Journal articles: 'Dry heather'

1

Welch, David, and David Scott. "Response of moorland vegetation to 20 years of conservation management in two Cairngorm glens." British & Irish Botany 1, no. 1 (2019): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33928/bib.2019.01.020.

Full text

Abstract:

The response of vegetation to a large reduction in red deer numbers was assessed over a 20 year period in two contrasting glens in the Eastern Cairngorms. Monitoring was done in spring when the annual maximum herbivore impact accumulates on the heather. We estimated deer presence from pellet-group counts, and for heather we measured cover, height and shoot browsing. Deer numbers declined earlier in Glen Derry, and correspondingly heather height increased sooner. Trends in Glen Lui were related to plot wetness and distance from places where the deer were fed in winter; dry plots received much heavier usage from deer and rabbits initially, keeping the heather short and cover stable, whereas on wet plots usage was much lower and heather increased both in cover and height. Subsequently, as deer densities fell, the Lui heather thrived, and by 2013 heather height on dry plots had surpassed height on wet plots. Colonisation by pine saplings was very patchy, being virtually confined to plots within 50 m of mature trees and having heather swards less than 25 cm tall. Despite deer numbers falling, saplings still suffered browsing by black grouse, lagomorphs and voles. Annual increments were greatest on dry plots in Glen Lui. However, we estimate that another eight years of negligible deer numbers are needed for the present sapling crop to become safe from deer damage. A limited regime of burning near mature pines may assist regeneration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Voortman, B. R., R. P. Bartholomeus, S. E. A. T. M. van der Zee, M. F. P. Bierkens, and J. P. M. Witte. "Quantifying energy and water fluxes in dry dune ecosystems of the Netherlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 9 (2015): 3787–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3787-2015.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Coastal and inland dunes provide various ecosystem services that are related to groundwater, such as drinking water production and biodiversity. To manage groundwater in a sustainable manner, knowledge of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for the various land covers in dunes is essential. Aiming at improving the parameterization of dune vegetation in hydrometeorological models, this study explores the magnitude of energy and water fluxes in an inland dune ecosystem in the Netherlands. Hydrometeorological measurements were used to parameterize the Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration model for four different surfaces: bare sand, moss, grass and heather. We found that the net longwave radiation (Rnl) was the largest energy flux for most surfaces during daytime. However, modeling this flux by a calibrated FAO-56 Rnl model for each surface and for hourly time steps was unsuccessful. Our Rnl model, with a novel submodel using solar elevation angle and air temperature to describe the diurnal pattern in radiative surface temperature, improved Rnl simulations considerably. Model simulations of evaporation from moss surfaces showed that the modulating effect of mosses on the water balance is species-dependent. We demonstrate that dense moss carpets (Campylopus introflexus) evaporate more (5 %, +14 mm) than bare sand (total of 258 mm in 2013), while more open-structured mosses (Hypnum cupressiforme) evaporate less (−30 %, −76 mm) than bare sand. Additionally, we found that a drought event in the summer of 2013 showed a pronounced delayed signal on lysimeter measurements of ETa for the grass and heather surfaces, respectively. Due to the desiccation of leaves after the drought event, and their feedback on the surface resistance, the potential evapotranspiration in the year 2013 dropped by 9 % (−37 mm) and 10 % (−61 mm) for the grass and heather surfaces, respectively, which subsequently led to lowered ETa of 8 % (−29 mm) and 7 % (−29 mm). These feedbacks are of importance for water resources, especially during a changing climate with an increasing number of drought days. Therefore, such feedbacks need to be integrated into a coupled plant physiological and hydrometeorological model to accurately simulate ETa. In addition, our study showed that groundwater recharge in dunes can be increased considerably by promoting moss vegetation, especially of open-structured moss species.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Voortman, B. R., R. P. Bartholomeus, S. E. A. T. M. van der Zee, M. F. P. Bierkens, and J. P. M. Witte. "Quantifying energy and water fluxes in dry dune ecosystems of the Netherlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 4 (2015): 4541–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4541-2015.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Coastal and inland dunes provide various ecosystem services that are related to groundwater, such as drinking water production and biodiversity. To manage groundwater in a sustainable manner, knowledge of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for the various land covers in dunes is essential. Aiming at improving the parameterization of dune vegetation in hydro-meteorological models, this study explores the magnitude of energy and water fluxes in an inland dune ecosystem in the Netherlands. Hydro-meteorological measurements were used to parameterize the Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration model for four different surfaces: bare sand, moss, grass and heather. We found that the net longwave radiation (Rnl) was the largest energy flux for most surfaces during daytime. However, modelling this flux by a calibrated FAO-56 Rnl model for each surface and for hourly time steps was unsuccessful. Our Rnl model, with a novel sub-model using solar elevation angle and air temperature to describe the diurnal pattern in radiative surface temperature, improved Rnl simulations considerably. Model simulations of evaporation from moss surfaces showed that the modulating effect of mosses on the water balance is species dependent. We demonstrate that dense moss carpets (Campylopus introflexus) evaporate more (5%, +14 mm) than bare sand (total of 258 mm in 2013), while more open structured mosses (Hypnum cupressiforme) evaporate less (−30%, −76 mm) than bare sand. Additionally, we found that a drought event in the summer of 2013 showed a pronounced delayed signal on lysimeter measurements of ETa for the grass and heather surfaces respectively. Due to the desiccation of leaves after the drought event, and their feedback on the parameters of the Penman–Monteith equation, the potential evapotranspiration in the year 2013 dropped with 9% (−37mm) and 10% (−61 mm) for the grass and heather surfaces respectively, which subsequently led to lowered ETa of 8% (−29 mm) and 7% (−29 mm). These feedbacks are of importance to water resources, especially during a changing climate with increasing number of drought days. Therefore, such feedbacks need to be integrated into a coupled plant physiological and hydro-meteorological model to accurately simulate ETa. In addition, our study showed that groundwater recharge in dunes can be increased considerably by promoting moss vegetation, especially of open structured moss species.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Pakeman, R. J., P. D. Hulme, L. Torvell, and J. M. Fisher. "Rehabilitation of degraded dry heather [ Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull] moorland by controlled sheep grazing." Biological Conservation 114, no. 3 (2003): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(03)00067-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Erisman, Jan Willem, Arie H. Versluis, Ton A. J. W. Verplanke, et al. "Monitoring the dry deposition of SO2 in the Netherlands: Results for grassland and heather vegetation." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 27, no. 7 (1993): 1153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(93)90150-w.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

López, Carlos López, Rocío Rosa García, Luis M. M. Ferreira, Urcesino García, Koldo Osoro, and Rafael Celaya. "Impacts of horse grazing on botanical composition and diversity in different types of heathland." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 4 (2017): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj17079.

