Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dry mixture of concrete

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Academic literature on the topic 'Dry mixture of concrete'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dry mixture of concrete"

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Abdulhussein, Faisal K., Zahraa F. Jawad, Qais J. Frayah, and ِAwham J. Salman. "Investigation of the Effect of Addition Nano-papyrus Cane on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091649.

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This paper investigates the effect of nano-papyrus cane ash as an additive on concretes’ mechanical and physical properties. Three types of concrete mixtures, 1:2:4, 1:1.5:3, and 1:1:2 were prepared for each mixture, nano-papyrus ash was added in five different dosages of 0.75, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% by weight of cement; therefore, eighteen mixes would be studied in this work. Physical properties represented by dry density and slump were also measured for each mix. Moreover, to evaluate the mechanical properties development split tensile strength and compressive strength were obtained at age (7 and 28). Results manifested that the adding of nano ash developed the compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete and the maximum enhancement recognized in the mixes with a content of 4.5% nano-papyrus in each studied mixture in this work. The slump test results indicated that the workability of concrete increased with adding nano-papyrus ash gradually with increasing nanoparticles' content. As well as, dry density was significant increased with nano-papyrus ratio; greater values were recorded in mixtures with 1.5-4.5% content of nano-papyrus. When comparing the concrete mixes used, it was found that the best results were obtained with 1:1:2 mixtures. This remarkable improvement in concrete properties considers the nano-papyrus is considered a cement economical and useful replacement for traditional construction material. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091649 Full Text: PDF
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Petrounias, Petros, Panagiota P. Giannakopoulou, Aikaterini Rogkala, Paraskevi Lampropoulou, Basilios Tsikouras, Ioannis Rigopoulos, and Konstantin Hatzipanagiotou. "Petrographic and Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete Produced by Different Type of Recycled Materials." Geosciences 9, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060264.

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This paper examined three different types of recycled materials, such as beer green glass, waste tile, and asphalt, which will be used in different mixtures in order to prepare concrete specimens and, more specifically, their effect on concrete strength and how the petrographic characteristics of various recycled materials influenced the durability of C25/30 strength class concrete. Particular emphasis was placed on the effect of artificial microroughness of glassy and smooth surfaces of recycled materials on their final concrete strength. The concrete strength values do not show great variance, but their limited differences have been qualitatively interpreted by a new promising petrographic methodology, including the study of the surface texture of the used aggregate materials. Concretes are produced with constant volume proportions, workability, mixing, and curing conditions while using different sizes of each aggregate type. The aggregates were mixed both in dry and water saturated states in concretes. Concretes that are made by a mixture of beer green glass with quartz primer, as well as of tile with quartz primer, presented the optimum possible results of the compressive strength.
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Pan, Changlin, and Thomas D. White. "Evaluation of Stripping for Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Using Accelerated Testing Methods." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1630, no. 1 (January 1998): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1630-12.

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A laboratory study was conducted to determine the water sensitivity and rutting potential of asphalt mixtures. The two major tests included in the study were AASHTO T-283 and a laboratory wheel tracking device. AASHTO T-283 has been adopted in the Superpave system for evaluating mixture-stripping potential. The laboratory wheel tracking device was designed and fabricated to represent conditions associated with stripping, that is, moisture, high temperature, and a moving wheel load. Tests can be conducted with a hot and wet or a hot and dry environment. The objective of the study was to evaluate factors influencing bituminous mixture stripping potential. The laboratory wheel tests can simulate mixture stripping conditions as well as pavement loadings. Rutting potential with and without stripping in hot-wet and in hot-dry environments, respectively, can be determined independently. The difference in rutting for the two environmental conditions indicates the magnitude of rutting associated with stripping. Test results show the potential for the wheel tracking device to evaluate the rutting and stripping of asphalt mixtures under various temperature and moisture conditions. In a comparison of two Indiana No. 11 surface mixtures, limestone and dolomite, the limestone mix has a lower susceptibility to rutting than that of the dolomite mix at 50 and 60°C. Moisture damage was shown to occur over a range of temperatures from room temperature to 60°C.
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Shkromada, Oksana, Tatiana Fotina, Roman Petrov, Liudmyla Nagorna, Olexandr Bordun, Marina Barun, Olena Babenko, Maksym Karpulenko, Taras Tsarenko, and Vyacheslav Solomon. "Development of a method of protection of concrete floors of animal buildings from corrosion at the expense of using dry disinfectants." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 6(112) (August 31, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.236977.

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Concrete floors are most commonly used in animal housing. However, the specific environment of livestock buildings (moisture, urine, disinfectants) has a negative effect on concrete and leads to its corrosion. The influence of chemical and physical factors on concrete is reinforced by the development of microorganisms, which quickly adapt and use concrete as a living environment. To reduce the influence of an aggressive environment on the concrete floor, an experimental mixture of dry disinfectants was proposed. The components of the disinfection mixture have been selected taking into account the safety for animals and humans. The TPD-MS method was used to determine the change in the chemical composition of concrete. To study the microstructure of concrete, the method of scanning electron microscopy was used. Microbiological studies revealed bacteria A. Thiooxidans, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, S. Сholeraesuis, C. Perfringen and micromycetes of the genus Cladosporium, Fusariums, Aspergillus, which contribute to the development of biological corrosion of concrete in livestock buildings. The fact of the negative impact of concentrated disinfectants on the structure of concrete was also established. As a result of the studies carried out, it was proved that a mixture of dry components for disinfection exhibits antimicrobial properties to varying degrees to the strains of field isolates of bacteria and fungi isolated in a pig-breeding farm. It was found that when using the proposed mixture of dry disinfectants in the research room of the pigsty, the relative humidity decreases by 38.5 %; ammonia content – by 46.2 %; hydrogen sulfide – by 57.8 %; microbial bodies – by 74.7 %, compared with the control room. It has been experimentally proven that the proposed mixture of dry disinfecting components has hygroscopic and antimicrobial properties and is promising for use in livestock farms.
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Bastidas-Martínez, Juan Gabriel, Nicolás Infante Rodríguez-Joaquín, Hernán Darío Torres-Daza, Hugo Alexander Rondón-Quintana, and Juan Carlos Ruge-Cárdenas. "Behavior of a draining mixture composed by recycled concrete aggregates and rubberized asphalt concrete." Respuestas 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.2418.

