability of the dry paddy harvest price by determining the Government PurchasePrice (GPP) according to the harvest time.Keywords: Farmers’ welfare, agricultural-crops, dry paddy harvest price, rice seed price, graintransport cost, time series data regression.AbstrakPerekonomian di Provinsi Aceh sangat bergantung dengan sektor pertanian khususnya tanamanpangan yang mampu menyerap tenaga kerja terbesar yaitu 29,68 persen dan memberikankontribusi produk domestik bruto (PDB) kedua terbesar setelah sektor industri sebesar 13,14persen tahun 2017 dan meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Namun, penyerapan tenaga kerja sektorpertanian khususnya tanaman pangan yang besar tersebut tidak diimbangi dengan tingkatkesejahteraan petani bila dilihat dari NTPP (Nilai Tukar Petani Tanaman Pangan) yang masihberada dibawah nilai 100. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan tingkatkesejahteraan petani tanaman pangan dan variabel-variabel yang memengaruhinya. Pada penelitianini tingkat kesejahteraan petani tanaman pangan didekati dengan variabel NTPP sebagai variabeldependen, sedangkan variabel independen yang digunakan adalah harga gabah kering panen, hargabenih padi, ongkos angkut gabah, dan NTPP bulan sebelumnya. Penelitian ini menggunakananalisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi data time series. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwavariabel harga gabah kering panen, NTPP bulan sebelumnya signifikan positif, dan harga benihpadi signifikan negatif terhadap NTPP bulan sekarang pada jangka panjang. Pada jangka pendekharga gabah kering panen dan NTPP bulan sebelumnya signifikan positif terhadap NTPP bulansekarang. hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada pemerintah dalam menjaga kestabilanharga benih padi dengan memberikan subsidi benih padi yang berkualitas kepada para petani danmenjaga kestabilan harga gabah kering panen dengan menentukan harga pembelian pemerintah(HPP) sesuai masa panen.
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Wulandari, Tri, Titik Ekowati, and Komalawati. "Market Integration and Price Transmission of Grain And Rice In Jepara Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1364, no. 1 (2024): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1364/1/012042.
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Abstract Jepara is one of the rice-producing centers in Central Java. The price of rice in Jepara always experiences an increase, which is not always the same as changes in the price of grain at the producer level. The differences in price movements in the market vertically indicate the need to study integration analysis and vertical price transmission. This study aims to analyze the market integration and price transmission of grain and rice between producers and consumer in Jepara Regency. The data used is secondary data in the form of daily data on the real price of dry unhusked rice harvested at the farm level, the price of rice at the mill level and the price of rice at the consumer level in Jepara Regency from 2020 to 2022 from the Office of Agriculture and Plantation of Central Java Province and the Food Security and Agriculture Service, Jepara Regency. Data was analysed using the VECM (Vector Auto Correction Model). The results showed that there was a vertical price asymmetry in the short and long term between the price of grain at the producer level (GKP), the price of milled rice (BMP), the price of wholesale rice (HBG) and the price of retail rice (BME) in Jepara Regency. Price formation at the consumer or retail level is influenced by the price of rice at the wholesale level and the price of grain at the farm level. The price of grain at the farm level also affects the price of rice at the milling level and the wholesale level but not vice versa. Thus, it can be concluded that grain producers are the determinants of rice prices in Jepara Regency.
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Sumaryanto and Sri Hery Susilowati. "Rasionalitas Kisaran Harga Pupuk Urea dan NPK pada Usaha Tani Padi." Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian 20, no. 2 (2023): 173–91. https://doi.org/10.21082/akp.v20i2.173-191.
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In determining the price of subsidized Urea and NPK fertilizers, the Government faces a dilemma. If it is not increased, the gap with market prices will widen, thereby reducing the effectiveness of its distribution and marketing policies. In addition, the wide gap between subsidized fertilizer and market prices is inconsistent with sound fiscal policy and is not conducive to increasing farming efficiency. Conversely, if it is increased, it will negatively impact rice production and farmers' income in the short term. To minimize this negative impact, the price of subsidized fertilizer must be based on the convergence between efforts to increase efficiency and farmers' aspirations. In perfectly competitive market conditions, a quantitative measure that reflects the aspirations of farmers can be proxied from the range of the ratio of fertilizer prices to output prices which is equivalent to their marginal productivity. This study aims to determine the range of price ratios of Urea and NPK fertilizers to the price of rice at the farmer level, which is rational for determining subsidized fertilizer prices. The data used are the results of rice farming surveys in 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2021 with a total sample of 2,255 farming units in rice production centers in 18 provinces. The analytical method uses the Stochastic Production Frontier approach to estimate technical efficiency and the Linear Production Function model to estimate the marginal productivity of Urea and NPK. Furthermore, the marginal productivity value is used to determine the ratio range of Urea and NPK prices to the price of harvested dry grain. The study results show that based on the value of marginal productivity, the price range for Urea and NPK fertilizers is quite wide, with market prices in between. Consequently, the price ratio range for NPK fertilizer is wider than for Urea fertilizer.
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ARISENA, Gede Mekse Korri, Dwi Putra DARMAWAN, Ni Made Classia SUKENDAR, Ni Luh Made Indah Murdyani DEWI, Anak Agung Keswari KRISNANDIKA, and Dina Lare DUNENSA. "Practical Marketing System as a Solution to Limited Labor and Post-Harvest Processing Areas for Rice." Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields 15, no. 1 (2024): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v15.1(29).04.
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The majority of rice farmers in Denpasar City chose a practical marketing system, this system implements rice sales based on estimated production results. Farmers generally sell their produce when the rice is approaching harvest time. The buyer determines the purchase price for rice by estimating the number of transaction objects after carefully observing and viewing the rice to be harvested. With this system, farmers no longer need to think about the availability of labor to harvest, transport the harvest home, dry the grain until it reaches a certain level of dryness. The novelty of this research is conducting in-depth research on the practice of buying and selling rice using a practical marketing system in Denpasar City. This research will also examine in depth the practical marketing system from two sides, namely from the perspective of farmers and buyers. The results of this research reveal that the practice of buying and selling rice using a practical marketing system in Denpasar City involves farmers as sellers and buyers who are usually called penebas. The reason why farmers choose a practical marketing system is that this system is considered more profitable for farmers with all the limitations of farming in urban areas, where farmers only need to care for the rice they plant until it is ready to harvest.
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Hossain, MA, MA Awal, MR Ali, and MM Alam. "Use of moisture meter on the post-harvest loss reduction of rice." Progressive Agriculture 27, no. 4 (2017): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i4.32141.
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Moisture content is one of the most important factors determining grain quality during harvesting, storage, trading, processing, and transportation because high moisture will create problems for farmers, especially during postharvest activities such as mold growth, higher insect infestation, loss in seed germination, and low market price. A study was conducted to find out a precise moisture meter (MM) for moisture content (MC) determination during post-harvest activities of rice. John Deere moisture meter (JD MM), Moisture Probe and RiceterL MM were tested and calibrated to provide accurate result compared to that of Oven dry method. The average MC of same samples was found 11.4, 11.8, 12.3, and 13.1% by Oven dry method, Moisture Probe, RiceterL and John Deere MM, respectively. Standard deviations of the mean are 0.11, 0.17, 0.13 and 0.22, respectively by the corresponding moisture meters. Oven dry method i.e. drying whole kernels for 72 h at 105°C had the smallest standard deviation. This indicated long drying time and adequate drying temperature could ensure the precision of moisture determination. The reading of John Deere, Moisture Probe and RiceterL MM is higher by 1.7, 0.4 and 0.9%, respectively than that of oven dry method. Moisture measurement by these methods can lead to wide variations of conclusion. Moisture measurement by John Deere moisture meter is quicker and easier than Moisture Probe and RiceterL (MM). However, adjustment procedure with respect to calibration is needed before use.Progressive Agriculture 27 (4): 511-516, 2016
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Arida, Agustina, Raja Masbar, M. Shabri Abd Majid, and I. Indra. "Does vertical asymmetric price transmission exist in the rice markets?" Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 9, no. 1 (2023): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2023.09.01.04.