Full text

Abstract:

Plant dynamics under horse grazing was studied in a three-year field experiment in heather-gorse shrublands in NW Spain. The experimental design consisted of three vegetation types with four replicates (paddocks): (1) heather (Ericaceae)-dominated (H), (2) gorse (Ulex gallii Planch.)-dominated (G), and (3) co-dominated by gorse and heath-grasses (GG). Each paddock (1.2 ha) was grazed from May to October by two crossbred mature mares (310 ± 52 kg bodyweight), one dry and one lactating (plus foal). Two other paddocks (one in H and one in GG) were excluded from grazing. Plant cover and height were sampled three times a year (spring, summer, and autumn) with a point-quadrat method. Floristic composition and diversity were annually sampled at 10 25-m2 quadrats per paddock. Data were subjected to mixed models for repeated-measures and redundancy analyses. Horse grazing resulted in overall increases (P < 0.001) in heather and herbaceous cover (from 13% to 27%, and from 16% to 23%, respectively), and decreases (P < 0.001) in gorse cover and height (from 35% to 17%; from 30 to 25 cm), with scarce differences among vegetation types. Floristic diversity (species richness and Shannon index) increased more over time in grazed than in ungrazed paddocks. Redundancy analyses revealed that grazing effects on plant species assemblages depended on vegetation type, and that plant communities evolved differently between grazing treatments for both abundance and frequency data. Some herbaceous species characteristic of heathlands were favoured by horse grazing. Horse grazing reduced gorse dominance in G and GG vegetation, controlling excessive accumulation of combustible material and reducing fire risk, and promoted the presence of species of conservation interest, so it offers a promising management tool for the restoration of heathlands and their biodiversity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

López, Carlos López, Rafael Celaya, Ana Sofia Santos, Miguel A. M. Rodrigues, Koldo Osoro, and Luis M. M. Ferreira. "Combination of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with alkanes as faecal markers to estimate feed intake and digestibility in horses and cattle fed on grass-heathland vegetation communities." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 96, no. 2 (2016): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0071.

Full text

Abstract:

Application of long-chain alcohols (LCOH) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) combined with alkanes as faecal markers to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of equines and cattle was assessed. Six crossbred mares, randomly divided in two groups (H1 and H2), and three nonlactating cows (C) were housed in individual stalls. Groups H1 and C were fed on a diet of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, 0.7) and heather (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris, 0.3), and H2 received ryegrass (0.4), heather (0.3) and gorse (Ulex gallii, 0.3). Digestibility was estimated using LCOH (C28-OH and C30-OH) and LCFA (C28-FA, C30-FA, and C32-FA) as internal markers. For DMI estimation, animals received daily a paper pellet containing C24, C32, and C36n-alkanes. Intake was estimated from the faecal ratio of naturally occurring LCOH, LCFA, and dosed n-alkanes, and was compared with the known DMI values. In horses, all markers provided accurate estimates of DMD. Similarly, LCOH provided accurate estimates of DMD in cattle, whereas LCFA underestimated it (P < 0.05). Intake estimates were affected (P < 0.05) by the marker pair used in calculations. In general, the C24:C24-FA pair provided the most accurate DMI estimates. Results suggest the usefulness of combining epicuticular compounds as faecal markers to estimate DMI, DMD and diet composition of horses and cattle grazing grass-heathland communities, simultaneously.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Spence, Samantha, and Helge Kreutz. "The Kingfisher Field, Block 16/8a, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.26.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThe Kingfisher Field is located in the South Viking Graben, Block 16/8a, with a minor extension into Block 16/8c. Block 16/8 was initially awarded in June 1970 to Shell and Esso, with the Kingfisher discovery well 16/8-1 spudded in 1972. The well tested high H2S oil at marginal rates from Upper Jurassic Brae Formation sandstones. Subsequent appraisal well 16/8a-4 (1984) tested gas/condensate from better quality Brae Formation sandstone reservoirs. This well also discovered the deeper Middle Jurassic Heather Formation sandstone gas/condensate accumulation at near-HPHT conditions. The Brae and Heather Formation sandstones contain stacked hydrocarbon accumulations in separate combinations of stratigraphic and structural traps. Production by natural aquifer drive commenced from a sub-sea satellite to Marathon's Brae B platform in 1997, initially from the Brae reservoirs. To date, three production wells have been completed and a fourth well is planned to be on stream in 2000. The Brae Formation sandstones at Kingfisher are interpreted as distal deposits of the Brae/Miller fan-apron system and range in quality from excellent to very poor across the field. The Heather Formation reservoir consists of medium quality sands deposited within a submarine incised valley. The most recent volumetric estimate (1998) for the total field predicts an ultimate recovery of 41.2 MMBBL of pipeline liquids and 280 BCF of dry export gas. Regional reservoir architecture and connectivity as well as hydrocarbon composition are key to understanding the production performance of the critical gas/condensate below dewpoint. Advances in sub-sea and horizontal drilling technology have enabled field development.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Starchenko, Galyna, Andriy Hrytsyk, Ain Raal, and Oleh Koshovyi. "Phytochemical Profile and Pharmacological Activities of Water and Hydroethanolic Dry Extracts of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. Herb." Plants 9, no. 6 (2020): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060751.

Full text

Abstract:

According to the WHO data (2017), depression is the most predominant disease worldwide, with about 300 million people suffering from it, and bipolar disorder is the second most common. Therefore, it is relevant to research new medicines based on medicinal herbal raw materials with anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects. Common heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.), a flowering plant of the Ericaceae family, is a promising species for research in this area. The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical profile and several biological activities of hydroethanolic dry extracts from the C. vulgaris herb. Nineteen phenolic substances were identified and quantified in the extracts by HPLC. The quantitative content of the basic groups of biologically active compounds was determined by spectrophotometry. Arbutin was dominant among the hydroquinone derivatives; chlorogenic acid among the hydroxycinnamic acids; rutin, hyperoside and quercetin-3-D-glucoside among the flavonoids; and (+)-gallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin among the tannin metabolites. The water and hydroethanolic extract were compared, the extract of C. vulgaris herb obtained with 70% hydroethanolic had the most pronounced anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anxiolytic, stress-protective, anti-anxiety and anti-depressant effects, and it is a promising substance for the development of new drugs or food supplements.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Wu, Shasha, Youping Sun, and Genhua Niu. "Morphological and Physiological Responses of Nine Ornamental Species to Saline Irrigation Water." HortScience 51, no. 3 (2016): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.3.285.

