Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dry tree

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Dry tree'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dry tree"

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Van Deusen, Paul C., and V. C. Baldwin Jr. "Sampling and predicting tree dry weight." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-232.

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Procedures and formulae are given for modeling and sampling ovendry weight of a tree bole. The models are derived from first principles, and importance sampling ideas are used to develop methods for sampling individual trees to obtain unbiased estimates of dry weight. These methods would be particularly useful for providing sample estimates of the dry weight of a stand of trees.
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Bybee, Karen. "Evaluation of Dry-Tree Concepts." Journal of Petroleum Technology 52, no. 09 (September 1, 2000): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0900-0050-jpt.

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Robinson, T. L., W. C. Stiles, and A. N. Lakso. "FERTIGATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREE GROWTH, CROPPING, AND DRY WEIGHT PARTITIONING." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 620b—620. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.620b.

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In two field studies with `Redchief Delicious'/MM.106, 'Empire'/M.9/MM.106 and 'Mutsu'/M.9/MM. 106 trees on fertile silt loam soils, trickle irrigation increased vegetative growth during the first three years and resulted in a 16%-20% increase in cumulative yield over the first five years. When fertilizer was injected into the irrigation water weekly from mid-April until the end of June, tree growth was further increased and cumulative yield was improved an additional 11%-15% for a total of 27%-35% greater yield than the non-irrigated trees. In these studies, ground fertilization did not improve growth or yield unless trickle irrigation was also applied. However, ground fertilization was not as effective as fertigation. Irrigation and fertigation increased the dry weight of roots by 23% and that of shoots by 36% in the first year resulting in a 10% reduction in the root/shoot ratio. Total tree dry weight was increased by 30% if trees were planted early (April 14) but only 14% if trees were planted late (June 10). Early planting resulted in 17% greater cumulative yield than trees planted late. Initial tree caliper also had a significant effect on early growth and yield with large caliper trees yielding 12% more than the small caliper trees. The interaction of planting date, tree caliper and fertigation resulted in a 50%-70% increase in yield during the first five years.
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Sundaravadivelu, Ranganathan, Rahul Kanotra, and Nagan Srinivasan. "Transportation Analysis of Dry Tree Semisubmersible." International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1759-3131.5.2.105.

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Pokorný, R., and I. Tomášková. "Allometric relationships for surface area and dry mass of young Norway spruce aboveground organs." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 12 (January 7, 2008): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2166-jfs.

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Tree-level allometric functions for a precise predicting of stem, branch and leaf mass and surface area of three needle-shoot age classes were estimated from measurements of crown and stem dimensions in 34 harvested Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> [L.] Karst.) trees. Trees were grown within a 16-years-old stand in the Beskids Mountains. The results showed stem parameters (stem diameter at breast height – dbh, stem volume – Vs and stem sapwood area – SA) to be highly correlated (<I>r</I> > 0.98) with stem mass/area and total aboveground mass of tree. Crown parameters – volume (Cv) and surface area (Ca) were the best predictors for individual branch and needle age-classes mass (<I>r</I> > 0.92) or area (<I>r</I> > 0.85), specifically for mass and surface areas of young branches and needles. dbh most correctly predicted the branch and leaf mass/surface area of older (> 2 years) shoots. The measured parameters: dbh, SA, tree height, crown length, Ca and Cv showed a high dependence on the tree position within the stand (<I>r</I> > –0.81). Thus, these parameters could be modified by silviculture.
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Niederholzer, F. J. A., R. M. Carlson, K. Uriu, N. H. Willits, and J. P. Pearson. "Seasonal Partitioning of Leaf and Fruit Potassium and Fruit Dry Matter in French Prune Trees at Various Potassium Levels." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 6 (November 1991): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.6.981.

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A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal dynamics of leaf and fruit K content and the influence of tree K status and fruit growth on leaf and fruit K accumulation rates in French prune (Prunus domestics L. cv. d'Agen). Mature trees in a commercial orchard were treated with various rates of K2 SO4. (O to ≈20 kg/tree) in the fall. Fruit dry weight yield per tree at harvest and fruit K content were higher for high-K trees, but fruit percent K (by dry weight) was ≈1.0% for all trees. Leaf scorch and subsequent abscission severely reduced the canopy of K-deficient trees. Significant positive linear relationships between leaf and fruit K accumulation rates existed for the periods of 28 Apr.-28 May (May) and 28 May-7 July (June). A significant negative linear relationship existed between these two criteria from 7 July-3 Aug. (July). May (0.237 mg K per fruit-day) and July (0.267 mg K per fruit-day) mean fruit K accumulation rates were similar, but both were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those for June (0.140 mg K per fruit-day). Mean leaf K accumulation rates for May (- 0.007 mg K per leaf-day) and July (-0.010 mg K per leaf-day) were similar, but both were significantly (P = 0.001) less than for June (0.005 mg K per leaf-day). Potassium per fruit accumulation was highest in trees with highest K status. Periods of net leaf K efflux and influx did not precisely correlate with fruit growth stages measured by fruit dry weight. The period of lowest fruit K accumulation (28 May-7 July) coincided with the period of maximum dry matter accumulation by the kernel. After 7 July, all increases in fruit dry weight and K content were due to mesocarp growth.
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Khemira, H., L. E. Schrader, F. J. Peryea, R. Kammereck, and R. Burrows. "Effect of Rootstock on Nitrogen and Water Use in Apple Trees." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 486A—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.486a.