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Purpose. This study aims to empirically measure and analyze the long-run relationship and asymmetric price transmission of the rice market in Aceh Province, Indonesia. It also attempts to empirically examine and analyze the existence of the vertical price trends along the rice distribution channels both in the short term and long term.
 Methodology / approach. Monthly data from January 2009 to December 2019 on the prices of dry harvested rice (known as Milled Dry Grain – MDG in Indonesia) at the farm level, the prices of MDG at the rice mill level, and the retail prices of the medium- and premium-quality rice were gathered from the report of Statistics Indonesian Agency (BPS – Statistics Indonesia). The study uses a series of econometric techniques comprising cointegration, causality, and Error Correction Model (ECM) to investigate the research objectives. 
 Results. The study found price integration between the upstream and downstream rice markets. The asymmetric price transmission existed in the short run along the rice distribution chain, including the prices of medium-quality rice and premium-quality rice. In the long term, the price of MDG at the huller level is transmitted asymmetrically to the premium-quality rice at the consumer level. A positive asymmetric price transmission is found along the rice supply chain, indicating an increase in price in the upstream market has transmitted faster to the downstream markets than the price decreases.
 Originality / scientific novelty. Unlike previous studies that analyzed only price integration in the rice market and the direction of price transmission separately, this study empirically investigates both price integration, price transmission, and the direction and magnitude of asymmetric price transmission in the Indonesian rice market. Specifically, this study explores the existence of price integration from upstream to downstream markets and the existence of asymmetric price transmission as well as measures the magnitude and direction of asymmetric price transmission in the rice market in Indonesia. The findings of the study enrich the existing literature and contribute insights into enhancing rice price policy from the perspective of Indonesia, the fourth largest populous country in the world. 
 Practical value / implications. These findings show the importance for the local government to maintain symmetrical market conditions to ensure efficient rice markets in the long term. Rice traders that control the premium-quality rice market by reprocessing medium-quality rice into premium-quality rice should be closely monitored. An inefficient rice market has caused consumers to spend a large proportion of their income on rice, leaving only a little to afford other needs.
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Johnson, Harleigh, James S. Drouillard, Jaymelynn K. Farney, and Sarah Sexton-Bowser. "196 Evaluation of ground-grain sorghum vs dry-rolled corn for finishing beef steers." Journal of Animal Science 103, Supplement_1 (2025): 29–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaf102.032.
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Abstract Feedlot cattle production constitutes a major contributor to the agricultural economy of the High Plains, but it is threatened by depletion of groundwater resources used for crop irrigation. Grain sorghum is broadly adapted to yield stability under water-limitation, potentially providing a means for conservation of limited water resources while still meeting demands of the feedlot industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate ground grain sorghum as an alternative to dry-rolled corn in cattle finishing diets. Yearling steers (n=300; 346.3 ± 2.95 kg initial body weight) were randomly allocated to earthen feedlot pens (30 pens; 10 steers/pen) at the Kansas State University Southeast Research and Extension Center. Pens were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in blocks (15 blocks). Cattle were vaccinated against common viral and clostridial pathogens (Pyramid 5 + Presponse), treated against internal and external parasites (Valbazen and Dectomax), implanted with estradiol/trenbolone acetate (Revalor-XS), and then transitioned to finishing diets (79.37% grain, 12% corn silage, 8.63% supplement, dry basis) over three weeks using a series of three step-up diets. Rumensin and Tylan were included at 33 and 8 mg/kg, respectively, and Optaflexx was fed at mg/kg diet dry matter (DM) for the final 42 days on feed. Steers were fed once daily ad libitum and feed intakes were monitored through slick bunk management. Fresh fecal pats were collected from pen surfaces on day 120 and analyzed for concentrations of acid insoluble ash, starch, and organic matter to estimate digestibility. Steers were harvested after 182 days on feed, and pen-level performance for DM intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and carcass weight were determined. Carcass data were collected after 96 h of refrigeration. Total carcass value was determined for each carcass using base price, as well as discounts and premiums reported by USDA during the week of harvest. Data were analyzed as mixed models with diet as the fixed effect and block as the random effect. Diets based on Corn and Sorghum yielded similar digestibilities of organic matter (79.0 vs 78.3%, SEM=1.61) and starch (91.4% vs 88.8%, SEM=1.31). Cattle fed Corn consumed less DM but had greater ADG and G:F compared to cattle fed Sorghum (DM intake: 10.95 vs 11.45 kg/d; ADG: 1.62 vs 1.46 kg/d; G:F: 0.1479 vs 0.1273; P < 0.01). Calculated NEm (2.05 vs 1.92 Mcal/kg) and NEg (1.39 vs 1.28 Mcal/kg) were greater for Corn compared to Sorghum (P< 0.01). Cattle fed Corn produced heavier carcasses with greater marbling and superior quality grades compared to those fed Sorghum, and mean carcass value was $112 greater for cattle fed Corn (P< 0.01). Further efforts to improve grain sorghum through processing and(or) selective breeding to enhance value as a feed for cattle clearly are warranted.
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Rusman, Muh Al-Aswar, Darsono, and Ernoiz Antriyandarti. "Analysis of production projections and factors that correlated with rice production in Indonesia." AGROMIX 15, no. 1 (2024): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/agx.v15i1.4061.
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Introduction: Meeting rice needs is largely determined by the level of domestic rice production. However, the various dynamics that occur provide encouragement to provide an overview of the conditions for meeting food needs, namely in the form of rice, based on trends in rice production and how independent variables correlate with rice production. The aim of this research is to determine the projected rice production for 2023-2032 and determine the strength of the relationship between the dependent variable (rice production) and the independent variables in the form of harvested area, price of harvested dry grain, price of urea fertilizer and price. Methods: namely a quantitative descriptive method with secondary time series data from 1993-2022. Data analysis techniques for forecasting studies are by using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) analysis. Meanwhile, in the correlation analysis of rice production using the Pearson correlation. Results: Projections for rice commodity production in Indonesia from 2023 to 2032 using the MA1 model show a positive trend. Analysis of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, namely harvest area (X1), rice price (X2), urea fertilizer price (X3), and price of other food commodities, namely corn (X4) shows a significant positive relationship with rice production in Indonesia. Conclusion: Projections for rice commodity production in Indonesia from 2023 to 2032, which were analyzed using the MA 1 model, obtained data with a positive trend which states that based on past data, Indonesian rice production will continue to increase every year in line with domestic food needs.
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Otieno, Hillary Moses Omondi, George N. Chemining’wa, Charles K. Gachene, and Shamie Zingore. "Economics of Maize and Bean Production: Why Farmers need to Shift to Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Production." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 10 (2019): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i10.1548-1553.2566.
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Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.
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Jesajas, H., E. Kembauw, M. J. Matatula, A. D. Tagueha, and I. J. Liur. "Indigenous maize seed storage using buffalo dung ash practiced by smallholder farmers in Kisar Island." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 883, no. 1 (2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/883/1/012031.
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Abstract Kisar island is a small island located on the tip of Timor island. Corn is the main agricultural crop, and livestock husbandry also plays an important role in the livelihood of the farmers as a source of income, provide mainly manure for maintaining soil fertility. and in the local culture as a 'bride price' and for the exchange of goods. Considering periodical seasonal hazards, during eight months dry season people suffer from a serious shortage of water. Failure of the harvest is not an unusual phenomenon on the small, dry, eroded coral island. Seasonal pest invasion on maize cultivation threaten their seed security and food security. The objective of this review is to describe the validity of farmers’ indigenous knowledge (IK) of using buffalo dung as a preservative agent in maize storage and its relevancy in the contemporary living of farmers in the island. A phenomenological study was held in June to August 2018. The results showed that applying buffalo dung ash makes the maize dry faster, cleans and kills maize weevil and preserves the grain, It was concluded that the knowledge and practice is scientifically valid and benefited community in the past but has less relevancy to the contemporary living of the farmers in the island.