Full text

Abstract:

To provide more species for landscapes where poor-quality irrigation water is used, salt tolerance of commonly used landscape plants should be characterized. Nine ornamental species, including six herbaceous and three woody, were irrigated with nutrient solution at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solution at EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m−1 (EC 5 or EC 10) for 8 weeks and their growth and physiological responses were determined. Although growth was reduced in orange peel jessamine (Cestrum ‘Orange Peel’) and mexican hummingbird bush (Dicliptera suberecta) as salinity increased, no obvious signs of stress or injury were observed, indicating that orange peel jessamine and mexican hummingbird bush were the most salt tolerant. Flame acanthus (Anisacanthus quadrifidus var. wrightii), rock rose (Pavonia lasiopetala), and ‘Dark knight’ bluebeard (Caryopteris ×clandonensis ‘Dark Knight’) had more growth reduction than that of orange peel jessamine and mexican hummingbird bush with minimal or no foliar damage in EC 5 and slight foliar damage in EC 10. Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis) and mexican false heather (Cuphea hyssopifolia) exhibited mortality rates of 30% and 20%, severe foliar damage, and greater than 70% reduction in leaf area and dry weight in EC 10 compared with their respective controls. Although the growth reductions in butterfly blue (Scabiosa columbaria) were not as great as cardinal flower and mexican false heather, 40% of butterfly blue plants were dead with moderate foliar damage in EC 10. Therefore, cardinal flower, mexican false heather, and butterfly blue plants were considered as moderately salt sensitive. Eastern red columbine (Aquilegia canadensis) was the most salt sensitive among the species investigated with moderate foliar damage in EC 5 and all plants died in EC 10. Four out of the nine species tested had significant differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and/or relative chlorophyll content between the control and EC 10, and the difference varied with species. Shoot ion concentrations of the nine ornamentals were also affected by salinity levels and varied among species.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Torreiro, Yarima, Leticia Pérez, Gonzalo Piñeiro, Francisco Pedras, and Angela Rodríguez-Abalde. "The Role of Energy Valuation of Agroforestry Biomass on the Circular Economy." Energies 13, no. 10 (2020): 2516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102516.

Full text

Abstract:

The use of biomass has increased significantly in recent years. In this context, the use of not valued high-potential biomass (NVHPB) is emerging as a suitable alternative. This is the case of pruning vine, pruning kiwi, scrub (heather, gorse, broom) and forest pruning. The objective of this research was to study the potential of six selected agroforestry biomasses as biofuels in thermochemical processes. For that purpose, biomass was collected by specific machinery. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out as well as the inorganic compounds’ determination. Then, natural and forced drying were conducted. Low heating values (LHV) between 17 and 20 MJ/kg (dry basis) were achieved in all analyzed cases. Granulometric reduction, biomass classification and densification took place. Finally, energy recovery tests through microcogeneration were carried out. Values close to 97% in cogeneration efficiency were reached (9% net electric yield and 88% thermal yield), offering an alternative to obtain clean energy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Furgoł, Michał, Agata Piwnik, and Konrad Wiśniewski. "Five springtail (Collembola) species inhabiting heathlands in Poland." Entomologica Fennica 30, no. 4 (2019): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.87176.

Full text

Abstract:

We report the presence of five Collembola species from western Poland, three of which were recorded in this country for the first time – Bourletiella pistillum Gisin, 1964 (Bourletiellidae), Lepidocyrtus tellecheae Arbea & Jordana 1990 (Entomobryidae) and Isotoma caerulea Bourlet, 1839 (Isotomidae). Seira dollfusi Carl, 1899 (Entomobryidae) was earlier known solely from a single, old report. Pachyotoma topsenti (Denis, 1948) (Isotomidae) is generally considered a rare species in the region. Though generally infrequently encountered, all five species occur in very high numbers in our plots and they are among the dominant springtails. The habitats surveyed in the study, i.e. dry Calluna-heathlands and their accompanying habitats are endangered in Central Europe and require active management. In one of the studied plots, a prescribed burn was applied to rejuvenate the heather. We discuss the distribution and habitat preferences of the five species in the European context and their possible significance as indicators of different habitat types.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Chaika, Natalia, Matar Mazen, Oleh Koshovyi, et al. "Research in phytochemical composition and hypoglycemic activity screening of the dry extracts from bearberry leaves." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 3(31) (June 30, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2021.235939.

Full text

Abstract:

Diabetes mellitus is a global medical and social issue. In the developed countries of the world, from 5 to 12% of the population are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and, according to WHO prognosis, the level of this disease may increase to 30-35%. Type 2 diabetes is a disease that progresses over time, but the rational and systematic use of hypoglycemic synthetic drugs and phytopreparations can significantly delay the onset of insulin therapy. A promising source of BAS with a hypoglycemic effect is the raw material of plants of the Heather family, namely, bearberry leaves. However, on the Ukrainian market there are no domestic galenic and novo-galenic preparations based on biologically active substances of this raw material, which indicates the prospects for the development of new drugs, including those with hypoglycemic action. The aim. The aim of the study was to study the phytochemical composition and to carry out a screening of the hypoglycemic activity of dry extracts from bearberry leaves modified with various amino acids to identify promising substances with hypoglycemic action. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 11 dry extracts from bearberry leaves, 10 of which were modified with various amino acids. The study of the phenolic compounds of the extracts was carried out by TLC, HPLC, and spectrophotometry. To assess the hypoglycemic activity of the extracts, two experiments were carried out - primary screening and oral glucose tolerance test. Results. Using TLC and HPLC, in the extracts obtained arbutin, gallic acid, 5 flavonoids were identified, among which hyperoside was dominant, 4 hydroxycinnamic acids, among which chlorogenic and caffeic acids were dominant, and their content was established. In the extracts obtained, main groups of phenolic compounds were quantified using a spectrophotometric method. Dry extracts from bearberry leaves, modified with cysteine, arginine and glutamic acid, showed the strongest hypoglycemic activity. Conclusions. The chemical composition of phenolic compounds and the hypoglycemic activity of dry extracts from bearberry leaves modified with 10 different amino acids were determined. The most promising substances turned out to be extracts modified with cysteine, arginine and glutamic acid; therefore, they are promising agents for the development of new drugs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Van Huijgevoort, Marjolein H. J., Bernard R. Voortman, Sjoerd Rijpkema, Kelly H. S. Nijhuis, and Jan-Philip M. Witte. "Influence of Climate and Land Use Change on the Groundwater System of the Veluwe, The Netherlands: A Historical and Future Perspective." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102866.

