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Journal articles on the topic 'Dry tree'
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1
Van Deusen, Paul C., and V. C. Baldwin Jr. "Sampling and predicting tree dry weight." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-232.
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Procedures and formulae are given for modeling and sampling ovendry weight of a tree bole. The models are derived from first principles, and importance sampling ideas are used to develop methods for sampling individual trees to obtain unbiased estimates of dry weight. These methods would be particularly useful for providing sample estimates of the dry weight of a stand of trees.
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Bybee, Karen. "Evaluation of Dry-Tree Concepts." Journal of Petroleum Technology 52, no. 09 (September 1, 2000): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0900-0050-jpt.
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Robinson, T. L., W. C. Stiles, and A. N. Lakso. "FERTIGATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREE GROWTH, CROPPING, AND DRY WEIGHT PARTITIONING." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 620b—620. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.620b.
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In two field studies with `Redchief Delicious'/MM.106, 'Empire'/M.9/MM.106 and 'Mutsu'/M.9/MM. 106 trees on fertile silt loam soils, trickle irrigation increased vegetative growth during the first three years and resulted in a 16%-20% increase in cumulative yield over the first five years. When fertilizer was injected into the irrigation water weekly from mid-April until the end of June, tree growth was further increased and cumulative yield was improved an additional 11%-15% for a total of 27%-35% greater yield than the non-irrigated trees. In these studies, ground fertilization did not improve growth or yield unless trickle irrigation was also applied. However, ground fertilization was not as effective as fertigation. Irrigation and fertigation increased the dry weight of roots by 23% and that of shoots by 36% in the first year resulting in a 10% reduction in the root/shoot ratio. Total tree dry weight was increased by 30% if trees were planted early (April 14) but only 14% if trees were planted late (June 10). Early planting resulted in 17% greater cumulative yield than trees planted late. Initial tree caliper also had a significant effect on early growth and yield with large caliper trees yielding 12% more than the small caliper trees. The interaction of planting date, tree caliper and fertigation resulted in a 50%-70% increase in yield during the first five years.
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Sundaravadivelu, Ranganathan, Rahul Kanotra, and Nagan Srinivasan. "Transportation Analysis of Dry Tree Semisubmersible." International Journal of Ocean and Climate Systems 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1759-3131.5.2.105.
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Pokorný, R., and I. Tomášková. "Allometric relationships for surface area and dry mass of young Norway spruce aboveground organs." Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 12 (January 7, 2008): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2166-jfs.
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Tree-level allometric functions for a precise predicting of stem, branch and leaf mass and surface area of three needle-shoot age classes were estimated from measurements of crown and stem dimensions in 34 harvested Norway spruce (<I>Picea abies</I> [L.] Karst.) trees. Trees were grown within a 16-years-old stand in the Beskids Mountains. The results showed stem parameters (stem diameter at breast height – dbh, stem volume – Vs and stem sapwood area – SA) to be highly correlated (<I>r</I> > 0.98) with stem mass/area and total aboveground mass of tree. Crown parameters – volume (Cv) and surface area (Ca) were the best predictors for individual branch and needle age-classes mass (<I>r</I> > 0.92) or area (<I>r</I> > 0.85), specifically for mass and surface areas of young branches and needles. dbh most correctly predicted the branch and leaf mass/surface area of older (> 2 years) shoots. The measured parameters: dbh, SA, tree height, crown length, Ca and Cv showed a high dependence on the tree position within the stand (<I>r</I> > –0.81). Thus, these parameters could be modified by silviculture.
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Niederholzer, F. J. A., R. M. Carlson, K. Uriu, N. H. Willits, and J. P. Pearson. "Seasonal Partitioning of Leaf and Fruit Potassium and Fruit Dry Matter in French Prune Trees at Various Potassium Levels." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 6 (November 1991): 981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.6.981.
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A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal dynamics of leaf and fruit K content and the influence of tree K status and fruit growth on leaf and fruit K accumulation rates in French prune (Prunus domestics L. cv. d'Agen). Mature trees in a commercial orchard were treated with various rates of K2 SO4. (O to ≈20 kg/tree) in the fall. Fruit dry weight yield per tree at harvest and fruit K content were higher for high-K trees, but fruit percent K (by dry weight) was ≈1.0% for all trees. Leaf scorch and subsequent abscission severely reduced the canopy of K-deficient trees. Significant positive linear relationships between leaf and fruit K accumulation rates existed for the periods of 28 Apr.-28 May (May) and 28 May-7 July (June). A significant negative linear relationship existed between these two criteria from 7 July-3 Aug. (July). May (0.237 mg K per fruit-day) and July (0.267 mg K per fruit-day) mean fruit K accumulation rates were similar, but both were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those for June (0.140 mg K per fruit-day). Mean leaf K accumulation rates for May (- 0.007 mg K per leaf-day) and July (-0.010 mg K per leaf-day) were similar, but both were significantly (P = 0.001) less than for June (0.005 mg K per leaf-day). Potassium per fruit accumulation was highest in trees with highest K status. Periods of net leaf K efflux and influx did not precisely correlate with fruit growth stages measured by fruit dry weight. The period of lowest fruit K accumulation (28 May-7 July) coincided with the period of maximum dry matter accumulation by the kernel. After 7 July, all increases in fruit dry weight and K content were due to mesocarp growth.
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Khemira, H., L. E. Schrader, F. J. Peryea, R. Kammereck, and R. Burrows. "Effect of Rootstock on Nitrogen and Water Use in Apple Trees." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 486A—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.486a.
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One-year-old `Fuji' apple trees on six rootstocks (Mark, M.9, M.26, M.7A, MM.106, and MM.111) were compared for N and water uptake and utilization. The trees were potted in sand and subjected to a 75-day N-deprivation period (supplied with modified Hoagland's solution lacking N) to deplete their N reserves. Thereafter, they were supplied with a complete modified Hoagland's solution. Uptake of water and N differed by rootstock. Water and N uptake were positively related to tree dry weight (r = +0.97, P = 0.001). Trees that had the highest N concentrations at planting were the last to set bud during the N-deprivation-phase. Tree size after one growing season depended largely on rootstock girth and whole-tree-Nconcentration at planting (r2 = 0.80, P = 0.0001) regardless of rootstock. Water and N uptake efficiency (liter of water or mg N absorbed per g root dry weight, respectively) differed among the rootstocks, being highest for trees on MM.111 and lowest for trees on M.7A rootstock. Nitrogen and water utilization efficiency (g dry weight gained per mg N or per liter of water absorbed, respectively) were not influenced by the rootstock.
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Corona, Roberto, and Nicola Montaldo. "On the transpiration of wild olives under water-limited conditions in a heterogeneous ecosystem with shallow soil over fractured rock." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2020-0022.