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Fogaça, Josué Júnior Novaes Ladeia, Paulo Araquém Ramos Cairo, Adriana Dias Cardoso, et al. "Yield and profitability responses of cowpea to cropping systems and sowing seasons in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia State, Brazil." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 44 (March 8, 2022): e53467. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v44i1.53467.
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Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) crops produce a poor yield in northeastern Brazil compared to the other regions. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of irrigated cropping systems and sowing seasons on cowpea yield and profitability in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil. Field studies were performed in four experiments during the rainy and dry seasons during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018, which denoted harvests 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. A randomized block design was used for each experiment with four replicates and the following treatments for cropping systems: (1) manual weeding; (2) liming and manual weeding; (3) liming and phosphorus (P) fertilization at sowing, nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) topdressing fertilization, and chemical weed control; (4) liming and P fertilization at sowing, K topdressing fertilization, rhizobia inoculation, and chemical weed control; (5) liming and P fertilization at sowing, N and K topdressing fertilization, rhizobia inoculation, and chemical weed control; and (6) seed pretreatment with cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo), liming and P fertilization at sowing, N and K topdressing fertilization, rhizobia inoculation, and chemical weed control. The technology added to cropping systems increased the number of pods per plant, pod length, seeds per pod, and 100-seed weight, irrespective of the rainy or dry sowing season. Economic analysis, in turn, showed that the technology decreased the total operating cost despite increasing the cost of mechanical operations, inputs, and materials because of the replacement of manual weeding by chemical weed control. However, these costs were not influenced by the sowing seasons. We concluded that technologically enhanced cropping systems, especially systems 4 and 6, improved grain yield and provided greater profitability, which translated into improved economic benefits for farmers. Conversely, the sowing season influenced profitability, which was higher for dry season harvests, when there was less product offered and prices became higher.
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Darita, Setiawaty Reski, and Salengke. "Thin layer drying model of local rice grain Siam mutiara variety from tidal swamp land in South Kalimantan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1230, no. 1 (2023): 012161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012161.
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Abstract As staple food in many countries, rice is one of the most important cultivated plant. Indonesia is the third largest rice producer in the world with annual production of 54,65 million tons. South Kalimantan province has 191,740 ha of tidal swamp land, which equivalent to 30% of its total area. Paddy rice variety planted in this region is dominated by local varieties, such as Siam Mutiara. Local farmers prefer this variety due to its high demand and high selling price than other local rice varieties. This variety produces soft textured rice which is preferred by the people of South Kalimantan. In addition to the taste and texture, physical aspects such as wholeness of the grain is also important for consumers, and this aspect is affected by post-harvest processed such as drying. In this study, drying characteristics of Siam Mutiara variety was studied. Samples of Siam Mutiara from Jelapat 1 village, Barito Kuala district were dried using a Fixed Bed Dryer at three temperatures (40, 50, and 60°C) and an airflow rate of 1 m/s. The samples were dried in five trays made of PVC pipes (5” diameter and 1” length) which arranged vertically. The first four trays were used to dry paddy rice sample with a layer of 1 cm thick, and the lowest tray were used to dry the sample in a single layer grain (with average thickness of grain width 1,66 mm). The temperature and humidity at each tray monitored continuously, and the weight of the sample in each tray was measured every 30 minutes. The results of this study indicate that the temperature and humidity varied among the trays, where the lowest tray had the highest temperature and the lowest air humidity. However, moisture content of the samples in all of the trays are relatively similar for both the top four trays (with total of 4 cm) and the lowest tray (single layer). This result indicates that for Siam Mutiara variety, a total of 4 cm thick layer can still be considered as a thin layer drying. It also found that the effect of drying temperature on drying rate is significant. In addition, the drying characteristic of this rice variety can be best modelled using Page Model.
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ANNICCHIARICO, P., Z. ABDELLAOUI, M. KELKOULI, and H. ZERARGUI. "Grain yield, straw yield and economic value of tall and semi-dwarf durum wheat cultivars in Algeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 143, no. 1 (2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605004855.
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In cereal-livestock farming systems of North Africa and West Asia the straw of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. ssp. turgidum conv. durum (Desf.) MacKey] is frequently used for feeding animals during the dry season and may enhance the sustainability and the flexibility of farming in various respects. In Algeria the average sale price per unit weight of the durum straw is around 30% of that of grain. Six tall and 18 semi-dwarf locally well-adapted cultivars were grown in the season 2000/01 at five Algerian locations representing the main durum wheat cropping areas to verify: (i) the impact of straw yield on the economic merit of cultivars for recommendation and (ii) the interest of tall v. semi-dwarf plant types for breeding. The tall material comprised four cultivars derived from local landraces and two old varieties. The semi-dwarf germplasm originated from CIMMYT, ICARDA or various Mediterranean countries. In the economic assessment the straw value was expressed in terms of grain-equivalent, defining an economic yield as: grain yield+(0·30×straw yield). The merit of individual cultivars was markedly affected by ignoring or taking into account the straw yield. On average, tall germplasm had a moderate (about 3%) but significant (P<0·02) economic advantage over semi-dwarf material as a result of much higher straw yield (+25%) and aerial biomass (+12%) and somewhat lower grain yield (−7%). However, three semi-dwarf varieties from CIMMYT were top-ranking for economic yield. They possessed outstanding aerial biomass and similar harvest index compared with the mean response of other semi-dwarf germplasm. On average, the tall germplasm showed higher grain yield stability (P<0·01), lower straw yield stability (P<0·01) and slightly higher stability of economic yield (P<0·11) than the semi-dwarf group as measured by Shukla's stability variance. Grain yield was negatively correlated with straw yield (r=−0·41, P<0·05), and was not correlated with aerial biomass, in the whole set of cultivars. However, it was not correlated with straw yield, and was positively correlated with aerial biomass (r=0·61, P<0·01), within the semi-dwarf germplasm. Information on straw yield can improve the targeting of cultivars for cereal-livestock farming systems. Breeding for these systems may target either a tall type within semi-dwarf material (i.e. a ‘tall dwarf’), or a truly tall plant type.
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Kingwell, R., and L. Squibb. "The role and value of combining dual-purpose crops and lucerne in a mixed-enterprise farming system." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14085.
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In Mediterranean-type environments, livestock productivity in mixed livestock and cropping enterprises often is limited by a period of feed scarcity that extends from late autumn, when dry residues of crops and pastures from the previous growing season are being exhausted, through to early winter when green feed is just commencing. Dual-purpose crops have been developed as a source of winter green feed, while still being a source of grain at harvest. These crops increase feed availability and boost livestock productivity. This study evaluates the role and value of dual-purpose wheat and canola crops, in combination with lucerne, in mixed-enterprise farming systems that experience a Mediterranean-type climate. Using bioeconomic modelling, the value of dual-purpose crops is assessed under a range of yield, price and technical assumptions. For an Australian study region, the robust finding is that the joint inclusion of dual-purpose crops and lucerne greatly increases the farming-system profits. Under standard assumptions when the farming system is operated to maximise profit, farm profit increases by AU$68 000 (or 88% over the base case) following the inclusion of both dual-purpose wheat and canola. The increase in profit is attributable to wool and sheep sales rising by 261%, yet the proportions of crop and pasture remain similar with or without the dual-purpose crops. Importantly, the proportion of the pasture area that is lucerne greatly increases to complement the increase in feed availability generated by the dual-purpose crops. The resultant large increase in feed availability in winter and summer allows the stocking rate to increase so sheep numbers and sheep turn-off become the main source of the increase in profit. Sensitivity analysis shows that even with significant commodity price fluctuations and further reduction in grain yield caused by grazing, and exclusion of lucerne, inclusion of dual-purpose crops in these farming systems still increases farm profit.
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Prymak, I., V. Hlevaskiy, M. Voytovik, et al. "Reserves of available soil moisture, productivity and mass of root residues of winter wheat and post-harvest white mustard depending on cultivation, precursors and fertilizer." Agrobìologìâ, no. 1(179) (May 25, 2023): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2023-179-1-98-113.