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One-year-old `Fuji' apple trees on six rootstocks (Mark, M.9, M.26, M.7A, MM.106, and MM.111) were compared for N and water uptake and utilization. The trees were potted in sand and subjected to a 75-day N-deprivation period (supplied with modified Hoagland's solution lacking N) to deplete their N reserves. Thereafter, they were supplied with a complete modified Hoagland's solution. Uptake of water and N differed by rootstock. Water and N uptake were positively related to tree dry weight (r = +0.97, P = 0.001). Trees that had the highest N concentrations at planting were the last to set bud during the N-deprivation-phase. Tree size after one growing season depended largely on rootstock girth and whole-tree-Nconcentration at planting (r2 = 0.80, P = 0.0001) regardless of rootstock. Water and N uptake efficiency (liter of water or mg N absorbed per g root dry weight, respectively) differed among the rootstocks, being highest for trees on MM.111 and lowest for trees on M.7A rootstock. Nitrogen and water utilization efficiency (g dry weight gained per mg N or per liter of water absorbed, respectively) were not influenced by the rootstock.
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Corona, Roberto, and Nicola Montaldo. "On the transpiration of wild olives under water-limited conditions in a heterogeneous ecosystem with shallow soil over fractured rock." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2020-0022.

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AbstractMediterranean ecosystems are typically heterogeneous and savanna-like, with trees and grass competing for water use. By measuring sap flow, we estimated high transpiration of wild olive, a common Mediterranean tree, in Sardinia despite dry conditions. This estimate agrees with independent estimates of tree transpiration based on energy balance, highlighting the wild olive’s strong tolerance of dry conditions. The wild olive can develop an adaptation strategy to tolerate dry conditions. In this Sardinian case study, the wild olive grew in shallow soil, and the tree roots expanded into the underlying fractured basalt. The trees survived in dry periods using water infiltrated during wet seasons into fractured rocks and held in soil pockets. We estimated a high upward vertical flux through the bottom soil layer from the underlying substrate, which reached 97% evapotranspiration in August 2011. The water taken up by tree roots from bedrock hollows is usually neglected in ecohydrological modeling.
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Jacobs, Trent. "Dry Tree Semisubmersibles: The Next Deepwater Option." Journal of Petroleum Technology 65, no. 09 (September 1, 2013): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0913-0070-jpt.

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Bybee, Karen. "Dry Tree FPDSO Unit for Brazilian Waters." Journal of Petroleum Technology 54, no. 06 (June 1, 2002): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0602-0038-jpt.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dry tree"

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Sykes, Rebecca J. "Tree species coexistence in a Mexican seasonally dry tropical forest." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439370.

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Nascimento, Diego Raymundo. "Artificial reservoirs affect tree functional components of tropical dry forests." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5817.

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A construção de barragens é uma das principais formas em que o ser humano altera os ecossistemas. Entender como reservatórios advindos da barragem afetam florestas tropicais secas é essencial, uma vez que essas florestas estão localizadas em áreas de alto impacto de barragens no mundo. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar até que ponto reservatórios podem afetar mudanças na estrutura, diversidade taxonômica e componentes da diversidade funcional de florestas secas após 10 anos da construção de uma barragem. Em fragmentos de florestas tropicais secas nós apresentamos dados de dinâmica temporal de 120 parcelas permanentes que estavam longe (>700 m) do curso de água antes do represamento, e agora estão na borda (0 to 60 m) do reservatório. Parcelas mais próximas ao reservatório apresentaram um maior aumento na diversidade funcional, mas não apresentaram relações significativas na diversidade taxonômica. Parcelas próximas ao reservatório também apresentaram uma maior diminuição em densidade de madeira (relacionado com alta disponibilidade de água) e uma maior diminuição em área foliar específica e maior aumento de indivíduos com folhas compostas (possivelmente relacionado à maior disponibilidade de luz, criada pela borda do reservatório). Nossos resultados sugerem que reservatórios podem alterar a funcionalidade de florestas tropicais secas ao longo do tempo e evidencia a importância de mais estudos que relacionem essas mudanças com processos demográficos.
Reservoir construction is one of the main ways humans alter ecosystems by damming rivers. Understanding how reservoir dams affect forests is essential once they are usually in the highest impact areas of the world. We aimed to evaluate to what extent an artificial reservoir affected changes in the structure, species diversity and components of functional diversity of a tropical dry forest after 10 years of the dam construction. In the patches of the tropical dry forest we present dynamic data of 120 permanent plots that were far (> 700 m) from the watercourse before damming and are now on the edge of it (0 to 60 m). We evaluated how changes in community structure, taxonomy diversity and functional components were related with distance of the reservoir shorelines. Plots closer to the reservoir showed higher increase in functional diversity but do not showed significant relationships with taxonomy diversity. Plots closer to the reservoir also showed higher decrease in wood density (related to high water availability), higher decrease in specific leaf area, and increase in compoundness (possible due to increase in light incidence due to reservoir edge). Our results suggest that reservoirs can alter functionality of tropical dry forests over time and highlight the importance of more studies relating these changes with demographic process.
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González-Rivas, Benigno. "Tree species diversity and regeneration of tropical dry forests in Nicaragua /." Umeå : Dept. of Silviculture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200558.pdf.

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Ziegler, Susy Svatek, Evan R. Larson, Julia Rauchfuss, and Grant P. Elliott. "Tree Establishment During Dry Spells At An Oak Savanna In Minnesota." Tree-Ring Society, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622571.