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AbstractMediterranean ecosystems are typically heterogeneous and savanna-like, with trees and grass competing for water use. By measuring sap flow, we estimated high transpiration of wild olive, a common Mediterranean tree, in Sardinia despite dry conditions. This estimate agrees with independent estimates of tree transpiration based on energy balance, highlighting the wild olive’s strong tolerance of dry conditions. The wild olive can develop an adaptation strategy to tolerate dry conditions. In this Sardinian case study, the wild olive grew in shallow soil, and the tree roots expanded into the underlying fractured basalt. The trees survived in dry periods using water infiltrated during wet seasons into fractured rocks and held in soil pockets. We estimated a high upward vertical flux through the bottom soil layer from the underlying substrate, which reached 97% evapotranspiration in August 2011. The water taken up by tree roots from bedrock hollows is usually neglected in ecohydrological modeling.
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Jacobs, Trent. "Dry Tree Semisubmersibles: The Next Deepwater Option." Journal of Petroleum Technology 65, no. 09 (September 1, 2013): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0913-0070-jpt.
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Bybee, Karen. "Dry Tree FPDSO Unit for Brazilian Waters." Journal of Petroleum Technology 54, no. 06 (June 1, 2002): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0602-0038-jpt.
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Weinbaum, S. A., F. J. A. Niederholzer, S. Ponchner, R. C. Rosecrance, R. M. Carlson, A. C. Whittlesey, and T. T. Muraoka. "Nutrient Uptake by Cropping and Defruited Field-grown `French' Prune Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 5 (September 1994): 925–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.5.925.
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Four adjacent heavily cropping 12-year-old `Petite d'Agen' prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees were selected, and two of the trees were defruited in late spring (28 May) after the spring growth flush and full leaf expansion. Trees received K daily through the drip-irrigation system, and 15N-depleted (NH4)2SO4 was applied twice between the dates of defruiting and fruit maturation. Trees were excavated at the time of fruit maturity (28 July) and fractionated into their component parts. The following determinations were made after tree excavation and sample processing: tree dry weight, dry weight distribution among the various tree fractions (fruit, leaves, roots, trunk, and branches), tree nutrient contents, within-tree nutrient distribution, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNCs), and recovery of labeled N. Trees only recovered ≈3% of the isotopically labeled fertilizer N over the 6-week experimental period. Heavily cropping trees absorbed ≈9 g more K per tree (17% of total tree K content) during the 2-month period of stage III fruit growth than defruited trees. The enhanced K uptake in heavily cropping trees was apparently conditioned by the large fruit K demand and occurred despite greatly reduced levels of starch and TNCs relative to defruited trees. Fruit K accumulation in heavily cropping trees was accompanied by K depletion from leaves and perennial tree parts. Except for K, fruited and defruited trees did not differ in nutrient content.
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Koch, Amelia, Sarah Munks, and Don Driscoll. "The use of hollow-bearing trees by vertebrate fauna in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest, Tasmania." Wildlife Research 35, no. 8 (2008): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08007.
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The loss of hollow-bearing trees in production forest areas can have large impacts on animal populations that rely on them for shelter. This study facilitates the selection of appropriate trees for retention by examining the proportion and type of trees that were used by vertebrate fauna in mature wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest in Tasmania. Felled trees were searched for hollows and secondary evidence of use by fauna. Classification Trees and Bayesian logistic regression modelling were used to examine the site and tree attributes that best explained the use of a tree by fauna. We did two separate analyses: one using attributes expected to be causally related to hollow use, and a second using attributes that might be correlated with hollow use and could be easily assessed in standing trees. In all, 28% of hollow-bearing trees examined showed evidence of use, which is at the lower end of the scale found in other areas of Australia. The variables most strongly related to the use of a tree were hollow abundance, tree size and senescence. Random Forest modelling indicated that the likelihood of a hollow being used increased with hollow size, particularly hollow depth. Counting the number of hollows in standing trees was the best way to identify a tree that is likely to be used by fauna and this was particularly important for younger and healthier trees. It was recommended that trees to be retained should contain at least one large hollow. It was estimated that 8–15 trees per hectare were used by hollow-using fauna in mature wet and dry E. obliqua forest in Tasmania.
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Caruso, T., P. Inglese, F. Sottile, and F. P. Marra. "Effect of Planting System on Productivity, Dry-matter Partitioning and Carbohydrate Content in Above-ground Components of `Flordaprince' Peach Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 1 (January 1999): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.1.39.
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Vegetative growth, fruit yields, and dry matter partitioning within above-ground components were assessed during three growing seasons for trees of an early ripening peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch `Flordaprince' on GF 677 rootstock) trained either to a free standing central leader (930 trees/ha) or to Y shape (1850 trees/ha). Individual trees trained to central leader gave higher fruit yield, had a significantly greater leaf area and accumulated more dry mass in above-ground components per tree than Y shape trees. The training systems did not differ in terms of yield efficiency (yield per trunk cross-sectional area) and leaf area index (LAI), but Y shape trees had a higher harvest index and fruit dry mass per ground area than central leader. Four years after planting, Y shape had 35% higher yield per hectare than central leader. The relative contribution of 1-year-old wood, shoot and leaf to the dry mass of the tree decreased with tree age. Four years after planting the dry matter partitioned to the >1-year-old wood components represented 60% of the total tree mass (excluding fruit) in both the training systems. Central leader trees had the highest relative vegetative growth rate during stage III of fruit development. Most starch depletion occurred from dormancy to pit hardening from the canopy main storage pools (>1-year-old wood), and was higher for central leader than Y shape trees. For the ease of management and the high crop efficiency, the Y shape can be successfully used for peach high density planting systems.
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Gopalakrishna, S. Puttakame, M. Leckson Kaonga, R. Kalegowda Somashekar, H. Satyanarayana Suresh, and R. Suresh. "Tree diversity in the tropical dry forest of Bannerghatta National Park in Eastern Ghats, Southern India." European Journal of Ecology 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eje-2015-0013.
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Abstract Tree species inventories, particularly of poorly known dry deciduous forests, are needed to protect and restore forests in degraded landscapes. A study of forest stand structure, and species diversity and density of trees with girth at breast height (GBH) ≥10 cm was conducted in four management zones of Bannerghatta National Park (BNP) in the Eastern Ghats of Southern India. We identified 128 tree species belonging to 45 families in 7.9 hectares. However, 44 species were represented by ≤ 2 individuals. Mean diversity values per site for the dry forest of BNP were: tree composition (23.8 ±7.6), plant density (100.69 ± 40.02), species diversity (2.56 ± 0.44) and species richness (10.48 ± 4.05). Tree diversity was not significantly different (P>0.05) across the four management zones in the park. However, the number of tree species identified significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing number of sampling sites, but majority of the species were captured. Similarly, there were significant variations (p<0.05) between tree diameter class distributions. Juveniles accounted for 87% of the tree population. The structure of the forest was not homogeneous, with sections ranging from poorly structured to highly stratified configurations. The study suggests that there was moderate tree diversity in the tropical dry thorn forest of Bannerghatta National Park, but the forest was relatively young.