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Three-year (2020–2022) research at the experimental field of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, make it possible to calculate the economic and energy efficiency and to recommend a differentiated system of the main tillage on typical deep, low-humus medium-loamy chernozems of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine in a five-field specialized (cereal) crop rotation, which involves deep plowing only for row crops, and for winter wheat after both predecessors (peas and buckwheat) and post-harvest mustard for green manure cultivation with heavy disc harrows, respectively, to a depth of 8–10 and 10–12 cm with the introduction of N140P60K100 under the bread plant and N120P60K90 – after peas, and under cabbage – N80P60K80 after both predecessors. For the placement of winter wheat after legume and cereal crops and recommended agricultural measures, the cost of one ton of grain was 3.82 and 4.06 thousand hryvnias respectively, conditional net profit was 18.11 and 16.06 thousand hryvnias/ha, profitability 44.4 and 37.1 %, energy efficiency ratio 2.4 and 1.9. Reserves of available soil moisture under winter wheat are higher in the link with peas than buckwheat. The highest reserves of it in the upper, arable and meter layers in the seedling phase of the culture after both predecessors under differentiated cultivation in crop rotation. In the phase of entering the tube, this indicator is the lowest in the arable layer under differentiated, and in the meter layer - under disk cultivation in crop rotation. On the date of sowing white mustard in the row with peas, the reserves of available soil moisture in the upper layer differed insignificantly according to tillage options, and in arable land they are the highest under shelf-disc tillage. In the meter layer, this indicator did not undergo significant deviations from the control, although it increased compared to it by 1.2–2.5 mm. For the predecessor of buckwheat, the content of soil moisture in the investigated layers (0–10, 0–30 and 0–100 cm) on the date of sowing white mustard increased significantly under differentiated and decreased significantly under disk tillage. In the upper layer of the soil, this indicator is slightly higher in the link with peas (by 0.5 mm), in the arable one with buckwheat (by 2.6 mm), and in the meter layer – it is almost the same for both predecessors. The yield of winter wheat is 0.59 t/ha higher in the link with peas than with buckwheat. After both predecessors, it is the largest under differentiated cultivation of fertilized and unfertilized plots. With chisel-disk and disk processing, this indicator is significantly reduced. Only on unfertilized plots under shelf-disk and disk tillage, the yield of green mass of white mustard is higher in the link with peas than with buckwheat, in the remaining variants of the experiment, the preference is for the grain predecessor. This indicator in the link with peas decreased, for all tillage options, compared to the control, but significantly only for disc tillage. In the link with buckwheat, its significant decrease is observed under disc cultivation and a significant increase under differentiated cultivation of fertilized areas. The dry mass of root residues of winter wheat is significantly lower for chisel-disc and disc than for shelf-disc treatments in both predecessors. Under differentiated processing, this indicator increased, compared to the control, but insignificantly. The mass of the dry root of white mustard in the link with leguminous crop is less for all tillage options, compared to the control, but it is significantly (by 0.19–0.25 t/ha) less for discing the soil. With an increase in fertilizer application rates, the dry weight of the root residues of the studied crops grows more slowly than the yield. At the same time, a slower growth of both above-ground and underground mass of both agrophytocenoses was established for placing them after the leguminous than for the cereal predecessor. Calculations of economic and energy efficiency give reason to recommend a differentiated system of the main soil cultivation on typical deep, low-humus, medium-loam chernozems of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine in a five-field specialized (cereal) crop rotation, which involves deep plowing only for row crops, and for winter wheat after both predecessors (peas and buckwheat) and post-harvest mustard for green manure tillage with heavy disc harrows, respectively, to a depth of 8–10 and 10–12 cm with application of N140P60K100 under the bread plant after 1 buckwheat and N120P60K90 – after peas, and under cabbage – N80P60K80 after both predecessors. For placing winter wheat after leguminous and cereal crops and recommended agromeasures, the cost price of one ton of grain was UAH 3.82 and 4.06 thousand respectively, conditional net profit was UAH 18.11 and 16.06 thousand/ha, profitability 44.4 and 37.1 %, energy efficiency ratio 2.4 and 1.9. Key words: soil, cultivation, productivity, fertilizers, predecessors, cultures, root residues, crop rotation.
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McMULLAN, PATRICK M., PETER B. E. McVETTY, and AILEEN A. URQUHART. "DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND REDISTRIBUTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN IN OATS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 4 (1988): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-119.
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Dry matter and nitrogen (nitrate and reduced) accumulation and redistribution in four different spring oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes grown at commercial field density were studied on a plant part and whole plant basis over the growing season for 2 yr. The four cultivars displayed significant differences in plant part and total plant dry matter, harvest index, nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen harvest index, and nitrogen translocated values at most sample dates in both years. Grain yield per plant was correlated with dry matter accumulation (r = 0.80*). Harvest index was highly correlated with grain yield per plant (r = 0.88**). Grain nitrogen content was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content (r = 0.94**). Nitrogen harvest index and harvest index were highly correlated (r = 0.86**), indicating that they may be related processes. Since plant dry matter and plant nitrogen content were not significantly correlated, it should be possible to select simultaneously for these traits to effect grain yield and grain nitrogen content increases on a per plant basis. Further research will have to be done to determine how these changes will relate to grain nitrogen concentrations and grain yield per unit area.Key words: Avena sativa L., oat, dry matter, nitrogen, yield, protein
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Widodo, F. Heru, and Tukiyat Tukiyat. "MANFAAT EKONOMIS DISEMINASI TEKNOLOGI MODIFIKASI CUACA DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI CITARUM." Jurnal Sains & Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca 11, no. 2 (2010): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jstmc.v11i2.2182.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung B/C ratio dari pelaksanaan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca melalui parameter-parameter nilai biaya produksi, banyaknya air yang dibutuhkan untuk pengairan, harga gabah per ton, produksi gabah per ha, sehingga nilai B/C dari pelaksanaan TMC sebagai nilai riil yang sudah bisa dipertangungjawabkan kepada publik. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung nilai ekonomis penerapan Teknologi Modifikasi Cuaca di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Citarum Jawa Barat dari aspek PLTA dan pertanian. Data penelitian berupa data sekunder dari hasil kegiatan TMC di Das Citarum tahun 2007. Adapun data yang dibutuhkan dalam penulisan paper adalah data aliran Waduk (DMA, Inflow dan Outflow) selama kegiatan TMC berlangsung antara lain data: tambahan potensi energi listrik; besarnya volume air yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan 1 kWh; harga listrik per kWh; estimasi hasil produksi padi per hektar; biaya produksi pertanian per ha per tanam; estimasi besarnya kebutuhan air pertanian per hektar per panen; harga gabah kering giling per kg; biaya pelaksanaan TMC. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui survei lapangan dan wawancara mendalam dengan kelompok tani di daerah Subang, Karawang, dan Indramayu dengan didukung studi literatur yang terkait dengan informasi mengenai aspek ekonomi Teknologi Mudifikasi cuaca. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah tambahan air kegiatan TMC di Das Citarum tahun 2007 sebanyak 716,92 juta m3. Dengan tambahan air tersebut dapat menghasilkan jumlah kWh listrik sebanyak 447.284.99 kWh. Dari tambahan air tersebut dapat memberikan manfaat ekonomi pada sektor PLTA sebesar Rp. 85.252.520.810,- dan sektor pertanian sebesar Rp. 610.643.840.116,- Manfaat ekonomi secara total kegiatan TMC sebesar Rp. 695.896.360.926,- Dari hasil tersebut secara ekonomis besarnya nilai B/C rasio sebesar 233:1. Hal ini berarti setiap pengeluaran sebesar Rp.1,- maka akan dapat diperoleh pendapatan sebesar Rp. 233,-This study aimed to calculate benefit cost ratio of the implementation of WeatherModification Technology and to learn about production costs, the amount of waterneeded for irrigation, the price of grain per ton, the production of grain per hectare,so the value of B / C of the implementation of the TMC as a real value which canresponsibility to the public. Specifically this study aims to calculate the economic value the application of the weather modification technology on the Citarum River Basin of West Java from the aspects of hydropower and agriculture. The research data in the form of secondary data that are time-series in 2007. The research data in the formof secondary data from the TMC in Das Citarum activities in 2007. The data requiredfor the writing of this paper include: data stream reservoir (DMA, Inflow and Outflow)for TMC events take place, among others: Additional data potential of electric energy;cost data for agricultural production per hectare per cropping; data size of the volumeof water used to produce 1 kWh; electricity prices per kWh; data estimation of riceproduction per hectare; estimate the amount of agricultural water demand per hectareper harvest, the price of milled rice per kg dry; cost of operation TMC. Data collectingtechniques through interviews with farmers groups in the area of Subang, Karawang,Indramayu supported by studies in the literature after the focus of research relatedto information regarding the economic aspects of technology Mudifikasi weather. Theresults showed that the additional amount of water activity of TMC in Das Citarum2007 as many as 716.92 million m3. With the addition of water during TMC activitiescan generate as much electricity as the number of kWh 447.284.99. Benefit of TMC inhydropower sector Rp. 85,252,520,810 and benefits in the agricultural sector Rp. 610643 840 116. Total economic benefits of TMC activity Rp. 695 896 360 926, - The result analysis B/C ratio of 233:1. This means that every expenditure amounting to Rp1, - you will get an income of Rp. 233
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CAMPBELL, BRUCE M. S., and CORMAC Ó. GRÁDA. "Harvest Shortfalls, Grain Prices, and Famines in Preindustrial England." Journal of Economic History 71, no. 4 (2011): 859–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050711002178.