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Concrete waste is considered an environmental liability with a negative impact. However, this type of waste presents a high potential to be used as an alternative building material. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the applicability of substituting the conventional natural stone aggregate (CA) of a draining asphalt mixture (MD) by a recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). Firstly, RCA was physically characterized to be compared with the AC. Then, two MD mixtures were design with rubberized asphalt concrete (GCR by its spanish acronym): one using the conventional aggregate (control sample) and one with the RCA substituting entirely the CA. Experimental tests under monotonic load (indirect tensile strength - RTI) were conducted over the mixtures, as well as adhesion tests (susceptibility of RTI in wet and dry conditions and abrasion wear Cantabro). The results indicate that for MD mixtures with RCA, a higher content of asphalt is required than with CA. Additionally, it wasfound that the presence of higher asphalt content in MD-RCA mixtures increases its adhesion when compared with the control sample. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use the RCA for MD mixtures, in the proposed way, is technically and environmentally viable.
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Tůmová, Eva, and Rostislav Drochytka. "New Type of Industrial Floors with Secondary Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 645 (January 2013): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.645.164.

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Dry shake screeds are characterized by high durability. It is a modern way of improving the mechanical and aesthetic properties of concrete floor surfaces. It is the so-called “wet-on-wet” method – i.e. a method of applying cement mixtures for floor screed. Stirred cement mixture is spread, in the prescribed thickness, onto the setting fresh cement mixture surface that was arranged and compacted before.
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Attia, Ahmed, Salim Guettala, and Rebih Zaitri. "Using mixture design method to optimizing concretes characteristics made with binary and ternary sands." World Journal of Engineering 18, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-05-2020-0184.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to implement the mathematical models to predict concretes physico-mechanical characteristics made with binary and ternary sands using a mixture design method. It is a new technique that optimizes mixtures without being obliged to do a lot of experiments. The goal is to find the law governing the responses depending on mixture composition and capable of taking into account the effect of each parameter separately and in interaction between several parameters on the characteristics studied. Design/methodology/approach Mixture design method was used for optimizing concretes characteristics and studying the effects of river sand (RS), dune sand (DS) and crushed sand (CS) in combinations of binary system and ternary on workability, the compressive and flexural strengths of concretes at 7 and 28 days. A total of 21 mixtures of concrete were prepared for this investigation. The modeling was carried out by using JMP7 statistical software. Findings Mixture design method made it possible to obtain, with good precision, the statistical models and the prediction curves of studied responses. The models have relatively good correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.70) for all studied responses. The use of binary and ternary mixtures sands improves the workability and their mechanical strengths. The obtained results proved that concrete, based on binary mixture C15, presents the maximum compressive strength (MCS) on 28 day with an improvement of around 20%, compared to reference concrete (C21). For ternary mixtures, MCS on 28 day was obtained for the mixture C10 with an improvement of around 15% compared to C21. Increase in compressive strength during the progress of hydration reactions was accompanied by an increase in the flexural strength, but in different proportions. Originality/value The partial incorporation of DS (= 40%) in the concrete formulation can provide a solution for some work in the southern regions of country. In addition, the CS is an interesting alternative source for replacing 60% of RS. The concrete formulation based on local materials is really capable of solving the economic and technical problems encountered in the building field, as well as environmental problems. Local resources therefore constitute an economic, technological and environmental alternative.
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Fardin, Hedelvan Emerson, and Adriana Goulart dos Santos. "Roller Compacted Concrete with Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Paving Bases." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083154.

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This research aimed to investigate the mechanical and physical properties of Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) used with Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) as a replacement for natural coarse aggregate. The maximum dry density method was adopted to prepare RCC mixtures with 200 kg/m³ of cement content and coarse natural aggregates in the concrete mixture. Four RCC mixtures were produced from different RCA incorporation ratios (0%, 5%, 15%, and 30%). The compaction test, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity, porosity, density, and water absorption tests were performed to analyze the mechanical and physical properties of the mixtures. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to identify the influences of RCA on RCC’s mechanical properties. As RCA increased in mixtures, some mechanical properties were observed to decrease, such as modulus of elasticity, but the same was not observed in the splitting tensile strength. All RCCs displayed compressive strength greater than 15.0 MPa at 28 days, splitting tensile strength above 1.9 MPa, flexural tensile strength above 2.9 MPa, and modulus of elasticity above 19.0 GPa. According to Brazilian standards, the RCA added to RCC could be used for base layers.
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Yu, Li Ming, Zhe An Lu, Xiao Hui Yuan, and Hui Guo Chen. "Mixture Ratio Design of Inorganic Polymer Concrete and the Study of Expansive Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 1142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.1142.

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norganic polymer concrete of a new environment-friendly material has been the hot issue in engineering research so far. For this new material, the main job of the paper includes: we design mixture ratios of inorganic polymer concrete by ourselves, testing the concrete in the age periods of 3, 7, 28 d. The results indicate that this kind of material strength develops mainly in the first 3 d, the strength grows slowly in the later stage; the dry shrinkage of the configured concrete properties are measured, the curve of dry shrinkage shows that the dry shrinkage occurs mainly in the first 14 d and develops slowly in the late; And measure the expansion performance of the concrete member mixed the different categories expansive agent, the results show that the volume growth of mortar specimens to join HCSA expansion agent are obvious; Test results provide a certain basis for the inorganic polymer concrete of micro expansion.
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Samor, Zahraa Ahmed, and Saad Issa Sarsam. "Assessing the Moisture and Aging Susceptibility of Cold Mix Asphalt Concrete." Journal of Engineering 27, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.02.05.