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Recent research has challenged the long-standing hypothesis that forests in the Upper Midwest of the United States developed during wetter periods and retreated during dry periods. We explored this debate by examining patterns of tree establishment on an oak savanna in east-central Minnesota within the context of variable moisture availability and fire suppression. We used superposed epoch analyses (SEA) to evaluate the mean moisture conditions for a 21-year window surrounding tree establishment dates. Before effective fire suppression (1809–1939), 24 of 42 trees with pith dates (62%) grew to 30-cm height during dry years (Palmer Drought Severity Index < -1), versus only 5 of 42 (12%) that established in wet years (PDSI > 1). Significantly more trees established during dry periods (negative PDSI values) than would be expected with the proportion of wet-to-dry years (x²= 10.738, df = 1, p-value = 0.001). Twenty of the complete sample of 74 trees with pith dates (27%) established during drought in the 1930s. We hypothesize that dry conditions limited plant productivity, which in turn decreased competition between grasses and tree seedlings and reduced rates of accumulation of fine fuels, enabling seedlings to grow tall enough to resist subsequent fires. We recommend SEA as a methodological approach to compare historical climate conditions with the timing of regeneration success in other regions of forest expansion.
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Nakai, Wataru. "Examination of stable oxygen isotope as a tree ring proxy of tropical ring-less trees." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242922.