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The frequency of bad harvests and price elasticity of demand are measured using new data on English grain yields 1268–1480 and 1750–1850 and a revised price series. The analysis shows that major harvest shortfalls were a significant component of most historical subsistence crises, as back-to-back shortfalls were of the worst famines. Although serious harvest shortfalls long remained an unavoidable fact of economic life, by c.1800 yields had become less variable and prices less harvest sensitive. By the eve of the Industrial Revolution, England had become effectively famine-free.
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G. C. Shinde, M. S. Nikam, V. R. Awari M. S. Shinde, and N. S. Kute. "Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis Studies in Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) Genotypes." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (2021): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1010.021.
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The forty four promising sorghum genotypes were evaluated for variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and yield contributing characters, at Sorghum improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri during Rabi-2019-20. High estimates of PCV and GCV were observed for traits no. of green leaves per plant at harvest, panicle length (cm), panicle width (cm), panicle weight (g), harvest index and grain yield per plant (g).High estimates of heritability along with high genetic advance were recorded for plant height (cm), no. of green leaves per plant at harvest, panicle length (cm), panicle width (cm), panicle weight (g), 1000 grain weight (g), dry fodder yield per plant (g), harvest index and grain yield per plant (g).Correlation studies revealed a positive and significant association of grain yield with plant height (cm), number of internodes per plant, number of green leaves per plant at harvest, panicle length (cm), panicle width (cm), panicle weight (g), 1000 grain weight (g), dry fodder yield per plant (g) and harvest index at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Harvest index, panicle weight, dry fodder yield per plant, days to maturity and no. of internodes per plant recorded high magnitudes of direct effects accompanied by highly significant correlation with the grain yield at genotypic level, indicating true and perfect relationship between them. Thus suggesting that selection for these traits viz., harvest index, panicle weight, dry fodder yield per plant, days to maturity and no. of internodes per plant will be highly rewarding for improving the grain yield per plant.
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S, CHIDAMBARAM, and PALANISAMY S. "VARIABILITY AND CORRELATION STUDIES OF DRY MATTER WITH REFERENCE TO SELECTION CRITERIA IN FOXTAIL MILLET (Setaria italica)." Madras Agricultural Journal 82, January (1995): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01105.
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Twenty eight genotypes of tenul (foxtail millet) (Setaria italica) were studied for dry matter production, harvest index and grain yield with other seven characters. High PCV and GCV were obtained for root weight. Low heritability and low genetic advance were observed for grain yield and earhead weight. Medium heritability and medium genetic advance observed for all other characters indicated that these characters may be partially governed by additive genes. Grain yield is having positive association with total dry matter, earhead weight and straw weight but not with harvest index suggesting that harvest index alone will have no value for the improvement of grain yield. Though the grain yield is positively associated with total dry matter and earhead weight, selection for improvement of grain yield either through earhead weight or by direct selection for grain yield will not be of much use since these two traits have low heritability and genetic advance. So, selection through total dry matter production will be appropriate in the present tenai materials studied.
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McMULLAN, PATRICK M., PETER B. E. McVETTY, and AILEEN A. URQUHART. "DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND REDISTRIBUTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN IN WHEAT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 2 (1988): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-041.
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Dry matter and nitrogen (nitrate and reduced) accumulation and redistribution in four different spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown at field density were studied on a plant part and whole plant basis over the growing season for 2 yr. The four cultivars displayed significant differences in plant part and total plant dry matter, harvest index, nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen translocated values at most sample dates in both years. Grain yield was highly correlated with dry matter accumulation (r = 0.88**), while grain nitrogen content was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content (r = 0.95**). Nitrogen harvest index and plant nitrogen content were correlated at anthesis (r = 0.61**), while, as a consequence of this, the amount of nitrogen translocated was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content at anthesis (r = 0.87**). Nitrogen harvest index and harvest index were highly correlated (r = 0.83**), indicating that they may be related processes. Since plant dry matter and plant nitrogen content were not significantly correlated, it should be possible to select simultaneously for these traits to effect grain yield and grain nitrogen content increases on a per-plant basis. Further research will have to be done to determine how these changes will relate to grain nitrogen concentrations and grain yield per unit area.Key words: Wheat, dry matter, nitrogen, yield, protein, Triticum aestivum L.
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Bekar, Cliff T. "The Persistence of Harvest Shocks in Medieval England." Journal of Economic History 79, no. 4 (2019): 954–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000524.
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I present evidence that shocks to the Medieval English harvest persisted. Hypothesized mechanisms include varying supplies of seed corn and other complementary harvest inputs. Peasants are modeled as trading off current consumption against grain stores and sow rates so that subsistence-level shocks may persist. For my sample I find that a failed harvest increased the probability of subsequent harvest failure by 20–30 percent. Grain yields are analyzed as a strongly balanced panel by year, manor, and crop. While I reject the hypothesis that harvests were self-contained annual events, I caution against linking harvest persistence directly to runs in grain prices.
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S, CHIDAMBARAM, and PALANISAMY S. "DRYMATTER PRODUCTION AND HARVEST INDEX IN SAMAI (LITTLE MILLET)." Madras Agricultural Journal 83, January (1996): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a00955.
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Twenty genotypes of Samal (little millet Panicum sumatrense (Roth Ex Roem & Schult) were studied for dry matter production and harvest index along with grain yield and other seven characters. Considerable variability was found for all characters studied. High heritability and high genetic advance were observed for total dry matter, root weight and grain yield per plant suggesting that these characters may be governed by additive gene effect. As there is no significant correlation between harvest index and grain yield per plant, selection for grain yield is the reliable parameter. Characters like total dry matter per plant, straw weight, ear head weight, basal tillers and plant height which are associated positively with grain yield may also be made use of.
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S, CHIDAMBARAM, and PALANISAMY S. "DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND HARVEST INDEX IN RELATION TO GRAIN YIELD IN PANIVARAGU-PROSO MILLET (Panicum miliaceum L)." Madras Agricultural Journal 82, January (1995): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01109.
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Eighteen genotypes of panivaragu - prosomillet (Panicum miliaceum: L) were evaluated for dry matter production and harvest index in relation to grain yield. High GGV, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean observed for harvest index indicated that harvest index may be governed by additive genes. All the other characters which exhibited medium heritability and medium genetic advance may be governed partially by additive genes. Grain yield was positively associated with total biomass, earhead weight and harvest index. Earhead weight is also positively correlated with total biomass, root weight and harvest index. Though selection for improvement of grain yield is possible through positively associating yield contributing characters, they are mostly affected by environment. So, selection of genotypes for the improvement of grain yield through harvest index is appropriate in the present materials since harvest index is not much influenced by environment and also grain yield is positively correlated with harvest index.
