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Journal articles on the topic 'Dual Class Share'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

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1

McKinnon, Christopher. "Dual-Class Capital Structures: A Legal, Theoretical & Empirical Buy-Side Analysis." Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review, no. 5.1 (2015): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.5.1.dual-class.

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“The advantage of a dual-class share structure is that it protects entrepreneurial management from the demands of ordinary shareholders. The disadvantage of a dual-class share structure is that it protects entrepreneurial management from the demands of shareholders.” Issuing dual classes of stock has become hotly debated since two major events transpired in 2014: (1) Facebook acquired WhatsApp for $19 billion and (2) Alibaba chose to list its shares on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) instead of the Hong Kong Exchange. Because dual-class managers, like those at Facebook and Alibaba, retain a

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2

Lei, Adam Y. C., Huihua Li, and Jin Yu. "Corporate payouts in dual classes." Managerial Finance 45, no. 12 (2019): 1542–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-12-2018-0611.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dividend payments and share repurchases of dual-class firms that have both their superior voting shares and inferior voting shares publicly traded. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses matched dual-class and single-class samples from 1994 to 2015 and logit models to evaluate the likelihoods of dividend payment and share repurchase between dual-class firms and single-class firms. Findings The results show that dual-class firms are more likely than the matched sample of single-class firms to pay dividends in both share classes. Dual-clas

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3

Burson, Jonathan J., and Marlin R. H. Jensen. "Institutional ownership of dual-class companies." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 13, no. 2 (2021): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-04-2020-0061.

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Purpose This study aims to examine institutional ownership of companies that go public with dual-class share structures. Design/methodology/approach Several recent studies have discussed the potential advantages and disadvantages of the dual-class structure, which allows founders and insiders to maintain control of the firms they created through superior voting rights. Institutional investors oppose the dual-class structure, arguing that inferior voting rights make it difficult to respond to poor governance or performance. Previous research has shown the early value-added to the dual-class fir

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Ching, Leonard, Alvin Zhuang, and Wayne Chan. "Dual-class share structures—the Singaporean response." Capital Markets Law Journal 14, no. 4 (2019): 451–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmz017.

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5

Li, Zhi. "Sunset Clause in the Dual Class Share Structure." Journal of Economics, Business and Management 10, no. 2 (2022): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/joebm.2022.10.2.679.

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6

Dongjuan, Lyu, and Zhu Kailei. "Sustainable development of the dual-class share structure in China." E3S Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 03080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125303080.

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Sustainable development is a goal shared by all nations across the globe in the 21st century. Companies with a dual-class share structure in China face problems in their pursuit of sustainable development, such as unclear definition of laws and regulations, increased costs of agencies, defective supervision mechanisms, and insufficient information disclosure. Therefore, it is necessary to identify rules, optimize corporate governance, strengthen the supervision mechanism, and improve information disclosure to safeguard the investors’ legitimate rights, maintain market stability, and secure eco

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7

Mun, Jun-Woo. "The dual class share of public company in Singapore." Korea Financial Law Association 14, no. 2 (2017): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15692/kjfl.14.2.4.

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8

Howell, Jason W. "The survival of the U.S. dual class share structure." Journal of Corporate Finance 44 (June 2017): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2014.07.006.

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9

Maury, Benjamin, and Anete Pajuste. "Private Benefits of Control and Dual-Class Share Unifications." Managerial and Decision Economics 32, no. 6 (2011): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1538.

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Sekerci, Naciye, and Don Pagach. "Firm Ownership and Enterprise Risk Management Implementation: Evidence from the Nordic Region." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 9 (2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13090210.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether firm ownership characteristics can explain demand for Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) implementation. Specifically, we examine the relationship between the presence of large shareholders, multiple blockholders and a dual-class share structure, and ERM implementation. To our knowledge we provide the first evidence on the effect of multiple blockholders and dual-class share structures on the implementation of ERM. ERM best practices can be considered as governance tools, used to monitor managerial discretion in risk management, ultimately redu

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11

Guo, Lingfeng, Lawrence Kryzanowski, and Yinlin Nie. "Share classes, families and asset purchases: Canadian evidence." Managerial Finance 46, no. 2 (2019): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-02-2019-0081.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test if relative asset purchase values (RAPVs) differ between single- and dual-class purchasers (not) differentiated by family ownership for Canadian firms. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses multivariate regressions and 2SLS estimations of simultaneous equations models with both continuous and dichotomous endogenous variables. Data on share structures and family involvements are hand collected. Findings RAPVs for dual-class purchasers are significantly different (larger) than their single-class counterparts only for family-controlled samples. La

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Arugaslan, Onur, Jim DeMello, and Devrim Yaman. "Share Structure And Wealth Effects Of Corporate Takeovers." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 28, no. 4 (2012): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v28i4.7046.

