Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'DSLs'

Os Sistemas de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) organizam e processam dados e informações para gerar resultados que apoiem a tomada de decisão em um domínio especifico. Eles integram conhecimento de especialistas de domínio em cada um de seus componentes: modelos, dados, operações matemáticas (que processam os dados) e resultado de análises. Nas metodologias de desenvolvimento tradicionais, esse conhecimento deve ser interpretado e usado por desenvolvedores de software para implementar os SADs. Isso porque especialistas de domínio não conseguem formalizar esse conhecimento em um modelo computável que possa ser integrado aos SADs. O processo de modelagem de conhecimento é realizado, na prática, pelos desenvolvedores, parcializando o conhecimento do domínio e dificultando o desenvolvimento ágil dos SADs (já que os especialistas não modificam o código diretamente). Para solucionar esse problema, propõe-se um método e ferramenta web que usa ontologias, na Web Ontology Language (OWL), para representar o conhecimento de especialistas, e uma Domain Specific Language (DSL), para modelar o comportamento dos SADs. Ontologias, em OWL, são uma representação de conhecimento computável, que permite definir SADs em um formato entendível e accessível a humanos e máquinas. Esse método foi usado para criar o Framework Decisioner para a instanciação de SADs. O Decisioner gera automaticamente SADs a partir de uma ontologia e uma descrição naDSL, incluindo a interface do SAD (usando uma biblioteca de Web Components). Um editor online de ontologias, que usa um formato simplificado, permite que especialistas de domínio possam modificar aspectos da ontologia e imediatamente ver as consequência de suasmudanças no SAD.Uma validação desse método foi realizada, por meio da instanciação do SAD SustenAgro no Framework Decisioner. O SAD SustenAgro avalia a sustentabilidade de sistemas produtivos de cana-de-açúcar na região centro-sul do Brasil. Avaliações, conduzidas por especialistas em sustentabilidade da Embrapa Meio ambiente (parceiros neste projeto), mostraram que especialistas são capazes de alterar a ontologia e DSL usadas, sem a ajuda de programadores, e que o sistema produz análises de sustentabilidade corretas.
Decision Support Systems (DSSs) organize and process data and information to generate results to support decision making in a specific domain. They integrate knowledge from domain experts in each of their components: models, data, mathematical operations (that process the data) and analysis results. In traditional development methodologies, this knowledge must be interpreted and used by software developers to implement DSSs. That is because domain experts cannot formalize this knowledge in a computable model that can be integrated into DSSs. The knowledge modeling process is carried out, in practice, by the developers, biasing domain knowledge and hindering the agile development of DSSs (as domain experts cannot modify code directly). To solve this problem, a method and web tool is proposed that uses ontologies, in the Web Ontology Language (OWL), to represent experts knowledge, and a Domain Specific Language (DSL), to model DSS behavior. Ontologies, in OWL, are a computable knowledge representations, which allow the definition of DSSs in a format understandable and accessible to humans and machines. This method was used to create the Decisioner Framework for the instantiation of DSSs. Decisioner automatically generates DSSs from an ontology and a description in its DSL, including the DSS interface (using a Web Components library). An online ontology editor, using a simplified format, allows that domain experts change the ontology and immediately see the consequences of their changes in the in the DSS. A validation of this method was done through the instantiation of the SustenAgro DSS, using the Decisioner Framework. The SustenAgro DSS evaluates the sustainability of sugarcane production systems in the center-south region of Brazil. Evaluations, done by by sustainability experts from Embrapa Environment (partners in this project), showed that domain experts are capable of changing the ontology and DSL program used, without the help of software developers, and that the system produced correct sustainability analysis.

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Autonomous mobile robots are machines capable of executing repetitive/dangerous tasks more efficiently. Most of them have an embedded software which is responsible for their execution. Over the last years, the complexity of these applications has continuously growing and they are presenting challenges that are uncommon to traditional information systems development. Therefore, any technique that can support their development is a great contribution. A technique that improves the productivity is to use domain-specific languages (DSLs). These are modeling and programming languages whose constructs are concepts and abstractions of a particular domain. It frees developers from worrying about generic programming concepts (classes, objects, attributes, etc.) and allows them to focus on the problem to be solved. As creating a DSL is not a trivial task and pointing the idiosyncrasies of mobile robots, this dissertation presents an approach for engineering DSLs to mobile robots. The aim is to make the activity of creating DSLs to this domain more systematic and controlled. In this approach, an application is taken as input and a series of domain statements is extracted from it. These statements are classified into categories and each one of them are analized in order to extract commonalities and variabilities, wich are transformed into components of a DSL. An important characteristic of the approach is that it asks for just one application to reach a first version of a running DSL. We suggest that the same DSL can be evolved just by applying the approach again using another application as input. So new components could be created and the existing ones could be modified. We also present a generic language model providing a foundation architecture that allows one to easily create new DSLs by extending it. Two proofs of concept are presented in order to exemplify the application of our approach.
Robôs móveis autônomos são máquinas com potencial para realizar atividades repetitivas ou de alta periculosidade com mais eficácia. Muitos possuem um software embarcado responsável pelo seu funcionamento. Nos últimos anos, a complexidade dessas aplicações robóticas embarcadas tem crescido continuamente e apresentam desafios que são incomuns ao desenvolvimento dos tradicionais sistemas de informação. Portanto, toda técnica que dê suporte a esse tipo de desenvolvimento pode contribuir significativamente. Uma técnica que permite o aumento de produtividade é a utilização de linguagens específicas de domínio (DSLs). Essas são linguagens de modelagem e programação cujas construções são conceitos e abstrações de um domínio de aplicação em particular. Isso desobriga o desenvolvedor de se preocupar com conceitos genéricos de programação (classes, objetos, atributos, etc.) para focar-se no problema a ser resolvido. Como o desenvolvimento de uma DSL não é uma tarefa trivial e tendo em vista as idiossincrasias dos robôs móveis autônomos, esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem para construção de DSLs para robôs móveis. O objetivo é deixar mais sistemática e controlada a criação de DSLs para esse domínio. Nessa abordagem, uma aplicação é tomada como entrada e dela extraem-se declarações a respeito do domínio. Essas declarações são categorizadas e, para cada categoria, são levantadas partes comuns e variáveis. Então, essas partes são transformadas em componentes de uma DSL. Uma característica importante da abordagem apresentada é que uma versão inicial da DSL pode ser alcançada tendo apenas uma aplicação como base. Sugere-se que essa mesma DSL possa evoluir pela reaplicação da abordagem tendo uma nova aplicação como entrada. Dessa forma, novos componentes podem ser criados e os existentes, modificados. Também é apresentado um modelo genérico de linguagem que fornece uma arquitetura básica, permitindo que novas DSLs sejam facilmente construídas pela extensão da mesma. Duas provas de conceito são apresentadas com a intenção de exemplificar a aplicação da abordagem.

SCSQ (Scalable Stream Query processor) is a data stream management system (DSMS) that allows different kinds of distributed high-volume infinite streams to be queried. The current Java interface to SCSQ usesC libraries to communicate between Java and a SCSQ server. Therefore, a pure Java client-server interface to SCSQ is needed. Unlike regular databases, DSMS can process queries over infinite streams. Such continuous queries (CQs) are running until they are explicitlyterminated. The interface must be able to process infinite scans of continuous query results. This master thesis implements a pure Java client-server interface to SCSQ which can handle CQs.

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Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos
Frameworks are software artifacts that implement the basic functionality of a domain. Its reuse can improve the efficiency of development process and the quality of application code. However, frameworks are difficult to develop and reuse, since they require a complex structure to implement domain variability and be adaptable enough to be reused by different applications. Due to these difficulties, this research presents two approaches: 1) the From Features to Frameworks (F3) approach, in which the developer models the features of a domain and a pattern language helps in implementing a framework based on this model; and 2) the approach that uses a Domain-Specific Language (DSL) built from the identification and analysis of the domain features of a framework to facilitate the reuse of this framework. A tool, called From Features to Frameworks Tool (F3T), was also developed to support the use of these two approaches, providing editors for modeling domains and applications and automating the implementation of code of frameworks, DSLs and applications. In addition to facilitate the development and reuse of frameworks, experiments conducted during this project showed that these two approaches make these processes more efficient and allow the construction of frameworks and applications with less difficulty.
Frameworks são artefatos de software que implementam a funcionalidade básica de um domínio. Seu reúso pode aumentar a eficiência do processo de desenvolvimento e a qualidade do código de aplicações. Contudo, frameworks são difíceis de construir e reutilizar, pois necessitam de uma estrutura complexa para implementar as variabilidades do seu domínio e serem adaptáveis o suficiente para poderem ser reutilizados por diversas aplicações. Em vista dessas dificuldades este projeto apresenta duas abordagens: 1) a abordagem From Features to Frameworks (F3), na qual o desenvolvedor modela as características de um domínio e uma linguagem de padrões auxilia na implementação de um framework com base nesse modelo; e 2) a abordagem que utiliza uma Domain-Specific Language (DSL) construída a partir da identificação e análise das características do domínio do framework para facilitar o reúso desse framework. Uma ferramenta, denominada From Features to Frameworks Tool (F3T), também foi desenvolvida para apoiar o uso dessas duas abordagens, fornecendo editores para a modelagem dos domínios e das aplicações e automatizando a implementação de código dos frameworks, das DSLs e das aplicações. Além de facilitar o desenvolvimento e o reúso de framework, experimentos realizados ao longo deste projeto mostraram que essas duas abordagens tornam esses processos mais eficientes e permitem a construção de frameworks e aplicações com menor dificuldade.

Data services delivered on telephone twisted pair wiring can potentially suffer from crosstalk due to data services on other twisted pairs in proximity, limiting the data rate, the maximum loop length and the quantity and variety of data services that a bundle can support. The crosstalk from other data services couples to the twisted pair in common mode and leaks to differential mode due to imperfect line balance. This thesis uses the common mode signal as a reference to an adaptive wideband crosstalk canceller, in an attempt to remove or at least lower the effect of crosstalk on the useful differential signal. Simulation results show the potential benefits of using this technique to reduce the level of crosstalk on an ADSL differential signal with crosstalk coming from data services commonly found in the telephone bundles. This technique is not limited to ADSL but can be applied to any technology using twisted pair wiring as its transmission medium.