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Maharani, Alika, RD Kusumanto, and A. Rahman. "SISTEM MONITORING SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN PADA ALAT PENGERING PADI BERBASIS SOLAR CELL." JURNAL TELISKA 16, no. 12 (2023): 39–44. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8188076.
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<em>Grain drying</em><em> is one of the post-harvest processing processes which aims to reduce the moisture content in the grain to a certain extent until dry grain is obtained according to standards in order to enter the milling process. In general, Indonesian people use traditional methods in carrying out the process of drying grain, namely by drying it under the hot direct sun. Based on this, a machine is needed to help dry this post-harvest grain so that it can dry grain with maximum results in a short time and of course still save energy. This research aims to design and make a dryer as well as be able to monitor the temperature and humidity of the grain so that the grain can be dried according to milling standards</em><em>.</em>
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Fikri, Fata Muslim, Puji Lestari, and Miftahudin. "Pemanfaatan Analisis Komponen Utama dalam Mendeskripsikan Ciri Morfoagronomi Padi yang Berkorelasi dengan Yield." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 10, no. 3 (2024): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.10.3.136-142.
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Rice is an important food crop with a crucial role in global food security. Study on correlation between morphoagronomic traits and yield is an important step in the development of superior rice varieties. Research data were collected from 20 rice varieties grown in the experimental field. A total of 10 morphoagronomic trait variables were measured, including plant height, number of productive tillers, flowering age, dry weight of biomass, hollow grain, 1,000-grain weight, grain weight, panicle number, panicle length, and harvest index. Data were analyzed using variance, correlation, and principal component analyses. The results of PCA showed that 3 principal components (PC) explained 80.88% of the data variation. PC1 was associated with plant height, flowering age, biomass dry weight, empty grain, panicle length, grain weight per clump. PC2 was associated with 1,000-grain weight and harvest index, while PC3 was associated with number of productive tillers and number of panicles. Correlation analysis showed that 1,000-grain weight was positively correlated with harvest index, while biomass dry weight was negatively correlated. These results suggest that all observed morphoagronomic traits except biomass dry weight have an important role in increasing rice yield. Furthermore, the results of this study provide basic informations for the development of high-yielding rice varieties.
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Sobolev, Oleg S. "Weather conditions and food prices in the 3rd quarter of 2022." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 1 (January 2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2023-0-1-49-54.
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The influence of drought on the grain harvest in the Russian Federation is analyzed. The quarterly statistics of the excess of domestic producer prices over world prices on the milk and sugar market are given. Producer prices for grain, milk, meat and sugar in Russia, the EU, and the USA in the 3rd quarter of 2022 are compared. There was a slowdown in food and general inflation in Russia in the 3rd quarter compared to the 2nd quarter.
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Hemmelgarn, Adam B., Kevin J. Shinners, Aaron J. Timm, and Matthew F. Digman. "Anaerobic Storage Characteristics of Whole-Ear Corn and Stover." AgriEngineering 5, no. 1 (2023): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010012.
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Whole-plant corn has been previously investigated as a biomass feedstock. Current approaches are analogous to harvesting whole-plant corn for livestock feed or biogas production. They include utilizing a self-propelled forage harvester to harvest the plant as a bulk material and storing it anaerobically. This process leads to grain damage, reducing the marketability of the grain after fractionation. This work investigated a process that included harvesting and anaerobically storing whole-ear corn with corn stover as an alternative. Over two harvest seasons, dry matter losses, moisture content changes, and grain damage were assessed after anaerobic storage. Less than 3% grain damage was observed across all treatments. Stover moisture decreased by 3% to 7% wet basis. Depending on the harvest year (p < 0.001), grain moisture content increased by 7 to 10 percentage points wet basis (p = 0.012). Cob moisture increased by about four percentage points wet basis regardless of harvest year (p = 0.49). Dry matter losses for the overall treatment were less than 3% across both harvest seasons, but high variability was observed when reviewing the losses in the ear and stover fractions. Based on this work, whole ear storage should be considered where subsequent grain fractionation and the marketability of the grain fraction are a concern.
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Puteh, Adam B., M. Monjurul Alam Mondal, Mohd Razi Ismail, and Mohammad Abdul Latif. "Grain Sterility in relation to Dry Mass Production and Distribution in Rice (Oryza sativaL.)." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/302179.
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The experiment was conducted to investigate potential causes of grain sterility in widely cultivated rice variety in Malaysia, MR219 and its two mutant lines (RM311 and RM109) by examining the source-sink relations. RM311 produced increased dry matter yield both at heading and maturity and also showed higher grain yield with greater proportion of grain sterility than the other two genotypes (RM109 and MR219) resulting in the lowest harvest index (49.68%). In contrast, harvest index was greater in RM109 (53.34%) and MR219 (52.76%) with less grain sterility percentage than MR311 indicating that dry matter partitioning to economic yield was better in RM109 and MR219 than in MR311. Results indicated that dry matter allocation per spikelet from heading to maturity was important for reducing grain sterility in rice. The greater above-ground crop dry matter per spikelet was observed in RM109 and MR219 as compared to high dry matter producing genotype; RM311 implies that poor grain filling may not have resulted from dry matter production or source limitation. These findings suggest that grain sterility or poor grain filling in rice is the result of poor translocation and partitioning of assimilates into grains (sink) rather than of limited biomass production or source limitation.
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Ilman, Satria Abdillah, and Muhammad Syahbudi. "Pengaruh Harga Gabah terhadap Kesejahteraan Petani di Sumatera Utara pada Tahun 2020-2021." El-Mujtama: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (2023): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/elmujtama.v3i1.2301.
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 One of the keys to the growth of the agricultural sector is the level of welfare enjoyed by farmers. The purpose of this study is to find out how the welfare of farmers in North Sumatra will be affected by the price of grain in 2020-2021. In accordance with the research design, quantitative descriptive research will be used to conduct this research. This kind of research is quantitative. That secondary data is used. The Central Bureau of Statistics provides information for this (BPS). The data analysis technique used Multiple Linear Regression Test with SPSS application. The results showed that the probability value. Tcount of the dry milled grain variable (X1) is 0.019 < from 0.05 so that the milled dry grain variable has a significant effect on the farmer's exchange rate variable in 2020-2021. The probability value of Tcount of Harvested Dry Grain (X2) is 0.966 > from 0.05 so that the Harvested Dry Grain variable has no effect on the Farmer's Exchange Rate variable (Y) in 2020-2021. The calculated F probability value (sig.) above is 0.047 < from the 0.05 significance level (0.047 < 0.05). So it can be said that the Variables of Milled Dry Grain and Harvested Dry Unhusked Simultaneously have a significant effect on Farmers' Exchange Rates in 2020-2021. 
 Keywords: Welfare, Grain
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Yofa, Rangga D., Miftahul Azis, Widyadhari F. Setyaningrum, Sri H. Susilowati, and Tri B. Purwantini. "Determinants of rice harvest allocation choices in several agroecosystems of Indonesia." BIO Web of Conferences 119 (2024): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202411901001.
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The volume of grain supply from rice farming traded in the market determines rice price fluctuations. Information on farmers’ behaviour in utilising rice harvests is strategic for knowing the volume of rice traded. This study analyses patterns and factors influencing farmers’ behaviour using rice harvests. Primary data from the National Farmer Panel (PATANAS) were processed using quantitative methods with econometric models (multiple regression and double hurdle models). The results show that direct grain sales after harvest occur more often in irrigated and tidal rice agroecosystems. Meanwhile, indirect sales of harvested grain occur more frequently in lowland swamp agroecosystems and in rain-fed rice fields. The grain that is not sold immediately is allocated for household consumption and seed purposes and sold in stages. Factors that indirectly influence grain sales are the price of rice, the area cultivated, and the type of agroecosystem. When rice prices rise, farmers reduce the amount of grain they sell directly. The recommended policy recommendations are efforts to increase production in all agroecosystems and stabilise rice prices by strengthening government rice reserves, considering that not all harvested grain is traded.