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Aljuburi, Hameed J., Hasan Al-Masry, and Saeed A. Al-Muhanna. "479 Fruit Characteristics and Productivity of Date Palm Trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as Affected by Some Growth Regulators." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 476E—477. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.476e.
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Date palm trees are among the most plentiful fruit trees in the Arabian Gulf States. Bioregulators have been used for the improvement of quality and productivity of date plam tree fruits. Application of gibberellic acid (GA3), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and ethephon, separately or in a mixture, has significant effects on fruit set, fruit dry matter percentage, fruit soluble percentage, fruit ripening, and yield of date palm trees. A study was conducted to assess relative effectiveness of GA3, NAA, ethephon, and a mixture of growth regulators on some fruit characteristics, and productivity of `Barhee' date plam trees. Five uniform female `Barhee' date palm trees were pollinated on 5–15 Mar. 1994, 1995, and 1996 by placing eight fresh male strands on female spadix centers (flower cluster). Ten flower clusters were used on each tree, and every two flower clusters were subjected to one of the following treatments: control (water), 150 mg·L–1 GA3, 100 mg·L–1 NAA, 1000 mg·L–1 ethephon, and a mixture of growth regulators. The fruit set (%), dry matter (%), total soluble solids (°Brix), fruit ripening (%), and fruit weight (kg per bunch and per tree) were measured. The data showed that the application of GA3 or ethephon on flower clusters of `Barhee' date palm trees had no constant effect on fruit characteristics and productivity of trees. NAA or a mixture of growth regulators reduced fruit dry matter percentage, fruit ripening percentage, and increased fruit weight per bunch and per tree. Spraying `Barhee' date palm flower clusters with NAA or a mixture of growth regulators 20 days after pollination decreased dry matter percentage, fruit ripening, and increased fruit flesh percentage and tree yield.
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Sharma, N. K., Raman Jeet Singh, and Kuldeep Kumar. "Dry Matter Accumulation and Nutrient Uptake by Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Poplar (Populus deltoides) Based Agroforestry System." ISRN Agronomy 2012 (June 28, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/359673.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) being grown with association of boundary plantations of poplar (Populus deltoides M.) has to face competition for water and nutrients uptake. Field experiment was carried to study the dry matter accumulation pattern and nutrients uptake by wheat grown in association with boundary plantations of three- and four-year-old poplar plants under irrigated condition. Dry matter accumulation of wheat declined considerably due to presence of poplar tree line during all the growth stages as compared to pure crop. Maximum reduction in dry matter accumulation in wheat was observed near the tree line (0–3 m) under both three- as well as four-year-old plantation (21.1 and 17.8 per cent under three- and four-year-old trees, resp.) which tapered off beyond that, but synergetic effect caused by existence of trees increased dry matter significantly between 3–6 m distance and 6–9 m distance under both three- as well as four-year-old plantation. Similarly, minimum concentration of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) as well as their uptake in wheat plants was observed near the tree line (0–3 m) and increased subsequently with increase in distance from tree line.
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Southwick, S. M., W. Olson, J. Yeager, and K. G. Weis. "Optimum Timing of Potassium Nitrate Spray Applications to `French' Prune Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121, no. 2 (March 1996): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.121.2.326.
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During the fruit growing season, April through August 1990, 1991, and 1992, four sprays of 20-22 liters/tree of KNO3 were applied to `French' prune trees (Prunus domestica L. syn. `Petite d'Agen). Spray applications of KNO3 were compared to single annual soil applications of KCl (1.4-2.3 kg/tree) and sprays of urea + KNO3 with respect to leaf K and N, fruit size, drying ratio, and dry yield. Potassium nitrate sprays were as effective, or better, than soil-applied K in maintaining adequate levels of leaf K throughout the season. Treatment effects were not carried over into the next year. Lowest leaf K was found in trees where no K had been applied. Those values were below the adequate level of 1.3% K and the untreated group developed K deficiency symptoms. Consistent effects on leaf K were not obtained when urea was applied and no negative effect on leaf K was demonstrated. Equivalent dry yields per tree were obtained by foliar and soil K applications. There was no best time for KNO3 sprays. Yield per tree was not enhanced when foliar K-N sprays were applied to trees that had levels of 1.3% K or more as of 15 Apr. 1992. Trees that were below optimum K in April tended toward improved dry yields after four K-N sprays. Trees that had no applied K were lowest yielding. Drying ratios and fruit size (number of fruit per kilogram) were not different among K treatments. Dry yields per tree were increased without a decrease in fruit size or an increase in drying ratio with either soil or foliar K application. These results suggest that foliar KNO3 sprays applied four times throughout the growing season can be used to correct incipient K deficiency in `French' prune and to obtain dry yields equivalent to those obtained with soil applications of KCl.
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PANDIAN, ELUMALAI, and NARAYANASWAMY PARTHASARATHY. "Tree growth, mortality and recruitment in four inland tropical dry evergreen forest sites of Peninsular India." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 1646–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180444.
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Pandian E, Parthasarathy N. 2017. Tree growth, mortality and recruitment in four inland tropical dry evergreen forest sites of Peninsular India. Biodiversitas 18: 1646-1656. Tree diversity was re-inventoried after a decade (2003-2013) for assessing growth, mortality and recruitment rates in four inland tropical dry evergreen forest sites on the Coromandel Cost of India. Four 1-ha square plots (100 m x 100 m) were established in 2003 in four tropical dry evergreen forest sites, i.e. Araiyapatti (AP), Karisakkadu (KR), Maramadakki (MM) and Shanmuganathapuram (SP). These four plots were re-inventoried in 2013 to determine decadal changes in tree diversity. All trees ≥10 cm girth at breast height (gbh) were measured at 1.3 m from the ground level. The initial inventories in 2003 recorded 57 tree species, whereas, in 2013, 56 species were recorded from 46 genera and 26 families. Tree basal area declined by 6.2 % and 3.4 % in sites KR and SP respectively, whereas in the other two sites it increased; AP (1.6 %) and MM (16.8 %). The mean growth rate of trees (≥ 10 cm gbh) in four tropical dry evergreen forest sites ranged from 0.68 to 1.52 cm yr-1. High recruitment rate was recorded in less disturbed sites KR (21.8 % yr-1) and MM (11.5 % yr-1), while the moderately disturbed sites showed 9.1% yr-1in site AP and 5.1 % yr-1 in site SP. Mortality rates were 23.5 and 45.7% yr-1 in highly disturbed sites AP and SP respectively.
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Tworkoski, T. J., and R. Scorza. "169 Root Characteristics of Peach Trees with Different Shoot Growth Habits." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 419C—419. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.419c.