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Kayofa, Fillemon. "Natural regeneration potential of Pterocarpus angolensis (Kiaat Tree) in the dry forests of northern Namibia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97146.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pterocarpus angolensis is one of the timber tree species that regenerates naturally in the dry forest of Namibia, mainly assisted by the influence of forest fires. Tree development goes through a prolonged suffrutex stage to reach the sapling stage and then, finally, the bole tree stage. This study focused on assessing the main factors facilitating the development of Pterocarpus angolensis seedlings through the suffrutex stage to the sapling stage in Namibia dry forests. To achieve the study objectives three study locations (Okongo and Ncumcara Community Forests and Caprivi State Forest) were selected, representing a rainfall gradient. Within each study location, two different fire history treatments (recently burnt (RB) and recently unburnt (RU)) were selected, and four plots were randomly selected from each fire history treatment. Face to face individual interviews was conducted with community members surrounding the three forests to obtain indigenous knowledge information about Pterocarpus angolensis tree development. Seedlings and saplings found in all plots were counted and measured (tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH)) while trees more than 3 m high were only counted and measured for DBH. Laboratory analysis was performed to determine basic soil texture and nutrient status. In addition, destructive sampling was done on individual trees in the seedling and sapling stages at each study location. The destructive samples allowed for estimation of biomass in above and below ground components, determination of carbohydrate storage in the taproots and estimation of tree age by counting growth rings on the neck disc of the taproot sample. These measures could shed light on the tree development through the suffrutex stage. The main agents causing Pterocarpus angolensis tree damage and stand disturbances observed are drought, fires, insects, diseases, temperature, lightning, wind, animals and humans. Forest fires were found to be one of the major disturbances in all the study locations, particularly damaging to seedlings when fire intensity is high. Likewise, the most important factors influencing the tree development from seedlings to sapling and sapling to bole tree stages are soil water, soil fertility, plant competition, sunlight and fires. Through counting growth rings of taproot neck discs, it is estimated that the ages of seedlings most commonly range from 5 to 12 years in the dry forests of Okongo, Ncumcara and Caprivi. The soil texture in the three forests is dominated by sand, with the soil reaction usually being moderately acidic while the soils have low levels of organic carbon, phosphorus and exchangeable base cations. This study revealed that Caprivi State Forest (location with the highest rainfall) has the highest stand density followed by Okongo Community Forest and Ncumcara Community Forest with the lowest. Trees were grouped into different DBH and height classes. The highest numbers of trees are found in DBH class 0 – 10 cm and in height class 0.6 – 1.0 m at Okongo Community Forest but at Ncumcara and Caprivi many of the trees are in height class 1.1 – 1.5 m. The mean DBH difference is significant between locations but not significant between fire history treatments. A higher abundance of mature trees are found at Okongo Community Forest while a greater abundance of saplings occur at Ncumcara Community Forest which shows a significant difference between study locations. Seedling abundance is the same across study locations and fire history treatments. The difference in stand structure between study locations appears to be strongly influenced by different management regimes on the three locations. A majority of respondents from all the study locations alleged soil water followed by soil fertility as the main influential factors to Pterocarpus angolensis development. Again, most of the respondents revealed that seedling takes 4 – 7 years to reach sapling stage and their main environmental disturbance is fire. Tree cutting by members of the community was also perceived by the respondents as an important non-environmental disturbance. The most abundant tree development stage perceived by respondents was mature trees while seedlings rated the sparsest stage. Based on the respondents no silvicultural practices are performed to promote Pterocarpus angolensis growth. It follows that the Kiaat trees are currently growing without human intervention that might enhance their development. A combination of social survey (interview) and ecological survey provided reliable information on ecological processes. A weak positive significant correlation relationship existed between shoot mass (aboveground biomass) and taproot mass (belowground biomass), meaning when the taproot mass increases the shoot mass also increases. Analysis of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) storage in taproots showed that both sugar and starch contents in the taproots could facilitate the survival of the tree during suffrutex stages and its rapid growth thereafter. Based on this study Pterocarpus angolensis regeneration in these three dry forests is poor because seedling abundance is the lowest compared to saplings and mature trees. These study findings can be used as the basis for further studies to predict Pterocarpus angolensis natural regeneration in the dry forests, as well as input when management regimes are being developed for the dry forests of North Namibia.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pterocarpus angolensis (Kiaat) is een van die boomspesies wat natuurlik verjong in die droë bosveld van Namibië, met die hulp van bosbrande. Die boom ontwikkel deur ʼn lang semi-struik stadium waartydens die boompies as saailinge bekendstaan. Daarna ontwikkel dit deur die jongboom stadium tot dit uiteindelik die kroon stadium bereik. Hierdie studie fokus op die faktore bydra tot die ontwikkeling van Pterocarpus angolensis van die semi-struik stadium na die jongboom stadium in die droë bosveld van Namibië. Om die doelstellings van die tesis te bereik is drie studiegebiede gekies langs ʼn reënvalgradiënt (naamlik Okongo en Ncumcara gemeenskapsbosse asook Caprivi Staatsbos). Binne elke studiegebied is twee behandelings met verskillende brandgeskiedenis gekies (gebrand of nie-gebrand in die onlangse verlede). Vier persele is ewekansig uit elk van hierdie behandelings gekies vir eksperimentering. Persoonlike onderhoude is gevoer met gemeenskapslede wat in die omgewing woon ten einde inheemse kennis en inligting te versamel oor die ontwikkeling van die jong Pterocarpus angolensis bome. Alle saailinge en jongbome wat voorkom in die persele is getel en gemeet (boomhoogte en deursnee op borshoogte (DBH)) terwyl bome wat hoër as 3 m is, slegs getel en vir DBH gemeet is. Laboratoriumtoetse is gedoen op grondmonsters ten einde ‘n basiese beskrywing van die grondtekstuur en voedingstofstatus te verkry. Verder is destruktiewe bemonstering toegepas op bome in beide die saailing en jongboom stadium op elke studiegebied. Hierdie bemonstering het dit moontlik gemaak om bogrondse en ondergrondse biomassa te skat, om die opberging van koolhidrate in die penwortels te bepaal, en ook om die boom ouderdom te skat vanaf jaarringe in die nek van die penwortel monster. Hierdie metings kon lig werp op die boomontwikkeling deur die semi-struik stadium. Die faktore wat skade aan Pterocarpus angolensis bome veroorsaak asook versteuring van die opstande waarin die bome voorkom is droogte, brande, insekte, siektes, temperatuur uiterstes, weerlig, wind, diere en mense. Die bevindinge dui op bosbrande as een van die belangrikste versteuringsfaktor in al drie studiegebiede; dit is veral skadelik vir saailinge in die semi-struik stadium wanneer die vuurintensiteit hoog is. Die faktore wat die boomontwikkeling van saailing, na jongboom en kroonstadium beïnvloed is hoofsaaklik grondwater, grondvrugbaarheid, plantkompetisie, sonlig en brande. Die ouderdom van saailinge (bepaal vanaf jaarring tellings in die nek van penwortel monsters) van die meeste saailinge én jongbome is na raming tussen 5 en 12 jaar vir die droë bosse in die studiegebiede van Okongo, Ncumcara en Caprivi. Die grondtekstuur van hierdie studie se drie bosgebiede is hoofsaaklik sanderig, met ’n effens suur grondreaksie terwyl die gronde lae vlakke van organiese koolstof, fosfor, en uitruilbare basiese katione bevat. Die studie het aangedui dat Caprivi staatsbos (met die hoogste reënval) die digste opstande huisves, gevolg deur Okongo en dan Ncumcara gemeenskapsbos, met die laagste digtheid. Bome is gegroepeer in verskillende DBH en hoogte klasse. Die meeste bome kom voor in die DBH klas van 0-10 cm en in die hoogteklas van 0.6 – 1.0 m by Okongo, maar by Ncumcara en Caprivi is daar meer bome in die hoogteklas van 1.1 - 1.5 m. Die gemiddelde DBH verskil is betekenisvol tussen studiegebiede, maar is nie betekenisvol verskillend tussen brandgeskiedenis behandelings nie. ’n Hoër voorkoms van volwasse bome is by Okongo aangetref, terwyl ’n hoër voorkoms van jongbome by Ncumcara waargeneem is, en hierdie verskil was statisties betekenisvol. Die voorkoms van saailinge is soortgelyk oor alle studiegebiede en brandgeskiedenis behandelings heen. Die verskil in die struktuur van die opstande op die drie studiegebiede word skynbaar sterk beïnvloed deur verskillende bestuurspraktyke wat in elke gebied toegepas word. Die meerderheid van respondente van al drie studiegebiede beweer dat grondwater, gevolg deur grondvrugbaarheid die belangrikste faktore is wat P. angolensis ontwikkeling beïnvloed. Meeste van die respondente onthul dat saailinge 4 tot 7 jaar neem om die jongboom stadium te bereik en dat die belangrikste versteuringsagent bosbrande is. ʼn Belangrike nie-omgewingsfaktor wat verantwoordelik is vir versteuring in die bosse is mense wat bome, lote en/of takke afsaag. Respondente is van mening dat volwasse bome die grootteklas met die mees algemene voorkoms is, terwyl saailinge die skaarsste grootteklas uitmaak. Die respondente het aangedui dat geen boskultuurpraktyke toegepas word om die groei van P. angolensis aan te help nie. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat die Kiaatbome tans groei sonder menslike ingryping om hul ontwikkeling te verbeter. Die kombinasie van persoonlike onderhoude en ʼn ekologiese opnames het betroubare inligting rakende ekologiese prosesse opgelewer. ’n Swak positiewe, maar betekenisvolle korrelasie bestaan tussen die massa van die bogrondse lote en die penwortelmassa, wat beteken dat die lote se massa toeneem met toenemende wortelmassa. Analise van opgebergde nie-strukturele koolhidraatreserwes in die penwortel toon dat beide suiker- én styselinhoud in die penwortels die oorlewing van die boom in die struikstadium aanhelp, asook sy vinnige groei na die struikstadium. Die feit dat die saailinge minder volop is as jongbome en volwasse bome in hierdie studie dui aan dat verjonging van Pterocarpus angolensis in hierdie droë bosse maar swak is. Die bevindinge van die studie bevat inligting wat gebruik kans word (a) as die grondslag van verdere studies op die natuurlike verjonging van Pterocarpus angolensis in droë bosse, en (b) as inset wanneer bestuursaanbevelings vir die droë bosse van Noord Namibië ontwikkel word.
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Garrison, Jennifer SE. "The role of alien tree plantations and Avian seed-dispersers in native dry forest restoration in Hawaii." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/6858.