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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">In this study we examine the stock price effects of corporate takeovers by dual class firms and unified firms. Our sample consists of 852 firms that were bidders in takeovers between 1993 and 2009. Our univariate and OLS regression results show that both dual class firms and unified firms obtain insignificant returns for various

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13

Basu, Nilanjan, and Ming Qiu. "DUAL CLASS FIRMS AND DEBT ISSUANCE." Corporate Ownership and Control 14, no. 1 (2016): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i1p2.

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We examine the manner in which debt issuance by dual class firms differs from that issued by comparable single-class firms. Using the comprehensive sample of dual class firms compiled by Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2010), we find that dual class firms tend to borrow at lower interest rates and for longer maturities but face more covenants, especially performance based covenants. Our results are robust to corrections for the endogenous choice of dual class share structures. We also find that the returns earned by the stocks of these dual class firms have lower volatility. Our findings are cons

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Khalil, Samer, Michel L. Magnan, and Jeffrey R. Cohen. "Dual-Class Shares and Audit Pricing: Evidence from the Canadian Markets." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 27, no. 2 (2008): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2008.27.2.199.

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SUMMARY: This paper investigates whether audit fees vary with the wedge between cash flow rights and control rights arising from the presence of dual-class share structures. Dual-class shares exist in firms having two or more classes of shares with disproportionate voting rights. They affect audit fees through their effect on the supply for audit services. External auditors conduct wider (narrower) scope audits depending on whether dual-class shares increase (decrease) audit risk and/or auditor business risk. Wider (narrower) scope audits are more (less) costly for the auditors and for their c

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Hu, Jun. ""Review on Introducing Dual Class Share Structure in Korean Market"." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 13, no. 4 (2022): 1575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.13.4.110.

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Hossain, Ashrafee Tanvir, and Lawrence Kryzanowski. "A review of the literature on dual-class firms." Managerial Finance 45, no. 9 (2019): 1199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-10-2018-0505.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically review the relevant literature from the perspective of dual-class firms and to provide suggestions for future research on dual-class firms, and on methodological issues that should be addressed in such research. Design/methodology/approach The research design consists of three parts: an introduction to dual-class firms (motivations for; firm life cycle effects) in Part 1; concerns with firms with such share class structures (valuation; governance; accounting and corporate policy issues) in Part 2; and some solutions or ways to accommodate the

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Lauterbach, Beni, and Anete Pajuste. "The long-term valuation effects of voluntary dual class share unifications." Journal of Corporate Finance 31 (April 2015): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.02.004.

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18

Jordan, Bradford D., Soohyung Kim, and Mark H. Liu. "Growth opportunities, short-term market pressure, and dual-class share structure." Journal of Corporate Finance 41 (December 2016): 304–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.10.003.

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19

Omar, Ayishat. "Audit committee gender diversity and audit fees: The role of dual-class share structure." Corporate Ownership and Control 20, no. 2 (2023): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv20i2art7.

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The paper examines the role of dual-class share structure on the nexus between the presence of at least one female member on the audit committee (gender diversity) and audit fees. The study estimates a regression model using 2,519 firm-year observations for 475 public U.S. firms, and in line with the view that gender diversity helps firms to be more attentive and committee members act within their control to ensure a higher level of audit coverage, the study finds that gender diversity is associated with higher audit fees. Further, this study reports that the interaction of dual-class share st

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Choi, Soo Jung. "Dual-Class Share Structures for Start-ups in Korea? The Pros and Cons ?" Yonsei Law Review 31, no. 1 (2021): 147–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21717/ylr.31.1.6.

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21

Tinaikar, Surjit. "Private Control Benefits and Informative Earnings Smoothing: Evidence from Dual Class Share Firms." Journal of International Accounting Research 16, no. 3 (2017): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51774.

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ABSTRACT This study explores the relationship between firms' tendencies to smooth earnings and the perception that firms may face of extracting private control benefits. Using a direct estimate of private control benefits that is routinely priced by noncontrolling parties, this study documents that such firms face high capital market costs, which induces them to disclose more private information through earnings smoothing. Furthermore, these results are observed primarily in less developed stock markets where disclosure costs due to information uncertainty are low and therefore the disclosure

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22

Lu, Longjie. "The regulation of the dual-class share structure in China: a comparative perspective." Capital Markets Law Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 224–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmaa004.