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Peach trees (Prunus persica L.) with diverse shoot growth habits have been developed, but little is known about their root systems. Characterizing shoot and root systems can improve basic understanding of peach tree growth and be important in the development of rootstocks and own-rooted trees. This research determined shoot and root characteristics of four peach tree growth habits (compact, dwarf, pillar, and standard). Seed from four peach growth habits were planted in 128-L containers, grown outside during the 1998 growing season, and then harvested. Compact tree leaf number (1350/tree) was twice, but leaf area (6 cm2/leaf) was half, that of pillar and standard trees. The number of lateral branches in compact trees (34) was nearly three-times more than in pillar and standard trees. The leaf area index (LAI) of pillar trees was greater than compact and standard trees (13 compared with 4 and 3, respectively) due to a narrower crown diameter. Dwarf tree shoots were distinct with few leaves (134 per tree) and a large LAI of 76. Compact trees grew more higher-order lateral roots than pillar and standard trees. More second-order lateral (SOL) roots were produced by compact than standard trees (1.2 vs. 0.8 SOL roots/cm first-order lateral root). Pillar trees had higher shoot-to-root dry weight ratios (2.4) than compact and standard trees (1.7 for both) due to smaller root dry weights. The results indicate fundamental differences in root characteristics among the peach tree growth habits. Compact trees had more higher order lateral roots in roots originating near the root collar (i.e., more fibrous roots), and this correlated with more lateral branches in the canopy. Shoot weights were the same among pillar, compact, and standard trees but root weights were less in pillar trees, resulting in greater shoot-to-root dry weight ratios. These results indicate significant differences in root as well as shoot architecture among growth habits that can affect their use as scion or rootstock varieties.
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Lehman, Laura J., Eric Young, and C. R. Unrath. "Apple Tree Vigor Influences Flowering and Dry Weight after Paclobutrazol Application." HortScience 25, no. 8 (August 1990): 933–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.933.
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Spur-type or nonspur `Delicious' apple scions on either Malus domestica Borkh. (seedling) or M.26 rootstocks received paclobutrazol foliar sprays in one or two `consecutive years or a soil drench in the year of planting. For each scion, total shoot, root shank, and tree dry weights measured in the 3rd year after planting were suppressed by all treatments. Trees on M.26 put less dry weight into rootstock wood after foliar sprays, but trees on seedling were not similarly affected. No treatment influenced fibrous root dry weight of the spur-type scion on seedling, while all treatments suppressed dry-weight gain of the same scion on M.26. All trees had higher root: shoot ratios and blossom densities 3 years after the soil drench and several had higher ratios after foliar sprays. Chemical name used: ß-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl] (l,l-dimethylethyl)-l-H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol, PB).
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Smith, Michael W., and Bruce W. Wood. "Pecan Tree Biomass Estimates." HortScience 41, no. 5 (August 2006): 1286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1286.
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Allometric equations were developed for orchard-grown pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees. Trees, ranging in size from 22 to 33 cm in trunk diameter 1.4 m above the ground, were destructively harvested from two sites. The entire aboveground portion of each tree was harvested and then divided into leaves, current season's shoots, and branches ≥1 year old plus trunk. Roots were sampled by digging a trench beginning beneath the trunk and extending to one-half the distance to an adjacent tree, then separating the roots from the soil. Roots were then divided into those less than 1 cm in diameter and those ≥1 cm in diameter. Equations in the form Y = eaXb were developed to estimate dry biomass of most tree components and the whole tree, where Y is the dry weight, e is the base of the natural logarithm, X is the trunk diameter at 1.4 m above the ground, and a and b are coefficients. A linear equation provided the best fit for estimating the weight of the current season's growth. Power equations were also developed to estimate the weights of inner bark and wood for different size trunks or branches.
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Lynch, Ann M., and John R. Bassett. "Oak Stump Sprouting on Dry Sites in Northern Lower Michigan." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/4.3.142.
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Abstract In clearcut portions of 37 stands, stumps from northern red, northern pin, and white oak trees, averaging about 65 years old when felled, were measured to relate sprouting to stump diameter, estimated dbh, slope position, aspect, site index, and parent tree (stump) age. At least one vigorous sprout was produced by 80 and 77% of northern red and northern pin oak stumps, respectively, and sprouting was independent of stump diameter. In contrast, 54% of white oak stumps produced at least one vigorous sprout, and sprouting was related to stump diameter. Northern red and northern pin oaks sprouted least frequently on lower slopes, whereas white oaks sprouted least frequently on midslope positions. White oak sprouting was also less frequent on south-and west-facing slopes. Sprouting of white and northern pin oaks was weakly associated with site index. The sprouting of all species was related to tree age, but only white oak showed a consistent trend of decreased sprouting with increased tree age. An average of 134 oak stumps per acre produced at least one vigorous sprout. North. J. Appl. For. 4:142-145, Sept. 1987.
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Zhu, Chen, Erqian Cui, and Jianyang Xia. "Both day and night warming reduce tree growth in extremely dry soils." Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 094074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aba65e.
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Fumuro, Masahiko. "Comparison of Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Pot-planted Mango cv. Aikou Using Own-rooted Trees Propagated by Air Layering and Grafted Trees Propagated by Conventional Methods." HortScience 54, no. 7 (July 2019): 1175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13984-19.
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To determine the potential of using own-rooted trees to lower tree height and delay the decline in tree vigor caused by root clogging, the growth, yield, and fruit quality of pot-planted ‘Aikou’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees propagated by air layering and grafting were observed for 8 years after planting. The trunk diameter of the own-rooted trees propagated by air layering (hereafter abbreviated as own-rooted trees) was significantly smaller than that of the grafted trees propagated by conventional methods (hereafter abbreviated as grafted trees), but there were no significant differences in the scion diameters of the grafted trees. Moreover, no significant differences were observed in leaf number or total length of green branches between the own-rooted and grafted trees during the final 3 years. The height of the own-rooted trees was significantly shorter than that of the grafted trees. Although no difference in the fresh or dry weight of the aboveground part and whole tree was observed between the own-rooted and grafted trees, the fresh and dry weights of the underground part of the own-rooted trees were significantly lower than those of the grafted trees. Furthermore, the T-R ratio (the weight of the aboveground part of the tree excluding the leaves/the weight of the underground part of the tree) of the own-rooted trees was significantly higher than that of the grafted trees. Overall, no significant differences in yield or fruit quality were observed between the two tree types, and the average yield per 1 m2 over 6 years was 2.9–3.1 kg. These results indicate that it may be possible to lower tree height, delay the decline in tree vigor caused by root clogging, and prolong the life span of pot-planted trees by using own-rooted trees.
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van der Velden, Hugo. "Petrus Christus's Our Lady of the Dry Tree." Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 60 (1997): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/751225.
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Justiniano, Marcos Joaquín, and Todd S. Fredericksen. "Phenology of Tree Species in Bolivian Dry Forests1." BIOTROPICA 32, no. 2 (2000): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1646/0006-3606(2000)032[0276:potsib]2.0.co;2.
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Shushtari, J. Kevin. "The Sweet Dry Fruit Of The Lotus Tree." Iowa Review 42, no. 1 (April 2012): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7115.