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Foresters often plant tree plantations to speed rehabilitation of degraded forestlands. I compared mature plantations of four alien species (Casuarina spp, Eucalyptus robusta, Fraxinus uhdei, and Grevillea robusta) to remnant patches of native dry forest in the Honouliuli Forest Preserve on Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi to determine if plantations aid the recovery of native plants in disturbed dry habitats. I measured soil pH and nutrients, forest floor structure, vegetation structure, plant species richness and abundance, seed rain species richness and abundance, native seed germination success and seedling survival, fruit availability, alien and native bird species richness and abundance, and avian seed-dispersal. Alien tree plantations do not appear to promote native plant restoration in dry areas in Honouliuli. There were several limitations to native plant establishment in tree plantations including low native seed dispersal (by both birds and wind), low seed germination rates, and low seedling survival in plantations. The understory communities of the five forest types indicate that their futures differ greatly (Ch 3). Casuarina and Fraxinus understories had dense self-regeneration and low proportions of native or invasive species. These forest types will likely remain stable over time. In contrast, Eucalyptus and Grevillea plantation trees are not replacing themselves. Native tree saplings were rare in Eucalyptus and Grevillea plantations, and these forest types seem destined to be replaced by invasive trees as the planted trees senesee. Grevillea plantations comprise a large proportion of the planted trees in Honouliuli, particularly in the southern end of the Preserve. These stands will beconverted to open invasive woodlands. Remnant patches of native lowland dry forest in Honouliuli face an uncertain future. While around 30% of the understory tree seedlings and saplings were native, the remaining belonged to invasive species (Ch 2). Psidium cattleianum, in particular, is overtaking the native forests. As the Psidium stands expand they will further reduce the size of native forest patches. Future management efforts for lowland forests in Honouliuli should focus on control of invasive species in the remnant patches of native forest, and on dry forest restoration in the Grevillea plantations in the south end of the Preserve.
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Paré, Souleymane. "Land use dynamics, tree diversity and local perception of dry forest decline in southern Burkina Faso, West Africa /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200878.pdf.

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Werneck, Fernanda. "Diversification and Conservation in the South American Dry Biomes: Distribution Modeling and Multilocus Lizard Phylogeography." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3308.

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The understanding of diversification of intraspecific lineages can shed light on speciation processes and ultimately biogeographic patterns across multiple spatial and temporal scales. In this dissertation I investigated the geographical and ecological factors promoting diversification across the South American dry diagonal biomes (i.e. Cerrado, Chaco, and Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests - SDTFs), through a coupled approach between multilocus phylogeographic and geospatial methods, in the larger context of interpreting the consequences of the resulting patterns for the conservation of biodiversity and evolutionary processes. In Chapter 1 I evaluate biogeographic hypotheses previously proposed and emphasize that the dry diagonal biomes are particularly biodiverse and biogeographically complex, but poorly studied and under protected. I also propose testable predictions for the subsequent chapters and future diversification studies. In the subsequent chapters I adopt a biodiversity prediction approach based on estimating palaeodistributions and habitat stability surfaces to formulate and test spatially explicit diversification hypotheses based on squamate richness and phylogeography. In Chapter 2 I identify historically stable areas of SDTFs and in Chapter 3 I found that the historical climatic stability is a good predictor of Cerrado squamate richness. In Chapter 4 I use a multilocus dataset to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among described species of the lizard genus Phyllopezus (Phyllodactylidae), distributed across the ‘dry diagonal’ biomes. In Chapter 5 I used a dense sampling design focused in the species complex P. pollicaris (more individuals, localities, and markers), and coalescent phylogeographic methods to test the relative influences of Tertiary geomorphological vs. Quaternary climatic events on diversification in this lizard. I found unprecedented levels of cryptic genetic diversity, deep phylogeographic structure, and diversification dating back to at least the Neogene with persistence across Quaternary fluctuations. My dissertation emphasizes that patterns of diversification across the ‘dry diagonal’ biomes are much more complex than previously proposed and reflect the primary influence of geologically old processes. Evidence of allopatric and ecological speciation between lineages that coincide with genetic clusters associated with each of the biomes, contradicts early views that the biomes would have a shared diversification history. These patterns illustrate that low-vagility complexes, characterized by strong structure and pre-Pleistocene divergences, represent ideal radiations to investigate broad biogeography of associated biomes. Future studies should investigate patterns of temporal and spatial congruence across co-distributed taxa, and integrate morphological and further ecological data to refine species limits, taxonomy, and patterns of trait evolution across these radiations.
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Gibson, Jacob R. "Individualistic Response of Piñon and Juniper Tree Species Distributions to Climate Change in North America's Arid Interior West." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/908.