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Laboratory experience in Iraq with cold asphalt concrete mixtures is very limited. The design and use of cold mixed asphalt concrete had no technical requirements. In this study, two asphalt concrete mixtures used for the base course were prepared in the laboratory using conventional cold-mixing techniques to test cold asphalt mixture (CAM) against aging and moisture susceptibility. Cold asphalt mixtures specimens have been prepared in the lab with cutback and emulsion binders, different fillers, and curing times. Based on the Marshal test result, the cutback proportion was selected with the filler, also based on the Marshal test emulsion. The first mixture was medium setting cationic emulsion (MSCE) as a binder, hydrated lime, and ordinary portland cement as a filler (7.95% MSCE + 2%HL + 3% OPC). The second mixture used was medium curing cutback (MC-250) as a binder and ordinary portland cement as a filler (5.18% MC 250 + 5% OPC). The indirect tensile strength (ITS) of the samples was measured at 25 ° C. It was found that the cold mix with the MSCE binder had a high ITS value relative to the cold mix with the cutback asphalt binder (MC-250). The dry mixture of MSCE ITS was approximately 3.77 times the dry mixture of MC-250. The MSCE wet mix was about 4.2 times the wet MC-250 mix. Tensile strength ratio result (TSR %) for the MSCE binder mix and the cutback MC-250 binder mix showed that the MSCE mix has a reasonable moisture resistance (77% ) compared to the MC-250 mix (69.2 %). The aging test and aging ratio result showed that asphalt binder oxidation has a significant effect on age-related pavement degradation as it changes the time-temperature relationship depending on the viscoelastic properties of the asphalt binder. The result clearly showed that the MSCE binder mix had a high resistance to aging (440 Kpa) compared to the cutback (MC-250) binder mix (110 Kpa). In contrast, the MSCE aging ratio (90 %) was higher than the MC-250 ratio (85 %).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dry mixture of concrete"

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Schach, Rainer, and Manuel Hentschel. "Grundlagen für die Nutzwertanalyse für Verstärkungen aus textilbewehrtem Beton." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244049476991-75979.

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Im Rahmen des Transferprojektes sollen baubetriebliche Rahmenbedingungen und Kennwerte, die zur Beurteilung der wirtschaftlichen Anwendung des Verfahrens geeignet sind, erarbeitet werden. Untersucht werden soll die Applikation von textilbewehrtem Beton im Bereich der Sanierung und Verstärkung von großflächigen Betonbauteilen. Generell können Bauaufgaben in sehr vielen Fällen durch verschiedene Bauverfahren realisiert werden, die sich regelmäßig hinsichtlich der Kosten, der benötigten Bauzeit aber auch hinsichtlich der gelieferten Qualität und des Einflusses auf die Umwelt unterscheiden. Aus baubetrieblicher Sicht wird traditionell über den kalkulatorischen Verfahrensvergleich jenes Verfahren ermittelt, mit dem die Realisierung am wirtschaftlichsten ausgeführt werden kann. Falls qualitative Kriterien beim Verfahrensvergleich mit berücksichtigt werden sollen, stehen verschiedene Methoden zur Auswahl. Der Begriff Nutzwertanalyse wird häufig als Synonym für diese nichtmonetären Bewertungsverfahren verwendet. In diesem Sinne ist auch der Titel des Beitrages zu verstehen. Die Grundlage bilden die baubetrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen, welche im Rahmen dieses Forschungsprojektes bestimmt werden. Hierzu zählen unter anderem die Entwicklung einer Trockenmischung des zu verwendenden Betons aus der bisher verwendeten Standardrezeptur der TU Dresden und geeigneter Maschinen für die Applikation des textilbewehrten Betons.
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Vaccari, Elisa. "Meso mechanical analysis of asphalt concrete mixture response." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/3299/.

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Vincent, Edward Creed. "Compressive Creep of a Lightweight, High Strength Concrete Mixture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30962.

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Concrete undergoes volumetric changes throughout its service life. These changes are a result of applied loads and shrinkage. Applied loads result in an instantaneous recoverable elastic deformation and a slow, time dependent, inelastic deformation called creep. Creep without moisture loss is referred to as basic creep and with moisture loss is referred to as drying creep. Shrinkage is the combination of autogeneous, drying, and carbonation shrinkage. The combination of creep, shrinkage, and elastic deformation is referred to as total strain. The prestressed concrete beams in the Chickahominy River Bridge have been fabricated with a lightweight, high strength concrete mixture (LTHSC). Laboratory test specimens have been cast using the concrete materials and mixture proportions used in the fabrication of the bridge beams. Two standard cure and two match cure batches have been loaded for 329 and 251 days, respectively. Prestress losses are generally calculated with the total strain predicted by the American Concrete Institute Committee 209 recommendations, ACI 209, or the European design code, CEB Model Code 90. Two additional models that have been proposed are the B3 model by Bazant and Baweja, and the GL2000 model proposed by Gardner and Lockman. The four models are analyzed to determine the most precise model for the LTHSC mixture. Only ACI 209 considered lightweight aggregates during model development. GL2000 considers aggregate stiffness in the model. ACI 209 was the best predictor of total strain and individual time dependent deformations for the accelerated cure specimens. CEB Mode Code 90 was the best predictor of total strain for the standard cure specimens. The best overall predictor of time dependent deformations was the GL2000 model for the standard cure specimens.
Master of Science
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Townsend, Bradley Donald. "Creep and Shrinkage of a High Strength Concrete Mixture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32743.