Die Firma EastLink ist der einzige ostdeutsche Internetprovider, der über eine eigene Infrastruktur verfügt. Dazu gehören leistungsfähige Anbindungen an zentrale Internetknoten (z.B. INXS). Damit sind in Sachsen, Thüringen und Sachsen-Anhalt hochwertige Internetzugänge - angefangen vom einfachen ISDN Wählzugang über SDSL bis zu hochbitratigen Anschlüssen möglich. Zum UNIX-Stammtisch wird ein Teil der nahezu ausschliesslich UNIX/Linux-basierten Technik vorgestellt. Anschließend werden Möglichkeiten und Perspektiven von DSL-Zugängen insbesondere in Chemnitz aufgezeigt.

The reason why I chose this topic is not nor the complexity of global world neither the growing pressure on quick and effective managerial resolutions as it is mentioned in similar scripts. Surprisingly, the main impulse was the synergy of three principal aspects of my master study. First millstone was a study of main specialization by its self: Information management, on cathedra of System analysis, faculty of Informatics and Statistics, Economic University in Prague. The second angle is the minor specialization of the study: Retail business, on cathedra of Commercial business, faculty of International relations, Economic University in Prague. Last but no least aspect is simultaneously exercised practice in field of managing the project ICT/ IS and logistic operations. Prime aim of this work is a concept of presentation of DSS, which is intended to support the decision-making process of development of a retail chain of fictitious firm JK, a.s. Partial goals heading to fulfilment of a prime aim are: determination of a theoretical expectations, methods and methodic needed to proposal of DSS, description, and analysis of company and retail chain, procedural analyze of decision making-process of retail chain development, concept of system dynamic model, which forms the root of DSS and the concept of DSS by its self. Secondary aim is to gather satisfactory amount of theoretical and practical details for presentation of project DSS to management of the company. The biggest benefits of this work are fulfilment of a prime and secondary aim, together with the project DSS it self, which could be partly applied for the support of the decision-making process in the company. Further assets for the firm JK, a.s. are conclusions of some captures, which could be used for planning of marketing campaigns, generating Business Knowledge Base, evaluation of affectivity of sales and human resources, etc. The final bonus for the author of this work is the personal progression, profession growth, caused by gain of new

The concept of daily site reporting is not new to the construction industry. For years, superintendents have been completing daily site reports by pencil and paper and then filing them away at the end of the day. In the event of a construction dispute, the company is faced with the tedious task of having to search through these reports for the pertinent information. Often, this task is further complicated by the fact that much of the data was entered without standard formats and descriptions. Daily site reporting can benefit from standardization and computerization. The objective of this thesis was to develop a conceptual design of a micro-computer based Daily Construction Site Reporting System (DSRS) which would operate as an integral part of a construction project monitoring and control system. By tracking a project on a daily basis throughout its construction duration, the DSRS is able to provide immediate feedback to the Scheduling and Cost Control Systems. This is an important step towards real-time monitoring and control of a construction job. With this system in place, not only can claims preparation be facilitated, but status information on individual activities, frequency of occurrence of different problem types, and their impact on achieving productivity and scheduled targets may also be generated. Examples of such analysis using project information are provided. The DSRS consists of a Data Collection System and a Data Reporting System. The development of the former involved designing data collection forms and gradually improving them by field testing. The sample output reports presented in this thesis were prepared with the data collected on a local high-rise condominium project using these forms. A prototype Data Collection System has been programmed for a micro-computer using dBASE III PLUS. The current state of development of the Data Reporting System is limited to the design of a report generator and filter.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In recent years, there has been a major adoption of digital signal processors (DSPs) technology in a variety of embedded control applications. Typical industrial applications include high-performance servo drivers in applications like machine tools and robotics. Beyond the processing power, modern automation technology is characterized by increasing decentralization of data processing. But, the necessity of communication between the different systems has also led to the development of medias more efficient as Controller Area Network (CAN Network), that was initially created by Robert Bosch in the mid-1980s for automotive applications as a method for enabling robust serial communication. In this work, the development of the communication between embedded systems based in the two layers of CAN network is argued. For in such a way, a CAN network using DSPs was developed and, for validation of the work, an application of the network in Automatic Guidance Vehicles (AGVs) was developed. Where some of its more elementary functions, which had been emulated in the net formed for DSPs, through the development of specific libraries had been selected.
Nos últimos anos, cresceu a adoção da tecnologia dos processadores digitais de sinais (DSPs) em uma variedade de aplicações de controle embarcado. Além do poder deprocessamento, a tecnologia de automação moderna é caracterizada também pelo crescimento da descentralização do processamento de dados. Mas, a necessidade de comunicação entre os diferentes sistemas tem levado também ao desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação mais eficientes, como a Rede CAN (Controller Área Network), que foi inicialmente criada pela empresa Bosch, no meado dos anos 80, como um sistema para propiciar uma comunicação serial robusta para aplicações automotivas. Neste trabalho discute-se o desenvolvimento da comunicação entre sistemas embarcados baseados nas duas camadas da rede CAN. Para tanto, foi desenvolvida uma rede CAN utilizando-se DSPs, onde o modelo utilizado já tem um controlador CAN incorporado, e, para validação do trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma aplicação da rede para utilização em um Veículo Guiado Automaticamente (Automatic Guidance Vehicles - AGV). Para essa aplicação foram selecionadas algumas funções mais elementares de um AGV, as quais foram emuladas na rede formada por DSPs através do desenvolvimento de bibliotecas específicas.

Structural changes are looming in the Swedish electricity system. Underlying forces pushing for industry practices to transform are sustainability goals, digitalisation and free market ambitions. Swedish electricity laws are changing to incorporate the EU directive Clean Energy Package, which promotes an increased use of demand-side flexibility, and Nordic regulators’ ambition to harmonise Nordic electricity markets, which includes the introduction of a supplier centric market model. Amid the changes lies the DSOs’ societal obligations to distribute electricity to whomever needs it, where and whenever it is needed, in a reasonable fashion and at a low cost. It is important to DSOs to maintain satisfactory customer experience throughout and after the changes. Customer experience is significant both as a part of DSOs’ societal obligations and as a cost management measure. This study investigates how DSOs in Sweden can maintain a positive and seamless customer experience for electricity consumers in respect to the changing market conditions. A supplier centric market model will to a large extent transform DSOs from B2C to B2B organisations. Subsequently, DSOs will have less direct customer contact while information exchanges continue to grow at an ever-increasing rate, partially to satisfy a greater use of demand-side flexibility. Most customers expect a secure and reliable electricity supply, user friendly information provision and efficient resolution of issues. DSOs will primarily, in the new market landscape, provide a good customer experience by focusing on their core business - the grid - and interact indirectly with customers through partner-owned touch points. The relationships with electricity suppliers and different subcontractors will be increasingly important to customer experience. Deepened B2B interactions require proper data quality and automated communication, and if handled well will yield improved electricity security, quicker resolution of customers’ issues, and user friendly information provision. The Clean Energy Package and the supplier centric market model will likely lead to improved conditions to operate and use the grid as data is standardised, more available and incentivised to be used. However, incorporating these new laws into organisations’ processes might offer a challenge as change often proves straining.
Strukturella förändringar stundar i elsystemet. Underliggande krafter som trycker på för förändrade processer är hållbarhetsmål, digitalisering och en fri marknad. Den svenska ellagen ska förändras för att inkorporera EU-direktivet Ren energipaketet och Energimarknadsinspektionens, med sin nordiska ditos, ambition om en harmoniserade nordisk elmarknad, en del i den ambitionen är en elhandlarcentrisk marknadsmodell. Trots förändringar ligger elnätsbolagens ansvar kvar; att distribuera el till alla som behöver det, när och vart de behöver det, i en rimlig tid och till en låg kostnad. Det är viktigt för elnätsbolag att tillhandahålla en god kundupplevelse både genom och efter förändringarna. Kundupplevelsen är viktig för elnätsbolag för att leverera på sina ansvar och för kostnadskontroll. Denna studie undersöker hur ett elnätsbolag i Sverige kan upprätthålla en god kundupplevelse genom och efter de stundande förändringarna. Den elhandlarcentriska marknadsmodellen transformerar elnätsbolag från B2B- till B2C-organisationer. Detta leder till att elnätsbolagen har mindre direktkontakt med elkonsumenter medan informationsflöden fortsätter att växa stadigt, delvis för att stödja efterfrågeflexibilitet. De flesta elkonsumenter förväntar sig en säker tillgång på el, användarvänlig information och snabbt avhjälpta problem. Elnätsbolagen kommer huvudsakligen, i det nya marknadslandskapet, tillhandahålla en god kundupplevelse genom att fokusera på sin kärnverksamhet - elnätet - och interagera med konsumenter genom partnerägda kontaktytor. Relationen till elhandlare och andra installatörer kommer att bli viktigare. Fördjupade B2B-relationer kräver god datakvalitet och automatiserade kommunikationskanaler, och om det är väl hanterat leder det till säkrare tillgång till el, snabbare lösningar på problem och nya och enkla sätt att ta till sig information för kunder. Ren energipaket och elhandlarcentrisk marknadsmodell leder troligtvis till förbättrade villkor för att driva och använda elnätet då data blir standardiserat, mer tillgängligt och uppmuntrad att användas. Att anpassa elnätsbolagen till dessa förändringar kan vara prövande, så som förändring ofta är.

Photographic fisheye lenses with fixed focal length for cameras with different sensor formats have been well developed for decades. However, photographic fisheye lenses with variable focal length are rare on the market due in part to the greater design difficulty. This paper presents a large aperture zoom fisheye lens for DSLR cameras that produces both circular and diagonal fisheye imaging for 35-mm sensors and diagonal fisheye imaging for APS-C sensors. The history and optical characteristics of fisheye lenses are briefly reviewed. Then, a 9.2- to 16.1-mm F/2.8 to F/3.5 zoom fisheye lens design is presented, including the design approach and aberration control. Image quality and tolerance performance analysis for this lens are also presented. (C) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

Att hitta ett komplement till stora XML-filer kan vara svårt, men kan också vara nödvändigt. På IdaInfront använder man sig idag utav XML-filer för att sätta upp konfigurationerna på hur man ska bygga upp ett projekt i deras program iipax. Dessa blir ofta väldigt stora och oöverskådliga samt att det inte finns någon smidig grafisk representation på hur de olika typerna hör ihop för att få en enkel överblick, det är här mitt examensarbete kommer in. Jag har skapat en prototyp på hur man med ett domän specifikt språk (DSL) kan ersätta XML syntaxen och på så sätt få det mera läsbart och samtidigt göra en grafisk representation på hur de olika noderna är kopplade till varandra. Jag använde mig av ett verktyg som heter XText för att ta fram mitt DSL då det gav en bra grund samt att man får olika hjälpverktyg så som auto-complete förslag, färgkodning, validering mm. För att få fram en grafisk editor använde jag mig av ett verktyg som heter Eugenia som är en del av Epsilon som utveklar verktyg för olika typer av hantering av EMF modeller i Eclipse. Det gav en smidig koppling mellan den DSL jag utformade i XText med en grafisk editor som Eugenia automatiskt genererade på omkring 600 filer utifrån två filer med inställningar som jag modifierade. Jag fick fram ett bra resultat för en prototyp i mindre skala. Dock använder sig IdaInfront av så många noder per projekt så det blir ganska snabbt svårt att se helheten i den grafiska editorn. Det hade varit smidigt om man kunde extrahera olika grupperingar i editorn men det hade jag tyvärr inte tid med att försöka konfigurera ihop.

Questo lavoro è il prodotto di un anno di ricerca su tre principali assi: linguistica, informatica e didattica. Partendo dall’analisi del linguaggio dei bambini con disturbo specifico del linguaggio (DSL), abbiamo individuato quelli che sono i maggiori punti di debolezza e le maggiori difficoltà incontrate da questi bambini. Siamo passati poi ad un’analisi del linguaggio informatico e abbiamo notato la somiglianza con il linguaggio naturale. In particolare, quello che vogliamo sottolineare qui sono la rigidità e la semplicità di questo linguaggio. Da una parte, la rigidità ci permette di offrire al bambino un prototipo di struttura linguistica fissa. Dall’altra, la semplicità del linguaggio informatico permette di arrivare più direttamente e intuitivamente del linguaggio naturale. Entrambi questi aspetti ci hanno permesso di concludere che un’interazione tra linguaggio informatico e linguaggio naturale è possibile. Quello che intendiamo in questo lavoro per linguaggio informatico è il linguaggio di programmazione. L’ultimo asse, la didattica, è il campo applicativo di questo progetto. Infatti l’idea conclusiva sarà quella di creare degli atelier informatici, durante le ore di lezione oppure come attività extra-scolastica, nei quali i bambini utilizzeranno uno o diversi linguaggi di programmazione per permettere anche un riscatto sociale del bambino.

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
This paper develops a performance framework for OFDM by contrasting its performance with Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) over aeronautical channels. Each of the OFDM and DSSS modulated simulations are put through the channel and compared on terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR) versus bit error rate. The simulation will show that DSSS will have better power efficiency on multipath channels because the rake receiver adds all multipath components to strengthen the receiver. By contrast OFDM with an equalizer will have better spectrum efficiency results where QAM modulation of multiple tones allows for high data rates in a limited bandwidth. This work develops a framework for contrasting the performance of the rake receiver and the equalizer for operation on multipath channels. By comparing these schemes on various channels the choice of OFDM for iNET can be clearly understood and evaluated.

Este estudo tenciona discutir o problema da conceituação das doenças mentais, a partir dos DSMs e dos diferentes paradigmas que os embasaram. O DSM (manual estatístico e diagnóstico de transtornos mentais) é um manual, de influência internacional, para profissionais da saúde mental, que lista diferentes categorias de transtornos mentais, de acordo com a Associação Psiquiátrica Norte-Americana. Desde a sua primeira publicação, em 1952, já foi submetido a cinco revisões (DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-R, DSM IV e DSM IVTR). Escolhemos a categoria diagnóstica da depressão, objetivando realizar um rastreamento conceitual, desde o DSM II - modelo até então marcado pela psicanálise, depois ressaltando o DSM III, que, em 1980, promove uma mudança de paradigma no conhecimento psiquiátrico, ao apresentar um modelo que se propõe descritivo e ateórico até o DSM IV-TR. Dessa perspectiva, são assinaladas algumas considerações e pontos de discussão entre a chamada psiquiatria biológica e a psicanálise, no que diz respeito às suas respectivas influências na forma de entender o diagnóstico psiquiátrico, enfatizando a categoria diagnóstica da depressão.
This study intends to discuss the issue of categorizing mental disorders, considering DSMs and its paradigms. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) is a handbook, used worldwide, for mental professionals that lists different categories of mental disorder, according to the American Psychiatric Association. The DSM has gone through five revisions (DSM II, DSM III, DSM III-R, DSM IV e DSM IV- TR) since it was first published in 1952. Electing the concept of depression, this study analyses its diagnosis criteria from DSM II, a psychoanalytic influenced manual to DSM IV-TR, with an emphasis upon DSM III which, in 1980, represents a turning point in psychiatric paradigms, intending to be not theoretical and descriptive. From this perspective, the intention is to outline some considerations and discussions between the so-called biological psychiatric and the psychoanalytic theory, according to its influences in the psychiatric diagnosis understanding, emphasizing the category of depression.

The candidate shall study different methods for dynamic spectral management in DSL systems, with main emphasis on autonomeous methods like iterative waterfilling. The methods shall be implemented in Matlab.

In this thesis, resource allocation problems relevant to multicarrier DSL environments are considered. The resources in a multicarrier DSL environment are bandwidth (i.e., subcarriers), the power allocated, the bits loaded and possibly the coding scheme used on each subcarrier. The major impairments in DSL environments are crosstalk and external noise . Crosstalk (predictable and controllable) is the interference caused by other DSL users sharing the same medium. External Noise (unpredictable and uncontrollable) consists of relatively high energy bursts due to electromagnetic interference from physical phenomena, electrical switches, motors and home appliances which are invariably present in the close vicinity of DSL modems.
In current DSL applications, Crosstalk is kept in control by specifying a fixed peakpower constraint (based on the worst-case) which each user has to obey---a technique known as Static Spectrum Management (SSM). This simplifies the resource allocation to a single-user optimization problem. But the worst-case peak power constraint is overly restrictive and results in poorer rates. Recently Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) techniques which dynamically vary the multiuser power allocation for crosstalk control instead of using fixed peak power constraint have proven to provide much better rates. This improvement however comes at the cost of dealing with a more complicated multiuser optimization problem.
On the other hand, due to its unpredictability, external noise (and RFI pickup) has been combated with the use of a suitable safety margin.
Based on application and scenario, Resource Allocation is either performed with the objective of Rate maximization (at a fixed margin) or Margin maximization (at a fixed rate) since each of the quantities indirectly imposes a cap on the other.
But in both rate maximizing and margin maximizing resource allocation algorithms available in literature the bits loaded were always constrained to integers because most scalable modulation schemes such as QAM or PSK support integer bit/symbol. It was initially believed that most (not all) of the granularity losses (due to the integer bit constraint) could be recovered through 'bit-rounding' and 'energy re-scaling'. But this was observed only for the total power constrained case. With the advent of peak power constraint, we show that the room for optimization in the energy domain is severely restricted and granularity losses constitute a significant percentage of the achievable data rate. To recover these losses, we propose the Adaptive Reed Solomon aided Fine Granularity Loading (ARSFGL) scheme---a scheme that jointly optimizes the power, bit and code allocation. For achieving near-continuous rate adaptation, the family of Reed Solomon (RS) codes has been used for their low redundancy, high flexibility in correction capability and highly programmable architecture. Simulation results with realistic VDSL-DMT systems with the currently standardized SSM framework show more than 20% improvement in rate achieved for most cases.
The extension of ARSFGL technique to multiuser (DSM) scenarios results in a purely distributed scheme which provides rates better or equal to the rates achieved by the centralized, optimal (much more complicated) multiuser integer-bit loading scheme.
Further in this work a multiuser margin maximization algorithm is developed. Near-continuous rates provided by the ARSFGL scheme allow continuous bit loading assumption for simplicity. Prior to this work, no multiuser margin maximization algorithm existed, even though the importance of margin maximization is well-recognized. Most existing single-user margin maximization algorithms rely on a fixed crosstalk assumption. But in multiuser (DSM) scenarios each user's power allocation dynamically determines other user's crosstalk. With direct extension of single-user algorithms in multiuser (DSM) scenarios, one user's margin maximization can lead to the failure of other users in meeting their target rates .
We begin by exploring the favorable monotonicity and fairness properties that multi-user margin exhibits over a multiuser rate region and use them to formulate a box-constrained non-linear least squares (NLSQ) problem that can be solved by using a scaled gradient trust region approach with Broyden Jacobian update. This algorithm efficiently converges to a solution providing the best common equal margin to all users while explicitly guaranteeing that each user's target rate requirement is satisfied. The algorithm requires only minimal coordination among users, which makes it suitable for practical implementation.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
DSLs (domain-specific languages) are specially important when used to support agile application development. The usage of specific abstractions/concepts in a particular application domain leads the developer to focus mainly on application logic forgetting structure details. In other hand, participatory sensing is an emergent area of mobile computation due to recently advances of technology in personal mobile devices, creating advance mobile sensors network. With user mobility, one can create interesting mobile applications, without the costs associated to large implementations of density mobile sensor networks. Thus, participatory sensing paradigm presents as one of the most promising and innovative areas in future application development. This dissertation focuses in the development of a graphic framework-specific DSL in participatory sensing, starting from the analysis of abstractions and concepts used at 4Sensing platform. The final result of this proposal is the possibility of developing participatory sensing applications with 4Sensing framework’s abstractions, with a graphical editor. This editor should generate code to integrate in a previously developed simulator, allowing the evaluation of applications in a simulated environment.

This diploma thesis focuses on a model-oriented system for decision support. The main contribution of the thesis consists in creating a system simulating energy saving which would result from the purchase of plastic windows and/or of a heat pump. The basis of the simulator is a functional model consisting of individual variables and connections between them and created in compliance with relevant notation. The thesis describes and illustrates not only the model structure itself, but, in the same time, also its logic on which basis the corresponding energetic saving is calculated after entry of necessary initial values. The diploma thesis includes, in addition to the model, also the description and the graphical representation of the created user interface which provides the user with easy entry of parameters and clear display of results. The introductory part of this work introduces the basic theoretical terms and approaches concerning the system dynamics together with its principles. The following part is dedicated to the description of the enterprise for which the system for decision support was created. The final part contains the above mentioned model, its structure and description, as well as the created user interface.

Digital Subscriber Line technologies use existing telephone cables to provide high speed data communications. Spectrum Management in DSL is a set of policies to contain the damage caused by interference between modems. Current practice in Spectrum Management controls this damage by placing constraints on power and spectrum. But recent advances in research define the constraints directly in terms of data loss. The spectrum adopted by interferers is allowed to be much more flexible, as long as the data rate targets are respected. These technologies are collectively called Dynamic Spectrum Management and have achieved huge gains in achievable data rates ([Yu (2002)] [Cendrillon et, al. (2003)]). The enforcement of data rate targets is done via discovering the set of feasible sets of data rates, the data rate region. But there remains a-problem left open on how to decide between alternative feasible sets of data rates. The algorithms in DSM typically find the best spectrum for a new user, given that pre-existing users have already been allocated data rate targets. The question of how to allocate these data: rate targets over time has been left unanswered. An additional complication is that the DSL channel is a MIMO channel that is only partially known, and gradually discovered. The crosstalk functions between different users and the direct channels are only discovered as new users request DSL, and this occurs gradually over time. This thesis introduces an economic focus to solve both problems. Among alternative, feasible set of data rates, the one with the best revenue potential is chosen. And the uncertainty about the MIMO channel and user take-up is included in a estimate of expected revenue. This is the first main contribution of this thesis, Economic Spectrum Management. The second contribution is a new, fast and near-optimal spectrum allocation algorithm, the Noise Floor Mask (NFM) algorithm. It has been developed as a faster alternative to the algorithm that achieves optimal data rates, Optimum Spectrum Management (OSM). OSM involves a more computationally expensive function optimisation and may present exponential complexity on the number of users, under certain conditions. Even for small number of users, NFM is fast and light, and thus useful for conducting Monte Carlo projections of the data rate region, given statistics on the telephone cable. These projections axe necessary in Economic Spectrum Management to compute expected revenues, given that the MIMO channel is not fully known. The NFM algorithm is based on a common insight among engineers about the "noise floor" as a relevant milestone when assessing how damaging a particular source of interference is. The rule of thumb is that interference sources less powerful than the background noise are significantly less relevant than those "above the noise floor". This intuition was developed and quantified, to form the basis of NFM.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática
In the ever more competitive market, companies are forced to reduce their operational costs and innovate. In order to do that, some companies successfully adopted new approaches, some of them using domain specific languages (DSL), building their entire system and all the respective layers in less time and more focused in their business. Frequently, the application business layer interacts with the data layer through SQL queries, in order to obtain or modify data. There are some products in the market that try to make life easier for developers, allowing them to get the data using the features of visual query builders, also available in standard SQL. However, it is not expectable that every possible query can be written through these visual query builders, which leads us to the following questions "What should and what can easily be supported by visual query builders?". These questions are relevant in order to help improving the experience of developers and save them time. This work aims to study and analyse techniques that help detecting patterns in structured data and, afterwards, propose a suitable way to view and manage the visualization of the occurrence of such detected patterns. In order to help identify the most frequent patterns and thus contribute to solve the above questions, with this conjunction of topics we expect to provide a way to improve the experience of understanding a large amount of data in a particular context. Once understood some patterns that could be present in the data and their importance, we are ready to propose a new model in the context of OutSystems Agile PlatformTM, in terms of their visual query builder, aiming to increase its value, improve its expressiveness and offer a powerful visual way to build queries.

Continuous Deep Analytics (CDA) is a new form of analytics with performance requirements exceeding what the current generation of distributed systems can offer. This thesis is part of a five year project in collaboration between RISE SICS and KTH to develop a next generation distributed system capable of CDA. The two issues which the system aims to solve are computation sharing and hardware acceleration. The former refers to how BigData and machine learning libraries such as TensorFlow, Pandas and Numpy must collaborate in the most efficient way possible. Hardware acceleration relates to how the back-end of current generation general purpose data processing systems such as Spark and Flink are bottlenecked by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). As the JVM abstracts over the underlying hardware, its applications become portable but also forfeit the opportunity to fully exploit the available hardware resources. This thesis aims to explore the area of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) and code generation as a solution to hardware acceleration. The idea is to translate incoming queries to the system into low-level code, tailor suited to each worker machine’s specific hardware. To this end, two Scala DSLs for generating Rust code have been developed for the translation step. Rust is a new, low-level programming language with a unique take on memory management which makes it as safe as Java and fast as C. Scala is a language which is well suited towards development of DSLs due to its flexible syntax and semantics. The first DSL is implemented as a string interpolator. The interpolator splices strings of Rust code together, at compile time or runtime, and passes the result to an external process for static checking. The second DSL instead provides an API for constructing an abstract syntax tree, which after construction can be traversed and printed into Rust source code. The API combines three concepts: heterogeneous lists, fluent interfaces, and algebraic data types. These allow the userto express advanced Rust syntax such as polymorphic structs, functions, and traits, without sacrificing type safety.
Kontinuerlig Djup Analys (CDA) är en ny form av analys med prestandakrav som överstiger vad den nuvarande generationen av distributerade system kan erbjuda. Den här avhandlingen är del av ett project mellan RISE SICS och KTH för att utveckla ett nästa-generations distribuerat system kapabelt av CDA. Det är två problem som systemet syftar på att lösa: hårdvaruacceleration och beräkningsdelning. Det första handlar om hur BigData och maskininlärningssystem som sådan som TensorFlow, Pandas och Numpy måste kunna samarbeta så effektivt som möjligt. Hårdvaruacceleration relaterar till hur back-end delen i den dagens distribuerade beräknings system, såsom Spark och Flink, flaskhalsas av Javas Virtuella Maskin. JVM:en abstraherar över den underliggande hårvaran. Som resultat blir dess applikationer portabla, men ger också upp möjligheten att fullständigt utnyttja de tillgängliga hårdvaruresurserna. Den här avhandlingen siktar på att utforska området kring Domänspecifika Språk (DSLer) och kodgenerering som en lösning till hårdvaruacceleration. Idén är att översätta inkommande förfrågningar till låg-nivå kod, skräddarsydd till varje arbetar maskin’s specifika hårdvara. Till detta ändamål har två Scala DSLer utvecklats för generering av Rust kod. Rust är ett nytt låg-nivå språk med ett unikt vidtagande kring minneshantering som gör det både lika säkert som Java och snabbt som C. Scala är ett språk som passar bra tillutveckling av DSLer pågrund av dess flexibla syntax och semantik. Den första DSLen är implementerad som en sträng-interpolator. Interpolatorn sammanfogar strängar av Rust kod, under kompileringstid eller exekveringstid, och passerar resultatet till enextern process för statisk kontroll. Den andra DSLen består istället av ett API för att konstruera ett abstrakt syntaxträd, som efteråt kan traverseras och skrivas ut till Rust kod. API:et kombinerar tre koncept: heterogena listor, flytande gränssnitt, och algebraiska datatyper. Dessa tillåter användaren att uttrycka avancerad Rust syntax, såsom polymorfiska strukts, funktioner, och traits, utan att uppoffra typsäkerhet.

This thesis is dealing with using of simulation modeling as a support for decision making in different control level. Theoretic analysis of that problem covers and summarized information about modeling and simulation as well as importance of knowledge of simulation models and systems for decision making provision. Case study which illustrates possibilities using of Arena simulation software for needs decision making on operative control level and a software product Powersim Studio for needs higher control levels is a part of this thesis. Simulations were performed with particular software models and their results were summarized and evaluated by a selecting method of specific variant of solution.

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O presente estudo visa à defesa de tese quanto à utilização da pesquisa acadêmica no Desenvolvimento Sustentável na Educação Superior (DSES), como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção e Sistemas da Escola Politécnica da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos – UNISINOS. O tema do estudo aborda o DSES. Questiona a atual contribuição da pesquisa acadêmica com relação ao tema e tem por objetivo principal propor contribuições que incrementem as práticas do DSES através do Ensino da Sustentabilidade (ES). Para tanto, investigou 4 universidades não estatais, avaliando 12 projetos de pesquisa e suas contribuições para o DSES e para com as práticas do ES. A organização deste trabalho consiste na introdução; referencial teórico; metodologia; análise e discussão dos resultados e bibliografia. A Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) apontou para a lacuna na produção científica no que se refere à ampliação do conhecimento na DSES por meio da utilização de resultados de pesquisa acadêmica no ES. A literatura revisada foi codificada como DSES, ES, Barreiras ao DSES e Pesquisa Acadêmica. Referente à metodologia de pesquisa, trata-se, quanto ao método científico, de uma pesquisa de característica indutiva e, quanto aos métodos de pesquisa, evidencia-se um estudo aplicado, exploratório, de casos múltiplos e de caráter qualitativo. O protocolo de pesquisa apresentou os questionamentos que foram elaborados pelo doutorando, considerando a RSL, que orientou um processo semiestruturado de coleta de dados. As entrevistas com os pesquisadores das universidades participantes do estudo foram presenciais e via Skype. Apresenta-se também um modelo de Sistema de DSES a ser utilizado na análise e discussão dos resultados: trabalha-se com a síntese dos achados onde; o diálogo com a literatura; as contribuições da Tese; e as considerações finais apontando para a comprovação da Tese, o atendimento aos objetivos e a possibilidades de estudos futuros.
The present study aims at the defense of Thesis regarding the use of academic research in the Sustainable Development in Higher Education (SDHE), as a requirement to obtain a Doctorate in the Postgraduate Program in Production Engineering and Systems of the Polytechnic School of the University of Valley of the Sinos River - UNISINOS. The subject of the study addresses the SDHE. It questions the current contribution of the academic research in relation to the theme and its main objective is to propose contributions that increase the practices of the SDHE through the Teaching of Sustainability (TS). To this end, it investigated 4 non-state universities, evaluating 12 research projects and their contributions to the SDHE and TS practices. The organization of this work consists of the introduction; theoretical reference; methodology; analysis and discussion of results and bibliography. The Systematic Review of Literature (SRL) pointed to the gap in scientific production regarding the expansion of knowledge in the SDHE through the use of academic research results in TS. The revised literature was codified as SDHE, TS, Barriers to SDHE and Academic Research. Regarding the research methodology, it is a question of a research of inductive characteristic, as far as the scientific method is concerned, and an exploratory, multiple-case, qualitative study is evidenced. The research protocol presented the questions that were elaborated by the doctoral student, considering the SRL that guided a semi-structured process of data collection. The interviews with the researchers of the participating universities of the study were presential and through Skype. A System model in the SDHE to be used in the analysis and discussion of the results is also presented: we work with the synthesis of the findings: the dialogue with literature; the contributions of the Thesis; the final considerations pointing to the proof of the Thesis; the attendance to the objectives and the possibilities of future studies.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This work presents a hardware and software integrated environment for study and development of drivers and controls for induction motors. In the platform setup two Texas Instruments DSPs (Digital Signal Processors) has been used, in a master-slave con guration: the TMS320C6201 DSP, contained in a manufacturer s evaluation board inserted in a PC, and the TMS320F240 DSP, in a board developed for the platform. Although two DSPs were used, it was sought to facilitate the use of the platform through the creation of functional blocks that can be manipulated in the Simulink software, very used in the companies and teaching institutions, as also through the Texas Instruments Code Composer Studio software, using the C language. The hardware of the platform has the necessary resources for rehearsals of induction motors, such as voltage, current, rotation and torque sensors, allowing the application of mechanical load through a controlled direct current motor. The induction motor is worked through an inversor, with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) in strategy of Space Vector Modulation. The software levels and its interactions are described in the platform operation, so much in the slave board, as in the master board and in the PC. The forms of programming of the rehearsals and the sequence of procedures are presented for ampli cation of the existent resources. The rehearsals for O¤-line Identi cation of PWM Driven Induction Motors, and Vector Control of Induction Motors, demonstrate the power and exibility of the platform programming. The results indicate good performance of the platform for real time control systems applications . The platform has also the potential to serve as a tool in both teaching and developments of control and drivers techniques for induction motors in the Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC).
Este trabalho apresenta um ambiente integrado de hardware e software paraestudo e desenvolvimento de acionamentos e controles de motores de indução.Na implementação da plataforma foram usados dois DSPs (Digital Signal Processors)da Texas Instruments, em uma con guração mestre-escravo: o DSPTMS320C6201, presente em uma Placa de Desenvolvimento do fabricante, inserida no PC, e o TMS320F240, em uma placa desenvolvida para a plataforma. Embora se usem dois DSPs, procurou-se facilitar a utilização da plataforma através da criação de blocos funcionais que podem ser manipulados no software Simulink, amplamente utilizado nas empresas e instituições de ensino, como também através do software Code Composer Studio da Texas Instrumens, utilizando a linguagem C. O Hardware da plataforma possui os recursos necessários para ensaios de motores de indução, como sensores de tensão, corrente, rotação e torque, permitindo a aplicação de carga mecânica por meio de um motor de corrente contínua controlado. O Motor de indução é acionado através de uma ponte inversora com modulação PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) em etratégia de modulação de vetores espaciais (Space Vector Modulation). São descritos os vários níveis de software e as suas interações no funcionamento da plataforma, tanto na placa escrava, como na placa mestre e no PC. São apresentadas as formas de programação dos ensaios e a seqüência de procedimentos para ampliação dos recursos existentes. Os ensaios de um método de identi cação de parâmetros o¤-line, usando acionamento com modulação PWM, e de um sistema de controle vetorial para motor de indução, demonstram a exibilidade e a rapidez nas implementações e alterações da programação da plataforma. Os resultados indicam o bom desempenho da plataforma em aplicações de controle de sistemas de tempo real. A Plataforma também apresenta a possibilidade de servir de ferramenta no ensino e desenvolvimento de técnicas de acionamento e controle de motores de indução na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC).

DNA中の二本鎖切断(DSB)に対するアスコルビン酸(AA)およびDMSOの保護効果を、蛍光顕微鏡による巨大DNA(T4 DNA; 166kbp)の単分子観察によって評価した。凍結／解凍の状態に対して3つの異なる形態の放射源、可視光、γ線、および超音波の環境下にさらした。1‐プロパノールと2‐プロパノールの間で異なる効果が表れた。ゲノムDNA分子の高次構造の変化は、1−プロパノールを用いると、長軸長が濃度60％で最小を示し、次にアルコール含有量の増加と共に増加する傾向があることを見出した。一方、2−プロパノールを用いると、長軸長はアルコール含有量の増加と共にほぼ単調な減少を示した。
The protective effect of ascorbic acid (AA) and DMSO against double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA was evaluated by single-molecule observation of giant DNA (T4 DNA; 166kbp) through fluorescence microscopy. Samples were exposed to three different forms of radiation: visible light, γ-ray, and ultrasound or freeze/thawing. The change of the higher-order structure of genomic DNA molecules in the presence of alcohols by use of single DNA observation with fluorescence microscopy, by focusing our attention to unveil the different effect between 1-propanol and 2-propanol.
博士(工学)
Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering
同志社大学
Doshisha University

Denne masteroppgaven er en fortsettelse av en prosjektoppgave gjennomført høsten 2007. Den går ut på å sette seg inn i problemet med krysstale i DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), og da spesielt en av de beste løsningene på dette problemet, dynamisk frekvensbruk (DSM – Dynamic Spectral Management). Dette kan løses på tre nivåer, med økende kompleksitet og økende datarater ved høyere implementering. Nivå 1 omfatter distribuerte systemer, der hver bruker justerer sitt eget effektspektrum for å oppnå ønskede rater. I nivå 2 er det en sentralisert kontroller som beregner spektra for flere brukere over samme kabel. Nivå 3 trenger også en kontroller, men her blir hele kanalen undersøkt for å finne kanalmatrisen. Denne kan benyttes til å fjerne og i beste fall utnytte krysstalen. I prosjektoppgaven høsten 2007 ble en av de enkleste formene for DSM sammenlignet med optimale løsninger for krysstalekoordinering (OSM – Optimal Spectrum Management). OSM er den beste løsningen for DSM uten å ta i bruk krysstalekansellering. Søket for å finne den optimale løsningen ble gjort ved hjelp av Exhaustive search, som går igjennom alle mulige kombinasjoner og finner den beste. Konklusjonen var da at store forbedringer, spesielt med OSM, var mulige med innføring av DSM. Ulempen med Exhaustive search er at den blir veldig kompleks med økende antall delbånd og brukere, O(eKN). Derfor ble kun to brukere og tre delbånd benyttet. Dette klarte allikevel å vise hvilken effekt OSM har. Siden Exhaustive search var så kompleks ble det vurdert at andre algoritmer eventuelt måtte benyttes for implementering. Masteroppgaven tok derfor for seg Dual decomposition. Denne avanserte algortimen optimaliserer for hvert delbånd i stedet for på tvers av alle PSD. Fordelen med dette er at kompleksiteten blir vesentlig mindre fordi den blir lineær med hensyn på antall delbånd som blir benyttet, og ikke eksponentiell. På grunn av innføringen av Lagrangemultiplikatorer vil kompleksiteten stige noe på grunn av dette, men det er uvesentlig sammenlignet med Exhaustive search. Den eneste støyen som eksisterte i systemet var hvit støy og krysstale fra trafikk med samme retning (FEXT – Far End Crosstalk). Det ble vist at beregningstidene for Dual decomposition var vesentlig mye mindre for økende bitloading og delbånd enn for Exhaustive search. Med Dual decomposition var det mulig å øke både bitloading og delbånd for å oppnå store rateregioner innen relativt kort tid. Da rateregionene ble sammenlignet var det mulig å observere at Dual decomposition ikke alltid klarte å finne absolutt alle optimale punkter. Dette vil gjerne være uvesentlig tatt i betraktning at den er såpass mye mer effektiv. Ulempen med Dual decomposition er at kompleksiteten fremdeles er eksponentiell med hensyn på antall brukere. Derfor vil også Dual decomposition bli vanskelig å innføre i de systemene som blir benyttet av mange brukere. Fremtidig arbeid vil derfor være å se på andre metoder som er mer lineære med hensyn på antall brukere.

Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Dolk, Daniel. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 22, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59). Also available in print.

In eukaryotic cells, ionizing radiation (IR) induces damages to proteins, lipids and DNA, directly or indirectly, as a result of free radical formation. Among the numerous types of DNA lesions, the double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly important, since an inefficient or inaccurate repair may lead to cell death or genomic instability. The presence of DSBs leads to a complex DNA damage response, consisting in a cascade of cellular events, which involve sensing the damage, signal transduction to the effectors of DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. In mammals, a very early step in the cellular response to DSBs is the phosphorylation of the histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) at the sites of DNA damage by members of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (ATM, DNA-PK and ATR). This event plays a critical role in the recruitment of signaling–repair proteins (i.e 53BP1, Mre11, Rad50, Nbs1) to the sites of damage to form the ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF), which contain hundreds to thousands of proteins. DNA damage and repair can be quantified in individual cells by monitoring the kinetics of formation and disappearance of IRIF that accumulate at sites of DSBs; in particular, the rate of loss of γ-H2AX foci correlates with the progression of DSB repair. Cell signaling events in response to ionising radiation depend on environmental conditions occurring during DNA repair, besides genetic and physiological features of the biological systems. For this reason we have studied and compared the human cell response to IR in different gravity conditions, normal gravity as on Earth and reduced gravity as in space environment where exposure to cosmic radiation during space missions is associated to the reduction of gravitational force, which is approximately 10-4-10-6g. Indeed, space environment is characterized by the presence of ionizing radiation in the form of charged atomic particles travelling at close to the speed of light, which represents the most significant factor limiting humans’ ability to participate in long-duration space missions, and also by a condition of weightlessness called microgravity. As reported in literature, microgravity effects on astronauts include: immune cell function suppression, skeletal muscle atrophy, cardiovascular problems and loss of calcium and minerals from bone. In-flight cell cultures and ground models of microgravity showed inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, suppression or alteration in cytokine secretion, modifications of cytoskeleton, and also increase of chromosome aberrations and apoptosis. The question whether radiation effects are influenced by microgravity is still open and it is an important point in the risk estimation of space missions. In our experiments, microgravity condition was obtained in laboratory using of the bioreactor “Rotating Wall Vessel” (Synthecon, Inc., Houston, Texas), which simulates the weightlessness, an aspect of spaceflights. This condition is called “modeled microgravity” (MMG). In the first part of this project, DSB rejoining was investigated in human PBL irradiated with γ-rays and incubated in 1g or MMG during repair time. Formation and disappearance of γ-H2AX foci were monitored at various times after irradiation by in situ immunofluorescence; in the same samples the apoptotic index and the DNA fragmentation were determined, the last one was measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and the fraction of DNA released in the gel (FR) was considered as a measure of DSBs. Results obtained provided evidences that MMG incubation during repair time affected cell survival, apoptosis and delayed DSB rejoining, increasing the genotoxic effects of ionising radiation. On the base of these evidences, we investigated if ionizing radiation and modeled microgravity could have an effect on cells focusing on the expression profile of microRNAs: negative regulators of gene expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a recently discovered class of small (~22nt) endogenously expressed translational-repressor RNAs that play a key role in many cellular pathways. In animal cells, these molecules bind to complementary sequences in the 3’-untraslated region (3’UTR) of the target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of protein-coding genes, to direct their translational repression. For this reason, miRNAs have been implicated in numerous biological processes including developmental timing, cell fate decisions, cell death and proliferation, stem cell function, tumorigenesis and disease. Aim: The aims of this project were: i) to analyze the efficiency of DNA repair occurring in modeled microgravity culture conditions focusing on DSBs repair kinetics; ii) to investigate if ionizing radiation and modeled microgravity could have a synergistic action on human cells by comparing radio-responsive miRNA in ground gravity and MMG. Activity carried out: The presence of nuclear γ-H2AX foci and the apoptotic index were monitored by in situ immunofluorescence and western blot in not- and γ-irradiated Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (PBL), at 0.5, 2, 6 and 24h from irradiation, in 1g and MMG. In the same samples was studied the DSBs repair analyzing the fraction of DNA released (FR) after Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), this value was calculated either by measuring optical density of DNA migrating in the gel and by quantity of DNA (ng) retained in the plug/wells. MiRNA expression profile of human PBL, irradiated with γ-rays (0.2-2Gy) and incubated in MMG and in parallel 1g condition, was examined through “Human miRNA microarray Kit V2” (Agilent) and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). In addition, we used “Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarray” (Agilent) to determine the gene expression profile, in the same PBL analysed for miRNA profiling, with the aim to identify the most likely miRNA targets by integration of miRNA and mRNA expression data in an anti-correlation analysis. Finally, to identify biological pathways most involved in radiation cell response we performed a Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, on significant anti-correlated target genes identifying biological pathways significantly enriched (P<0.05). Results and conclusions: Results obtained in the study of nuclear γ-H2AX foci in irradiated PBL showed that the mean number of foci/nucleus during a short-repair time was comparable in 1g and MMG. At later times the decrease of foci number was significantly different; indeed, PBL incubated in 1g at 24h after irradiation showed 2 foci/nucleus, instead those incubated in MMG showed a mean of 6.4 foci/nucleus at the same time-points. To verify whether the disappearance of γ-H2AX foci correlated with the rejoining of double strand breaks, we subjected irradiated PBL, incubated in 1g or MMG, to PFGE assay. We found that in cells incubated in MMG, FR was higher than in 1g (77% vs. 33% at 2 h and 50% vs. 17% at 6 h, respectively). Summarizing, MMG probably affects the chromatin structure modulation that occurs after DSB formation, decreasing the efficiency of DNA repair. Thus, DSB rejoining that is almost completed in few hours in normal culture conditions, could take more time in MMG. In second part of the project we focused on miRNA expression profile analysis of γ- irradiated PBL incubated in 1g and MMG. Our results showed that radiation affected miRNA expression profile according to the dose and the time after irradiation, in both gravity conditions. Exposure to γ-rays in 1g altered miRNA expression profile at early and late time points (4h and 24h), with more responsive miRNAs at 24h after high irradiation dose (2Gy). In particular, the 20 radio-responsive miRNAs common to 0.2Gy and 2Gy of treatment showed a time dependent expression pattern, with a general down-regulation at 4h and up-regulation at 24h after irradiation. Human PBL incubated in MMG after γ-irradiation showed miRNA expression profile alteration higher at 24h than at 4h, in both irradiation doses. Interestingly, in non-irradiated PBL, 24h of MMG incubation altered the expression profile of 42 miRNA species respect to 1g. At the end, comparing the miRNA expression profiles of γ-irradiated PBL incubated 24h in the two different gravity conditions, we individuated miRNAs specifically expressed during repair time in MMG; these miRNA species were probably altered by the combined action of IR and MMG in a way that is dose dependent. In order to figure out the mechanism by which miRNAs can modulate a certain biological function in response to IR, gene expression profiles were analysed on the same PBL samples used to assess miRNA expression levels, in 1g and MMG. The anti-correlation analysis was performed between differentially expressed mRNAs and deregulated miRNAs to investigate the putative miRNA target genes. Finally, Gene Ontology analysis was conducted on significant anti-correlated target genes with the aim of identifying the biological categories which they belong to. From our results it arose that few genes were activated in irradiated PBL incubated 24h either in 1g or MMG and most of them were gravity-specific. In 2Gy PBL incubated in 1g a great number of deregulated genes belonged to the DNA Damage Response (DDR) categories: apoptosis, response to wounding and response to DNA damage. These categories were not found in 2Gy PBL incubated in MMG, where instead were altered biological processes involved in regulation of development, cell differentiation/activation, immune system, cytokine production and hemopoiesis; they were all characterized by a general gene down-regulation. In addition, we focused on significantly anti-correlated genes of DDR pathway, activated in the two gravity conditions, to highlight the differences between 1g and MMG. We hypothesize that the smaller number of radio-responsive miRNAs in MMG can operate an unscheduled regulation of the expression level of transcripts usually not targeted. The scenario proposed in this work is that modeled microgravity incubation, following ionizing radiation exposure (simulated space environment), could affect the appropriate radiation cell response of human lymphocytes reducing the efficiency of DNA repair. To better investigate miRNA biological functions in the simulated space environment, it has been necessary to focus our studies on miRNA target validation and functional analysis. For this reason, the PhD program was carried out for seven months in the laboratory of Prof. Riccardo Dalla-Favera at “Institute for Cancer Genetics”, Columbia University (New York, USA), to acquire some expertise in molecular biology techniques and their applications to the study of microRNAs.
Le radiazioni ionizzanti (IR), colpendo le cellule degli organismi eucarioti è in grado di provocare danni a proteine, lipidi e molecole di DNA, in modo diretto o indiretto come risultato della formazione di radicali liberi. Tra i numerosi tipi di danno al DNA, le rotture a doppio filamento o double-strand breaks (DSBs) rappresentano il tipo di lesione più grave, dal momento che una riparazione inefficiente o non accurata può portare a morte cellulare o instabilità genomica. La presenza di DSBs induce una complessa risposta al danno al DNA che vede coinvolti una serie di eventi cellulari quali: la rilevazione del danno, la trasduzione del segnale agli effettori della riparazione, l’arresto del ciclo cellulare e l’induzione di apoptosi. Nei mammiferi, una delle risposte cellulari più precoci dopo l’induzione di una doppia rottura è la fosforilazione dell’istone H2AX (γ-H2AX) in corrispondenza del sito di danno, che avviene per opera delle fosfatidilinositolol-3-OH-chinasi (ATM, DNA-PK and ATR). Questo evento sembra essere importante nel reclutamento di fattori di segnalazione del danno e di proteine coinvolte nella riparazione delle DSBs nei siti danneggiati (i.e 53BP1, Mre11, Rad50, Nbs1), dando origine a ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF), che possono essere costituiti da migliaia di queste molecole proteiche. Monitorando la cinetica di formazione e scomparsa degli IRIF, che si accumulano nei siti danneggiati, è possibile analizzare il danno al DNA e la sua riparazione; in particolare, è stato osservato che la diminuzione dei foci di γ-H2AX correla con la progressione della riparazione delle DSBs. Gli eventi di segnalazione attivati in risposta alle radiazioni ionizzanti dipendono, oltre che dalle caratteristiche genetiche e fisiologiche del sistema biologico osservato, anche dalle condizioni ambientali presenti durante la riparazione del DNA. Per questa ragione abbiamo analizzato e confrontato la risposta cellulare umana alle IR in condizioni diverse di gravità, normale come sulla Terra (1g) e ridotta come nell’ambiente spaziale; in quest’ultimo l’esposizione ai raggi cosmici a cui l’uomo è soggetto durante le missioni spaziali e associata alla riduzione della forza di gravità. L’ambiente spaziale è caratterizzato dalla presenza di radiazioni ionizzanti, nella forma di particelle atomiche cariche che rappresentano il più importante fattore limitante la lunga permanenza dell’uomo nello spazio, ma anche dalla condizione di assenza di peso, che prende il nome di microgravità (10-4–10-6g). In letteratura sono stati riportati alcuni effetti della microgravità osservati in astronauti di ritorno dai voli spaziali, questi riguardano: la soppressione del sistema immunitario, l’atrofia muscolare, problemi cardiovascolari e la demineralizzazione e decalcificazione ossea. Cellule mantenute in coltura durante le missione spaziali e modelli a terra della microgravità mostrano inibizione della proliferazione dei linfociti, soppressione o alterazione della secrezione di citochine, modificazioni del citoscheletro e anche incremento delle aberrazioni cromosomiche e apoptosi. Pertanto, capire se gli effetti della radiazione ionizzante possano essere influenzati dalla microgravità rimane un punto di rilevante importanza nella valutazione dei rischi durante le missioni spaziali. In questo lavoro, la microgravità è stata simulata in laboratorio usando il bioreattore “Rotating Wall Vessel” (Synthecon) messo a punto nei laboratori della NASA a Houston; questo strumento permette di riprodurre un aspetto dei voli spaziali che è l’assenza di peso, condizione che prende il nome di “modeled microgravity” (MMG). Nella prima parte di questo progetto è stata studiata la riparazione delle DSBs in linfociti umani irradiati con raggi gamma e mantenuti durante il tempo di riparazione in 1g o MMG. La formazione e la scomparsa dei foci dell’istone γ-H2AX è stata monitorata a diversi tempi dall’irradiazione mediante immunofluorescenza; nei medesimi campioni è stato anche analizzato l’indice apoptotico e la frammentazione del DNA, quest’ultimo con la tecnica della pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in cui la frazione di DNA rilasciata nel gel (FR) è considerata una misura delle DSBs. I risultati ottenuti confermano che l’incubazione in MMG durante il tempo di riparazione influenza la sopravvivenza cellulare, l’apoptosi e ritarda la riparazione delle DSBs, incrementando l’effetto genotossico delle radiazioni ionizzanti. Sulla base delle osservazioni fatte, si è passati a studiare se la IR e la MMG possono avere un’azione sinergica sulle cellule analizzando i profili di espressione dei microRNAs: regolatori negativi dell’espressione genica. I microRNAs (miRNAs) sono una classe di corti RNA (~22nt) endogeni, che svolgono un ruolo chiave in molti processi cellulari poiché reprimono l’espressione dei mRNA target. Nelle cellule animali, queste molecole vanno a reprimere la traduzione dei geni codificanti proteine legandosi a sequenze complementari nelle regioni non tradotte al 3’ terminale (3’UTR) dei mRNA. Per questo motivo i miRNAs sono coinvolti in numerosi processi biologici come: lo sviluppo, la proliferazione cellulare, l’apoptosi, la funzionalità delle cellule staminali e la tumorigenesi. Scopo: Questo progetto si proponeva di: i) analizzare l’efficienza di riparazione del DNA in condizione di microgravità simulata (MMG), puntando l’attenzione alla cinetica di riparazione delle DSBs; ii) capire se la radiazione ionizzante e la microgravità simulata possono avere un’azione sinergica in cellule umane, confrontando i miRNA radio-responsivi nelle due condizioni di gravità (1g e MMG) Attività svolta: La presenza di foci nucleari dell’istone γ-H2AX e l’indice apoptotico sono stati monitorati in linfociti umani irradiati con raggi γ e non, incubati in 1g e MMG. Negli stessi campioni è stata studiata la riparazione delle DSBs analizzando la frazione di DNA rilasciata (FR) dopo Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In seguito, usando l’approccio dei microarray con “Human miRNA microarray Kit V2” (Agilent) e della real-time qPCR, sono stati analizzati i profili di espressione dei miRNAs in linfociti umani irradiati con raggi γ e incubati in 1g e MMG. Impiegando poi i microarrays “Whole Human Genome Oligo Microarray” (Agilent) per gli stessi campioni di cellule, è stato possibile determinare i profili di espressione genica; allo scopo di identificare i probabili mRNA target dei miRNA radio-responsivi i dati di espressione dei miRNA e dei mRNA sono stati integrati in un’analisi di anticorrelazione. Infine, per studiare i processi biologici maggiormente coinvolti nella risposta cellulare alle radiazioni ionizzanti è stata eseguita una Gene Ontology analysis (GO) applicata ai miRNA-mRNA target significativamente anti-correlati. Risultati e conclusioni: I risultati ottenuti dallo studio dei foci dell’istone γ-H2AX in PBL irradiati mostrano che il numero medio di foci/nucleo a tempi brevi di riparazione nelle due condizioni di gravità è comparabile. Al contrario, per tempi lunghi, la diminuzione del numero di foci è significativamente differente; infatti, a 24h dall’irradiazione i PBL incubati in 1g presentano 2 foci/nucleo, mentre quelli in MMG 6.4 foci/nucleo. Per verificare che la scomparsa dei foci di γ-H2AX fosse correlata con la riparazione delle DSBs è stata utilizzata la tecnica della PFGE. La cinetica di riparazione delle DSBs è stata analizzata in PBL irradiati e incubati in 1g e MMG; nelle cellule incubate in MMG il contenuto di DNA frammentato era maggiore rispetto alla 1g (FR 77% vs. 33% a 2 h e FR 50% vs. 17% a 6 h, rispettivamente). Probabilmente la MMG influisce sulle modificazioni strutturali della cromatina che avvengono in risposta alla DSBs, diminuendo l’efficienza di riparazione; pertanto, la riparazione delle DSBs che in 1g avviene in poche ore, richiede più tempo in MMG. Nella seconda parte del progetto sono stati analizzati i profili di espressione di miRNA in PBL irradiati con raggi γ e incubati in 1g e MMG. Dai risultati ottenuti è emerso che la radiazione altera i profili di espressione dei miRNA in modo dose e tempo dipendente, in entrambe le condizioni di gravità. L’esposizione ai raggi gamma in 1g altera i profili di espressione dei miRNA, sia a tempi brevi che lunghi, con maggior numero di miRNA radio-responsivi a 24h dopo esposizione alla dose maggiore (2Gy). Dal confronto dei profili di espressione di miRNA in PBL irradiati e mantenuti 24h nelle due condizioni di gravità vengono individuati miRNAs espressi in modo specifico durante l’incubazione in MMG; questi miRNAs vengono probabilmente alterati dall’azione combinata della IR con la MMG con effetto dose-dipendente. Anche le cellule non irradiate ma mantenute 24h in MMG presentano 42 miRNA deregolati rispetto alla 1g. Per far luce sul meccanismo col quale i miRNAs possono modulare alcuni processi biologici in risposta alle radiazioni ionizzanti, sono stati analizzati i profili di espressione di mRNAs negli stessi campioni per i quali sono stati ricavati i profili dei miRNAs. L’analisi di anti-correlazione tra i miRNA e i mRNA differenzialmente espressi e l’analisi computazionale con PITA hanno permesso di predire geni target dei miRNA. Infine, è stata eseguita la Gene Ontology analisi su geni target significativamente anti-correlati, allo scopo di identificare le categorie biologiche di appartenenza. Dai nostri risultati è emerso che alcuni geni sono attivati in PBL irradiati e incubati 24h sia in 1g che MMG, molti di loro sono gravità-specifici. In cellule irradiate con 2Gy e incubate in 1g un grande numero di mRNAs alterati appartiene alle categorie della risposta al danno al DNA (DDR): apoptosi, risposta allo stress, risposta al danno al DNA. Queste categorie non sono risultanti dall’analisi dei PBL irradiati e mantenuti in MMG, dove invece sono alterati processi coinvolti nel differenziamento e attivazione cellulare, sistema immunitario, produzione di citochine ed emopoiesi; tutte caratterizzate da una sostanziale down-regolazione genica. Questo studio fornisce prove che la MMG associata alla radiazione ionizzante porta ad una non appropriata risposta al danno al DNA in linfociti umani, dovuta probabilmente alla perdita di miRNAs radio-responsivi coinvolti nella DDR. Per meglio studiare le funzioni biologiche dei miRNAs in condizione di microgravità simulata è stato necessario puntare l’attenzione sulla validazione dei messageri target predetti e sull’analisi funzionale. Per questa ragione il programma finale di dottorato è stato svolto presso il laboratorio del Prof. Riccardo Dalla-Favera all’“Institute for Cancer Genetics” (Columbia University, New York, USA), per un periodo di sette mesi, allo scopo di acquisire competenze di biologia molecolare che vengono applicate allo studio dei microRNAs.

The aim of this thesis is to describe selected modern trends in photography and show their impact on society. The thesis describes the history of photography, sorting of digital cameras, and selected trends such as DSLR, mobile phones, selfie phenomenon, Polaroid, Lytro and aerial photography. In each trend there will be examples, users and financial demands.

Thesis (M.S. in Systems Technology (Space Systems Operations)) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1994.
Thesis advisor(s): Dan C. Boger. "September 1994." Bibliography: p. 96-97. Also available online.

Information systems executives within Department of Defense (DoD) activities are being challenged to develop innovative ways in which information technology can contribute to the streamlining of DoD organizations. Software reuse is a key strategy in developing information systems that will meet the future needs of DoD organizations. This thesis examines the concepts, and issues relating to the creation of a clearinghouse to facilitate and promote software reuse. Specifically it studies the Defense Software Repository System (DSRS), a DoD-wide version of the Army Reusable Ada Products for Information Systems Development (RAPID) effort.

Orientador: Guido Costa Souza de Araujo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação
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Resumo: O avanço tecnológico dos sistemas computacionais tem proporcionado o crescimento do mercado de sistemas dedicados, cada vez mais comuns no dia-a-dia das pessoas, como por exemplo em telefones celulares, palmtops e sistemas de controle automotivo. Devido às suas características, estas novas aplicações requerem sistemas que aliem baixo custo, alto desempenho e baixo consumo de potência. Uma das maneiras de atender a estes requisitos é utilizando processadores especializados. Contudo, a especialização na arquitetura dos processadores impõe novos desafios para o desenvolvimento de software para estes sistemas. Em especial, os compiladores - geralmente responsáveis pela otimização de código - precisam ser adaptados para produzir código eficiente para estes novos processadores. Na área de processamento de sinais digitais, como em telefonia celular, processadores especializados, denominados DSPs2, são amplamente utilizados. Estes processadores tipicamente possuem poucos registradores de propósito geral e modos de endereçamento bastante limitados. Além disso, muitas das suas aplicações envolvem o processamento de grandes seqüências de dados, as quais são geralmente armazenadas em vetores. Como resultado, o estudo de técnicas de otimização de referências a vetores tornou-se um problema central em compilação para DSPs. Este problema, denominado Global Array Reference Allocation (GARA), é o objeto central desta dissertação. O sub-problema central de GARA consiste em se determinar, para um dado conjunto de referências a vetores que serão alocadas a um mesmo registrador de endereçamento, o menor custo das instruções que são necessárias para manter este registrador com o endereço adequado em cada ponto do programa. Nesta dissertação, este sub-problema é modelado como um problema em grafos, e provado ser NP-difícil. Além disso, é proposto um algoritmo eficiente, baseado em programação dinâmica, para resolver este sub-problema de forma exata sob certas restrições. Com base neste algoritmo, duas técnicas são propostas para resolver o problema de GARA. Resultados experimentais, obtidos pela implementação destas técnicas no compilador GCC, comparam-nas com outros resultados da literatura. Os resultados demonstram a eficácia das técnicas propostas nesta dissertação
Abstract: The technological advances in computing systems have stimulated the growth of the embedded systems market, which is continuously becoming more ordinary in people's lives, for example in mobile phones, palmtops and automotive control systems. Because of their characteristics, these new applications demand the combination of low cost, high performance and low power consumption. One way to meet these constraints is through the design of specialized processors. However, processor specialization imposes new challenges to the development of software for these systems. In particular, compilers - generally responsible for code optimization - need to be adapted in order to produce efficient code for these new processors. In the digital signal processing arena, such as in cellular telephones, specialized processors, known as DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), are largely used. DSPs typically have few general purpose registers and very restricted addressing modes. In addition, many DSP applications include large data streams processing, which are usually stored in arrays. As a result, studing array reference optimization techniques became an important task in compiling for DSPs. This work studies this problem, known as Global Array Reference Allocation (GARA). The central GARA subproblem consists of determining, for a given set of array references to be allocated to the same address register, the minimum cost of the instructions required to keep this register with the correct address at alI program points. In this work, this subproblem is modeled as a graph theoretical problem and proved to be NP-hard. In addition, an efficient algorithm, based on dynamic programming, is proposed to optimally solve this subproblem under some restrictions. Based on this algorithm, two techniques to solve GARA are proposed. Experimental results, from the implementation of these techniques in the GCC compiler, compare them with previous work in the literature. The results show the effectiveness of the techniques proposed in this work
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Les techniques dynamiques de vérification et validation (V&V) de modèles sont nécessaires pour assurer la qualité des modèles exécutables. La plupart de ces techniques reposent sur la concept de trace d'exécution, une séquence contenant un ensemble d'informations sur une exécution. Par conséquent, pour permettre la V&V dynamique de modèles exécutables conformes à n'importe quel langage de modélisation dédié exécutable (LMDx), il est crucial de fournir des outils pour construire et manipuler toutes sortes de traces d'exécution. À cet effet, nous proposons d'abord une approche de clonage efficace de modèles afin de pouvoir construire des traces d'exécution génériques à base de clones. À l'aide d'un générateur aléatoire de métamodèles, nous montrons que cette approche passe à l'échelle avec seulement un léger surcoût lors de la manipulation de clones. Nous présentons ensuite une approche générative pour définir des métamodèles dédiés et multidimensionnels pour représenter des traces d'exécution, qui consiste à créer la structure de données spécifique aux traces d'exécution d'un LMDx donné. Ainsi, les traces d'exécution de modèles conformes à ce LMDx peuvent être capturées et manipulées efficacement de manière dédiée et à l'aide de différentes dimensions. Nous appliquons cette approche à deux techniques de V&V dynamiques existantes, à savoir la différentiation sémantique et le débogage omniscient. Nous montrons qu'un tel métamodèle de traces d'exécution généré fournit une bonne facilité d'usage et un bon passage à l'échelle pour la V&V dynamique au plus tôt pour n'importe quel LMDx. Nous avons intégré notre travail au sein du GEMOC Studio, un environnement de définition de langages et de modélisation issu de l'initiative internationale du même nom
Dynamic verification and validation (V&V) techniques are required to ensure the correctness of executable models. Most of these techniques rely on the concept of execution trace, which is a sequence containing information about an execution. Therefore, to enable dynamic V&V of executable models conforming to any executable domain-specific modeling language (xDSML), it is crucial to provide efficient facilities to construct and manipulate all kinds of execution traces. To that effect, we first propose a scalable model cloning approach to conveniently construct generic execution traces using model clones. Using a random metamodel generator, we show that this approach is scalable in memory with little manipulation overhead. We then present a generative approach to define multidimensional and domain-specific execution trace metamodels, which consists in creating the execution trace data structure specific to an xDSML. Thereby, execution traces of models conforming to this xDSML can be efficiently captured and manipulated in a domain-specific way. We apply this approach to two existing dynamic V&V techniques, namely semantic differencing and omniscient debugging. We show that such a generated execution trace metamodel provides good usability and scalability for dynamic early V&V support for any xDSML. Our work have been implemented and integrated within the GEMOC Studio, which is a language and modeling workbench resulting from the eponym international initiative

Krysstale mellom tvinnede parkabler er blitt den dominerende kilden for interferens i dagens DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines) systemer. I eksisterende standarder er det satt maksimalverdier for utsendt effekttetthet basert på estimat av verste tilfelle interferens for alle par-til-par kombinasjoner av krysstale med følgelig begrensninger i overføringskapasitet. Videre blir effekt statisk tildelt over hele den tilgjengelige båndbredden uten hensyn til frekvensavhengig attenuasjon og interferens i metoder basert på statisk frekvensbruk (SSM - Static Spectrum Management). Dette arbeidet tar for seg utviklingen av autonome algoritmer for dynamisk frekvensbruk (DSM – Dynamic Spectrum Management) innen trådbasert kommunikasjon over det eksisterende kobbernettet. DSM åpner for effekttildeling basert på målinger av kanalvariasjoner i frekvensbåndet og terminaler kan slik begrense sin egen utsendte effekttetthet dersom ønsket overføringsrate allerede er oppnådd. En slik dynamisk allokering av spektrum gjør det mulig å prioritere frekvensbånd med høye signal-til-støy forhold (SNR) samtidig som sterkt forstyrrede delbånd får kraftig reduksjon av tildelt effekt eller blir fullstendig slått av. Ulike algoritmer ble implementert og analysert, med den velkjente water-filling algoritmen spesielt sentral i beregningene, som gav svært gode resultater med hensyn til eksisterende effektallokering basert på SSM.

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The Archipelagian Approach, a proposed methodology for designing and implementing Decision Support Systems (DSS), attempts to integrate modular design and adaptive design. The approach is based on decomposing the proposed system's tasks into structured and nonstructured modules, evaluating the difficulty of implementing each module, and utilizing the estimated difficulty and the priority of each module to determine the best development sequence. The feasibility of making reliable and accurate predictions of implementation difficulty, a key requisite, was previously not verified. The study concludes that five of the eight factors considered exhibit sufficient reliability and validity as predictors to confirm the viability of the approach

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
G.fast é o padrão mais recente do ITU-T para transmissões DSL, o qual e destinado para topologias do cobre de curtas distâncias e adota uma largura de banda de 106 MHz, que pode ser extendida at é 212 MHz. Em muitas situações os sistemas G.fast serão compostos ou coexistirão com linhas não-coordenadas (o linhas alien), as quais são fonte de forte crosstalk, pois estas linhas não fazem parte do grupo vetorizado. Este documento apresenta uma formula ção que explica o desempenho de m étodos de mitiga ção de alien crosstalk de acordo com o n úmero de linhas alien no ambiente, o mecanismo que defi ne a correla ção desta interferência e um m étodo de mitiga ção de alien crosstalk para transmissões DSL na dire ção de downstream afetadas por m últiplos interferentes, chamado AMMIS. Os resultados das simula c~oes mostram que os m étodos de mitiga c~ao de alien crosstalk encontrados na literatura podem de fato melhorar o desempenho de sistemas G.fast, mas apenas em condi ções específi cas. N os contrastamos estas situa c~oes e apresentamos diretrizes acerca da viabilidade destas t écnicas de mitigação em cen ários com n úmeros distintos de linhas alien. Adicionalmente, o AMMIS apresenta resultados promissores em rela c~ao a taxa de dados quando comparado com os m etodos encontrados na literatura em cen arios com grande quantidade de interferentes, com a vantagem adicional de ainda possibilitar economia de energia. Como suporte para as simula ções, tamb ém apresentamos um conjunto de medi ções de alien crosstalk.
G.fast is the most recent ITU-T standard for DSL transmission, which targets copper topologies with short distances and adopts a bandwidth of 106 MHz extensible to 212 MHz. In several situations, G.fast systems will be composed by or coexist with uncoordinated (or alien) lines, which are sources of strong crosstalk, because these lines are not part of the vectored group. This document presents a formulation to explain the performance of the alien crosstalk mitigation methods according to the number of alien lines in a certain environment, the mechanism that de nes the interference correlation of it and an alien crosstalk mitigation method for downstream DSL transmission impaired by multiple interferers called AMMIS. Simulation results show that alien crosstalk mitigation methods found in the literature can indeed improve the performance of G.fast systems, but only under speci c conditions. We have contrasted these situations and we provide guidelines about the feasibility of the crosstalk mitigation techniques in scenarios with distinct number of alien lines. Additionally, the AMMIS shows promising results in relation to the bit rate when compared with literature methods in scenarios with a large number of interferers, with the additional advantage of allows power savings. As support for the simulations, we also present a set of alien crosstalk measurements.

Les systèmes DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) mettent en oeuvre des technologies de communication de données à grande vitesse sur les lignes téléphoniques ordinaires. Les futurs réseaux DSL sont en cours d'élaboration pour tenir compte des demandes croissantes de très hauts débits dans un marché en expansion rapide. Dans l'environnement de communication DSL, la diaphonie entre les paires de cuivre peut atteindre des ordres de grandeur plus grands que tout autre bruit. Elle peut donc être considérée comme le facteur principal de limitation des performances. Les techniques de lutte contre la diaphonie s'appuient habituellement sur la connaissance des caractéristiques du canal pour supprimer les interférences et améliorer les performances globales du système de transmission. Cette aborde le problème de l'estimation de canal dans les systèmes de communication DSL. Une méthode d'estimation de canal aveugle pour les systèmes utilisant la modulation multi-porteuse DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) est présentée. L'application de cette méthode pour l'élimination des phénomènes de diaphonie est proposée dans les liaisons montantes et descendantes. Dans cette étude, nous traitons les interférences provenant du système DSL lui-même ainsi que celles provenant de systèmes externes. Les performances sont évaluées théoriquement après l'estimation et l'élimination des interférences. Les résultats théoriques son confirmés par des simulations effectuées sur un environnement réaliste DSL et démontrent une nette amélioration dans les débits.