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Piñon and juniper tree species have species-specific climatic requirements, resulting in unique distributions and differential responses to climate change. Piñons and junipers co-dominate the arid woodlands of North America as groups with widespread hybridization. Two piñons, Pinus edulis; P. monophylla, and four junipers, Juniperus deppeana var. deppeana; J. monosperma; J. occidentalis; J. osteosperma, are endemic to the midlatitude interior west and form three groups of hybridizing sister species, P. edulis-P. monophylla; J. deppeana var. deppeana-J. monosperma; J. occidentalis-J. osteosperma. Recent droughts have caused widespread mortality among piñons, but have had less impact on junipers and indicate shifts in co-occurrence have already begun in response to global climate change. Within these groups hybridization likely plays an important role in such distribution changes. The central objective of this thesis is to forecast the distributions of piñons and junipers endemic to the US under modeled climate change for the 21st century. Species distribution models are built with an emphasis placed on aligning the life cycle dynamics of the species within the temporal and spatial resolution of predictor variables, and within the modeling technique. Two concerns surrounding species distribution modeling are addressed. First, concerns regarding the extent to which species are at equilibrium with the current climate are addressed by incorporating dispersal into the model building process. Second, concerns regarding the potential role of hybridization between closely related species are addressed by building distribution models for each of the three sister species groups as well as the six component species. Species distribution models exhibited individualistic responses to modeled climate change. Modeled areal loss was greater than gain for all species, which is reflected in changes of co-occurrence. Piñon-juniper richness is forecast to increase in the northern Colorado Plateau, eastern Great Basin, and Rocky Mountains. The sister-species models forecast greater areal gain, and less areal loss, along hybridization zones for P. edulis-P. monophylla and for J. occidentalis-J. osteosperma, but forecast greater areal loss along the periphery of the component species distributions. The sister-species model for J. deppeana var. deppeana-J. monosperma forecasts overall greater areal loss than the component species. In general, forecast changes in latitude and elevation are about one third of the changes inferred, from the fossil record, to have occurred following the transition to the current interglacial ~10,000 years ago.
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Books on the topic "Dry tree"

1

Leaves from the dry tree. Merrick, N.Y: Cross-Cultural Communications, 1997.

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A green tree & a dry tree: A novel of Chiapas. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995.

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P, Dwivedi A. Babul (Acacia nilotica), a multipurpose tree of dry areas. Jodhpur: Arid Forest Research Institute, 1993.

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Yobterik, Agnes C. Nitrogen mineralization of agroforestry tree mulches incorporated in dry land and temperate soils. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Barnes, Steve. Trees for life: World Food Day, 16 October. Rome, Italy: FAO, 1991.

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Schumacher, John G. Assessment of subsurface chlorinated solvent contamination using tree cores at the Front Street site and a former dry cleaning facility at the Riverfront Superfund Site, New Haven, Missouri, 1999-2003. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Yerimah, Amed P. Dry leaves on ukan trees: Drama. Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria: Kraftgriots, 2001.

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Polly, Cunningham, ed. Best easy day hikes, Joshua Tree. Helena, Mont: Falcon, 2000.

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Pomerance, Murray. The odalisque ; &, The birth day tree. Toronto: Les trois O editions, 1995.

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Jennings, Sharon. Franklin plants a tree. New York: Scholastic, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dry tree"

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Puač, N., Z. Lj Petrović, S. Živković, Z. Giba, D. Grubišić, and A. R. Đorđević. "Low-Temperature Plasma Treatment of Dry Empress-Tree Seeds." In Plasma Processes and Polymers, 193–203. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605584.ch15.

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Djogo, Anthony P. Y. "Incorporating Tree and Shrub Species into Small Scale Farming Systems in the Dry Region of Indonesia." In Combating Desertification with Plants, 437–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1327-8_42.

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Herrmann, Uwe, and Wolfgang Jaeschke. "Determination of Dry Deposition of Gases Over Tree Tops by Measured Data and a Numerical Model." In Mechanisms and Effects of Pollutant-Transfer into Forests, 13–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1023-2_2.

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Manceur, Ameur M., Greg J. Boland, Naresh V. Thevathasan, and Andrew M. Gordon. "Dry matter partitions and specific leaf weight of soybean change with tree competition in an intercropping system." In Agroforestry for Commodity Production: Ecological and Social Dimensions, 31–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3365-9_4.

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Lubczynski, Maciek W. "Groundwater Evapotranspiration – Underestimated Role of Tree Transpiration and Bare Soil Evaporation in Groundwater Balances of Dry Lands." In Climate Change and its Effects on Water Resources, 183–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1143-3_21.

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Madeira, Bruno G., Mário M. Espírito-Santo, Santos D’Ângelo Neto, Yule R. F. Nunes, G. Arturo Sánchez Azofeifa, G. Wilson Fernandes, and Mauricio Quesada. "Changes in tree and liana communities along a successional gradient in a tropical dry forest in south-eastern Brazil." In Forest Ecology, 291–304. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2795-5_22.

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Mayus, M., H. Van Keulen, and L. Stroosnijder. "Analysis for dry and wet years with the WIMISA model of tree-crop competition for windbreak systems in the Sahel." In Agroforestry for Sustainable Land-Use Fundamental Research and Modelling with Emphasis on Temperate and Mediterranean Applications, 203–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0679-7_13.

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Camarero, J. Julio, Hooz A. Mendivelso, and Raúl Sánchez-Salguero. "How Past and Future Climate and Drought Drive Radial-Growth Variability of Three Tree Species in a Bolivian Tropical Dry Forest." In Latin American Dendroecology, 141–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36930-9_7.

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Velden, Hugo. "Petrus Christus’ “Our Lady of the Dry Tree”. A Note on the Influence of the Veneration of Images on Early Netherlandish Painting." In Memory & Oblivion, 635. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4006-5_73.