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23

Faniband, Muhammadriyaj, and C. Karthigai Prakasam. "Determinants of Differential Voting Rights Share Prices and Ordinary Share Prices : Evidence from Dual-Class Companies in India." Indian Journal of Research in Capital Markets 6, no. 4 (2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/ijrcm/2019/v6/i4/150270.

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24

Cox, Justin S. "Managerial ability, growth opportunities, and IPO performance." Managerial Finance 43, no. 4 (2017): 488–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-07-2016-0218.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain whether the level of managerial quality and growth opportunities influences the operating and return performance between single and dual class IPOs. Design/methodology/approach The sample includes 281 initial public offerings under a dual class share structure. This paper measures managerial ability using a score method design produced by (Demerjian et al., 2012). This paper follows (Chemmanur et al., 2011) in measuring post-IPO operating performance between dual and single-class firms. This paper follows Lyon et al. (1999) and Chemmanur et al. (

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25

Chan, Raymond Siu Yeung, and John Kong Shan Ho. "Should Listed Companies Be Allowed to Adopt Dual-Class Share Structure in Hong Kong?" Common Law World Review 43, no. 2 (2014): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/clwr.2014.43.2.0270.

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Forst, Arno, and Barry R. Hettler. "Disproportionate Insider Control and the Demand for Audit Quality." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 38, no. 1 (2018): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-52038.

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SUMMARY We examine the relationship between disproportionate insider control, enabled through dual-class share structures, and the demand for audit quality. Using a comprehensive hand-collected sample of U.S. dual-class firms, we find that, consistent with outside shareholders' increased demand for external monitoring, as well as self-bonding by entrenched insiders, disproportionate insider control is positively associated with the propensity to hire a Big 4 or industry specialist auditor, auditor independence, and audit fees. Corroborating a self-bonding explanation, additional analyses show

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Huang, Robin Hui, Wei Zhang, and Kelvin Siu Cheung Lee. "The (re)introduction of dual-class share structures in Hong Kong: a historical and comparative analysis." Journal of Corporate Law Studies 20, no. 1 (2019): 121–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735970.2019.1638004.

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28

Kuang, Yi, Fei Wang, and Zuo-Jun Wang. "Social Class and Children’s Prosociality: A Study in the Context of China’s Dual Urban–Rural Structure." Social Psychological and Personality Science 12, no. 1 (2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619887698.

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China’s dual urban–rural structure has resulted in rural residents with a lower social rank vis-à-vis urban residents. This research examined prosociality between lower class individuals (rural children) and higher class individuals (urban children), operationalized using the dictator game, which focuses on sharing resources with others. Two studies consistently showed that both rural and urban children were more likely to share more resources with rural partners than with urban partners. This tendency was more pronounced among urban, higher class children. This effect occurred in both within-

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Lauterbach, Beni, and Anete Pajuste. "The Media and Firm Reputation Roles in Corporate Governance Improvements: Lessons from European Dual Class Share Unifications." Corporate Governance: An International Review 25, no. 1 (2016): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/corg.12153.

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O'Mara, Margaret. "Can Firms Act Morally?" Daedalus 152, no. 1 (2023): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01981.

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Abstract The firm is a critical actor in the formation of a new moral political economy, but firm structure, culture, and profits can be an obstacle to change. The case of the American technology industry demonstrates the limits of relying on firms to change from within. The widespread practice of awarding stock ties white-collar compensation to corporate performance and curtails employee activism. The high-tech venture capital model measures success using rapid return on investment and acquisition of market share. Corporate governance practices and dual-class shares give founder-CEOs outsized

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Ho, John Kong Shan. "Revisiting the viability to allow dual-class share structure companies to list in the financial market of Hong Kong." Common Law World Review 47, no. 3 (2018): 167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473779518791769.

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The request of Alibaba, China’s largest e-commerce company, to allow a self-selected group of its past and present management known as the ‘partners’ the right to nominate a majority of the directors in its negotiation with the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEx) for an initial public offering (IPO) in 2013 reignited a new round of debate over the one share, one vote policy, which has survived for three decades in Hong Kong. Alibaba’s IPO application to list on the HKEx was eventually rejected which ultimately led to the company’s decision to list on the New York Stock Exchange. In late 2017, the

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Yuki, Kazuhiro. "EDUCATION, INEQUALITY, AND DEVELOPMENT IN A DUAL ECONOMY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, no. 1 (2014): 27–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000145.