Full text

Abstract:

Changes in land use and climate have a large influence on groundwater recharge and levels. In The Netherlands, precipitation shifts from summer to winter are expected, combined with an increase in summer temperature leading to higher evaporation. These changes in climate could threaten the fresh water supply and increase the importance of large groundwater reservoirs. Sustainable management of these groundwater reservoirs, therefore, is crucial. Changes in land use could help mitigate the effects of climate change by decreasing the evaporation. In this study, we investigate the effect of changes in climate and land use on a large groundwater reservoir in The Netherlands, the Veluwe, for a historical period (1850–2016) and in the future (2036–2065). During the historical period, evaporation increased due to conversions from heather and drift sand to pine forest across the Veluwe. This change in land use had a larger effect on the groundwater recharge than change in climate over the historical period. In the future, an increase in winter precipitation will lead to higher groundwater levels in the elevated parts of the region. Surrounding areas are more vulnerable to an increase in dry periods in the summer. Groundwater reservoirs provide an opportunity to store water during wetter periods, which could alleviate drought impacts in surrounding regions during dry periods. Land use change, such as conversion from pine forest to other land use types, is a possible measure to increase water availability.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Malakhova, Ksenia Vyacheslavovna. "The study of primary productivity of lichenized epigeic fungi in the pine forests of the Kostroma Region." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (2021): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101115.

Full text

Abstract:

Thalli of epigeic lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia P. Browne are sources of high biological activity substances with a proven pharmaceutical potential. Its necessary to study characteristics of the accumulation of biomass by thalli, as well as conditions affecting the accumulation of secondary metabolites by lesions. For the first time, studies of the primary productivity and concentrations of secondary metabolites in lichens of the genus Cladonia in pine forests in the center of the European part of Russia are presented on the example of the Kostroma Region. The primary productivity of bushy lichens of the genus Cladonia in the pine forests of the Kostroma Region is in the range of 16,0534,72 g/m per year for C. arbuscula and 14,7028,18 g/m per year for C. rangiferina. The weight gain of the living part of the subset is in direct proportion to the intensity of sunlight: the optimum for C. arbuscula is 41006100 lx (0,0250 g/year), for C. rangiferina it is 38005800 lx (0,0407 g/year). The influence of abiotic factors (biotope humidity and sunlight intensity) on the parameters of primary productivity and the accumulation of secondary metabolites by thalli was revealed. The influence of biotic factors is manifested on the projective cover of species. The highest values of the projective cover, 85,67% (C. arbuscula) and 61% (C. rangiferina), are confined to well-illuminated biotopes with rarefied sunlight (thin sphagnum pine forest, sphagnum-heather pine forest slope). The maximum amount of acetone extract of secondary metabolites per weight of air-dry raw material of lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia was isolated from well-illuminated areas of pine forests at 58007400 lx (11,541 and 15,916 mg/g q.s. of C. rangiferina and C. arbuscula raw materials, respectively). The increased humidity of the biotope and shading conditions slow down the accumulation of secondary metabolites in the subsets.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Myerscough, Peter J., and Peter J. Clarke. "Burnt to blazes: landscape fires, resilience and habitat interaction in frequently burnt coastal heath." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 2 (2007): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06114.

Full text

Abstract:

Four fires burned vegetation on a sand plain on a 4-km stretch of Pleistocene beach ridges between 1980–1981 and 1998. Fires of 1980–81 and 1991 burned the whole area. Those of 1994 and 1998 burned only parts of it. Cover of individual species and bare ground was scored on permanent plots at intervals between 1990 and 1996. Ordination and generalised linear model analysis of the data showed strong spatial variation between dry and wet heaths, four transects and plots within transects. This was strictly conserved through time, owing to the rapid regrowth of abundant resprouting species, most of which, after 1 year, showed little change in cover with increasing time-since-fire. Vegetation of the dry and wet heaths showed no detectable convergence or divergence in similarity with time-since-fire or variation of interval between fires. Changes with time-since-fire were found, and some change with the length of fire interval, owing to variation in cover of obligate-seeder species, which increased steadily with time up to 10 years since fire, and showed some decrease when fire interval decreased to 3.75 years. At 10 years since fire, obligate-seeder species reached ~25% of the totalled cover scores for all species, with 75% from resprouting species. Dry and wet heath were broadly similar in their general pattern of regrowth after fire, but in dry heath bare ground was more slowly covered than in wet heath, and wet heath had a higher cover of monocotyledons, especially restiads and sedges. Wet heath was more flammable than dry heath in the patchy fire of 1998. The heaths observed appeared highly resilient to recent fire regimes. Resprouting species always dominated their canopy; none of their obligate-seeding species formed a dominant overstorey canopy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Huang, B. J. "Development of Long-Term Performance Correlation for Solar Thermosyphon Water Heater." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 2 (1989): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268297.

Full text

Abstract:

A semi-empirical long-term performance correlation for a solar thermosyphon water heater was derived. The derivation used the simulated results from a well-tested computer program developed previously. It was shown that the mean-day simulation results agree very well with the hour-by-hour simulation for the long-term performance of solar thermosyphon water heaters and hence were adopted for the derivation of the performance correlation. The correlations for the yearly- and monthly-mean efficiency in terms of eleven parameters which characterize the performance of solar thermosyphon water heaters were derived and shown to accurately fit the simulation results. Several design rules for the thermosyphon water heater were deduced from the present study. The total incident global radiation is not present in the correlation function of the yearly efficiency. For the performance evaluation on a monthly basis, the monthly efficiency of thermosyphon water heater was shown to vary linearly with the monthly-mean daily total incident global radiation. This result can be useful in developing a rating method for the thermal performance of thermosyphon water heaters.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Hunter, S. C., and R. E. Hall. "Refinery Process Heater NOx Control by Staged Combustion Air Lances." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 2 (1988): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240100.