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In addition to immediate elastic deformations, concrete undergoes time-dependent deformations that must be considered in design. Creep is defined as the time-dependent deformation resulting from a sustained stress. Shrinkage deformation is the time-dependent strain that occurs in the absence of an applied load. The total strain of a concrete specimen is the sum of elastic, creep, and shrinkage strains. Several test beams for the Pinnerâ s Point Bridge have been produced by Bayshore Concrete Products Corp., in Cape Charles, VA. These beams feature high strength concrete mix designs with specified 28-day compressive strengths of 55.2 MPa (8,000 psi) and 69.0 MPa (10,000 psi). These test beams were equipped with thermocouples to track interior concrete temperatures, and vibrating wire gages placed at the center of prestressing to record changes in strain. Laboratory creep and shrinkage testing was conducted on specimens prepared with identical materials and similar mixture proportions to those used at Bayshore. The temperature profile from the test beams during steam curing was used to produce match-cured specimens for laboratory testing. Two match cure batches were produced, along with two standard cure batches. Creep specimens from each batch were placed in the creep room and loaded to 30 percent of their after-cure compressive strength. The creep room had a temperature of 23.0 ± 1.7 °C (73.4 ± 3 ºF) and relative humidity of 50 ± 4 %. Companion shrinkage specimens were also placed in the creep room. Measurements were taken on the creep and shrinkage specimens using a Whittemore gage. Four cylinders were also equipped with embedded vibrating wire gages (VWGs) so that the interior and exterior strains could be compared. The Whittemore and VWG elastic and creep strains were similar, while the VWGs recorded significantly less shrinkage. The measured creep and shrinkage strains were compared to seven different models to determine which model was the most accurate. The models considered were ACI 209, ACI 209 modified by Huo, CEB Model Code 90, AASHTO-LRFD, Gardner GL2000, Tadros, and Bazant B3. The ACI 209 modified by Huo was most accurate in predicting time-dependent strains.
Master of Science
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Edwards, Ylva. "Influence of waxes on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture performance." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-553.

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This doctoral thesis consists of a literature review, presented in two papers, and another six papers describing experimental studies of the influence of different kinds of wax and polyphosporic acid on bitumen and asphalt concrete mixture properties. The literature review should give an extensive description of the field of knowledge concerning wax in bitumen. Effects of wax in crude oil, bitumen and asphalt concrete as well as test methods for studying these effects are described. Theories behind possible mechanisms are also discussed, and commercial wax as additive to bitumen for different purposes included. The experimental parts comprise laboratory studies involving totally five 160/220 penetration base bitumens from different sources, two isolated bitumen waxes, five commercial waxes and one polyphosphoric acid. Asphalt concrete slabs, containing base or modified bitumen were prepared and tested. Binder properties were evaluated using different types of laboratory equipment, such as dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), bending beam rheometer (BBR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), force ductilometer, as well as equipment for determining conventional parameters like penetration, softening point, viscosity, and Fraass breaking point. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC-FID) were used for chemical characterization. The binders were aged by means of the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) and pressure ageing vessel (PAV) in combination. Asphalt concrete properties were evaluated at low temperatures using the tensile strain restrained specimen test (TSRST) and creep test at -25°C. Dynamic creep testing was performed at 40°C, as well as complex modulus tests between 0 and 20°C. Binder test results indicated that the magnitude and type of effect on bitumen rheology depend on the bitumen itself, type of crystallizing fraction in the bitumen and/or type and amount of additive used. Bitumen composition was found to be of decisive importance. Adding polyethylene wax or polyphosphoric acid, especially to a non-waxy 160/220 penetration grade bitumen, showed no or positive effects on the rheological behaviour at low temperatures (decrease in stiffness) as well as medium and high temperatures (increase in complex modulus and decrease in phase angle). However, the corresponding positive effects could not be shown in dynamic creep testing (at 40°C) of asphalt concrete mixtures containing these modified binders. Adding FT-paraffin decreased the physical hardening index for all bitumens. Also polyethylene wax and montan wax showed this effect for some bitumens. Slack wax showed a large increasing effect on physical hardening, and polyphosphoric acid none or a minor negative effect. No correlation between physical hardening index (PHI) and wax content by DSC was found in this study, involving both natural bitumen wax and commercial wax. Addition of the commercial waxes used showed no or marginally positive influence on bitumen ageing properties for the bitumens and test conditions used. Comparing asphalt mixture test results to the corresponding binder test results, the effects on asphalt mixtures from adding commercial wax or polyphosphoric acid were less evident. Significant binder physical hardening by BBR could not be confirmed by TSRST.
QC 20101006
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Tekin, Ahmet Veli. "Effect Of Coating Materials And Mixture Constituents On The Permeability Of Concrete." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614214/index.pdf.

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The improvement in the impermeability of concrete was studied using different methods. The main aim was to investigate impermeability improvement of concrete and to compare these methods. Two different methods were examined to investigate and compare impermeability and strength improvement of concrete by using two different sets of concrete specimens. These methods included the application of coating materials to concrete and the production of concrete using different constituent amounts and types. The first set of concrete specimens was prepared by applying two different coating materials (a coating material including both powder and liquid components
and a coating material including only a liquid component) on reference concrete specimens separately. The second set of concrete specimens was prepared using different proportions of concrete constituents such as cement, water, steel and plastic fibers, mineral and chemical concrete admixtures. Various tests were conducted on both sets of concrete specimens in order to compare the permeability of concrete specimens. However, some of these tests v were not applied on all of the specimens because of test and material specifications. The tests were used to evaluate compressive strength, water absorption, chloride ion penetration and depth of water penetration under pressure. These test methods were carried out on concrete cube specimens and concrete cores taken from those specimens according to the relevant standards. It was found that the permeability of the concrete specimens decreased significantly when the coating material which was composed of the combination of powder and liquid components was applied on concrete specimens. However, permeability did not decrease significantly for concrete specimens coated with the coating material composed of only a liquid component. Significant improvement in the impermeability of the concrete specimens was observed when the amount of cement was increased, the water-to-cement ratio was decreased, mineral admixtures (silica fume and fly ash) and plasticizers were used. This improvement was associated with densification of the concrete microstructure and reduction in capillary pores as a result of pozzolanic reaction and due to reduction in water-to-cement ratio. Coating materials were determined to be effective for concretes with high permeability prior to coating whereas their effect was less significant for lower-initial permeability concretes. Moreover, the effect of coating materials on permeability differed depending on their chemical compositions. The effect of using steel fibers and plastic fibers for the improvement of concrete impermeability was found to be insignificant.
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Rostami, Vahid. "Development of early carbonation curing to replace steam curing for precast dry-mix concrete." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=114470.