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Kushwaha, C. P., S. K. Tripathi, B. D. Tripathi, and K. P. Singh. "Patterns of tree phenological diversity in dry tropics." Acta Ecologica Sinica 31, no. 4 (August 2011): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2011.04.003.
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Justiniano, Marcos Joaquin, and Todd S. Fredericksen. "Phenology of Tree Species in Bolivian Dry Forests." Biotropica 32, no. 2 (June 2000): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00470.x.
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Pulla, Sandeep, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Handanakere S. Dattaraja, and Raman Sukumar. "Multidimensional tree niches in a tropical dry forest." Ecology 98, no. 5 (April 7, 2017): 1334–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1788.
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Anchukaitis, Kevin J., Matthew J. Taylor, Caroline Leland, Diego Pons, Javier Martin-Fernandez, and Edwin Castellanos. "Tree-ring reconstructed dry season rainfall in Guatemala." Climate Dynamics 45, no. 5-6 (November 20, 2014): 1537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2407-y.
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Panjaitan, Mas'ud, W. W. Stur, and R. Jessop. "Growth of forage tree legumes at four agro-climatic sites in Indonesia." Journal of Agricultural Science 120, no. 3 (June 1993): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076474.
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SUMMARYThe growth of the tree legumes Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Sesbania grandiflora, Albizia falcataria and Calliandra calothyrsus was evaluated at four sites in Indonesia between 1984 and 1986. Tree seedlings were planted at 10000 trees/ha and, after an establishment period of 9–12 months, harvested every 3 months for a 2-year period.At Bambu Apus, West Java (2040 mm annual rainfall, 1 month dry period, lowland, latosol with pH 5·6 decreasing with depth), G. sepium and C. calothyrsus produced 13 and 10 t/ha per year of leaf dry matter, respectively. Other species did not grow well at this site and fewer than 60% of the trees of these species survived until the end of the experimental period. At Sei Putih, North Sumatra (1550 mm annual rainfall, 3 months dry period, lowland, podzolic with pH 5·5 increasing with depth), no species produced > 6 t/ha per year of leaf dry matter. The highest yielding species were L. leucocephala and A. falcataria. At Cisarua, West Java (3340 mm annual rainfall, no dry periods, 925 m altitude, latosol with pH 5–6 increasing with depth) only C. calothyrsus grew well and produced 9 t/ha per year of leaf dry matter. At Grati, East Java (1500 mm annual rainfall, 6 months dry period, lowland, alluvial with pH 6·6 increasing with depth) L. leucocephala produced > 8 t·ha per year of leaf dry matter, while none of the C. calothyrsus and A. falcataria trees survived the first dry season.Although L. leucocephala has been the most widely grown tree legume species in the tropics, C. calothyrsus and G. sepium performed better at the wetter sites and at high altitude.
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van Emmerik, Tim, Susan Steele-Dunne, Pierre Gentine, Rafael S. Oliveira, Paulo Bittencourt, Fernanda Barros, and Nick van de Giesen. "Ideas and perspectives: Tree–atmosphere interaction responds to water-related stem variations." Biogeosciences 15, no. 21 (November 2, 2018): 6439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6439-2018.
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Abstract. Land–atmosphere interactions depend on momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the canopy, which in turn depends on the tree drag coefficient. It is known that the drag coefficient, and thus tree–atmosphere momentum transfer, can vary strongly within a canopy. Yet, only few measurements are available to study the variation of tree–atmosphere momentum transfer in time and space, and in response to tree water deficit. In this paper we use accelerometers to estimate tree–atmosphere momentum transfer for 19 individual trees of 7 different species in the Brazilian Amazon. The 5-month monitoring period included the transition from wet to dry months. Here, we demonstrate that, under field conditions, tree–atmosphere momentum transfer can vary considerably in time and space (up to a factor of 2.5). Increased water-related stem variations during the dry months are related to observed changes in tree–atmosphere momentum transfer, which is hypothesized to be caused by tree-water-deficit-induced changes in tree mass.
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Gao, Qiong, and Mei Yu. "Canopy Density and Roughness Differentiate Resistance of a Tropical Dry Forest to Major Hurricane Damage." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 2262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122262.
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Tropical dry forest is vulnerable to increased climate variability with more frequent and severe storms. Studies of hurricane impact on tropical dry forest often focused on individual tree traits. How trees in tropical dry forests work together to combat wind damage is still unclear. To address this, we integrated ground-observed ecosystem structure from National Ecological Observation Network (NEON) with airborne-LiDAR images and analyzed resistance in forest structure of Guánica dry forest in Puerto Rico to major hurricanes in 2017 at the forest-stand level. Using each plot instead of the individual tree as the base unit, we regressed mean changes in stem height and fractions of lost or damaged stems at 15 plots on mean stem diameter, mean and standard deviation of stem height, stem density, and topography. Meanwhile, using the LiDAR-derived canopy heights, we compared the changes in canopy height before and after the hurricanes and regressed spatially the canopy height change on prior-hurricane tree cover, canopy height, and rugosity. We found that the damage was small in places with high stem density or high tree cover. Ground-observed damage in terms of height reduction significantly increased with the standard deviation of stem height, an index of roughness, but decreased with the mean stem diameter of the plots. LiDAR-detected damage in terms of reduction in canopy height was also found to decrease with tree cover and mean canopy height when the canopy height was small or moderate but increase with the rugosity. The fraction of lost stems significantly decreased with the stem density, and the fraction of damaged stems significantly increased with the roughness and the plot elevation. The collective parameters of forest stand quantified from ground-observation and LiDAR, such as stem density, tree cover, and canopy roughness or rugosity, highlighted mutual supports of trees and played important roles in resisting damages to the tropical dry forest during major hurricanes.
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Barbosa, Ana Carolina Maioli, Gabriel Assis Pereira, Daniela Granato-Souza, Rubens Manoel Santos, and Marcos Aurélio Leite Fontes. "Tree rings and growth trajectories of tree species from seasonally dry tropical forest." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 5 (2018): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17212.
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The presence of distinct growth rings in a large number of tropical tree species has allowed a range of studies involving the growth history during the life span of the tree. This work aimed to examine the presence of tree rings and study growth patterns of tree species from five seasonally dry tropical forest fragments. Wood cores were extracted using 5-mm increment borer. The macroscopic structure of growth rings from 24 deciduous tree species was observed under stereomicroscope and classified according to anatomical features and visibility of the ring boundary. Distinct growth rings were detected for 19 species (79%). Seven species were submitted to tree-ring analyses, including cross-dating and dating quality control using the COFECHA program. Dated ring-series were analysed by comparing increment rates and accumulated diameter at breast height fitted curves to detect growth patterns. The variations among growth curves indicated different strategies of establishment and development for each studied species, and allowed the identification of different ecological groups. The results show the potential of tree rings to study populations and communities of seasonally dry tropical forest.
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Reis, Geovany Heitor, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Diego Gualberto Sales Pereira, Jean Daniel Morel, and Paola Ferreira Santos. "Tree community dynamics of a northern Minas Gerais seasonally dry forest." Revista Ceres 65, no. 3 (June 2018): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-737x201865030003.