Full text

Abstract:

A vertically fired natural-draft petroleum-refinery crude-oil process heater was modified to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions by installing staged combustion air lances. Baseline NO emissions firing refinery gas before modification were measured to be 100 to 125 parts per million by volume, dry, corrected to 3 percent oxygen. Staged combustion air lances were installed to bypass combustion air around the burners to achieve staged combustion. With the modification, an average reduction of 64 percent in NO emissions was observed over a 30-day test period, with NO emissions of 25 to 50 ppm, dependent on the excess air. This method of combustion modification can be applied to most vertically fired process heaters where flame length increased by a factor of 2 to 4 would not cause flame impingement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Bose, Debajyoti. "Design of a Naphtha Preheater for Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) Unit of Petroleum Naphtha with Given Feed Rate of 3500 Barrels per Day (BPD)." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 51 (May 2015): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.51.87.

Full text

Abstract:

Oil refining and petrochemical manufacture involves extensive heating of hydrocarbon and other fluids. Depending on the temperature required, this heating is achieved either by steam or direct heating. In the latter case, the fluid under pressure is contained in tubes which are heated from the outside by direct exposure to flames. These heaters commonly take two forms, cylindrical heaters with one central burner, or a ring of burners in the base and the long rectangular type with many burners in a row along the floor, the latter are generally known as cabin heaters. This paper shows the design of one such furnace.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Unal, C., V. Daw, and R. A. Nelson. "Unifying the Controlling Mechanisms for the Critical Heat Flux and Quenching: The Ability of Liquid to Contact the Hot Surface." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 4 (1992): 972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911909.

Full text

Abstract:

We investigated the hypothesis that the critical heat flux (CHF) occurs when some point on a heated surface reaches a temperature high enough that liquid can no longer maintain contact at that point, resulting in a gradual but continuous increase in the overall surface temperature for most power-controlled systems. This hypothesis unifies the occurrence of the CHF with the quenching of hot surfaces by relating them to the same concept: the ability of a liquid to contact a hot surface, generally defined as some fraction of the liquid’s homogeneous nucleation temperature, depending on the contact angle. The proposed hypothesis about the occurrence of the CHF is investigated through a study of the boiling mechanism of the second transition region of nucleate pool boiling of water on copper. An idealized two-dimensional transient conduction heat transfer model was developed to investigate the heat transfer mechanism. The initial macrolayer thickness on the dry portion of the heater, in the second transition region, was found to be bounded between 0 and 11 μm. The radius of the dry patch varied from 15 to 23 mm (60 and 92 percent of the heater radius, respectively) for initial macrolayer thicknesses of 0 and 11 μm, respectively. The results indicated that the critical liquid-solid contact temperature at the onset of CHF (the surface temperature at the center of the dry patch) must be lower than the homogeneous nucleation temperature of the liquid for the pool boiling of water on a clean horizontal surface. The liquid-solid contact temperature was dependent on the initial dry patch liquid macrolayer thickness, varying from 180°C to 157°C for initial macrolayer thicknesses of 0 and 11 μm, respectively. Independent assessment of these values shows good agreement with extrapolated contact temperature data at the onset of film boiling. This indicates that the mechanism for the occurrence of the CHF could be similar to the mechanism generally accepted for the quenching of the hot surfaces. Further study of this mechanism to understand better the observed trends in other experimental results show qualitative agreement with those results. These include a significant decrease in the radius of the dry patch to 4 mm (16 percent of the heater radius) when the thermal conductivity of the heater was decreased to that corresponding to nickel. When the thickness of a copper heater was decreased from 10 mm (representing an infinitely thick medium) to 0.1 mm, a dry patch radius of 2.25 mm (9 percent of the heater radius) was found to be sufficient for the temperature at the center of the dry patch to reach the critical contact temperature. These comparisons are felt to provide some understanding as to why the second transition region has been observed only in limited cases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Shankar, Gade Bhavani, and P. S. Kishore. "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A CONVENTIONAL AIR HEATER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 4 (2017): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i4.2017.1826.

Full text

Abstract:

Solar energy constitutes one of the main alternatives for facing the energy problems of the future. Solar air heaters are used for applications at low and moderate temperatures. Such as crop drying, timber seasoning, space heating, and drying agriculture products. Artificial geometry applied on the absorber plate is the very efficient method to improve thermal performance of solar air heaters. The thermal efficiency of solar air heaters is generally poor due to low heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and air flowing in the collector. Thermal performance of the conventional solar air heater was studied under varying solar and ambient conditions in different months. At day time the solar heating system stored the thermal solar energy as sensible and latent heat. A parametric study was done for 10 months for the climatic conditions of Visakhapatnam. The effect of change in the tilt angle, length and breadth of a collector and mass flow rate on the temperature of collector has been studied. The length of the collector is 2.1m and width of the collector is 1.1 m. the performance analysis of system shows potential of improving the thermal efficiency range is 31% to 47% .From the obtained results, graphs are drawn to assess the performance analysis of a conventional air heater.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Ntodeni, Sylvia, and Emmanuel Innocents Edoun. "Innovation through the effects of solar water heating (SWH) in Africa." Environmental Economics 8, no. 3 (2017): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3-1).2017.04.

Full text

Abstract:

Energy is a useful component that has a positive impact to Africa’s socio-economic development. Its effect on households can therefore not be overlooked. Past studies revealed that, the role of the Solar Water Heater is to utilize the energy generated by the sun to heat water. The heating of the water is achieved via the collector. The tubes are filled with water which is heated during the day light hours and this hot water is stored in the main tank. The hot water rises in the tube and is replaced by the cooler water, which is at the lower level of the main tank. This cycle is repeated continuously throughout the day thus heating the water in the main tank. As hot water is drawn from the system, cold water is subsequently supplied. This paper is based on the review of the related literature to show the effects of solar water heating and the usage of innovative technology in residential homes. In particular, the description of SWH product, demand side management potential of solar water heaters, and the innovation diffusion reasons. Then, the conceptual framework as it relates to the innovation diffusion theory will be presented. Lastly, the development of the research problem is outlined. Using a theoretical framework, the paper is able to present the advantages and disadvantages of SWH in Gauteng, South Africa.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Eisenhaure, Jeffrey, and Seok Kim. "An Internally Heated Shape Memory Polymer Dry Adhesive." Polymers 6, no. 8 (2014): 2274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym6082274.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Kanno, Tomomi, Yasunori Morita, Takashi Mishima, Shinji Tamaki, and Tetsuya Yamada. "Molecular Alteration of Dry Heated Wheat Starch Granules." Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi 63, no. 8 (2016): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.63.347.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Usman, Usman, Akhyar Muchtar, Umar Muhammad, and Nunik Lestari. "Purwarupa dan Kinerja Pengering Gabah Hybrid Solar Heating dan Photovoltaic Heater dengan Sistem Monitoring Suhu." Jurnal Teknik Elektro 12, no. 1 (2020): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jte.v12i1.24028.