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Early carbonation curing technology was developed to replace steam curing for precast dry-mix concrete production. To facilitate carbon dioxide diffusion in concrete within 24-h after casting, presetting is necessary. It was accomplished by a short steam curing or by a controlled air curing. Carbonation was carried out after presetting at a gas pressure of 0.15 MPa and in a period of two hours. The performance of carbonated concretes was characterized by their carbon uptake, strength gain, pH values, calcium hydroxide content, permeability, sorptivity, freeze-thaw damage resistance and sulphate and acid resistance. It was found that the early carbonation curing could produce concrete with comparable strength by steam curing and lead to reduced calcium hydroxide on surface while maintaining pH higher than the corrosion threshold at the core. Carbonated concretes also exhibited improved resistance to sulphate attack, water absorption, and ion penetration. The early carbonation curing also demonstrated CO2 sequestration potential as an added value to the process. The microstructure of the cement paste subject to early carbonation was studied to understand the mechanism of early carbonation of concrete. Calcium carbonates produced by the process were integrated in calcium-silicate-hydrate while maintaining its initial silicate structure. The wetting procedure applied in subsequent hydration was essential to produce more hydration products in the carbonated zone and increase strength and durability. Both ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Portland limestone cement (PLC) were investigated for their carbonation behaviour. PLC was found to be more CO2 reactive.
La technologie de cure par carbonatation précoce a été développée pour remplacer la cure par étuvage pour la production du béton mélange-à-sec préfabriqué. Afin de faciliter la diffusion du dioxyde de carbone dans le béton dans les 24 heures après le moulage, le préréglage est nécessaire. Ceci a été accompli par une cure par étuvage de courte durée ou par une cure par air contrôlé. Après le préréglage, la carbonatation a été effectuée à une pression de gaz de 0,15 MPa et dans une période de deux heures. La performance des bétons carbonatés a été caractérisée par leur absorption de carbone, le gain de résistance, les valeurs de pH, la teneur en hydroxyde de calcium, la perméabilité, la sorptivité, la résistance au gel-dégel ainsi qu'aux sulfates et à l'acide. Il a été constaté que la cure par carbonatation précoce pourrait produire du béton avec une résistance comparable à la cure par étuvage. Aussi, il a été noté que la carbonatation précoce pourrait résulter à une réduction de l'hydroxyde de calcium sur la surface tout en permettant le pH au coeur d'être supérieure à la valeur seuil de la corrosion. Des bétons carbonatés ont également présenté une résistance améliorée aux attaques des sulfates, à l'absorption de l'eau et à la pénétration des ions. En plus, la cure par carbonatation précoce a démontré le potentiel de séquestration du CO2 comme une valeur ajoutée au processus.La microstructure de la pâte de ciment soumise à la carbonatation précoce a été étudiée afin comprendre le mécanisme de carbonatation du béton. L'hydrate silicate de calcium (HSC) dans le ciment carbonaté était fortement intégré avec les carbonates de calcium tout en conservant sa structure silicatée initiale. La procédure de mouillage appliquée à l'hydratation ultérieure a été essentielle afin de produire plus de produits d'hydratation dans la zone carbonatée et d'augmenter la résistance et la durabilité. Le ciment Portland ordinaire (CPO) et le ciment Portland au calcaire (CPC) ont été étudiés pour comprendre leur comportement lors de la carbonatation. Le CPC est en mesure d'absorber plus de dioxyde de carbone et de produire une résistance plus élevée à un âge précoce.
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Bennie, Stewart David. "Development of a performance based, integrated design/selection mixture methodology for fiber reinforced concrete airfield pavements." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1464.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Civil Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Jung, Sung Hoon. "The effects of asphalt binder oxidation on hot mix asphalt concrete mixture rheology and fatigue performance." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1754.

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Beck, Lisa Elanna. "Diffusivity and resistance to deterioration from freezing and thawing of binary and ternary concrete mixture blends." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8784.

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Master of Science
Department of Civil Engineering
Kyle Riding
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is one of the most common and serious causes of reinforced concrete deterioration. While corrosion is normally inhibited by a passive layer that develops around the reinforcing steel due to the high pH environment of the surrounding concrete, chlorides will break down this protective layer, leading to reinforcement corrosion. Decreasing the diffusivity of the concrete would slow the ingress of chlorides into concrete, and is one of the most economical ways to increase the concrete service life. Optimized concrete mixtures blending portland cement and supplementary cementing materials (SCMs) have become popular throughout the construction industry as a method of improving both fresh and long-term concrete properties such as workability, strength and porosity. It has been shown that use of Class F fly ash, silica fume and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) in binary concrete mixture blends can result in a significant reduction in concrete diffusivity. This study investigates the ability of Class C fly ash and ternary concrete mixture blends to also aid in diffusivity reduction. In order to study the effect of incorporation of SCMs into concrete, mixtures containing Class C and Class F fly ash, silica fume and GGBFS were tested following the ASTM C 1556 procedures to measure the concrete’s apparent chloride diffusivity. Structure life cycles were modeled using the measured apparent chloride diffusivities with two finite-difference based life-cycle analysis software packages. To determine whether a correlation between diffusivity and deterioration due to freezing and thawing exists, samples were also tested for their ability to resist deterioration from freezing and thawing cycles using a modified ASTM C 666 Procedure B test. Results show that the use of Class C fly ash yields some service life improvements as compared to the portland cement control mixtures, while ternary mixture blends performed significantly better than the control mixture and equal to or better than the binary SCM mixtures tested. Freeze-thaw tests showed all mixtures to be equally resistant to deterioration due to freezing and thawing.
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Books on the topic "Dry mixture of concrete"

1

Concrete mixture proportioning: A scientific approach. London: E & FN Spon, 1999.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Meeting. Asphalt mixture design. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1992.

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Kallas, Bernard F. Flexible pavement mixture design using reclaimed asphalt concrete. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, 1985.

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Watt, Peter. Dry-finished concrete masonary party walls. Slough: Cement and Concrete Association, 1985.

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Watt, Peter. Dry-finished concrete masonry party walls. Slough: Cement and Concrete Association, 1985.

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Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Conversion of existing concrete tower silos to dry grain storage. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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National Cooperative Highway Research Program, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, United States. Federal Highway Administration, and Advanced Asphalt Technologies LLC, eds. Special mixture design considerations and methods for warm mix asphalt: A supplement to NCHRP report 673, A manual for design of hot mix asphalt with commentary. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2012.