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ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the dynamics, structural changes and floristics of a Northern Minas Gerais Seasonally Deciduous Forest tree community, in a 5 year interval. In 2005, 10 (20 x 20m) plots were allocated. All trees (CBH ≥ 10 cm) were tagged and measured. A second census was carried out in 2010 in order to measure surviving, new recruits and dead trees. In 2005, 46 species were recorded, moving to 45 in 2010. No significant differences were found for Shannon - diversity (H’ = 2.62 nats ind-1 in 2005; H’ = 2.60 nats ind-1 in 2010) and Pielou eveness (J = 0.683 in 2005; J = 0.682 in 2010) in the interval. A total of 57 dead records (rate of 1.64% year-1) were found whereas 18 trees were recruited (rate of 0.53% year-1). Despite the higher mortality as compared to recruitment, the results suggest that the community remained stable in both structural and diversity terms in the interval considered.
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Davies, Frederick S., and Glenn Zalman. "Fertilization and Growth of Field-grown Citrus Nursery Trees in Florida." HortTechnology 18, no. 1 (January 2008): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.18.1.29.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various levels of nitrogen (N) on growth of ‘Hamlin’ orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Carrizo citrange (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) rootstock in a field nursery. Newly budded liners were obtained from commercial nurseries and received from 0 to 3976 kg N per treated hectare annually (8N–0P–6.6K) in 14 applications per season. Tree trunk diameter, height, and dry weight were measured in two separate experiments. Total dry weight and trunk diameter were greatest for trees receiving 794 kg·ha−1 N annually during both seasons. However, annual N rates more than 1589 kg·ha−1 reduced trunk diameters and dry weight compared with the optimum N rate during both seasons. Leaf N concentration and N rate were positively correlated in both seasons, but leaf N concentration was poorly correlated with tree trunk diameter and dry weight. Therefore, very high rates of N fertilization may actually reduce ‘Hamlin’ orange tree growth in field nurseries when growing in an Arredondo fine sand.
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Magnussen, S., V. G. Smith, and C. W. Yeatman. "Foliage and canopy characteristics in relation to aboveground dry matter increment of seven jack pine provenances." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1986): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-083.
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This paper reports on foliage and tree size data collected in 1984 in an Ontario Pinusbanksiana Lamb, (jack pine) provenance trial established in 1954 at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ont. The ratio of total needle area to needle dry weight of seven provenances showed a substantial within-tree, between-tree, and between-provenance variation that was associated with position within the tree and the average provenance tree size. Provenance mean values ranged from 11.7 to 14.3 m2/kg. The highest values were found in the tallest trees. Tree size and dry matter content varied significantly among provenances, but the relative growth rates of stem volume and aboveground biomass between the ages of 29 and 34 years averaged 5.7 and 4.9% per year in all provenances respectively. Aboveground dry matter production per hectare per year increased linearly with increasing projected leaf area index. The average increase was 1.9 t dry matter per l m2 increase in the leaf area index. Projected leaf area indices for optimally stocked stands averaged 5.0 m2/m2. The results indicated an almost constant net assimilation rate of 1.9 g aboveground dry matter per square decimetre of projected foliage per year in all provenances. Canopy foliage area was strongly correlated with basal area at 1.3 m and stem cross-sectional area at the base of the live crown. Total foliage area per unit basal area averaged 0.31 m2/cm2 at breast height and 0.70 m2/cm2 in the live crown. No significant differences were found between provenances.
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Beltrán-Rodríguez, Leonardo, Juan Ignacio Valdez-Hernández, Alfredo Saynes-Vásquez, José Blancas, José Antonio Sierra-Huelsz, Sol Cristians, Andrea Martínez-Ballesté, et al. "Sustaining Medicinal Barks: Survival and Bark Regeneration of Amphipterygium adstringens (Anacardiaceae), a Tropical Tree under Experimental Debarking." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 2860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052860.
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Commercial harvests can threaten tree species harvested for their bark. Amphipterygium adstringens is a dioecious tree, endemic to the tropical dry forests of Mexico, where it is intensively harvested for its medicinal bark. Limited information hinders developing sustainable management strategies for A. adstringens. We assessed bark regeneration for male and female trees, and evaluated the effect of tree sex and diameter, debarking treatments and cutting seasons on bark regeneration and tree survival rates. Bark regeneration was higher for wet season harvested trees (vs. dry), regardless of their sex. Bark regeneration was higher on female than on male trees. There were significant interactions of harvest season, harvest treatment and tree sex diameter on bark regeneration and survival. Overall, the highest bark regeneration rates occurred in female trees with ≥20.1 cm diameter that were wet season harvested with a 50% debarking intensity. Consequently, wet season and intermediate intensity harvests appear to foster sound management, but we recommend against targeting exclusively a single demographic group (i.e., large female trees) due to potential negative impacts on species demography and bark supply. A grounded strategy for sustaining bark harvest would also need to take into account relevant aspects of local socio-ecological context, including harvest interactions with other land uses.
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Damayanti, Ratih, Barbara Ozarska, Jugo Ilic, Gustan Pari, Wahyu Dwianto, Dian Anggraini Indrawan, and Krisdianto Krisdianto. "Variation of Heartwood Proportion and Wood Colour from Fast Grown 5-Year-Old Teak." Wood Research Journal 11, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2020.11.1.1-11.
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The heartwood percentage and wood colour of fast plantation grown teak destined for harvest at 5 years of age were characterized using automatic image processing ’ImageJ’ routines and CieLab’s colour system with the following coefficients: L for lightness, a* for redness and b* for yellowness. Analyses were conducted on material from different dry and wet sites. Comparison with 6-year old plantation from a dry site was conducted to study differences arising in older trees. Analyses of variation of those properties between and within different tree diameter classes were also conducted. The results showed that brightness, redness and yellowness values of 5-year old teak trees were 60.7, 10.7 and 23.1, respectively. Tree clone had a more dominant effect on wood colour and heartwood proportion than site, thus if specific colour preferences are needed of plantation trees, clone selection is important. The drier site produced larger proportions of heartwood in trees, as well as a more attractive figure. The trees produced heartwood proportions of 20% and 14% from the dry and wet sites respectively. On average, these 5 year old teak trees already produced 18% heartwood. Faster tree growth (larger diameter) appeared to have produced significantly larger heartwood proportions. Radially, the palest colour (the highest L but the lowest a*b* parameters) occurred in an area between heartwood and sapwood indicating the presence of a transition zone in all the tree samples.
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Lal, Chaman, Lalji Singh, Varun Attri, and S. Sarvade. "Tree species diversity, distribution and population structure in a tropical dry deciduous forests of Chhatisgarh, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.666.
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Tree species diversity, distribution and population structure of tropical forests of Bharnawapara wildlife sanctuary was investigated. The study analyzed the structure of a tropical dry deciduous forest in Chhatisgarh at different sites i.e. closed natural forest, open natural forest and plantation forests of teak. The study was conducted by laying 30 quadrats, each 10 m × 10 m in size at different sites. In total, 246 trees belonging to 28 species of 17 families were recorded from 0.3 ha sampling area. Density ranged between 520 to 990 trees ha-1 subsequently, basal area ranged between 21.50 to 47.30 m2 ha-1. The dominant tree species was Cleistanthus collinus with an importance value index (IVI) of 57.70. Other important species were Terminalia tometosa (IVI 47.10), Lagerstroemia parviflora (36.92), Diospyros melanoxylon (28.42) and Madhuca indica(26.03). The Shannon-Wiener index (H′) ranged between 0.19 to 3.35 and Simpson’s index (C) between 0.12 to 0.95 indicating high tree species diversity of tropical dry deciduous forests. It is evident from the study that natural forest has an edge over plantation forest in terms of species diversity, dominance and richness. Tree species diversity, distribution and population structure provide baseline information for conservation and management of tropical dry deciduous forests in India. Efforts are needed to conserve the natural forest for their diversity and existence. They can also be supplemented with plantation forests to lower the biotic pressure.
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Patel, Aviva. "Phenological patterns of Ficus in relation to other forest trees in southern India." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 5 (September 1997): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010865.
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ABSTRACTThe importance of figs as keystone resources depends partly on their year-round fruiting pattern. However, most non-equatorial fig species show seasonality in reproductive phenology. If fig and other species' fruiting peaks coincide, the importance of figs as key resources during lean fruiting periods may be reduced. Fig and other forest tree phenology was studied in a deciduous and an evergreen site in the Western Ghats, southern India, from January 1991 to May 1992. In the deciduous site, most non-fig flowering and leaf flushing occurred during the two dry seasons, while most fruiting occurred during the dry and early wet seasons. In the evergreen site, all non-fig tree phenological stages – flowering, fruiting and leaf flushing – were concentrated during the two dry seasons annually (dry and post-monsoon). Individual fig trees produced crops one to three times annually, at different times of the year for different trees. Fig community fruiting peaks in the evergreen site coincided with fruiting peaks of the other forest trees, but in the deciduous site occurred slightly offset from non-fig fruiting peaks. The role of figs as key resources is likely to differ among forests, and to depend on factors such as diversity of fruiting pattern among fig species, fig tree density and territoriality of frugivores.
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Gao, Y., D. Jiménez, M. Skutsch, M. Salinas, and J. Solórzano. "WHICH VARIABLES IN FOREST SURVEY DATA CAN BETTER DISTINGUISH CONSERVED AND DEGRADED TROPICAL DRY FOREST?" ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W12-2020 (November 6, 2020): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w12-2020-309-2020.
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Abstract. This paper presents the results of a statistical study of forest inventory data for tropical dry forest in Ayuquila River Basin, Jalisco state, Mexico. The field inventory was carried out between May-June of 2019 which is at the end of dry season and the beginning of raining season. The field inventory data were collected in 43 plots of 500 m2 each which were designed in a way to include tropical dry forests in two conditions: degraded and conserved. In each plot, the collected data include DBH, tree height, number of trees per plot, and the density of tree stems. A study was carried out to find out if there are statistically significant differences variables relating to forest structure between degraded and conserved status. The Mann-Whitney test shows that there is significant differences in canopy cover, biomass, tree height, and basal area. This information is important since it helps to understand whether and how forest degradation can be detected using remote sensing data.
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Sazima, Ivan, Cristina Sazima, and Marlies Sazima. "Little dragons prefer flowers to maidens: a lizard that laps nectar and pollinates trees." Biota Neotropica 5, no. 1 (2005): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032005000100018.
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Lizards rarely visit and pollinate flowers, the few recent records being mostly restricted to island habitats. We report here on the Noronha skink (Euprepis atlanticus) seeking nectar in the flowers of the leguminous mulungu tree (Erythrina velutina) at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, off northeast Brazil. The mulungu tree blooms during the dry season, and each flower secretes copious and diluted nectar throughout the day. The Noronha skink climbs up to the inflorescences and laps the nectar accumulated in the flowers' base. While exploiting the flowers and crawling over the inflorescences, the body parts of the skink contact the anthers and stigmas and pollen adheres to the lizard's scales. The lizard visits inflorescences from the same and different trees, which renders it a potential pollinator. As the mulungu tree blooms during the dry season and the island has little or no natural freshwater supply during drought periods, we suggest that the Noronha skink seeks flower nectar both for its energetic, diluted sugars and the water content.
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Ireland, Kathryn B., Margaret M. Moore, Peter Z. Fulé, Larissa L. Yocom, and Thomas J. Zegler. "Warm, dry conditions inhibit aspen growth, but tree growth and size predict mortality risk in the southwestern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 11 (November 2020): 1206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0222.
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Widespread, rapid aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) mortality since the beginning of the 21st century, sometimes called sudden aspen decline (SAD), has been documented in many locations across North America, but it has been particularly pronounced in the southwestern United States. We investigated the relationship among aspen growth, mortality, and climate across three forest types in northern Arizona using cross-dated tree-ring samples from 126 live and 132 dead aspens. Aspen growth was negatively correlated with warm temperatures and positively associated with higher precipitation. Using survival analysis techniques to investigate the links between aspen mortality, tree traits, and climatic conditions, we found that tree traits played a larger role in mortality risk than climate factors. Trees with larger diameters, older trees, and trees with faster growth rates over the past 50 years had a reduced risk of mortality. Management actions aimed at maintaining the most vigorous, fastest growing aspen in the region could help mitigate the impacts of a warmer, drier future.
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Prichard, Susan J., and Maureen C. Kennedy. "Fuel treatment effects on tree mortality following wildfire in dry mixed conifer forests, Washington State, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 8 (2012): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11121.
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Fuel reduction treatments are increasingly used to mitigate future wildfire severity in dry forests, but few opportunities exist to assess their effectiveness. We evaluated the influence of fuel treatment, tree size and species on tree mortality following a large wildfire event in recent thin-only, thin and prescribed burn (thin-Rx) units. Of the trees that died within the first 3 years, most died in the first year regardless of treatment. First-year mortality was much higher in control and thin-only units (65 and 52%) than in thin-Rx units (37%). Cumulative third-year mortality followed a similar trend (78 and 64% in control and thin-only units) v. 43% in thin-Rx units. Percentage crown scorch is a strong predictor of mortality and is highly dependent on fuel treatment. Across all treatments, Pinus ponderosa had a lower probability of post-fire mortality than did Pseudotsuga menziesii. Finally, the probability of beetle attack on surviving trees was highest in large-diameter trees within thin-only treatments and lowest within thin-Rx treatments. This study contributes further evidence supporting the effectiveness of thinning and prescribed burning on mitigating post-fire tree mortality. We also present evidence that a combination of thinning and prescribed burning is associated with lower incidence of post-fire bark beetle attack.
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West, P. W., and K. F. Wells. "Estimation of leaf weight of standing trees of Eucalyptusregnans." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-230.
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A model was developed to estimate total leaf dry weight of individual standing trees of Eucalyptusregnans F. Muell. in even-aged, monoculture stands aged 8–20 years. Tree biomass data were collected for a sample of 42 trees from four plots at three sites in Victoria and Tasmania. One plot had been heavily thinned 10 years prior to sampling. The model was based on the pipe model theory, L(x) = as(x)p(x), where L(x) is leaf dry weight above some height (x), s(x) and p(x) are, respectively, stem sapwood area and permeability at x, and a is a parameter. Permeability is known to vary with site and tree conditions, and an empirical model was developed that replaced ap(x) in the pipe model theory with a function in terms of tree age, diameter at breast height over bark, and distance along the stem from the tip of the tree. The resulting model to predict leaf weight appeared to be unbiased across sites, among trees within sites, and with respect to thinning treatment. It was found that given a prediction from the model of total leaf dry weight of one tree, it could be assumed with 95% confidence that the true value of leaf weight fell within an interval bounded by values of −60 to +76% of the estimate. When the model was used to predict stand leaf weight by summing estimates from many individual trees, the interval was bounded by minimum values of −3 to +19% of the stand estimate. These errors of estimate were probably conservative. It appeared that errors of similar magnitude may apply to other published models of this type.
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Bratilova, Natalia, and Olga Gerasimova. "ABOVE-GROUND PHYTOMASS OF APPLE TREES GROWN IN PROSTRATE SHRUB FORM IN THE SUBURBAN AREA OF KRASNOYARSK." Forestry Engineering Journal 10, no. 4 (January 19, 2021): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2020.4/9.
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The article presents the results of studies of the aboveground phytomass of domestic apple (Malus domestica Borkh) at 14-year and 113-year biological age, which were carried out on the basis of Krutovsky Botanical Garden in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk. The features of phytomass distribution by fractional composition have been established for the first time for apple trees grown in Siberia in prostrate shrub form. From 10 to 13 leaves with an average area of 26 cm2 and an absolutely dry weight of 0.34 g are formed on the annual shoots of prostrate shrub apple trees. During the formation of fruit trees in the form of "Krasnoyarsk prostrate shrub", three or four main skeletal branches are left. The average model branch of a 14-year-old tree has a length of 3.4 m and a diameter of 7.6 cm at the point of attachment to the trunk; its weight is 1.4 kg in an absolutely dry state. The aboveground phytomass of a tree is 9.7 kg (on average) in an absolutely dry state. At the same time, leaves account for 12% of the aboveground phytomass, stem - 16.6%, branches - 71.4%. With regular pruning of the crown to maintain the prostrate shrub form of cultivation in Krutovsky Botanical Garden, by the age of 14, the phytomass of the crown decreases by 30-33%. The average model branch in a 113-year-old apple tree, when grown in prostrate shrub form, has a length of 6.4 m and a diameter at the base of 26.7 cm. Its weight in an absolutely dry state is 51.9 kg. The phytomass of the aboveground part of a 113-year-old apple tree averages 164 kg in an absolutely dry state, being distributed by fractions: 1.8% (leaves), 3.4% (stem) and 94.8% (branches), respectively
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Domingues, Miguel Sales, Cristiana Andrighetto, Gelci Carlos Lupatini, Gustavo Pavan Mateus, Aline Sampaio Aranha, Rafael Keith Ono, Mayara Mayumi dos Santos Shiguematsu, Polyana Vellone Giacomini, and Bianca Midori Souza Sekiya. "Growth and yield of corn forage intercropped with marandu grass in an agrosilvopastoral system with eucalyptus." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 6 (November 23, 2017): 3669. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3669.
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Corn and grass intercropping is an interesting practice, and forage plants belonging to the genus Urochloa are the most commonly used in these situations. These plants show excellent adaptation to low-fertility soil, easy establishment, considerable biomass production, as well as being an important competitor with weeds. In agrosilvopastoral systems, the yield of corn crops grown together with trees is hindered due to the reduced radiation incidence caused by tree shading. This study aimed to evaluate corn growth, light interception, and chlorophyll content when intercropped with marandu grass in an agrosilvopastoral system with one and three eucalyptus rows, and compare them with plants under full sun. The experiment was conducted in Andradina - SP (Brazil). Treatments consisted of intercropping with no eucalyptus (plants under full sun: control), one system with one eucalyptus row and another with three rows. We also assessed the effect of five distances between corn plants and eucalyptus trees (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 m). Between eucalyptus rows, corn plants were intercropped with marandu grass. The analyzed variables were corn plant height, ear height, chlorophyll content index, light interception, dry matter, and fresh and dry forage weights. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial scheme plus a control, with four repetitions. Tree arrangements had no influence on corn forage, dry matter, plant height, or ear height. Lower results of yield, dry matter, plant height, and ear height were observed for plants spaced 2 m from trees. In the first two evaluations, significant differences of light interception were found for the different distances. Neither tree arrangements (one and three rows) nor the distances from the trees had any impact on corn heights, with no difference between control and the agrosilvopastoral systems. Neither plant distances from trees nor tree arrangements had an influence on chlorophyll content index of corn plants, with no difference between control and the treatments. As a result, corn growth and forage yield under agroforestry systems are similar in arrangements of 1 and 3 eucalyptus rows (15-month-old trees) and under full sun. However, corn dry matter contents were lower in systems containing trees. Intercropping corn and marandu grass in a system without trees increased light interception at harvest time, indicating a larger soil coverage. Corn forage yield and dry matter content were lower when plants were 2 m apart from eucalyptus trees since this condition provided a lower amount of light and greater competition for water and nutrients.
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Eissenstat, David M., Javier F. Espeleta, and Eric L. Whaley. "Responses of the Fine Roots of Citrus to Dry Surface Soil." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 577a—577. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.577a.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the frequent occurrence of hot, dry surface soil, little is known about the fate of roots in this soil layer during and following periods of surface drought. Phosphorus uptake kinetics were examined in surface roots of citrus seedlings exposed to different periods of drought. Exposure to dry soil for up to 43 days had no effect on phosphate uptake of excised roots measured at solution concentrations of 50, 750, and 1500 μm phosphate. Effects of surface drought on fine root behavior of seedlings and bearing trees were examined in the field using a split-pot arrangement. At the end of 5 weeks of drought, only about 1% of the roots in the top pot of either the seedling or tree had died. By 8 to 9 weeks of drought, about 26% of the fine laterals of the adult citrus had died, but only 6% had died in the seedling. After 15 weeks of drought, 33% of the mature tree fine roots had died but only 8% had died in the seedling. Root-soil respiration per gram root at this time was at least twice as high in the seedling as in the mature tree. Fine roots of citrus are remarkably tolerant to dry surface soils of about 5 weeks duration, both in terms of root survival and resumption of physiological activity after rewetting.