Full text

Abstract:

Grain drying is a process to reduce grain moisture content to certain conditions, so the grain can last longer in storage. The grain dryer model used in this research was Indirect Type Solar Dryer (ITSD). In order to make this dryer can work at night, heating element that used electrical energy from solar panels was added. This energy is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy. This dryer was equipped with a temperature monitoring system and control of the photovoltaic heater. The results of temperature monitoring and voltage sensors to controlling photovoltaic heaters based on validation are categorized as work measurement tools, because they have an error of 0.5% – 2%. Whereas the relay works when the battery voltage is 11 - 10.9 V. This dryer can dry grain to reach a moisture content of 14.90% from initial moisture content of 48.46%. The drying process lasts for 11 hours, which is 7 hours using solar energy and 4 hours using photovoltaic heaters. The average temperature produced by dryer system during the drying process is 35.28 °C with a drying efficiency of 60.14%.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Marshall, Richard. "A very simple DIY solar water heater." Physics Education 37, no. 2 (2002): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/37/2/612.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Alves Damasceno, Flavio, Carlos Eduardo Alves Oliveira, Jairo Alexander Osório Saraz, Lucas Hernrique Pedrozo Abreu та Patricia Ferreira Ponciano Ferraz. "Fuzzy system to evaluate performance and the physiological responses of piglets raised in the farrowing house with diﬀerent solar heating systems". Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 72, № 1 (2019): 8729–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n1.67736.

Full text

Abstract:

The present work aims to develop a mathematical model, based on fuzzy set theory, for predicting performance and the physiological responses of piglets raised in the farrowing house with different solar heating systems. To do this, a solar heater prototype was constructed using alternative materials and the heating efficiency was compared with a commercial solar heater system. In order to thermally evaluate the heaters, temperature sensors were installed in the inlet and outlet pipes of each floor and thermal reservoir. The fuzzy system was developed and the variables dry air bulb temperature (Tbs) and relative humidity (RH) of the air were defined as inputs. Based on the input variables, the fuzzy system predicts the productive performance (weight gain - WG) and physiological responses (respiratory rate - RR, rectal temperature –RT, and skin temperature - ST) of piglets raised in an environment with solar heating. Based on the results, the fuzzy model was adequate for predicting the physiological responses and productive performance of piglets, presenting low standard deviation and high correlation with the validation data. This model can be used to assist producers in decision making, especially regarding maintaining animal welfare while the thermal environment changes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Ito, Tomomi, Yasunori Morita, Takashi Mishima, Makoto Hisamatsu, and Tetsuya Yamada. "[Note] Physical Properties of Dry Heated Wheat Starch Granules." Bulletin of Applied Glycoscience 2, no. 4 (2012): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5458/bag.2.4_236.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Yamamoto, Yusuke, Eiki Goto, Enrique Sato, Murat Dogru, and Kazuo Tsubota. "Automatic Heated Compression for the Treatment of Dry Eye." Ocular Surface 3 (January 2005): S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70600-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Ozawa, Miki, Yukie Kato, and Masaharu Seguchi. "Investigation of Dry-Heated Hard and Soft Wheat Flour." Starch - Stärke 61, no. 7 (2009): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.200800142.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Böhm, A., B. Kleessen, and T. Henle. "Effect of dry heated inulin on selected intestinal bacteria." European Food Research and Technology 222, no. 5-6 (2005): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-005-0184-x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Fedorchenko, A. I., and J. Hruby. "On formation of dry spots in heated liquid films." Physics of Fluids 33, no. 2 (2021): 023601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0035547.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Alrafad, Ali J. S., Abdihg S. Alrafad, Tarek Hamad, and Ahmed Nassar. "Experimental Study of Solar Water Heater under the Libyan Climate Conditions." Modern Applied Science 14, no. 9 (2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v14n9p28.

Full text

Abstract:

In our modern societies, One of the main and simplest signature traits is hot water as a convenient and efficient way of life either for industrial and domestic purposes, however, obtaining hot water in most cases will be through fossil fuel either by direct burning for the fuel for heating or indirectly by using electricity that generated by fossil fuel. Using solar heaters will limit the in some extent the usage of fossil fuel.  A flat solar water heater of (165 to 175) cm3 has been constructed to be used as a model for educational purposes. The solar heater is made of local materials consist of galvanized iron pipes, glass surfaces, wool insulation, aluminum frame, and fixed iron base. Moreover, Thermocouples, pyranometer, and an anemometer were used to test the performance of the heater in four days in May for the angle of inclination of the complex 320 is on the horizontal. In conclusion, the daily average efficiency was around 57%. The temperature in the tank is about &nbsp;62 0C at noon, which is sufficient for home use throughout the day.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Tkachenko, Egor. "Dynamics of dry spots in the liquid film moved by the gas flow in the mini-channel under intensive local heating." MATEC Web of Conferences 194 (2018): 01059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819401059.

Full text

Abstract:

Experimental studies of hydrodynamics and the heat transfer crisis were carried out for a two-phase stratified flow in a mini-channel with intensive heating from a heat source of 1x1 cm2. It has been established that as the heat flow increases, the total area of dry spots on the heater increases, but when a certain temperature of the heater surface reaches ≈100 °C, the area of dry spots begins to decrease. With the help of high-speed visualization (shooting speed 100000 frames per second), several stages of formation of a dry spot (a typical size of the order of 100 microns) were isolated. It was found that at a heat flux of 450 W/cm2 about 1 million dry spots per 1 second are formed and washed on the surface of the heater (1 cm2). The speed of the contact line when dry spot is forming reaches 10 m/s.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Téllez, Margarita Castillo, Beatriz Castillo-Téllez, Alberto Mejía Pérez Gerardo, Rachid Marzoug, and Diana C. Mex Álvarez. "Design of an Indirect Dryer with Coupling of Solar Collectors and its Thermal Characterization by Drying the Mint Leaves (Mentha spicate)." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p411.