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Turner, Frank R. A short history of the WW2 reinforced concrete floating dry docoks and reinforced "Accommodation Arks" designed by Mr Guy A. Maunsell and built under the supervision of Mr John A. Posford F.I.C.E.. Gravesend: F. R. Turner, 1997.

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Concrete Mixture Proportioning. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203976500.

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Larrard, Fran de. Concrete Mixture Proportioning (Modern Concrete Technology). Taylor & Francis, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dry mixture of concrete"

1

Dvorkin, L., V. Zhitkovsky, and Y. Ribakov. "Dry Construction Mixtures and Mortars on their Basis Using Aspiration Dust." In Concrete and Mortar Production using Stone Siftings, 123–50. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22479-7.

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Hasan, Nausherwan. "Concrete Mixture Design." In Durability and Sustainability of Concrete, 37–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51573-7_2.

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Vermeer, P. A. "Non-Associated Plasticity for Soils, Concrete and Rock." In Physics of Dry Granular Media, 163–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2653-5_10.

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Staquet, Stéphanie, Brice Delsaute, Eduardo M. R. Fairbairn, Roberto Torrent, Agnieszka Knoppik, Neven Ukrainczyk, and Eduardus A. B. Koenders. "Mixture Proportioning for Crack Avoidance." In Thermal Cracking of Massive Concrete Structures, 115–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76617-1_5.

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Zhang, Ya Mei, Shen-Xia Chen, Bo Chen, and Wei Sun. "Dry Shrinkage, Frost Resistance and Permeability of Rubber Included Concrete." In Environmental Ecology and Technology of Concrete, 120–24. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-983-0.120.

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Hu, Ying Ning, Cheng Yong Wang, H. N. Ding, and Z. W. Wang. "Wear Mechanism of Diamond Saw Blades for Dry Cutting Concrete." In Advances in Grinding and Abrasive Technology XIII, 315–19. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-986-5.315.

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Wang, Cheng Yong, Ying Ning Hu, Z. W. Wang, and H. N. Ding. "Noise and Vibration of Diamond Sawblade for Concrete Dry Cutting." In Advances in Abrasive Technology VIII, 103–8. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-974-1.103.

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Khot, Somanath, B. M. Mithun, Archana N. Shagoti, and Nitendra Palanakar. "Studies on Dry Lean Concrete with New Mix Design Approach." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 917–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2826-9_57.

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Amanta, Adyasha Swayamsiddha, and Satyanarayana Murty Dasaka. "Dynamic Response of Dry Rubber Tire Chips and Sand Mixture." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 581–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1831-4_51.

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Ghosh, Biswaroop, and Ashoke Kumar Rath. "Use of Autoclaved Fly-Ash Aggregates in Concrete Mixture." In Recent Developments in Sustainable Infrastructure, 453–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4577-1_37.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dry mixture of concrete"

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Burnham, Steven, Long Huang, and Tatjana Jevremovic. "Examining the Effect of Gamma Radiation Exposure in Early Stage of Concrete Curing on its Strength and Long-Term Durability." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60924.

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Hydration is a main process following mixing of cement with water, producing a chemical reaction between cement particles and water molecules known as Calcium-Silica-Hydroxide (C-S-H). The C-S-H acts as a binder between coarse and fine mix aggregates. During mixing, capillary voids are formed where water can easily become trapped. The van der Waals force being the principal source of strength between such compounds, voids become detrimental to long-term strength of concrete because they decrease the amount of surface area aggregate and cement particles have to come into contact with each other. An overall decrease in both pores size and their distribution in concrete increase density, therefore increasing the van der Waals force between these particles. In order to reduce capillary pores size and their distribution, in this paper we present a result from preliminary investigation on how gamma ray exposure during the early stages of the curing process affect the concrete mixture strength values. The gamma ray enhanced curing is expected to break the water molecules trapped in capillary pores into H+ and OH−, allowing these ions to escape and therefore result in densifying the concrete mixture. Concrete cubes of 5cm3 in volumes are exposed to isotropic 137Cs gamma emitting source. The absorbed dose in cubes is measured as well as calculated using MCNP6. Each concrete cube is exposed to a 630 MBq 137Cs source for seven continuous days. The absorbed dose is experimentally measured using a Landauer nanoDot system. The average measured dose is 1.12 Gy at the front and 0.33 at the back of a concrete, totaling 0.79 Gy. The average measured dose is 0.98 Gy at the front and 0.29 Gy at the back, totaling 0.69 Gy of absorbed dose, thus showing a good agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental measurements. Compressive strength of concrete mixes exposed to gamma rays during the curing time and those cured without exposure to gamma radiation are tested. Preliminary data shows that the average compressive strength for gamma ray enhanced curing of concrete mixes is in order of 9,000 psi while the average com-pressive strength for the cubes cured in dry air is on average about 5,000 psi. A number of new experiments is planed until the time of the Conference in providing more exact answer to the question: does gamma ray enhanced curing of concrete increase its strength and reduces the curing time?
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Wang, Bing, Jinhua Wang, and Haijun Jia. "CFD Simulation of Natural Ventilation Performance of the Interim Region in Spent Fuel Dry-Storage System of HTR-PM." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60238.

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The spent fuel dry-storage system of High Temperature Reactor-Pebble bed Modules (HTR-PM) in China is designed to consist of 3 separate regions, with each composed of multiple storage wells. Cold air is distributed to 8 parallel wells in the interim region from a bifurcation chamber, and then heated by vertical placed canisters in each well before gathering in a mixture chamber. In accident condition, the decay heat in interim region will be discharged by open-cycle natural ventilation. In this paper, thermal performance of the interim region by natural ventilation was investigated by a step-by-step scheme. Firstly, the resistance characteristics of wells loaded with different numbers of canisters and bifurcation chamber were studied with CFD code, and were formulated into momentum sources of porous media. Then, equivalent model of the system with porous media regions was employed to simulate the flow distribution of the system. Two different operation conditions (half-loaded condition and full-loaded condition) were studied in this step and hottest well were located. Finally, a refined model of the hottest well with minimized and necessary assumption was employed to investigate the conjugate heat transfer coupled with thermal radiation process, and to obtain the internal temperature profile of the hottest well. The results showed that the total mass flow of natural ventilation is 5.53 kg/s under half-loaded condition (20 canisters, 156.72 kW of decay heat) and 4.83 kg/s under full-loaded condition (40 canisters, 192.37 kW of decay heat). Hottest well was the well-1th under half-loaded condition, where maximal temperatures of concrete walls, steel barrel, canisters and spent fuel pebble bed inside the canister were 86.5 °C, 142.2 °C, 279.5 °C, 484.9 °C, respectively. The results demonstrate that the interim region of dry-storage system satisfies the temperature limitation of component materials in accident condition.
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Costa, Iago G., José V. C. Vargas, Wellington Balmant, Arion Z. Filho, Luiz P. Ramos, Dhyogo M. Taher, and André B. Mariano. "Green Diesel From Microalgae." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3959.