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Chaukse, Chandrapal, and Deepika Vyas. "Study about Correlation and Path Analysis in Grain Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.)." Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 10, no. 4 (2024): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2024/v10i4394.
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Twenty six genotypes of grain amaranth were evaluated during rabi 2017-18 for assessing the correlation and path coefficient analysis for grain yield and its components. The grain yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly associated with plant height, panicle length, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of panicles, biological yield/plant and harvest index. Dry weight of panicles had highest path towards grain yield per plant, dry weight of leaves directly associated with days to maturity and plant height. This indicates that these characters played an important role in higher grain yield in grain amaranth.
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CLARKE, J. M., C. A. CAMPBELL, H. W. CUTFORTH, R. M. DePAUW, and G. E. WINKLEMAN. "NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION, AND UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT AND CULTIVAR YIELD AND PROTEIN LEVELS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 4 (1990): 965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-119.
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A field study was carried out in four environments to determine the effects of available water and cultivar on N and P uptake, translocation, and utilization efficiency of wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars with varying grain yield potential and protein concentration. Two common wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and HY320, and two durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars, DT367 and Wakooma, were studied. HY320 and DT367 had higher grain yield potentials and lower protein concentrations than Neepawa and Wakooma. Total plant N and P uptake was proportional to available water, and was strongly associated with dry matter accumulation. From 67 to 102% of plant N and 64–100% of P present at harvest had been accumulated by anthesis. Postanthesis uptake of N and P was greater under moist than under dry environments. There were few cultivar differences in uptake of N or P, and any differences observed were related to variations in plant dry matter. Nitrogen harvest index ranged from 71 to 85% and P harvest index ranged from 81 to 93%. Both indices responded to environment in the same way as grain harvest index; there were no cultivar differences for either N or P harvest index. From 59 to 79% of N and 75 to 87% of P present in vegetative tissues at anthesis was translocated to the grain; translocation did not vary among cultivars. The efficiency of utilization of N and P in production of harvest biomass and grain was directly proportional to water availability and was greater in the high yield cultivars HY320 and DT367 than in Neepawa and Wakooma. There was no evidence that selection for N uptake, translocation, or utilization efficiency would be useful in wheat breeding.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L. var. durum, nitrogen harvest index, phosphorus harvest index
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Rahmawati, R., A. Rusgiyono, A. Hoyyi, and D. A. I. Maruddani. "GARCH-family for measuring price fluctuation risk of harvested dry grain in Pemalang district." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1217 (May 2019): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1217/1/012092.
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Silva, Emylli Pereira e., Egon Henrique Horst, Everton Luiz Carneiro Pereira, Julio Cezar Heker Junior, Daniel Corrêa Plodoviski, and Mikael Neumann. "Influence of the fungicide strobilurin on forage rye production under different harvesting systems." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 5 (2022): 2109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n5p2109.
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The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of successive harvests, with or without application of foliar fungicide, on the morphometric characteristics, yield and nutritional value of rye forage harvested at the hard dough grain stage, aiming at silage production. The preventive control of foliar diseases was carried out with the fungicide OrkestraTM SC®, in a single application, at early flowering, for both harvesting systems. The first harvest was conducted at the full vegetative stage and the second, at the hard dough grain stage. The system with two harvests resulted in higher cumulative yield compared with the single-harvest system (40,680 and 9,029 kg ha-1 fresh and dry biomass with two harvests, against 8,816 and 5,375 kg ha-1 fresh and dry biomass). Fungicide application promoted a reduction in neutral detergent fiber content in both systems, with values of 753.9 against 790.6 g kg-1 for the single-harvest system and 734.4 against 773.3 g kg-1 for the two-harvest system, with and without fungicide, respectively. For lignin content, the application of the fungicide reduced values (97.2 against 110.3 g kg-1) only in the two-harvest system. Rye management with a harvest at the vegetative stage increases the cumulative dry biomass yield without negatively affecting the harvest yield at the hard dough grain stage, and without drastic changes in the nutritional value of the plant. Even under adverse conditions, fungicide application positively interferes with plant cell wall components
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Khairullah, Izhar, and Muhammad Saleh. "Assessing the productive potential of high-yielding rice varieties on acid sulfate soils in the tidal swampland of Central Kalimantan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1377, no. 1 (2024): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1377/1/012094.
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Abstract Tidal swampland holds significant agricultural potential including cultivating rice. Farmers in these regions typically cultivate local rice varieties. Breeding rice techniques have led to the development of superior rice well-suited to thrive in tidal swamplands. This research was conducted on acid sulfate soil within a tidal swampland located in Terusan Karya Village, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan, during the 2021 dry season. The study employed a completely randomized block design with two replications. The experimental treatments comprised nine high-yielding rice varieties: Inpari IR Nutri Zinc, Cakrabuana Agritan, Inpari 3, Inpari 32, Inpari 42, Inpari 47, Inpara 2, Inpara 8, and Inpara 10. The parameters were observed, including plant height, panicle number per hill, panicle length, and grain yield. The high-yielding varieties of rice planted in acid sulfate tidal swamplands exhibit varying growth and yield performances. Grain yields of rice ranged from 5.45 to 7.30 t ha−1 of dry-milled grain. The highest grain yield was shown by Inpari 3 (7.30 t ha−1) and Inpari 32 (7.04 t ha−1). High heritability values are indicated by the traits of dry harvest and milled grains, while wide variability is shown by characters such as plant height, panicle length, grain dry harvest, and dry milled.
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Sobolev, O. S. "Climate Change in Russia, Agricultural Prices and Production in the 3rd Quarter of 2020." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 12 (2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2020-0-12-72-77.
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The article compares producer prices for grain, milk, and meat in Russia, Europe, and the United States in the 3rd quarter of 2020. Climate and weather conditions in Russia in the 3rd quarter and their impact on the gross grain harvest are analyzed. The price analysis of the domestic and world sugar market is given.
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Cabral Filho, Fernando Rodrigues, Frederico Antonio Loureiro Soares, Daniely Karen Matias Alves, et al. "Biomass Accumulation and Technical and Economic Efficiency of Potassium Sources Applied via Fertigation to Corn." Agriculture 12, no. 4 (2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12040497.
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To achieve high corn yield, optimal amounts of nutrients that can be extracted by the crop must be supplied at adequate proportions. Vinasse from sugarcane ethanol production can be applied as a soil fertilizer to corn crops in ethanol production plants. In this context, the present study compared the effects of mineral potassium fertilization with potassium chloride and organic fertilization with concentrated sugarcane vinasse on corn dry matter and grain yield and explored the technical and economic efficiency of these sources. The experiment was carried out at the experimental station of the Federal Institute Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Brazil. The experiment followed a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replicates. The treatments comprised two sources of potassium, namely concentrated vinasse and potassium chloride, applied at four doses of potassium, representing 0%, 50%, 100%, and 200% of the recommended rate for corn. The dry matter accumulation of corn throughout the crop cycle, yield components at harvest, and technical and economic efficiency of the applied potassium sources were measured. Neither potassium dose nor its source affected leaf, stem, and aboveground dry matter accumulation at harvest. Regardless of the potassium source, the 100% dose produced higher cob dry mass, grain dry mass, grain dry mass per ear, grain yield, number of bags of 60 kg ha−1 produced per hectare, and harvest index. The agronomic efficiency of vinasse compared to potassium chloride was 68.5% at the 100% dose of the recommendation, showing enough potential as an organic fertilizer in corn crop.
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Rustandy, Evy Aqriany, Abdul Haris, and Edy Edy. "EVALUASI KARAKTER AGRONOMI PADI LOKAL ASE TADDAGA GENERASI M3 HASIL INDUKSI MUTASI SINAR GAMMA." AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian 4, no. 3 (2024): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v4i3.408.