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Opała-Owczarek, Magdalena, and Piotr Owczarek. "Dry and Humid Periods Reconstructed from Tree Rings in the Former Territory of Sogdiana (Central Asia) and Their Socio-economic Consequences over the Last Millennium." In Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road, 195–214. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00728-7_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dry tree"

1

Williams, Neil, Steve Leverette, Sean Bian, Sean Large, and Peimin Cao. "FourStar™ Dry-Tree Semisubmersible Development." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20465.

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This paper discusses the development of a dry-tree semisubmersible (DTS) platform concept appropriate for deployment in non-hurricane/non-cyclonic environments worldwide, and the verification of the concept through wave basin model tests. An example configuration is presented for an application in 2,100 m water depth offshore Brazil.
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Huang, Edward, Shankar Bhat, Yong Luo, and Jun Zou. "Evaluation of Dry Tree Platform Concepts." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/11899-ms.

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Dunn, Greg. "Dry Tree Top Tensioned Riser Systems." In OTC Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/24423-ms.

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Reid, David, Daniel Nunez, and Martijn Dekker. "Deepwater Development: Wet or Dry Tree?" In OTC Brasil. Offshore Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/24517-ms.

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Jordan, R., J. Otten, D. Trent, and P. Cao. "Matterhorn TLP Dry-Tree Production Risers." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/16608-ms.

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Bian, Sean, and Sherry Xiang. "Manage Tensioner Stroke for Dry Tree Semisubmersibles." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10973.

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The tensioner stroke range for a Dry Tree Semisubmersible (DTS) in a severe environment application is long and must be well defined for the concept to work. The range needs to be properly calculated and optimized. In this paper, the authors elaborate the design procedures for determining the tensioner stroke on a DTS, and demonstrate the design optimization of a conventional semisubmersible floater in the Center of Gulf of Mexico (GOM) 8000 feet water depth. The primary focus is on the design of the platform configuration to reduce the tensioner stroke by investigating each stroke component, while keeping the robustness of the design. A 4-Column ring pontoon conventional deep draft semisubmersible is re-configured considering the balance between the floater hull size and maximum tensioner stroke range. It is identified that the deck vertical layout, quayside /in-place stability and hull dynamic motions are the key parameters for DTS configuration design iterations. The hull principal particulars are first determined using a frequency domain screening approach to minimize dynamic motions for various loading combinations. Top Tensioned Riser (TTR) and export risers with Steel Catenary Configuration (SCRs) are modeled in the integrated screening process, and mooring line setups are optimized for the global motion analyses. For the governing design cases, riser pipe and tensioner details are modeled for various target tensioner characteristics in a dedicated riser design tool in time-domain. Sensitivity analyses including the tensioner stiffness curve, platform pitch and keel guide effects on the global performance are studied and presented. It can be concluded from the design example that when properly configured, a reasonable tensioner stroke is achievable for typical DTS applications in GOM environment.
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Steen, Atle, Mike Tognarelli, Lixin Xu, and Hugh Banon. "Dry Tree Semisubmersible Options for Deepwater Production." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28619.

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Recent deep water field developments have made increasing use of dry tree completions from floating production units, principally spars and TLPs. There are a number of development efforts underway to include dry tree semi-submersibles in deep water. The use of dry tree semis requires some form of heave suppression as well as a means for limiting pitch motions. Two concepts using this principle include the DPS 2001 and the TPG 3300. Both of these concepts consist of a deck supported on columns and, in the case of the DPS-2001, pontoons. In each case there is a submerged heave plate to trap mass and to dampen the heave motions. Risers must pass through this heave plate. This paper will present the results of study of options supporting top tensioned risers from these platforms, with a focus on the DPS-2001. Air Cans and tensioners have both been investigated. Air cans have been used on all spar platforms to date, but in this case the cans are shielded by the spar hull and are not exposed to wave kinematics or current loads. Tensioners have been used on all the TLPs, but their stroke is less than would be required for a semi-submersible, even one that is heave compensated. The tensioners used in this study had a relatively high stiffness in order to reduce stroke. This results in a coupling of the motions of the hull with the risers and results in some increase in the peak tensions. It also results in a lower heave period and higher heave motions. The paper will discuss the technical and economic tradeoffs for these options.
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Rijken, Oriol, Steven J. Leverette, and Xiaoqiang Bian. "Dry Tree Semisubmersibles for Gulf of Mexico." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/24148-ms.

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Tan, Jaime Hui Choo, Yih Jeng Teng, and Fathieah Kiprawi. "Vortex Induced Motion of a Dry Tree Semisubmersible." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61653.

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The main challenge in the hydrodynamic design of a dry tree semisubmersible is in limiting its motion responses particularly heave motions to enable the use of riser tensioners. Deep draft semisubmersibles have low heave motions but are more susceptible to vortex induced motions (VIM) due to high slenderness ratios of the columns. A novel in-house developed semisubmersible design named the Heave and VIM Suppressed (HVS) semisubmersible has been designed to possess low VIM and low heave responses required for dry tree applications. A case study of the feasibility of a dry tree HVS semisubmersible in South East Asian environment has been published separately [1]. This paper presents the VIM performance of the same hull, estimated using model testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. From the model tests, VIM suppression is observed in the HVS semisubmersible due to the presence of the column steps. CFD simulations of the model tests show results comparable to the measured data for the HVS semisubmersible. Additional CFD analysis is performed to account for the external damping effect of the mooring lines and risers on the VIM performance of the HVS semisubmersible. This paper together with the earlier publication [1] shows the robustness of the HVS semisubmersible design concept in addressing both the heave and VIM issues in semisubmersibles for dry tree applications.
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Gupta, Apurva, Chan K. Yang, John Murray, Guoan Shen, Anis Hussain, and Edwin Nah. "Riser Analysis for a Dry Tree Semi-Submersible." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57818.