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Abstract This work developed a process of extraction of crude oil from microalgae for production of hydrocarbon based fuel (green diesel). The microalgae Tetradesmus obliquus were cultivated in 12 m3 compact photobioreactors (FBRS) for 15 days using biodigester effluent as nutrients. Microalgae oil was obtained from the dry biomass through hot extraction with organic solvents (hexane and ethanol). After extraction the solvents were recovered from the sample using evaporation methods. After solvent recovery, the results showed that with pure ethanol, only 1.7% w/w crude oil was obtained, whereas with a mixture of hexane and ethanol the yield was 11.1% w/w. Fractional distillation was used as purification methods of the compounds in order to separate the nonsterifiable portion. The first process (pure hexane) after purification delivered 0.4% w/w, and the second process (hexane and ethanol) yielded 6.3% w/w. In addition, the sample was characterized using gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). An average of 70.6% w/w hydrocarbons ranging from C11 to C22 was found in the first experimental condition, and the main compounds were undecane (8.1% w/w) and pentadecane (10.62% w/w). For the second experimental condition, about 79.6% w/w hydrocarbons were found that varied from C13 to C23 and the main compounds were pentadecane (13.5% w/w) and heptadecane (11.28% w/w). The lower heating value of the purified microalgae oil was measured as 42,464.6 kJ·kg−1, whereas petroleum-based diesel has a lower heating value of 42,500.2 kJ·kg−1. In sum, green diesel from microalgae was proven to have potential to be a concrete alternative to replace diesel from the technical point of view.
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Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasan M. Faisal, Biswajit K. Bairgi, A. S. M. Rahman, and Rafiqul Tarefder. "Evaluation of Fatigue Life of Asphalt Concrete From Dynamic Modulus Test." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71813.

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Asphalt concrete’s dynamic modulus (|E*|) is one of the key input parameters for structural design of flexible pavement according to the Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Till this day, pavement industry uses |E*| to predict pavement performance whether the material is hot mix asphalt (HMA) or warm mx asphalt or Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixed HMA. However, it is necessary to investigate the correlation of |E*| with laboratory performance testing. In this study, laboratory dynamic modulus test was conducted on four different asphalt concrete mixtures collected from different construction sites in the state of New Mexico and mastercurves were obtained to evaluate dynamic modulus (|E*|) for a wide range of frequency. In addition, fatigue performance of these mixtures was predicted from the mastercurves and compared with the laboratory fatigue performance testing. Fatigue performance of these mixtures was evaluated from the four point beam fatigue test. The laboratory results show a good agreement with the predicted value from mastercurves. It is also observed from this study that the fatigue life of the asphalt concrete materials decreases with increase in |E*| value.
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Banijamali, Morteza, Babak Banijamali, and Tina Safinia. "REHABILITATION OF A CONCRETE DRY-DOCK." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814412216_0100.

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Machele, Ipeleng Labius, Pius Adewale Owolawi, and Chunling Tu. "Parametric techniques for concrete mixture design." In 2019 International Conference on Advances in Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icabcd.2019.8851008.

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Il’ina, Liliia, Irina Mukhina, and Alexandr Teplov. "Dry building mixture with complex dispersed mineral additives." In ADVANCED MATERIALS IN TECHNOLOGY AND CONSTRUCTION (AMTC-2015): Proceedings of the II All-Russian Scientific Conference of Young Scientists “Advanced Materials in Technology and Construction”. AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4937871.

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Islam, Shuvo, Mustaque Hossain, and Christopher Jones. "Effect of Concrete Mixture and Strength Properties on Concrete Pavement Design." In International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482469.042.

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Champiri, Masoud Dehghani, Arezou Attar, Mohammad Hanifehzadeh, Kaspar Willam, and Bora Gencturk. "Long-Term Performance of Dry Storage Structures." In 10th International Conference on Mechanics and Physics of Creep, Shrinkage, and Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479346.186.

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Kim, Young Kyu, Makara Rith, and Seung Woo Lee. "Mixture Design of Exposed Aggregate Concrete Overlay." In International Airfield and Highway Pavements Conference 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482469.043.

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Reports on the topic "Dry mixture of concrete"

1

Langton, C., and Yannick Protiere. Concrete mixture characterization. Cementitious barriers partnership. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1288265.

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Wakeley, L. D., J. J. Ernzen, B. D. Neeley, and F. D. Hansen. Salado mass concrete: Mixture development and preliminary characterization. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10168292.

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Rudy, Adam, and Jan Olek. Optimization of Mixture Proportions for Concrete Pavements—Influence of Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Paste Content and Aggregate Gradation. Purdue University, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284315038.

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Ramsey, Monica, Dylan Scott, Charles Weiss, and Jeb Tingle. Development of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) concrete mixture proportioning for airfield pavements : laboratory and field validation MPC test report. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/35475.

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Farr, Everett G., and Charles A. Frost. Ultra-Wideband Antennas and Propagation. Volume 4: Impulse Propagation Measurements of Water, Dry Sand, Moist Sand, and Concrete. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328785.

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Roesler, Jeffery, Roberto Montemayor, John DeSantis, and Prakhar Gupta. Evaluation of Premature Cracking in Urban Concrete Pavement. Illinois Center for Transportation, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-001.