Full text

Abstract:

Man has used solar energy to dry perishable products for many years, managing to preserve a wide variety of foods naturally; drying is a method that highly respects the food's properties and nutritional content. The consumption of medicinal and aromatic herbs in Mexico is traditional and widespread. In this work, an analysis of an indirect solar dryer's thermal behavior was carried out with the coupling of solar technologies (water heaters and air collectors and photovoltaic pumping as an aid to the generation of hot air) comparing with electric oven drying in Campeche, Campeche, Mexico. The experimental results showed that the indirect tunnel type dryer that works with evacuated tubes and solar air heater simultaneously is the most efficient technology, with average drying times of 300 min and final humidity of 9.6%. A study of colorimetry, water activity, and drying speed was carried out to control the drying process. It was found that it is possible to use solar energy to dry food as a means of conservation in warm-humid climates, also obtaining significant energy savings and contributing to caring for the environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Houška, M., K. Kýhos, A. Landfeld, et al. "Dry heat inactivation of Bacillus cereus in rice." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 25, No. 4 (2008): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/692-cjfs.

Full text

Abstract:

The aim of this work was to validate the method of decontamination of rice at the temperature of 120°C (determined as optimal in previous experiments). Bacillus cereus was selected as the marker micro-organism for the monitoring of decontamination. The spores of Bacillus cereus are moderately heat resistant. In order to show the efficacy of our decontamination process, we artificially contaminated the rice under study with B. cereus. Decontamination was carried out in a homogenising steriliser about 20 h after contamination. The sample was first heated to 90°C and held at this temperature for 70 minutes. Then the temperature was increased to 120°C and held for 3 hours. Five samples were taken for microbiological analyses as follows: before the experiment, on reaching 120°C, and then after 1, 2, and 3 h of decontamination. Decontamination of rice from vegetative forms and spores of B. cereus present at the level of 400 CFU/ml was effected by heating to 120°C and holding for 1 hour.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Wang, Zi Fang, Jian Li Liu, Lian Sheng Liu, et al. "Numerical Simulation Research on the Heating Process of Air by Waste Heat." Applied Mechanics and Materials 694 (November 2014): 260–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.694.260.

Full text

Abstract:

Flue gas of boiler is a kind of great potential waste heat resource. Relatively high temperature of exhaust has caused a vast waste of energy and serious environmental thermal pollutions. To make a full and reasonable use of the heat resource, a simplified single-tube heat exchanger is introduced in this paper. Dry air and wet air with different temperatures transfer heat with flue gas in the same model. And the results show that heat near the inner wall exchanges more violently than any other space in the heater. For dry air, the higher temperature of the air enters into the heater, the lower heat transfer effect of the heater. Heat exchange effect of the wet air with 0.03 mole fraction of water is more higher than that of dry air in this model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Kato, Akio, Hisham Radwan Ibrahim, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Kazuo Honma, and Kunihiko Kobayashi. "Structural and gelling properties of dry-heated egg white proteins." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 38, no. 1 (1990): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf00091a007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Diftis, N., and V. Kiosseoglou. "Physicochemical properties of dry-heated soy protein isolate–dextran mixtures." Food Chemistry 96, no. 2 (2006): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.02.036.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Talbot, Stephen S., Wilfred B. Schofield, Sandra L. Talbot, and Fred J. A. Daniëls. "Vegetation of eastern Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands, AlaskaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift." Botany 88, no. 4 (2010): 366–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b09-113.

Full text

Abstract:

Plant communities of Unalaska Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands of western Alaska, and their relationship to environmental variables, were studied using a combined Braun-Blanquet and multivariate approach. Seventy relevés represented the range of structural and compositional variation in the matrix of vegetation and landform zonation. Eleven major community types were distinguished within six physiognomic–ecological groups: I. Dry coastal meadows: Honckenya peploides beach meadow, Leymus mollis dune meadow. II. Mesic meadows: Athyrium filix-femina – Aconitum maximum meadow, Athyrium filix-femina – Calamagrostis nutkaensis meadow, Erigeron peregrinus – Thelypteris quelpaertensis meadow. III. Wet snowbed meadow: Carex nigricans snowbed meadow. IV. Heath: Linnaea borealis – Empetrum nigrum heath, Phyllodoce aleutica heath, Vaccinium uliginosum – Thamnolia vermicularis fellfield. V. Mire: Carex pluriflora – Plantago macrocarpa mire. VI. Deciduous shrub thicket: Salix barclayi – Athyrium filix-femina thicket. These were interpreted as a complex gradient primarily influenced by soil moisture, elevation, and pH. Phytogeographical and syntaxonomical analysis of the plant communities indicated that the dry coastal meadows, most of the heaths, and the mire vegetation belonged, respectively, to the widespread classes Honckenyo–Elymetea, Loiseleurio–Vaccinietea, and Scheuchzerio–Caricetea, characterized by their circumpolar and widespread species. Amphi-Beringian species were likely diagnostic of amphi-Beringian syntaxa, many of these yet to be described.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Byun, Ikjoo, Ryohei Ueno, and Beomjoon Kim. "Micro-heaters embedded in PDMS fabricated using dry peel-off process." Microelectronic Engineering 121 (June 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2014.02.029.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Watanabe, Kenji, Jin Quan Xu, and Makoto Shimoyamada. "Inhibiting Effects of Egg White Dry-Heated at 120 °C on Heat Aggregation and Coagulation of Egg White and Characteristics of Dry-Heated Egg White." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, no. 10 (1999): 4083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf990040q.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Ramil Rego, Pablo, Manuel A. Rodríguez Guitián, Hugo López Castro, Javier Ferreiro da Costa, and Castor Muñoz Sobrino. "Loss of European Dry Heaths in NW Spain: A Case Study." Diversity 5, no. 3 (2013): 557–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d5030557.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Morasch, Matthias, Jonathan Liu, Christina F. Dirscherl, et al. "Heated gas bubbles enrich, crystallize, dry, phosphorylate and encapsulate prebiotic molecules." Nature Chemistry 11, no. 9 (2019): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0299-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Rieks, Martin, Rainer Bellinghausen, Norbert Kockmann, and Leslaw Mleczko. "Experimental study of methane dry reforming in an electrically heated reactor." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40, no. 46 (2015): 15940–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.09.113.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Woolf, Allan B., Christopher B. Watkins, Judith H. Bowen, Michael Lay-Yee, John H. Maindonald, and Ian B. Ferguson. "Reducing External Chilling Injury in Stored `Hass' Avocados with Dry Heat Treatments." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 6 (1995): 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.6.1050.