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There is currently ongoing interest in the offshore industry to develop a dry tree production semi submersible that has motion characteristics similar as a Spar, but with the functionality of a Tension Leg Platform (TLP) or a Semi in terms of fabrication, installation and commissioning. It has been proposed that the required motions can been achieved by adding a heave plate to an existing deep draft semi with external extendable columns supporting the heave plate. The ESEMI II is such a concept with telescopic structure to lower the Second Tier Pontoon (STP). The riser technology presently used on Spars can be ported to a dry tree semi design assuming the motions are similar. These designs consist of a tensioning system using either buoyancy cans or hydraulic/pneumatic tensioners. The main components of the risers for such a semi-submersible are similar to those of the Spar including Keel Joints and stress joints, where the heave plate on the dry tree semi replaces the soft tank on the Spar. The Top Tensioned Risers (TTR), however, can not be tensioned using simple buoyancy cans and have to be tensioned by non-linear pneumatic tensioners because of exposure in the wave zone. The stroke of the risers in the dry tree semi is estimated to be similar to that of the Spar. The heave plate connectors have to be designed considering not only the hydrodynamic loadings but also horizontal riser loads at the keel as well, which would give enormous moments at the keel and stress joints. The stroke of the riser should also be considered while designing the heave plate connectors. The riser, unlike a Spar, will not be shielded in the hull area, and will be subjected to high currents, and hence the Vortex Induced Vibration (VIV) effects may also be significant. This paper discusses a methodology for riser and VIV analysis, and mitigations, on a dry tree semi-submersible for two water depths.
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Reports on the topic "Dry tree"

1

Hoehler, Matthew S., Matthew F. Bundy, Laurean DeLauter, Robin Materese, Leon Geršković, and José Ricardo García. Fire Hazards of Dry Versus Watered Christmas Trees. National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2131.

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Brian Wells. Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Power Supply For All-Day True Wireless Mobile Computing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/970458.

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Douglas, Thomas, and Joel Blum. Mercury isotopes reveal atmospheric gaseous mercury deposition directly to the Arctic coastal snowpack. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41046.

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Springtime atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) lead to snow with elevated mercury concentrations (>200 ng Hg/L) in the Arctic and Antarctic. During AMDEs gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is photochemically oxidized by halogens to reactive gaseous mercury which is deposited to the snowpack. This reactive mercury is either photochemically reduced back to GEM and reemitted to the atmosphere or remains in the snowpack until spring snowmelt. GEM is also deposited to the snowpack and tundra vegetation by reactive surface uptake (dry deposition) from the atmosphere. There is little consensus on the proportion of AMDE-sourced Hg versus Hg from dry deposition that is released in spring runoff. We used mercury stable isotope measurements of GEM, snowfall, snowpack, snowmelt, surface water, vegetation, and peat from a northern Alaska coastal watershed to quantify Hg sources. Although high Hg concentrations are deposited to the snowpack during AMDEs, we estimate that ∼76 to 91% is released back to the atmosphere prior to snowmelt. Mercury deposited to the snowpack as GEM comprises the majority of snowmelt Hg and has a Hg stable isotope composition similar to Hg deposited by reactive surface uptake of GEM into the leaves of trees in temperate forests. This GEM-sourced Hg is the dominant Hg we measured in the spring snowpack and in tundra peat permafrost deposits.
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Wickman, Boyd E. Seasonal variation of degree-day accumulation in relation to phenology of western spruce budworm, Douglas-fir tussock moth, and host trees in northeastern Oregon. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-482.

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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.
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Javed, Umair, Aiza Hussain, and Hassan Aziz. Demanding Power: Contentious Politics and Electricity in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.047.

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This paper explores Pakistan’s electricity supply crisis that lasted from 2007 to 2015, and the ensuing contention that shaped public discourse and political events in the country. During this period, which witnessed electricity outages of up to 14 hours per day, 456 incidents of contention took place, with just under 20 per cent escalating into some form of violence. Electricity became the number one political issue in the country and was integral in shaping the outcomes of the 2013 General Election. Following the election, public authorities undertook extensive investment to expand capacity and ensure consistency in supply while evading questions about affordability and sustainability. On the surface, this appears to be a case of extensive protest working towards shaping state responsiveness. And it is true that the state now sees supply as a non-negotiable aspect in the social contract with citizens. However, a range of factors contributed to the chronology and the selective, generation-focused nature of this response. On the other hand, citizen inclusion and participation in decision-making, and issues of affordability and sustainability, which impact vulnerable and disempowered groups the most, remain absent from the political and policy conversation around energy. This suggests that while protests were useful in generating a short-term response, their long-term legacy in empowerment related outcomes is less visible.
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Drought Effects on Forests and Rangelands in the US Caribbean. USDA Caribbean Climate Hub, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.6960280.ch.

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Issues of water quality and scarcity are of great concern across the U.S. Caribbean. In recent years Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have experienced uncommonly dry weather that has caused moderate to severe droughts. In 2014-2015, severe drought in Puerto Rico required the implementation of water restrictions that affected millions of people. The summer of 2015 was the third driest period in Puerto Rico since 1898, forcing the strictest water rationing in its history. Emerging climate models for the region (Figure 1) predict an overall decrease in precipitation over the next century, but also to greater variance in seasonality and an increase in intense precipitation events. The temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall can have profound effects on the hydrology as well as the phenology and life-cycle of trees, rangeland species, pests and pollinators. Changing rainfall patterns will mean major adjustments in how working lands are managed by producers and planners.
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