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This study investigated the causes for premature, transverse cracking on urban jointed plain concrete pavements in Illinois. A field survey of 67 sections throughout Illinois coupled with ultrasonic evaluation was completed to synthesize the extent of premature cracking on urban JPCP. The visual survey showed some transverse and longitudinal cracks were a result of improper slab geometry (excessive slab length and width). Ultrasonic tests over the contraction joints determined some notched joints had not activated and adjacent transverse cracks were likely formed as a result. Three-dimensional finite-element analyses confirmed that cracking would not develop as a result of normal environmental factors and slab-base frictional restraint. The concrete mixture also did not appear to be a contributing factor to the premature cracks. Finally, the lack of lubrication on dowel bars was determined to potentially be a primary mechanism that could restrain the transverse contraction joints, produce excessive tensile stresses in the slab, and cause premature transverse cracks to develop.
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Ley, M., Zane Lloyd, Shinhyu Kang, and Dan Cook. Concrete Pavement Mixtures with High Supplementary Cementitious Materials Content: Volume 3. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-032.

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Fly ash is a by-product of coal combustion, made up of particles that are collected through various methods. This by-product has been used successfully as a partial Portland cement replacement in concrete, but the performance predictions of fly ash in concrete have been difficult to predict, especially at high fly ash replacement rates. This study focuses on comparing the performance of concrete with a variety of fly ash mixtures as well as the particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash. The slump, unit weight, compressive strength, and isothermal calorimetry tests were used to measure the performance of concrete at 0%, 20%, and 40% fly ash replacement levels. The particle distribution of fly ash was measured with an automated scanning electron microscope. Additionally, the major and minor oxides from the chemical makeup of fly ash were measured for each mixture and inputted into a table. The particle distribution and chemical makeup of fly ash were compared to the performance of slump, unit weight, compressive strength, isothermal calorimetry, and surface electrical resistivity.
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Lomboy, Gilson, Douglas Cleary, Seth Wagner, Yusef Mehta, Danielle Kennedy, Benjamin Watts, Peter Bly, and Jared Oren. Long-term performance of sustainable pavements using ternary blended concrete with recycled aggregates. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40780.

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Dwindling supplies of natural concrete aggregates, the cost of landfilling construction waste, and interest in sustainable design have increased the demand for recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in new portland cement concrete mixtures. RCA repurposes waste material to provide useful ingredients for new construction applications. However, RCA can reduce the performance of the concrete. This study investigated the effectiveness of ternary blended binders, mixtures containing portland cement and two different supplementary cementitious materials, at mitigating performance losses of concrete mixtures with RCA materials. Concrete mixtures with different ternary binder combinations were batched with four recycled concrete aggregate materials. For the materials used, the study found that a blend of portland cement, Class C fly ash, and blast furnace slag produced the highest strength of ternary binder. At 50% replacement of virgin aggregates and ternary blended binder, some specimens showed comparable mechanical performance to a control mix of only portland cement as a binder and no RCA substitution. This study demonstrates that even at 50% RCA replacement, using the appropriate ternary binder can create a concrete mixture that performs similarly to a plain portland cement concrete without RCA, with the added benefit of being environmentally beneficial.
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Ragalwar, Ketan, William Heard, Brett Williams, Dhanendra Kumar, and Ravi Ranade. On enhancing the mechanical behavior of ultra-high performance concrete through multi-scale fiber reinforcement. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41940.

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Steel fibers are typically used in ultra-high performance concretes (UHPC) to impart flexural ductility and increase fracture toughness. However, the mechanical properties of the steel fibers are underutilized in UHPC, as evidenced by the fact that most of the steel fibers pull out of a UHPC matrix largely undamaged during tensile or flexural tests. This research aims to improve the bond between steel fibers and a UHPC matrix by using steel wool. The underlying mechanism for fiber-matrix bond improvement is the reinforcement of the matrix tunnel, surrounding the steel fibers, by steel wool. Single fiber pullout tests were performed to quantify the effect of steel wool content in UHPC on the fiber-matrix bond. Microscopic observations of pulled-out fibers were used to investigate the fiber-matrix interface. Compared to the control UHPC mixture with no steel wool, significant improvement in the flexural behavior was observed in the UHPC mixtures with steel wool. Thus, the addition of steel wool in steel fiber-reinforced UHPC provides multi-scale reinforcement that leads to significant improvement in fiber-matrix bond and mechanical properties of UHPC.
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Rahman, Mohammad, Ahmed Ibrahim, and Riyadh Hindi. Bridge Decks: Mitigation of Cracking and Increased Durability—Phase III. Illinois Center for Transportation, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-022.

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Early-age cracking in concrete decks significantly reduces the service life of bridges. This report discusses the application of various concrete mixtures that include potential early mitigation ingredients. Large-scale (7 ft × 10 ft) experimental bridge prototypes with similar restraint conditions found in actual bridges were poured with different concrete mixtures to investigate mitigation techniques. Portland cement (control), expansive Type K cement, internally cured lightweight aggregate (LWA), shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA), and gypsum mineral were investigated as mitigating ingredients. Seven concrete mixtures were prepared by using individual ingredients as well as a combination of different ingredients. The idea behind combining different mitigating techniques was to accumulate the combined benefit from individual mitigating materials. The combined Type K cement and LWA mixture showed higher concrete expansion compared with mixtures containing Portland cement, Type K cement, LWA, and SRA in the large-scale experimental deck. Extra water provided by LWA significantly enhanced the performance of Type K cement’s initial expansion as well as caused larger total shrinkage over the drying period. A combination of Type K cement and gypsum mineral showed insignificantly higher expansion compared with the individual Type K mixture. Overall, the experimental deck containing SRA showed the least total shrinkage compared with other mixtures. Finite-element modeling was performed to evaluate and predict concrete stress-strain behavior due to shrinkage in typical bridges. A parametric study using finite-element analysis was conducted by altering the structure of the experimental deck. More restraint from internal reinforcement, less girder spacing, larger girder flange width, and more restrictive support conditions increased the concrete tensile stress and led to potential cracking in the concrete deck.
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