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Thiss research was conducted in pParippung Village, Barebboo District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province from January to June 2022. This study aims to determine the effect of gamma ray radiation induction on the agronomic character of Ase Taddaga's local rice. This study was designed using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) method which consisted of 3 treatments, namely without radiation as a control, radiation with 200 Gray and radiation with 300 Gray. Each treatment was repeated 3 times to obtain 9 experimental units. The parameters observed were plant height (cm), number of tillers (stems), number of productive tillers (stems), flowering age (days), harvest age (days), malaig length (cm), number of grains (grain), dry grain weight. per clump (g), dry grain weight per plot (g) and dry grain weight per hectare (tonnes). The results showed that the gamma radiation treatment of 200 Grayy and 300 Gray had a good effect on the parameters of plant height, flowering age, harvest age and number of grains. The gamma ray radiation treatment had a significant effect on the parameters of the number of tillers, the number of productive tillers and the length of the panicle. While those that did not have a significant effect were the weight of top dry grain, dry grain weight per plot and ddry grainn weight per hectare.
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Brázdil, Rudolf, Jan Lhoták, Kateřina Chromá, and Petr Dobrovolný. "Effects of weather and climate on fluctuations of grain prices in southwestern Bohemia, 1725–1824 CE." Climate of the Past 20, no. 4 (2024): 1017–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1017-2024.
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Abstract. Grain prices in early modern Europe reflected the effects of weather and climate on crop yields and a complex array of societal and socio-economic factors. This study presents a newly developed series of grain prices for Sušice (southwestern Bohemia, Czech Republic) for the period 1725–1824 CE, based on various archival sources. It aims to analyse their relationships with weather and climate, represented by temperature, precipitation, and drought (self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index, scPDSI) reconstructions, as well as particular weather extremes and anomalies reported in documentary evidence. Wheat, rye, barley, and oats series in Sušice showed high mutual correlations. The mean highest prices during the year typically occurred from May to July before the harvest, while prices usually declined afterwards. Wheat, rye, and barley prices were significantly negatively correlated with spring temperatures and positively correlated with scPDSI from winter to summer. This indicates that wetter winters, cooler and wetter springs, and wetter summers contributed to higher prices. The extremely high grain prices in the years 1746, 1771–1772, 1802–1806, and 1816–1817 were separately analysed with respect to weather and climate patterns and other socio-economic and political factors. The results obtained were discussed in relation to data uncertainty, factors influencing grain prices, and the broader European context.
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Flood, R. G., and P. J. Martin. "Nitrogen accumulation and distribution at anthesis and maturity in ten wheats grown at three sites in north-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 4 (2001): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98025.
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Plant nitrogen relationships were studied in 10 wheat cultivars sown at 3 sites (Horsham, Boort and Walpeup) in north-western Victoria by determining the nitrogen concentration and nitrogen content of plant components at anthesis and maturity. While the concentration of nitrogen varied in different plant components, whole plants at anthesis had a nitrogen concentration below the value required for maximum growth. The time to anthesis had an influence only on grain yield and grain nitrogen percentage at Horsham. Total assimilation of nitrogen at both anthesis and maturity was more strongly correlated to plant dry matter than plant nitrogen concentration. There was a significant negative correlation between grain nitrogen percentage and both nitrogen harvest index and harvest index. Grain yield was strongly correlated with total nitrogen accumulated at anthesis and more strongly correlated with total nitrogen accumulated at maturity. Grain yield was significantly correlated with nitrogen harvest index and more strongly correlated with harvest index. Grain yield was negatively correlated with grain nitrogen percentage. The negative association between grain nitrogen percentage and harvest index has important implications for the breeding of wheat with higher grain nitrogen percentage while maintaining or increasing grain yield. The results indicated that none of the measured parameters could be used for indirect selection aimed at improving grain nitrogen percentage.
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Szlovák, S., and Z. Almási. "DYNAMICS OF DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, TRANSPIRATION AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE OF MAIZE." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49, no. 3 (2001): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.49.2001.3.1.
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A two-year pot experiment was carried out in a green-house to investigate the dry matter (DM) accumulation, distribution and redistribution in maize, the transpiration intensity/leaf area and the dry leaf weight. The uptake, distribution and redistribution of phosphorus was also studied. The total dry matter weight (DMW) of aerial plant parts increased up to 108 days after emergence (DAE) and then, with the exception of the grain, decreased to the final harvest. Averaged over two years, the most DM was transported to the grain from the stalk (69.41%) and the least from the leaf-sheath (1.69%). The lowest transpiration intensity calculated per dm 2 hour -1 was 0.41 g and the highest 1.35 g. The transpiration intensity calculated per unit weight of dry leaf blades was 0.62 and 2.80 g. In both years the total phosphorus uptake increased in all aboveground plant parts up to the 80 th day after emergence and then, with the exception of the grain, decreased to the final harvest. At the end of the growing season the grain stored most (84.85%) of the absorbed phosphorus, averaged over two years.
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Malanon, Hernaiz, and Zenaida Sumalde. "Potential of Mechanical Grain Dryers in Addressing Exposure of Rice Farmers to Weather Risks." Philippine Agricultural Scientist 105, no. 4 (2022): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.62550/aw005022.
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Weather risks brought by prolonged rainfall and cloudy days hamper grain drying operations in the Philippines as the majority still employ the sun drying method, which limits the opportunity of rice farmers to earn a higher income. While mechanical dryers are considered an important adaptation mechanism to address weather risks, more research needs to be done on their benefits and their disadvantages. This study adapted the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concept which equates hazard, exposure, and vulnerability to quantify risk. Hazard was assessed in terms of the probability of four straight rainy- or cloudy-day occurrences based on a 30-yr daily rainfall and cloudiness data. Exposure of famers and traders to this event was described in terms of a cropping calendar followed by the farmers, while vulnerability was quantified in terms of the effects of exposure to continuous rains, particularly as price discounts for quality-degraded grains. About 74% of the total rice harvest in Isabela, Philippines is being dried using the sun drying method. Based on the probability of exposure to extended rainy/cloudy days and the qualitative losses as indicated by price penalty for quality-degraded grains, total qualitative losses amounting to 117 mt valued at PhP 407.17 million (USD 8.14 million) is incurred in the province every year. With artificial or mechanical grain dryers, exposure of rice farmers to prolonged rainfall or cloudy days that constrain sun drying operations can be minimized or eliminated.
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Ilyas, Afrizal, Abdul Haris, and Bakhtiar Ibrahim. "KARAKTERISTIK PADI LOKAL ASE BULUH GENERASI M5 HASIL RADIASI SINAR GAMMA." AGrotekMAS Jurnal Indonesia: Jurnal Ilmu Peranian 5, no. 1 (2024): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/agrotekmas.v5i1.494.
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This research was conducted in Parippung Village, Barebbo District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province from January to June 2022. This study aims to determine the effect of gamma ray radiation on changes in the characteristics of the local rice plant Ase Buluh generation M5 and determine the best dose to obtain plant mutant which has the shortest stem height and produces high yields. This research was carried out in the field in the form of an experiment consisting of 3 replications and 3 treatments, namely 0 Gray, 200 Gray, 300 Gray with irradiated gamma rays. Each treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 9 experimental units and arranged based on a randomized block design where the parameters were plant height, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, flowering age, harvest age, panicle length, number of grains, dry grain weight. per plot and dry grain weight per hectare. The results showed that the use of gamma ray radiation with various doses could significantly affect changes in the characteristics of plant height, flowering age, harvest age, but had no significant effect on the number of tillers, number of productive tillers, panicle length, number of grains, dry grain weight per plot and dry grain weight per hectare. In the 300 Gray treatment, the shortest plant height was 176.41 cm, the fastest flowering age was found in the 200 Gray treatment, which was 72 days and the fastest plant harvest age was in the 200 Gray treatment, which was 102 days. The highest number of tillers were found in the treatment of 200 Gray, namely 16.67 tillers, the number of productive tillers was 15.47 tillers, for the longest panicle was found in treatment of 300 Gray which was 64.73 cm. In treatment 300 Gray had the highest number of grains, namely 223 grains. Meanwhile, the highest yield of dry grain weight per plot and dry grain weight per hectare was found in the 0 Gray treatment, respectively, namely 1.369.6 grams and 6.85 tons.