Full text

Abstract:

`Hass' avocados (Persea americana Mill.) were heated in air at 25 to 46C for 0.5 to 24 hours and stored at 0, 2, or 6C. After storage, fruit were ripened at 20C and their quality was evaluated. In unheated fruit, external chilling injury occurred in fruit stored at 0 or 2C, hut not 6C. Chilling injury was also evident after storage at 2C in fruit heated at 34C, and to a lesser extent in fruit heated at 36C. A heat treatment (HT) of 38C for 3, 6, or 10 hours and 40C for 0.5 hour further reduced external chilling injury induced by storage at 2C. These HTs did not reduce internal fruit quality and resulted in more marketable fruit than unheated fruit stored at 6C. Low-temperature storage and HT slowed avocado ripening, resulting in longer shelf life after storage. In flesh tissue sampled directly after selected HTs, the levels of mRNA homologous to cDNA probes for two plant heat-shock protein (HSP) genes (HSP17 and HSP70) increased to a maximum at 40C and declined at higher temperatures. These increases in gene expression coincided with the extent to which HTs prevented chilling injury. Hot-air HTs confer significant protection against low-temperature damage to avocados.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Raitio, H., and E. Tikkanen. "Nutritional disturbances of young pines in a dry heath forest." Plant and Soil 113, no. 2 (1989): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02280185.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Javier, Aguirre Contreras, Aguirre Muñoz Javier, and Arzate Perez Miguel. "Design of a System Generating Electricity by Means of a Solar Heater for a House." Resourceedings 2, no. 1 (2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i1.456.

Full text

Abstract:

This article discloses a domestic system that allows greater energy efficiency in a home located in Mexico City, which facilitates its contribution to a green urbanism by installing it in the buildings of the City.The system was designed and built using a solar heater (CalGen) that was installed in a house with four people. Aluminum cans were used in the CalGen as vacuum tubes, the water heated in the cans was used in the shower, in addition the CalGen structure were placed photoelectric cells, which were controlled by an Arduino Uno, in order to increase the efficiency of the solar radiation. The water heated by the CalGen helps to reduce the emissions 3.6 kiolograms (kg) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per day, since before installing the system the house used principally liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to heat the water. The water circulating inside the aluminum cans is heated by solar radiation, leaving the water at an average temperature of 37.71°C. The eight photoelectric cells generate 240 watts per day (W/day). The electricity generated by the photoelectric cells is stored in rechargeable batteries. The methodology of the tests and construction of CalGen is shown, as well as the changes that were made from the tests. There is also a cost-benefit study that CalGen had in housing.It should promote the design of cities where the environment of the quality of life of human beings is healthier and more sustainable, given that the space of cities is being increasingly demanded. Green buildings should not be an optional trend, but a fundamental requirement, taking advantage of and adapting existing spaces more effectively.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Li, Xiusong, Zhangying Ye, Guoming Li, et al. "Effects of Intelligent Carbon Fiber Heater on Pig Behavior, Production Performance, and Energy Consumption." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 1 (2021): 259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14104.

Full text

Abstract:

HighlightsIntelligent carbon fiber heaters (ICFH) increased the tendency of sows to expose their udders toward the heating area.During the first week after birth, piglets with ICFH used the heating area more frequently and spent less time in the areas close to sows than piglets with incandescent heat lamps (IHL).ICFH helped to reduce the piglet crushing rate.Farrowing houses with ICFH can save 40.6% of the electricity usage compared to IHL.Abstract. Current Chinese heating systems (primarily incandescent heat lamps, IHL) for piglets are energy-consuming, fragile, and short-lived. To overcome these disadvantages, the objectives of this study were to (1) develop an intelligent carbon fiber heater (ICFH) and (2) conduct field experiments to evaluate the performance of the developed heater. The ICFH mainly consisted of an intelligent control unit, a carbon fiber tube, and a heater cover. Three treatments, i.e., ICFH, ICFH with light (ICFHL), and IHL, were respectively assigned to three farrowing pig houses. Pig behaviors, production performance, and electricity usage were recorded in two complete farrowing batches. The results showed that the sows in the ICFH and ICFHL treatments exposed their udders toward the heating area more often than their backs (p &lt; 0.01). Piglets at 1 to 3 days of age in the ICFH and ICFHL treatments increased their time in the heating area by &gt;4.3% (p &lt; 0.01). The proportion of piglets within 0.08 m of the sows was highest for the IHL treatment during 1 to 3 days of age (p &lt; 0.01) but similar among the treatments after day 3 (p = 0.45). The piglet crushing rate in the ICFH and ICFHL treatments was reduced by &gt;2.2% (p &lt; 0.01), while daily weight gain was not significantly different among the treatments (p = 0.16). Using ICFH and ICFHL can reduce electricity usage by 40.6%. It is concluded that the newly developed heater is beneficial for pig thermal comfort, production, and energy savings. Keywords: Automatic sensor technology, Carbon fiber heater, Piglet crushing, PLF.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Setiawan, Budhy, Riska Nur Wakidah, and Yulianto Yulianto. "Reflective Array Solar Water Heater for Milk Pasteurization." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 76, no. 4 (2020): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.76.4.24411.

Full text

Abstract:

The solar water heater is a method of utilizing solar thermal energy by storing heat energy in water which can be used directly. Solar thermal energy has a high utility potential. It has a power of 1 kW/m2 on average on the surface of the earth with energy up to 7 kWh/m2/day on average per year. One of the uses of the solar water heater is that it can be implemented in the milk pasteurization system. The research equipment consists of an accumulator vessel with an area of 2x2 m2 and a water pipe collector. The water that had been heated in an accumulator (thermos) was used directly as the heating source in the milk pasteurization process. Meanwhile, the most common heating method used in the pasteurization process is electricity and gas energy. The result showed that using 82oC of accumulator water, it took 12 minutes (14.48–15.00) to reach the milk temperature needed in the pasteurization process which is 70oC for 6.75 litres of milk. The efficiency of solar heat energy absorption by an accumulator is 47%. This value can be increased by increasing the volume of water.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Dry heather'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles