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1
Sutrisno, Wahyuniarsih, Priyo Suprobo, Endah Wahyuni, and Data Iranata. "Experimental Test of Chloride Penetration in Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Wetting and Drying Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 846–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.846.
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Chloride ingress is one of the major causes of durability problems in reinforced concrete structures. This research focused to investigate the chloride penetration process through the concrete subjected to wetting and drying cycle. This research used 150 x 150 mm normal concrete prism sample with a 40 mm concrete cover. Three wetting and drying configurations used in this study to investigate the effect of wetting and drying period to the chloride penetration. The result indicated that the chloride concentration and penetration depth were highly influenced by the duration of wetting and drying. Based on the experimental result, concrete exposed to 5 hours drying and 3 hours wetting has the highest chloride concentration compared with the sample exposed to other wetting and drying configuration.
2
Meng, Bo, Hongwen Jing, Wenxin Zhu, and Haijian Su. "Influences of Saturation and Wetting-Drying Cycle on Mechanical Performances of Argillaceous Limestones from Liupanshan Tunnel, China." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (August 8, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9236172.
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Water-rock interaction is a vital factor to affect the stabilities of rock projects. This paper conducted a series of experiments on argillaceous limestones to investigate the influences of saturation and wetting-drying cycle on the physical and mechanical performances of rocks. The results show that the increasing saturation increases the dissolution of clay minerals and lubrication among mineral grains, resulting in an obvious reduction effect on the strength and deformation performances of argillaceous limestones. Wetting-drying cycle increases the porosity and changes the pore structure of argillaceous limestones, leading to the pore transformation from small pore (0.01∼0.1 μm) to relatively large pore (0.1∼1.0 μm). Both the physical and mechanical performances of argillaceous limestones are weakened by the wetting-drying cycle. Besides, the variation process of the physical and mechanical parameters, including mass loss, density, ultrasonic velocity, compression strength, peak strain, elasticity modulus, and secant modulus, can be divided into two stages: 0∼6th wetting-drying cycle, gently changing, and 6th∼12th wetting-drying cycle, drastically changing. The whole change process of these physical and mechanical parameters with the increase in the wetting-drying cycle number can be expressed with the exponential function in general.
3
Du, Bin, Wu Sun, and Qiangqiang Cheng. "Influence of Drying-Wetting Cycles on Dynamic Tensile Properties of Red-Sandstone Using the Brazilian Test." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (February 20, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8330326.
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The phenomenon of the drying-wetting cycle is a component of the weathering process and has a significant impact on the characteristics of rock materials. In order to examine the physical and dynamic tensile properties of red sandstone subjected to drying-wetting cycles, physical tests and dynamic splitting tensile tests were performed on red sandstone specimens under varying drying-wetting conditions. First, the split Hopkins pressure bar was used to perform dynamic tensile tests on red sandstone samples after varying numbers of drying-wetting cycles (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80). Second, the effects of the loading rate and drying-wetting cycles on dynamic tensile strength and energy dissipation of red sandstone were studied. Finally, taking into account the effect of the loading rate, a model was developed to predict the trend of decay in the dynamic tensile strength of red sandstone following drying-wetting cycles. The findings indicate that as the number of drying-wetting cycles increases, there is a decrease in longitudinal wave velocity and a marked degradation of the red sandstone due to the effects of the drying-wetting cycles. The dynamic tensile strength and dissipation energy density of red sandstone samples increase with the increasing loading rate. Under consistent loading rate conditions, the dynamic tensile strength and dissipative energy density of red sandstone samples exhibit a decrease as the number of drying-wetting cycles increases.
4
Bang, Van Son, Yi Wang, Trong Vu, et al. "The Influence of Rainfall and Evaporation Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Open-Pit Coal Mine Dumps in Cam Pha, Quang Ninh Region of Vietnam." Applied Sciences 14, no. 5 (2024): 1711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14051711.
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Among the slope hazards caused by rainfall, not all of them occur directly during storm washout, and the wetting–drying cycles’ effect on the rainfall–evaporation process is an important cause of shallow slope instability. In this study, taking the slope of the open-pit coal mine dumps in Cam Pha, in the Quang Ninh region of Vietnam, as the research object, we carry out experiments on the physical properties of the rock body under different wetting–drying cycles, as well as numerical analyses. The results show that the wetting–drying cycles significantly affect the physical and mechanical parameters and permeability of the rock body. In the process of the wetting–drying cycle, a transient saturated zone occurs on the surface of the slope, and the range of the unsaturated zone inside the slope body decreases with the increase in the number of wetting–drying cycles. Moreover, the infiltration line keeps moving downward, but the rate of downward movement is slowed down by the decrease in the gradient of matrix suction affected by rainfall. Under the influence of the wetting–drying cycles, the slope displacement, plastic zone, and maximum shear strain increment range gradually approach the slope surface with the wetting–drying cycles, and the displacement peak gradually increases. A dump is a site for the centralized discharge of mining waste, formed by the crushing and stockpiling of the original rock formation. Bang Nau is the name of the dump considered in this study. After multiple rainfall events, the slope stability under five wetting–drying cycles decreases from 1.721 to 1.055, and the landslide mode changes from a whole landslide to a single-step shallow landslide, with a certain landslide risk. It is necessary to strengthen the slope stability as the landslide risk is very high, and it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and inspection of the slope.
5
Ye, Hao, Chengfu Chu, Long Xu, Kunlong Guo, and Dong Li. "Experimental Studies on Drying-Wetting Cycle Characteristics of Expansive Soils Improved by Industrial Wastes." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (September 24, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2321361.
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The improved engineering properties of the expansive soil by mixing with various additives will be changed during the long-term variation of the meteorological and hydrological conditions. In the present work, a series of tests are performed to investigate the evolution of the unconfined compression strength and the Atterberg limits under drying-wetting cycling conditions for specimens treated by iron tailing sands and calcium carbide slag. Typical results of the unconfined compressive strength can be divided into three stages. The unconfined compressive strength increases initially and then decreases to reach a stable state with continuous drying-wetting process. The calcium carbide slag content (αCCS) of 10% can be determined for the minimum effect of the drying-wetting cycle on the strength of the treated specimen. An exponential relationship is established to describe the evolution of the unconfined compressive strength with the drying-wetting cycle. The liquid limit and plastic index of the specimen increase initially followed by a decreasing trend, while a reverse trend was observed for that of the plastic limit during the drying-wetting process. The minimum effect of the drying-wetting cycle on the Atterberg limits can be presented for the specimen with αCCS of 10% as well.
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Jin, Jiayao, and Gang Dai. "Effect of Sterilization on the Change of Available Phosphorus During the Wetting and Drying Process." E3S Web of Conferences 560 (2024): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456002015.
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Wetting and drying are typical natural events in arid and semiarid areas. In order to explore the contribution of microorganisms to the change in soil phosphorus components during wetting and drying processes, soil incubation experiments were conducted on calcareous soil from Inner Mongolia grasslands. By comparing the change in various phosphorus fractions between sterilized and unsterilized soils, the microbial effect on the change in available phosphorus with soil moisture changes was studied. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in APi (NaHCO3-extractable inorganic phosphate) content between the two treatments. Sterilization caused the content of APo (NaHCO3-extractable inorganic phosphate) to significantly increase. These results suggested that soil microorganisms have a negligible influence on changes of soil available inorganic phosphorus (APi) in the present soil sample during the wetting and drying process. The change in APo may be related to the high-temperature and high-pressure sterilization processes. These results enrich our knowledge about the microbial influence on dynamics of soil available phosphorus during wetting and drying events.
7
Yuan, Pu, Ning-Ning Wei, Qin-Yong Ma, and Ju-Cai Chang. "Coupled Effect of Water Temperature and Cyclic Wetting and Drying on Dynamic Mechanical Characteristics of Sandstone." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 30, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8167651.
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Considering the periodical moisture variation in deep rock masses, cyclic wetting and drying under high geothermal condition is a vital issue for the safety and stability of deep rock engineering. To investigate the coupled effect of water temperature and cyclic wetting and drying on dynamic mechanical characteristics of sandstone, dynamic uniaxial compressive tests were carried out under the same loading condition for sandstone specimens subjected to cyclic wetting and drying treatment. When the temperature was 60°C in both wetting and drying processes, cyclic wetting and drying treatment presents a detrimental effect on the tested sandstone. Both physical and dynamic uniaxial compressive characteristics deteriorate in an exponential function with the increase of wetting and drying cycles. Based on SEM image analyses, the initiation and propagation of microcracks is mainly the result of cyclic loading and unloading of tensile stresses induced by water absorption and desorption of kaolinite within sandstone during cyclic wetting and drying treatment. After 15 cycles of wetting and drying, the deterioration of both physical and dynamic uniaxial compressive characteristics first increase then decrease with water temperature in wetting process elevating from 20°C to 98°C. SEM images indicate that more microcracks generate when water temperatures increase from 20°C to 60°C, while the micromorphology is changed and fewer microcracks display due to kaolinite mobilization when water temperature increases from 60°C to 98°C. The threshold value for the effect of water temperature on cyclic wetting and drying is found to be about 60°C for the tested sandstone.
8
Wang, Lei, Chunhong Chen, Ronggui Liu, et al. "Chloride Corrosion Process of Concrete with Different Water–Binder Ratios under Variable Temperature Drying–Wetting Cycles." Materials 17, no. 10 (2024): 2263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102263.
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In this paper, four water–binder ratios (w/b) of 0.29, 0.33, 0.39, and 0.46 were designed. A variable test temperature was implemented in the drying–wetting cycle test according to the temperature fluctuations in the actual service environment, and the constant temperature test was established as the control group. The mechanical properties and chloride corrosion resistance of concrete with different w/b ratios under variable temperature drying–wetting cycles, as well as the microstructure changes, phase composition, and damage mechanism inside the concrete, were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical properties of concrete increased first and then decreased with drying–wetting cycles increasing, whereas the chloride corrosion resistance continued to decline. A higher w/b exacerbated the deterioration of the concrete performance. A higher w/b increased the porosity, chloride diffusion depth, and chloride content, thus reducing the resistance of chloride corrosion. Compared with w/b = 0.29, the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, mass, and relative dynamic elasticity modulus of w/b = 0.46 exposed to 60 drying–wetting cycles decreased by 54.50%, 52.44%, 0.96%, and 6.50%, respectively, while the porosity, peak chloride content, and erosion depth increased by 45.12%, 70.45%, and 45.00%. Compared with the drying–wetting cycle with a constant temperature, the cumulative damage caused by the drying–wetting cycle with a variable temperature was greater, resulting in more severe deterioration of concrete performance. The increase in the test temperature significantly accelerated the diffusion rate, penetration depth, and chemical binding capacity of chloride ions. After 60 drying–wetting cycles, the peak chlorine content and erosion depth of w/b = 0.46 under variable temperature cycles were 15.38% and 10.32% higher than those under a constant temperature, while the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, mass, and relative dynamic elastic modulus were reduced by 7.76%, 14.81%, 0.33%, and 2.40%, respectively. Microscopic analysis confirmed that higher w/b and variable temperature cycles accelerated the decay of mechanical properties and the decline of chloride corrosion resistance. According to the numerical fitting analysis, the w/b should be 0.29~0.39 under the condition that the mechanical properties and chloride corrosion resistance of concrete are met.
9
Kong, Lingwei, Hossain Md Sayem, and Huihui Tian. "Influence of drying–wetting cycles on soil-water characteristic curve of undisturbed granite residual soils and microstructure mechanism by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-spin relaxation time (T2) relaxometry." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 2 (2018): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0614.
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Due to the formational environment and climatic variability, granite residual soils with grain-size distribution ranging from gravel to clay undergo multiple drying–wetting cycles. The influences of multiple drying–wetting cycles on the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) and pore-size distribution (POSD) of undisturbed granite residual soils are investigated using the pressure plate test and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-spin relaxation time (T2) distribution measurement, respectively. Results show that the water-retention capacity and air-entry value decrease and pores become more uniform with increasing drying–wetting cycles. After four drying–wetting cycles, the soil reaches a nearly constant state. The POSD change of multiple drying–wetting cycle samples is consistent with the SWCC of the soils. Furthermore, a modified van Genuchten model in terms of cumulative pore volume is used to obtain the best-fit POSD of the drying–wetting cycle samples. The shape and changing tendency of both curves of SWCC and POSD are quite similar and achieved a better correlation. It can be concluded that the SWCC is strongly dependent on the POSD of the soil and NMR T2 relaxometry can be used as an alternative to the assessment of microstructural variation of residual soils subjected to the periodic drying and wetting process.
10
Guo, Qingzhen, Haijian Su, Hongwen Jing, and Wenxin Zhu. "Effect of Wetting-Drying Cycle on the Deformation and Seepage Behaviors of Rock Masses around a Tunnel." Geofluids 2020 (May 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4237163.
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Water inrush caused by the wetting-drying cycle is a difficult problem in tunnel excavation. To investigate the effect of the wetting-drying cycle on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock, physical experiments and numerical simulations regarding the process of tunnel excavation with different wetting-drying cycle numbers were performed in this study. The evolutions of stress, displacement, and pore water pressure were analyzed. With the increase in cycle number, the pore water pressure, vertical stress, and top-bottom approach of the tunnel surrounding rock increase gradually. And the increasing process could be divided into three stages: slightly increasing stage, slowly increasing stage, and sharply increasing stage, respectively. The failure process of the surrounding rock under the wetting-drying cycle gradually occurs from the roof to side wall, while the baseplate changes slightly. The simulation results showed that the maximum principal stress in the surrounding rock mass of the tunnel increases, while the minimum principal stress decreases. Furthermore, the displacement of the rock mass decreases gradually with the increasing distance from the tunnel surface. By comparing the simulation results with the experimental results, well consistency is shown. The results in this study can provide helpful references for the safe excavation and scientific design of a tunnel under the wetting-drying cycle.
11
Hu, Changming, Tingting Hu, Yili Yuan, Fangfang Wang, Minghui Tian, and Xuhui Hou. "Study on the evolution process of drying-wetting cycle cracks in compacted loess based on DIC technology." E3S Web of Conferences 372 (2023): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337202005.
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Loess cracks and expands easily under the condition of drying-wetting cycles, which will seriously affect the mechanical properties of loess in geotechnical engineering applications and lead to a large number of engineering accidents. Taking the loess in Yan ’an area as the research object, the drying-wetting cycles crack experimental of compacted loess was carried out by a self-made device. The surface crack of loess samples was quantitatively analyzed by using the PCAS system, and the relationship between the surface displacement, strain, and crack evolution during the drying-wetting cycles was analyzed by the digital correlation method (DIC). The results show that loess surface crack development can be divided into three stages: slow growth stage, rapid growth stage, and sluggish development stage. The displacement and strain distribution of loess surfaces are different at different positions, and the development degree of surface cracks varies with the number of drying-wetting cycles. DIC technology can be used for rapid and nondestructive detection of the displacement field and strain field on the surface of loess samples, and dynamic display of the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the generation and evolution of loess cracks.
12
Satyanaga, Alfrendo, Jong Kim, Sung-Woo Moon, and Martin Wijaya. "Exponential Functions for Modelling Hysteresis of Soil-Water Characteristic Curves." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502002.
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Soil – water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important property of unsaturated soils that can be used to estimate various parameters to describe unsaturated soil behavior. SWCC is reported to be hysteretic because the water content at a given suction in the wetting process is less than that in the drying process. In order to simulate the hysteretic characteristics of SWCC, many models have been proposed by different researchers. However, majority of the existing models are complex and their parameters are not related to the physical significances of SWCC variables. In this study, the new equations are developed to model drying and wetting SWCC. In addition, some indexes are proposed to estimate the wetting SWCC from drying SWCC. The new equations for SWCCs were evaluated with the laboratory data from published literatures. The results showed that the proposed equations performed well in modelling drying and wetting SWCC. The new equation has less parameters than the existing published equation.
13
Barurrokhim, Muhammmad, Utari Sriwijaya Minaka, and Ghina Amalia. "Pengaruh Drying dan Wetting Cycle Terhadap Kuat Geser Tanah Lempung." Jurnal Tekno Global UIGM Fakultas Teknik 11, no. 2 (2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36982/jtg.v11i2.3048.
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ABSTRACT
 The landslide that occurred in Pagar Alam City was caused by high rainfall and the dry wet cycle was also one of the causes of the weakening of the mechanical properties of clay soil in the area, causing avalanches. Therefore, research was conducted on the effect of drying and wetting cycle on clay shear strength. The purpose of this study was to calculate the effect of drying and wetting cycle on clay shear strength. The research method used is an experimental method and simulation numerical. The results showed that the effect of drying and wetting cycle makes the soil shear strength small or reduced. The highest shear strength is obtained when the optimum moisture content is 6.88 kPa. At the time of reduction in moisture content or drying process from optimum moisture content by 7.5% and 15%, soil shear strength results decreased or decreased by 0.70 kPa and 2.71 kPa respectively. Meanwhile, when adding water content from the optimum moisture content or wetting process by 25% and 32.5%, the shear strength results also decreased or decreased by 3.45 kPa and 2.71 kPa, respectively.
 Keywords: Longsoran, Drying, Wetting, Kuat Geser, Uji Triaksial
 
 ABSTRAK
 Tanah longsor yang terjadi di Kota Pagar Alam diakibat oleh curah hujan yang tinggi dan siklus basah kering juga merupakan salah satu penyebab melemahnya sifat mekanik tanah lempung di daerah tersebut sehingga menyebabkan longsoran. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengaruh drying and wetting cycle terhadap kuat geser tanah lempung. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghitung pengaruh drying and wetting cycle terhadap kuat geser tanah lempung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dan simulasi numerik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengaruh drying and wetting cycle membuat kuat geser tanah menjadi kecil atau berkurang. Kuat geser tertinggi diperoleh pada saat kadar air optimum yaitu sebesar 6,88 kPa. Pada saat pengurangan kadar air atau proses drying dari kadar air optimum sebesar 7,5% dan 15%, hasil kuat geser tanah menurun atau mengecil masing-masing 0,70 kPa dan 2,71 kPa. Sedangkan pada saat penambahan kadar air dari kadar air optimum atau proses wetting sebesar 25% dan 32,5 %, hasil kuat geser juga menurun atau mengecil masing masing yaitu 3,45 kPa dan 2,71 kPa.
 Kata kunci: Landslide, Drying, Wetting, Shear Strength, Triaxial Test.
14
Ma, Chuanyi, Jinglei Li, Fangfang Jiao, et al. "Physical and Mechanical Behaviors of Compacted Soils under Hydraulic Loading of Wetting–Drying Cycles." Processes 11, no. 4 (2023): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041084.
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Exposed geo−infrastructures filled with compacted soils experience cyclic wetting–drying effects due to environment and underground water fluctuations. Soil physical and mechanical behaviors are prone to deterioration to a great extent, e.g., swelling, collapse, or even slope failure, resulting in huge losses to human life, safety, and engineering construction. In this paper, hydraulic loading tests of wetting–drying cycles were carried out on compacted fine soil via a one−dimensional pressure plate apparatus equipped with bender elements. The influences of wetting–drying paths on the soil characteristics of moisture content, void ratio and shear modulus were obtained and analyzed. Results showed that cyclic wetting–drying effects weakened the soil’s water retention capacity. It was observed that it was harder for pore water to approach saturation at a lower matric suction level and to be expelled at a higher matric suction level. Typical swelling and shrinkage deformations occurred during the hydraulic loading processes, and volume expansion was generated after the drying–wetting cycles at a given value of matric suction, which deteriorated the densely compacted soils to a relatively looser state. Then, a unified soil–water characteristic surface was proposed to describe the unique relationships of moisture content, void ratio, and matric suction. Moreover, the small−strain shear modulus of the soil, in terms of shear wave velocity, was reduced by 32.2–35.5% and 13.8–25.8% at the same degree of saturation during the first and second wetting paths, respectively. Therefore, the volume expansion and modulus degradation resulting from the wetting–drying cycles should attract particular attention to avoid further distresses in the practical engineering.
15
Zang, Meng, Jun Tai, and Haijun Lu. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Expansive Clay under Drying–Wetting Cycle." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (2023): 7464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137464.
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Expansive clay is one of the most widely distributed soils in the world. Due to its rich content of strongly hydrophilic minerals—such as montmorillonite—expansive clay exhibits substantial swelling and shrinkage properties, and overconsolidation. The formation process of undisturbed expansive clay has a long and complicated geological history and innumerable drying–wetting cycles, resulting in the formation of special internal structures. In this study, the mud-to-natural-consolidation deposition process was simulated using a saturated mud-remolded sample preparation device, and then, mud-remolded soil under a certain consolidation pressure was prepared. Subsequently, the effects of the stress history and drying–wetting cycle on its mechanical properties and microstructure were examined through uniaxial consolidation compression experiments, K0 consolidation experiments, and pressure plate experiments of undisturbed soil, mud-remolded soil, and a drying–wetting cycle sample. The results showed that the mud-remolded soil completely broke the natural structure of the undisturbed soil, with the structural characteristics of the remolded soil being restored to a certain extent after the drying–wetting cycle. This not only reduced the void ratio of the soil sample, but also changed its compressibility and water retention characteristics, revealing the role of atmospheric drying–wetting cycles in the natural overconsolidation state of expansive clay and providing a theoretical basis for understanding their overconsolidation characteristics.
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Dong, Jianjun, Di Yang, Yuan Mei, and Ke Gao. "Study on safety and stability of high altitude dump under severe drying-wetting alternation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (2022): e0273365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273365.
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This study aimed to reveal the impact of the severe drying-wetting process on the safety and stability of high-altitude dumps. Numerical calculations were conducted for the open mining dump of limestone mines for cement in high-altitude mining areas. The distribution law equation of the matric suction and the shear strength equation were imported for unsaturated soil based on the unsaturated-saturated seepage theory. Therefore, the evolution characteristics of the unsaturated-saturated seepage field and the stability of the dump were studied under severe drying-wetting. The results indicated the following rules: As the intensity of the wetting-drying alternation increased, the surface soil on the dump changed from an unsaturated to a saturated state, the matric suction continued to decrease until it reached zero, the shear strength decreased, and the unsaturated area shrank. The dump slipped under the influence of the drying-wetting alternation, the sliding area was the dump itself, and developed to the deep layer as the intensity of the drying-wetting alternation strengthened. The cumulative settlement value of the dump increased with time and eventually stabilized, and the maximum accumulative settlement value calculated by simulation was in good agreement with the actual monitoring value. The safety factor decreased as the intensity of the drying-wetting alternation increased.
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Salehian Dastjerdi, Maryam, and Abbas Hemmat. "Evaluation of load support capacity of remoulded fine and coarse textured soils as affected by wetting and drying cycles." Soil Research 53, no. 5 (2015): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14209.
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Soils of south of Iran used for sugarcane production are frequently exposed to wetting and drying cycles under flood irrigation. The effects of this process on estimation of the load support capacity (pre-compaction stress; σpc) of two soils using plate sinkage test (PST) and confined compression test (CCT) were studied. Large reconstructed specimens of topsoils were subjected to 5 wetting and drying cycles. The specimens, with/without wetting and drying cycles, were then compressed under two pre-loads (100 and 200 kPa) at two water contents (0.9 PL and 1.1 PL, where PL is plastic limit). The centre section of the preloaded soil specimens was firstly submitted to a 50 mm PST; then immediately one cylindrical sample was cored for CCT. The results indicated that for both soils, without wetting and drying cycles, σpc estimated from PST did not show any significant difference with the values of preload. This method can, therefore, be used to determine the load support capacity for tilled soils. However, wetting and drying cycles caused a significant over-estimation of σpc by PST. Thus, the concept of pre-compaction stress does not account for the effects of changes in soil structure due to wetting and drying.
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Ma, Junwei, Xiaoxu Niu, Chengren Xiong, et al. "Experimental Investigation of the Physical Properties and Microstructure of Slate under Wetting and Drying Cycles Using Micro-CT and Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Tests." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174853.
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Cyclic wetting and drying processes have been considered as important factors that accelerate the weathering process and have deteriorative effects on rock properties. In the present study, a fully nondestructive and noninvasive testing approach utilizing micro-CT and ultrasonic wave velocity tests was employed to investigate the microstructure of slate under wetting and drying cycles. We studied variations in the physical properties, including the dry weight and the velocities of P- and S-waves versus the number of wetting and drying cycles. The internal microstructural distributions were visualized and quantified by the 3D reconstruction and hybrid image segmentation of CT images. The degree of deterioration caused by wetting and drying cycles was reflected by exponential decreases of physical properties, including dry weight and velocities of the P- and S-waves. Parameters relating to the microfracture diameter, volume, etc. were quantified. The nondestructive and noninvasive testing approach utilizing micro-CT and ultrasonic wave velocity tests has potential for the detection and visualization of the internal microstructure of rock under wetting and drying cycles.
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Tang, Liansheng, Zihua Cheng, Hao Wang, and Yang Chen. "Effects of Drying and Wetting Process on the Tensile Strength of Granite Residual Soil." Water 15, no. 15 (2023): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15152801.
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The tensile strength of granite residual soil has different changing laws during the wetting and drying process which often appears after rainfall. The microscopic relationship between tensile strength, bond force, and absorbed suction was studied using a self-developed soil tensile strength tester. The results show the following. (1) The change in tensile strength with saturation is a convex curve with a peak; according to the drying and wetting path, there are differences in peak value and amplitude of variation. (2) The sample with a higher fine particle content has a structure that is denser and has fewer pores, while an increase in gravel content will significantly reduce the tensile strength of the soil. (3) Absorbed suction and bond forces are important factors that control tensile strength in the drying process. The bond force contributes more than 70%, the tensile strength is in invariable constant saturation, and the wetting process is mainly controlled by absorbed suction.
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Chen, Xuanyi, Xiaofei Jing, Xiaoshuang Li, Junji Chen, Qiang Ma, and Xiaohua Liu. "Slope Crack Propagation Law and Numerical Simulation of Expansive Soil under Wetting–Drying Cycles." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (2023): 5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075655.
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This study investigated the crack propagation law of expansive soil slopes under drying–wetting conditions and the influence of cracks on slopes by conducting a large-scale indoor slope test subjected to drying–wetting cycles. The change in soil moisture content at different depths during the drying–wetting cycles was monitored using a moisture content sensor, and the variation in crack depths in the expansive soil during the drying process was measured using a crack depth detector. The cracks on the slope’s surface were processed using a self-made binarization program, and the crack evolution mechanism of the expansive soil during the drying process was analyzed. The rainfall-induced change in moisture content in the fractured soil was used to obtain the influence of moisture content change on expansive soils, and to analyze the dry–wet cycle failure mode of surface soil. The surface cracks of the soil were quantified by binary processing, and the area of the cracks and the area ratio of cracked soil to intact soil were calculated. Finally, by using PFC simulation software with the slope cracks and quantitative analysis results as parameters, it was confirmed that the greater the number of drying–wetting cycles, the greater the number of cracks, and the greater the damage to the slope.
21
Chen, Zereng, Qinghe Zhang, Guoquan Ran, and Yang Nie. "A Wetting and Drying Approach for a Mode-Nonsplit Discontinuous Galerkin Hydrodynamic Model with Application to Laizhou Bay." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 1 (2024): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010147.
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A wetting and drying treatment for a three-dimensional discontinuous Galerkin hydrodynamic model without mode splitting (external and internal modes) was developed. In this approach, computing elements are classified into wet, dry, and semidry elements, which are treated differently. In a Runge–Kutta time step, the reconstruction of the semidry elements and the combined utilization of two- and three-dimensional limiters help the model maintain stability. Numerical results show that the wetting and drying method can achieve a well-balanced property under the condition of still-water equilibrium and can reasonably describe the variation process of wetting and drying regions during a long wave run-up on a uniform slope and a tidal cycle in a basin with a variable slope. Analysis of the role of the limiters in the model indicated that the robustness of the three-dimensional hydrodynamic model can be effectively maintained when the two- and three-dimensional limiters are jointly applied for wetting and drying process simulation. A three-dimensional discontinuous Galerkin hydrodynamic model was applied with the presented wetting and drying method to simulate the tidal current evolution of a spring tidal cycle in southwestern Laizhou Bay in the Bohai Sea, in November 2003, and the simulated results of the water surface elevation and vertical layered current velocities agreed well with the measured data.
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Hao, Ruihua, Zizhao Zhang, Zezhou Guo, et al. "Investigation of Changes to Triaxial Shear Strength Parameters and Microstructure of Yili Loess with Drying–Wetting Cycles." Materials 15, no. 1 (2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010255.
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This research examined the drying–wetting cycles induced changes in undrained triaxial shear strength parameters and microstructural changes of Yili loess. The drying–wetting cycles were selected as 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 30. Then, we collected Yili loess samples and performed unconsolidated-undrained (U-U) triaxial shearing tests to ascertain the variation in shear strength parameters with drying–wetting cycles. Additionally, we investigated the microstructural changes of Yili loess samples under drying–wetting cycles simultaneously via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and scanning electron electroscopy (SEM). Finally, we established a grey correlation model between shear strength and microstructural parameters. Under U-U conditions, the prime finding was that the loess’s shear strength parameters changed overall after drying–wetting cycles; in particular, the internal friction angle φ dropped significantly while the cohesion c changed only slightly during cycles. For all the cycles, the first cycle gave the highest change. Soil morphology deterioration was evident at the initial stage of cycles. During the entire drying–wetting cyclic process, pore size distribution showed progressive variance from two-peak to a single-peak pattern, while both porosity and the fractal dimension of pores increased gradually towards stability. Soil particle morphology became slowly simple and reached the equilibrium state after 20 drying–wetting cycles. Under cyclic drying–wetting stress, the shear strength parameter changes were significantly correlated to microstructural modifications. This investigation was related to loess in the westerly region. The findings were expected to provide new insight into establishment of the connection between microstructure and macro stress–strain state of loess. To some extent, it provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of loess engineering geological disasters in Yili, Xinjiang and other areas with similar climate and soil types.
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Ma, Jun Tao, Zhong He Shui, Wei Chen, and Xiao Xing Chen. "Carbonation Behavior of Concrete in Cyclic Wetting-Drying Environment." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.126.
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The cyclic wetting-drying environment affects the internal microstructure and durability of hardened concrete. The carbonation behavior of concrete in cyclic wetting-drying condition and standard condition is investigated in this study. The concrete specimens are designed with different contents of mixed mineral and carbonated in different curing condition. The carbonation depth is tested to study the carbonation process in combination of pore structure analysis and microstructural observations. The experimental results show that the carbonation reaction of concrete in cyclic wetting-drying condition proceeds more rapidly. When mixed mineral is added, difference in the curing condition shows less effect on the carbonation behavior of concrete.
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Srinivas, T., Pogula Anudeep, and N. V. Ramana Rao. "Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber on Geopolymer Concrete when it is Subjected to Alternative Drying and Wetting." E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021): 01105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901105.
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Various types of fibers like glass, steel, coconut fiber, sugarcane bagasse fiber, etc are used to increase the mechanical properties of the concrete. SCBF is the final residue of the sugar industries which is used in this study. The objective of the paper is to study the effect of SCBF in geopolymer concrete (GPC) and conventional concrete (CC) of equivalent grade of M40 when it is subjected to alternative drying and wetting. The specimens are treated with water by alternative wetting and drying process. This test consists of periodic cycles, each cycle consists of one wetting day and drying day. The specimens are tested for the compressive strengths after 7, 14 and 28 cycles. The compressive strength of the CCF and GPCF are higher than the CC and GPC respectively and the optimum compressive strengths are obtained at 0.5% of fiber dosage. The % loss of compressive strength and % loss of weights of CCF and GPCF are calculated and compared with the CC and GPC. From the results obtained, the strength loss and the weight loss in the CCF and GPCF are less when compared to the CC and GPC when treated in alternative wetting and drying process.
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Huang, Shiyuan, Junjie Wang, Zhenfeng Qiu, and Kai Kang. "Effects of Cyclic Wetting-Drying Conditions on Elastic Modulus and Compressive Strength of Sandstone and Mudstone." Processes 6, no. 12 (2018): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6120234.
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The influence of water on the mechanical properties of rock is vital for determining the rock stability when subjected to changes of water conditions. In this paper, a series of uniaxial compression tests were conducted to investigate effects of cyclic wetting and drying on the mechanical properties of sandstone and mudstone collected from Chongqing city, China. The results showed that both elastic modulus and uniaxial compressive strength of sandstone and mudstone were reduced by wetting and drying cycles, and that the degradation rate of the two mechanic parameters of mudstone was always larger than sandstone. The parameters, including water adsorption, degradation degree of elastic modulus, degradation degree of uniaxial compressive strength, increase with the increase of the wetting-drying cycles (N). The relationship between these three parameters and the value of N + 1 could be well fitted by logarithmic curves. The average degradation degree was also used to describe the degradation of per time wetting-drying cycles. It is found that the average degradation degree of elastic modulus and uniaxial compressive strength decrease with the increase of wetting-drying cycles. Moreover, the relationships between the mechanical properties and the porosity are presented, which can be fitted by linear curves. In the cyclic wetting-drying process, the elastic modulus and the uniaxial compressive strength decreased with the porosity increasing, and the degradation rates of sandstone mechanic parameters were higher than those of mudstone.
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Chang, Jin, Jie Xiao, Jian-Qing Jiang, et al. "Study on Hygroscopic Swelling and Dehumidification Cracking Characteristics of Expansive Soil under Acid Rain and Cyclic Drying-Wetting." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (March 26, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834583.
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In this study, to reveal the swelling and cracking characteristics of expansive soil subjected to cyclic drying-wetting of acid rain, the effects of acid rain and cyclic drying-wetting on the swelling deformation of expansive soil were studied by using the load-free swelling rate test. Afterward, a high-definition digital camera was used to capture the crack development images of the sample during the dehumidification process under cyclic drying-wetting of acid rain. Furthermore, the changes of the microstructure and mineral composition of the expansive soil after cyclic drying-wetting of acid rain were analyzed by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. Finally, the effect mechanisms of acid rain and cyclic drying-wetting on the swelling deformation and crack development of the expansive soil were discussed. The results indicate that acid rain has a positive effect on the swelling deformation and crack development of the expansive soil. The effect is greater with a stronger acidity of rainfall. Moreover, the combined action of acid rain and cyclic drying-wetting can promote the swelling deformation and crack development of the sample more notably. The swelling rate of the sample increased most significantly during the first two-time cyclic drying-wetting. The measured swelling rates at pH = 3 and 5 are 23.7% and 20.6%, respectively, which are higher than the swelling rates of 19.0% at pH = 7. The humidity of samples is 17–18% after the first-time drying-wetting cycle. The crack area ratios (Mf) of the samples with pH values of 5 and 3 are, respectively, increased by 11.0% and 69.1%; the average crack width of the sample increases by 32.3% and 93.3%, respectively, compared with pH values of 7. After the fourth-time drying-wetting cycle, Mf and the average crack width of the samples under the rainwater environment of three pH values increase greatly, but the difference of Mf among them became unapparent. In addition, the microscopic test results show that acid rain can corrode the binding materials (e.g., SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, MgO, and CaO) in the expansive soil. The erosion of the binding minerals weakens the structural connection strength, resulting in continuous increases in both size and number of microvoids. Under the superimposed influence of cyclic drying-wetting, the above changes are even more dramatic. Macroscopically, the swelling deformation of expansive soil increases and the cracks develop rapidly.
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Guo, Yuan Chen, and Xue Wang. "Experimental Research on Isothermal Sorption of RAC Material." Advanced Materials Research 335-336 (September 2011): 1223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.335-336.1223.
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Material adsorption process is the reverse process of evaporation diffusion, reflecting directly the wetting degree of material, is one of the main factors of material drying shrinkage. Based on pore structure theory, this article designed a device measuring the wetting properties of materials, tested different recycled aggregate replacement rate recycled aggregate concrete isothermal absorption curve. The article proposes the water contact angle can be calculated from the initial absorption curve, and analyzes its impact on drying shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete.
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Gullà, Giovanni, Maria Clorinda Mandaglio, and Nicola Moraci. "Effect of weathering on the compressibility and shear strength of a natural clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 6 (2006): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-028.
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In situ, seasonal changes expose soils to frequent wettingdryingfreezingthawing cycles. Such processes can favour and trigger shallow instabilities controlled by the weathering process. This paper presents an experimental study carried out to investigate the effects of the weathering process, caused by the wettingdryingfreezingthawing cycles, on the compressibility and shear strength of a natural clay. Several specimens were trimmed from block samples of overconsolidated clays taken from a slope in south Calabria, Italy. Specimens were subjected to wettingdryingfreezingthawing cycles of different durations and then tested with standard equipment (oedometer and direct shear). Test results show that the wettingdryingfreezingthawing cycles caused a change in the initial microstructure that produced a decrease in the compression index and an increase in the swelling index. Moreover, the direct shear test results show a decrease in the peak shear strength and demonstrate that a larger reduction occurs in the first month of weathering cycles. The intense cycles performed in the laboratory produced a decay of compressibility and a shear strength approaching reconstituted values. The conclusions are important when choosing the shear strength parameters required when studying shallow landsliding in clay slopes.Key words: weathered clay, structure, cycle of degradation, shallow instability.
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Li, Wei, Liming Yi, Wen Jiang, Hua Dong, and Yong Zhang. "Effects of Ultrafine Blast Furnace Slag on the Microstructure and Chloride Transport in Cementitious Systems under Cyclic Drying–Wetting Conditions." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (2022): 4064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12084064.
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This paper presents experimental investigations into the effects of ultrafine blast furnace slag on microstructure improvements against chloride penetration in saturated and unsaturated cementitious systems exposed to cyclic drying–wetting conditions. The hydration kinetics of ultrafine slag powders and pore solution chemistry in slag-blended cementitious systems at different ages, together with the main hydration products and pore structure characteristics, were determined. The chloride profiles accounting for different slag contents and drying–wetting cycles were measured. The results reveal that the reactivity of ultrafine slag can be well described with Avrami’s equation. The dilution effect of the slag predominated the pore solution chemistry, and the pH value decreased with a higher inclusion of slag. An optimal inclusion of 65% slag by mass of the binder corresponding to the finest pore structure and highest hydrotalcite content was found, which provides a reasonable basis for the slow chloride diffusion and high chloride binding. Under drying–wetting exposure, the specimen with a lower saturation exhibited a higher chloride transport caused by capillary absorption in the skin layer. The chloride transport tended to be diffusion controlled after sufficient drying–wetting cycles.
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ALTUN, Mehmet, Abdoul Nasser Aboubacar DAN BADAOU, Azize DOGAN DEMIR, Ustun SAHIN, Fatih Mehmet KIZILOGLU, and Serap DILER. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SALINE-SODIC SOIL EXPOSED TO FREEZING-THAWING USING SEWAGE SLUDGE AND WETTING-DRYING PROCESS WITH WASTEWATER." Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 18, no. 1 (2023): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2023/018/239.
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Soil improvement practices are needed to protect weakly aggregated saline-sodic soils in cold regions from the negative effects of freezing-thawing events. Amelioration of these soils by adding sewage sludge and applying wetting–drying process with wastewater can be a practical application due to aggregation to be increased with increase in organic matter. Therefore, a laboratory experiment has been conducted to determine the effects on soil properties with three stabilized sewage sludge doses (0, 50, 100 Mg ha−1), two freeze-thaw cycles (5 and 10 times), two wetting-drying intervals (4 and 8 days) and two water types (freshwater and recycled wastewater). The negative effects of freezing-thawing on organic matter and aggregate stability were determined. However, while sewage sludge increased organic matter, aggregate stability, salinity, exchangeable K and Ca+Mg contents, cation exchange capacity (CEC), it was instrumental in inducing a lower pH, exchangeable Na, CaCO3 and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and thus improved field capacity and hydraulic conductivity. Wetting-drying with 8-day intervals and wastewater improved organic matter also. Therefore, it could be concluded that the improvement of hydraulic properties can be attributed to achieving better aggregate stability with increased organic matter in soil from sewage sludge. Long intervals of wetting-drying and recycled wastewater can promote good results as well. However, improving the findings with the proposed treatments in the outer field conditions of the regions exposed to freezing-thawing events will provide more practical use.
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Indrawan, I. Gde Budi, Harianto Rahardjo, and Eng-Choon Leong. "Drying and wetting characteristics of a two-layer soil column." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 44, no. 1 (2007): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-090.
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The drying and wetting characteristics of a two-layer soil column consisting of a 50 cm thick soil mixture over a 50 cm thick gravelly sand were investigated in this study. A series of infiltration tests were conducted in the laboratory through an infiltration column apparatus equipped with a tensiometer–transducer system, time-domain reflectometry, and water flow measurement system. Numerical analyses were performed using a finite element model to simulate water infiltration into the laboratory model under steady-state and transient conditions. The experimental data and numerical simulation results showed that static nonequilibrium profiles of pore-water pressure head were developed in the gravelly sand shortly after a drying process was started. The low unsaturated permeability of the gravelly sand resulted in a delay in downward water flow into the lower soil layer during a wetting process portion of the rainfall test.Key words: drying and wetting characteristics, soil column, infiltration, numerical analyses, soil-water characteristic curve, permeability function.
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Qi, Wei, Ce Wang, Zhanyu Zhang, Mingyi Huang, and Jiahui Xu. "Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Drying–Wetting Cycles on the Shrink–Swell Behavior of Clay Loam in Farmland." Agriculture 12, no. 2 (2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020245.
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Soil shrink–swell behavior is a common phenomenon in farmland, which usually alters the process of water and solute migration in soil. In this paper, we report on a phenomenological investigation aimed at exploring the impact of drying–wetting cycles on the shrink–swell behavior of soil in farmland. Samples were prepared using clay loam collected from farmland and subjected to four drying–wetting cycles. The vertical deformation of soil was measured by a vernier caliper, and the horizontal deformation was captured by a digital camera and then calculated via an image processing technique. The results showed that the height, equivalent diameter, volume and shrinkage-swelling potential of the soil decreased with the repeated cycles. Irreversible deformation (shrinkage accumulation) was observed during cycles, suggesting that soil cracks might form owing to previous drying rather than current drying. The vertical shrinkage process consisted of two stages: a declining stage and a residual stage, while the horizontal shrinkage process had one more stage, a constant stage at the initial time of drying. The VG-Peng model fit the soil shrinkage curves very well, and all shrinkage curves had four complete shrinkage zones. Drying–wetting cycles had a substantial impact on the soil shrinkage curves, causing significant changes in the distribution of void ratio and moisture ratio in the four zones. However, the impact weakened as the number of cycles increased because the soil structure became more stable. Vertical shrinkage dominated soil deformation at the early stage of drying owing to the effect of gravity, while nearly isotropic shrinkage occurred after entering residual shrinkage. Our study revealed the irreversible deformation and deformation anisotropy of clay loam collected from farmland during drying–wetting cycles and analyzed the shrink–swell behavior during cycles from both macroscopic and microscopic points of view. The results are expected to improve the understanding of the shrink–swell behavior of clay loam and the development of soil desiccation cracks, which will be benefit research on water and solute migration in farmland.
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Coradi, Paulo C., Alisson H. S. de Sousa, Lucas J. Camilo, Roney E. Lima, Lélia V. Milane, and Ângelo F. C. Lemes. "Physical quality of grains subjected to moistening and drying processes for marketing." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 9 (2016): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n9p847-855.
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ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate the physical quality of conventional and transgenic corn grains, through drying and wetting processes for marketing. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme (7 x 3 x 2), corresponding to seven drying times (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min), three temperatures of the drying air (80, 100 and 120 °C) and two hybrids of corn (conventional AG 1051 and transgenic Herculex@ 30S31H). Grain drying was held in convection oven with forced air ventilation while the wetting was done in a B.O.D chamber. The water movement in the grain, the volume and the electrical conductivity were evaluated periodically. The results showed that the transgenic corn grain reduced the negative effects of drying and moistening on the physical quality. The increase in drying air temperature accelerated the physical deterioration of conventional and transgenic corn grains. The increase in water content by the moistening process caused losses in grain physical quality, similar to the drying process, for both the conventional and transgenic corn grains.
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Zhang, Chen, Zheng-yin Cai, Ying-hao Huang, and Hao Chen. "Laboratory and Centrifuge Model Tests on Influence of Swelling Rock with Drying-Wetting Cycles on Stability of Canal Slope." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (December 20, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4785960.
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This study focused on the swelling behavior of swelling rock from canal basement under multiple drying-wetting (D-W) cycles. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on a swelling rock, with the cracking and strength behaviors investigated. By using image-processing technique, the crack patterns were described, and then quantitatively analyzed on the basis of the fractal dimension. The experimental data indicated that swelling ability, including cracking level, fractal dimension, and strength, decrease with increasing drying and wetting cycle. On this basis, a series of centrifuge model simulations for simulating slope failure by drying-wetting cycles were performed, where the drying process was achieved by heat bulbs. The monitoring results suggested that a global slope failure has occurred after total cycle of 4th corresponding to 4 years. Due to the development of surface cracking, the infiltration in the slope was severe and nonuniform in space and time. Meanwhile, the failure mechanism of soft rock slope induced by D-W was discussed.
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Lahti, Jussi, Jarmo Kouko, and Ulrich Hirn. "Time-dependent mechanical response of paper during web-fed high-speed inkjet printing." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 34, no. 1 (2019): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-0011.
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Abstract The influence of wetting and drying during high-speed inkjet (HSI) printing on the time-dependent mechanical behavior of commercial HSI papers was investigated using a custom-built C-Impact tensile tester. In HSI printing the water based ink solvent penetrates into the paper while the colorants adhere onto the surface. We found that water strongly affected paper stiffness and strength already 0.1 s after wetting. Creep compliance and paper strain at a typical HSI printing input tension of 180 N/m are varying strongly during the different process steps of HSI printing. In order to achieve a good color registration and print quality, we thus recommend that the web tension should be dynamically controlled in each process step to prevent straining after wetting or shrinkage during drying.
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Zhang, Ganping, Lunan Wang, Zhenning Liu, and Nan Wu. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Deterioration Mechanism of Red Sandstone from the Panjiatuo Landslide under Action of Acidic Drying−Wetting Cycles." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (2023): 5955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13105955.
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Due to frequent water level fluctuations and complex hydrochemical environments, rock slopes in reservoir areas progressively deteriorate and become unstable. This study investigated the coupling effect of drying−wetting cycles and acidic solutions on the physical and mechanical properties, strain field evolution, failure mode, and micro-mechanism of red sandstone using a series of laboratory experiments (wave velocity tests, uniaxial compression tests, the digital image correlation method, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction). The results showed that with increasing drying−wetting cycles, the mass, P-wave velocity, elastic modulus, and uniaxial compressive strength decreased monotonically, while the water absorption and apparent strain in the strain localization band increased. Moreover, the failure mode transitioned gradually from tensile failure to shear failure or tensile-shear composite failure. The decrease in the solution pH values aggravated the changes in the physical and mechanical parameters and contributed to an increase in the secondary cracks and the occurrence of shear behavior. In addition, the coupling effect of drying−wetting cycles and acidic solutions accelerated the worsening of the microstructure and the dissolution of minerals, resulting in a loose structure with well-developed pores and fissures. These changes provide a favorable explanation for the mechanical property deterioration of red sandstone subjected to acidic drying−wetting cycles.
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ÇİÇEKLER, Mustafa, and Halil Turgut ŞAHİN. "A Study on Effects of Wetting-Drying on Bleached Kraft Paper Properties." Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 22, no. 2 (2020): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24011/barofd.722679.
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The aim of the study is to investigate effects of wetting-drying processes on bleached kraft paper properties. According to results; it has been realized that continuously wetting-drying of paper samples supplied from three different brand (A, B, and C types) effect on both physical and strength properties. However, initial stages (up to 5th cycling stages) have dramatic effects resulting in a high degree of modification, considering the fact that each following stage is moderate trend on physical properties. Contrary to breaking length and burst index that have a reducing trend as wetting-drying in progress, the tear index changed in both directions (increases or decreases). However, breaking length of samples were found to be reduced range of 11.4% to 67.8%. Nevertheless, the lowest breaking length was observed B type of papers with 1.79 km at 8th cycling stage. The lowest tear index of 2.64 mN.m2/gr was found at 5th cycling stage for C type papers while the highest tear index of 5.62 mN.m2/gr was found at 6th cycling stage for B type papers. It is clearly realized that the paper network structure are damaged and bonding potentials reduced during the wetting-drying process.
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Zeng, Zhao Tian, Hai Bo Lu, and Yan Lin Zhao. "Research on Fatigue Accumulative Damage of Expansive Soil in the Alternation of Wetting-Drying Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 898–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.898.
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The shear strength of expansive soil has the obvious varying property with the changing of seasonal climatic. Based on Palmgrem-Miner linear accumulative damage theory, laboratory experiments on the strength of expansive soil combining with different wetting-drying cycle amplitudes were performed to discuss on the fatigue accumulative damage of expansive soil in the alternation of wetting-drying environment. The results show that：(1)The applying sequence of high (low) cycle amplitudes have significant effect upon the fatigue accumulative damage of expansive soil, and the strength attenuation of expansive soil is mainly controlled by the high circulate amplitude. (2) The Palmgrem-Miner linear accumulative damage criterion can basically reflect the fatigue accumulative damage process of expansive soil in the alternation wetting-drying environment, and the value of damage score “D” is close to 1 when the strength of expansive soil is stabled.
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Youn, Ilro, Seongtaek Bang, Yoseok Jeong, and Sewook Oh. "Evaluating the Strength and Durability of Eco-Friendly Stabilized Soil Bricks Incorporating Wood Chips." Applied Sciences 13, no. 19 (2023): 10929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app131910929.
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The production of commercially used cement-based bricks has significant environmental implications, necessitating the development of robust, environmentally friendly alternatives. This study assesses the strength and durability of soil bricks by utilizing an eco-friendly stabilizer, which includes lime and natural-fiber-derived staple fibers. Soil bricks, each sized 50 mm × 100 mm and featuring varying proportions of stabilizer and wood chips, were subjected to unconfined compression and bending strength tests, permeability assessments, steel ball/golf ball (SB/GB) evaluations, and wetting–drying tests. The results demonstrated that higher stabilizer ratios and lower wood chip ratios led to enhanced unconfined compressive strength. Additionally, repeated wetting–drying cycles reduced the strength by up to 63%, while the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity decreased by as much as 45% with increasing wetting–drying cycles. Notably, the eco-friendly stabilizer significantly improved soil shear strength, ultimately enhancing the durability of the soil bricks.
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Chu, Chengfu, Meihuang Zhan, Qi Feng, et al. "Effect of Drying-Wetting Cycles on Engineering Properties of Expansive Soils Modified by Industrial Wastes." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (December 7, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5602163.
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The swelling properties of expansive soils can be reduced by the addition of modifiers. Nevertheless, the performance deterioration after modification occurs when weathering for a long term. Therefore, in this study, the effect of drying-wetting cycles on swelling behaviour and compressibility of modified expansive soils with the iron tailing sand and calcium carbide slag has been investigated. The swelling potential initially increases and subsequently decreases with the increasing number of cycles, reaches the peak at the seventh cycle, and tends to equilibrium after the tenth cycle. These results show that drying-wetting cycles will destroy the soil structure. The compressibility of modified expansive soils increases with the drying-wetting cycles, where an empirical formula between compressibility and the cycle number was established. Microstructural analysis is performed using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of microstructural analysis show a tendency of degradation process.
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Zhang, Sai, Jun Ruo Chen, and Xian Xi Liu. "Calculation of Biological Material’s Shrinkage during Convective Drying Using Fractal Model." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 632–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.632.
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The unsaturated biological material is divided into the wetting phase and the non-wetting phase, the diffusion of which has the characterization of fractal. In this study, we developed a simple wetting region model to calculate the local moisture content using the box-counting method during the drying process. A new constitutive relationship was derived to determine the unsaturated porous biological material’s shrinkage with the local moisture content and the fractal dimension of the wetting phase. The volume change was linearly correlated with local saturation with larger correlation coefficient, so the new mathematical model is more accurate than others.
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Wang, Boxin, Ruichang Fang, Xu Chai, and Qing Wang. "Transportation Laws for Carbonate and Sulfate Ions in Concrete Based on Compartment Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (July 23, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1769186.
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Transportation of carbonate and sulfate ions in concrete under the drying-wetting cycle environment is similar to the ingression and elimination of medicine in human body. Given this similarity, such a process is described dynamically using the classic compartment model in pharmacokinetics. The compartment model was applied to predict the content of carbonate and sulfate ions in different regions of concrete. Factors such as water-cement ratio, salt category, carbonate-ion and sulfate-ion attack depth, and drying-wetting cycle were synthetically considered in the compartment model. In conjunction with the prediction value of the compartment model, the experiment data uniformly distributed two sides of the model curve, and the difference is within the accepted range, thus verifying the reliability of the model prediction consequence. The compartment model in this article provides references for predicting the drying-wetting varied cycles and ions attack depth of concrete under carbonate and sulfate ions attack.
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Himmetagaoglu, Ahsen Burcin, Serap Berktas, Mustafa Cam, and Zafer Erbay. "Optimisation of spray drying process in microencapsulated cream powder production." Journal of Dairy Research 87, no. 3 (2020): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029920000795.
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AbstractIn this Research Communication we describe the optimisation of spray drying conditions in the production of microencapsulated cream powder. Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using maltodextrin (18 DE) and sodium caseinate as wall materials (with the total wall material per total solid content ratio of 30%) and then converted into powder by spray drying. Response surface methodology was used to optimise the factors of spray drying system i.e. inlet drying temperature, feed flow rate, and aspiration rate, where the levels were in the range of 150–190°C, 9–30 ml/min, and 50–100%, respectively. Our objective was to perform spray drying with the highest drying yield and to obtain a microencapsulated cream powder with the highest bulk density, the shortest wetting time, and the lowest surface fat content. The calculated and validated optimum conditions for the spray drying process were found to be 162.8°C for inlet drying temperature, 11.51 ml/min for feed flow rate, and 72.8% for aspiration rate. At these optimum conditions, drying yield, bulk density, wettability, and surface fat content values were 36.37%, 269.9 kg/m3, 115.2 s and 26.2%, respectively.
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Jiao, Yu-Yong, Liang Song, Hui-Ming Tang, and Yun-An Li. "Material Weakening of Slip Zone Soils Induced by Water Level Fluctuation in the Ancient Landslides of Three Gorges Reservoir." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/202340.
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This experimental study investigated the effect of repeated wetting and drying on the reduction of slip zone soils taken from the Huangtupo landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. The variation process of the physical property and substance composition of the slip zone soils under the wetting-drying cycles was studied through liquid and plastic limit test and X-ray diffraction test. The results indicate that (1) the shearing strength of the slip zone soil dramatically decreased after one wetting-drying cycle and then gradually decreased until reaching a relatively stable state at the fourth cycle; (2) the plasticity index of the slip zone soil varied with increasing number of cycles and a variation process opposite to that of the strength value was observed; and (3) the clay mineral content in the slip zone soil increased and the calcite and quartz contents relatively decreased with increasing number of cycles. The variations in the plasticity index of the slip zone soil, as well as the increase in its clay mineral content, play important roles in the strength reduction. The results of this study provide a foundation for revealing the deformation and damage mechanism of landslides in reservoir banks.
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Liu, Chuan, Xuying Liu, Yong Xu, et al. "Generating one-dimensional micro- or nano-structures with in-plane alignment by vapor-driven wetting kinetics." Materials Horizons 4, no. 2 (2017): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6mh00411c.
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Turkeltaub, Tuvia, Alex Furman, Ron Mannheim, and Noam Weisbrod. "Continuous monitoring of a soil aquifer treatment system's physico-chemical conditions to optimize operational performance." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 6 (2022): 1565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1565-2022.
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Abstract. Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is a tertiary process for wastewater treatment, where the wastewater infiltrates through a thick vadose zone for purification and storage in the underneath aquifer. SAT infiltration basins are typically flooded intermittently, while maintaining a fixed ratio between the wetting and the drying stages. However, infiltration basins exhibit different physical and chemical properties, limiting the generalization of SAT operation to attain optimal efficiency. Since frequent sampling of the soil pore water to verify the SAT's biodegradation efficiency can be arduous, continuous monitoring of the SAT vadose zone's physico-chemical conditions is required. In this study, redox potential (Eh) was continuously monitored, together with other variables, such as volumetric water content (θ), soil temperature, and gaseous oxygen (O2), at multiple depths of a SAT vadose zone throughout the year and while the system was constrained to different operational modes. Hydrological models were calibrated and validated to water content observations, and they illustrated the seasonal changes in water infiltration. Furthermore, it was shown that, under long wetting stages during winter, there was a reduction in the SAT's drainage capabilities. The Eh observations, under long wetting stages, demonstrated larger variability and very negative values as ambient temperature increased. Assembling the daily Eh observations illustrated that a wetting stage should cease after about 30 h, once suboxic conditions are established. A drying stage's optimal duration should be 36 h, according to the Eh and O2 observations during summer and winter. Ultimately, the study shows that the length of wetting and drying stages should be defined separately, rather than by adhering to the wetting / drying ratio.
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Fijał-Kirejczyk, Izabela M., Massimo Rogante, Jacek J. Milczarek, et al. "Studies on water transport in quasi two-dimensional porous systems using neutron radiography." Nukleonika 67, no. 1 (2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2021-0034.
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Abstract The spontaneous wetting and drying of flat porous samples of linen, cotton and synthetic textiles were studied using dynamic neutron radiography (DNR). The progress of the wetting process of the media was delineated from the obtained neutron dynamical radiography images. The results of the investigation reveal a non-classical behaviour of kinetics of wicking of these materials. The character of the wetting kinetics is discussed in terms of the fractal character of the tortuosity of fabric capillaries.
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Woodall, G. S. "Cracking the woody endocarp of Santalum spicatum nuts by wetting and rapid drying improves germination." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 2 (2004): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03007.
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Seeds of many plant species, including those of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) A.DC., Santalaceae), are surrounded by a fruit endocarp that is hard and woody (this structure hereafter referred to as a 'nut'). The woody endocarp of S. spicatum provides a physical barrier to germination. This study investigated how this barrier is removed and the mechanism(s) controlling it. Field trials demonstrated that the endocarp cracked naturally and that the time of harvest and the presence of the epicarp affected the percentage of endocarps that were cracked. An investigation of the influence of wetting period and rate of drying on endocarp cracking showed that the rate of drying was most critical in inducing cracking and that the process was not heat-dependent. Field and pot studies showed that germination of sown nuts was improved when the woody endocarp was fractured. Results suggest that a simple wetting and rapid drying procedure can be used to crack large amounts of sandalwood nuts prior to sowing in the field. Results are discussed in relation to S. spicatum seed ecology. The relevance of weakening the woody endocarp of other non-Santalum species through endocarp wetting and rapid drying is discussed.
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Zhou, Yu, Guoyu Li, Wei Ma, et al. "Experimental Study on Electric Resistivity Characteristics of Compacted Loess under Different Loads and Drying-Wetting Cycles." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 28, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6672430.
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Densely compacted loess foundations of many man-made infrastructures are often exposed to various loads and extreme weathering processes (e.g., drying-wetting cycles), which significantly deteriorate their mechanical properties. Traditional methods applied to characterize soil engineering properties are primarily based on visual inspections, point sensors, or destructive approaches, the results of which often have relatively high costs and cannot provide large-area coverage. The electrical resistivity method is a reasonable alternative that provides a nondestructive, sensitive, and continuous evaluation of the soil physical properties. Thus, the relationships between electrical resistivity and soil strength should be understood, particularly for scenarios in which soils undergo significant loads and cycles of drying and wetting. In this study, a suite of laboratory tests simulating loads (consolidation tests, unconfined compression tests, and uniaxial cyclic unloading-reloading tests) and seasonal field conditions (drying-wetting cycle tests) were conducted to quantitatively assess their deterioration effects on the geophysical and geotechnical properties of compacted loess. The experimental results indicated that electric resistivity decreases with the increase in stress and then approaches a stable value after the stress becomes 200 kPa. During the uniaxial compression process, the electric resistivity corresponds to both the stress and strain of loess in real-time. The electrical resistivity of loess reflects plastic damage under uniaxial unloading-reloading tests, but it is deficient in representing the dissipated energy of loess. The electrical resistivity of loess samples increases as the number of drying-wetting cycles increases but decreases with increasing cycle numbers after stabilization under consolidation load. The electrical resistivity can effectively characterize the mechanical and deformation characteristics of loess samples under loads and drying-wetting cycles, exhibiting a certain potential for long-term monitoring of soil engineering properties.
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Qin, Hong Gen, Jia Jun Deng, Ping Zhang, Chao Ming Pang, and Yi Kun Hou. "Different Salt Solution on the Deterioration of Marine Engineering Concrete under the Action of Chemical-Mechanical Coupling." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1373.
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The loaded specimens were put in fresh water, 3.5%NaCl solution, 5.0%Na2SO4 solution, and simulated sea water with different concentrations respectively, and then the damage process under wetting and drying cycle was investigated. The ultrasonic non-metal testing technology, X-CT scanned image, free chloride and sulfate ions chemical titration were used to investigate the degradation of the marine concrete under the coupling effect of Chemistry and Mechanics. The effect of solutions, wetting and drying cycle and bending stress to the durability of marine concrete were further studied. The results indicate that different salt solution affects marine concrete at different degrees: sulfate salt is more corrosive than chloride salt, simulated seawater is similar to 5.0%Na2SO4 solution, while five-time simulated seawater is the most corrosive; wetting and drying cycle remarkably accelerates the penetration of corrosive ions, which results in the concrete damage, compared to the corrosive environment, concrete is damaged violently under the coupling effect of Chemistry-Mechanics and tensile stress has greater influence on the damage.