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This paper develops a dynamic dual-economy model and examines how the long-run outcome of an economy depends on the initial distribution of wealth and sectoral productivity. It is shown that, for fast transformation into a developed economy, the initial distribution must be such that extreme poverty is not prevalent so that most people can take education to acquire basic skills and the size of the “middle class” is large enough so that an adequate number of people can access education to acquire advanced skills. Both conditions seem to have held in successful East Asian nations, where, as in t

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Hong, Hyun A. "Does Mandatory Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards Decrease the Voting Premium for Dual-Class Shares?" Accounting Review 88, no. 4 (2013): 1289–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50442.

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ABSTRACT I examine whether voting premiums are reduced following mandatory International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption for firms that have a dual-class share structure. I find that mandatory adopters' voting premiums decrease, on average, by 8 percent subsequent to mandatory IFRS adoption. This effect is statistically significant relative to the corresponding effect for non-IFRS adopters. Further, I find that this effect is more pronounced in countries with strong legal enforcement and for mandatory adopters that experience an increase in the transparency and comparability of r

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Zhang, Qingfeng, Changsong Song, and Sangseok Ha. "A Case Study of Dual-Class Share Structure’s Impact on the Corporate Control of the Founders of Xiaomi Group." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 13, no. 1 (2022): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.13.1.49.

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赵, 金龙. "The Protection of Rights and Interests of Investors in Company with Dual-Class Share Structure on SSE Start Market." Dispute Settlement 05, no. 03 (2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ds.2019.53004.

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36

Li, Yuting. "Analysis on Improvement of Ownership Structure and Dividend—Take Apple as an Example." E3S Web of Conferences 235 (2021): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123501024.

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Equal equity is not a suitable pathway to control the corporations. For Apple Company, due to Jobs’ equal equity, the most important reason that he quitted his company is that at the first step of the company, he had the same shares as other members of the board, but he did not have the absolute control of his company. Also, after the corporation was listed, the shares have been diluted gradually. Losing the control right, Jobs cannot make wise decisions or seek for strategic chances to make a huge profit, when members of the board held diverse opinions. Therefore dual-class share structure an

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OSWALD, JANET. "The Spinning House girls: Cambridge University's distinctive policing of prostitution, 1823–1894." Urban History 39, no. 3 (2012): 453–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926812000223.

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ABSTRACT:This article explores the regulation of prostitution in nineteenth-century Cambridge by an appraisal of the committal books of the university prison. Each evening in term-time the university proctors arrested and imprisoned local ‘streetwalkers’ in an attempt to protect the students’ morals. This research offers insight into the ways in which Cambridge's geography and its dual system of governance influenced the policing of prostitution in the town centre. The former compelled students and townspeople to share the same crowded space and the latter enabled the university to enforce tra

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Boca, Sanda, Cosmin Leordean, Simion Astilean, and Cosmin Farcau. "Chemiresistive/SERS dual sensor based on densely packed gold nanoparticles." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6 (December 29, 2015): 2498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.259.

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Chemiresistors are a class of sensitive electrical devices capable of detecting (bio)chemicals by simply monitoring electrical resistance. Sensing based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) represents a radically different approach, in which molecules are optically detected according to their vibrational spectroscopic fingerprint. Despite different concepts are involved, one can find in the literature examples from both categories reporting sensors made of gold nanoparticles. The same building blocks appear because both sensor classes share a common principle: nanometric interparticle g

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Xu, Lijun, Yijia Zhou, and Bo Yu. "Robust Optimization Model with Shared Uncertain Parameters in Multi-Stage Logistics Production and Inventory Process." Mathematics 8, no. 2 (2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8020211.

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In this paper, we focus on a class of robust optimization problems whose objectives and constraints share the same uncertain parameters. The existing approaches separately address the worst cases of each objective and each constraint, and then reformulate the model by their respective dual forms in their worst cases. These approaches may result in that the value of uncertain parameters in the optimal solution may not be the same one as in the worst case of each constraint, since it is highly improbable to reach their worst cases simultaneously. In terms of being too conservative for this kind

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GUARINI, GIULIO, and JOSÉ LUIS OREIRO. "An ecological view of New Developmentalism: a proposal of integration." Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 42, no. 1 (2022): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3310.

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ABSTRACT Article aims to integrate New Developmentalism with Ecological View by means of the concepts of Ecological Structural Change (ESC) and Eco-Developmental Class-Coalition (EDCC). ESC means to increase the share of green manufacturing sector in GDP and employment for increasing the environmental efficiency of the economy. Exchange rate overvaluation caused by Dutch disease and growth with foreign savings can harm green manufacturing industries even more than brown manufacturing industries. ESC needs the existence of an EDCC that can be made difficult to occur if exchange rate over-valuat

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Linton, J. P., J. Y. Yen, E. Selby, et al. "Dual bidirectional promoters at the mouse dhfr locus: cloning and characterization of two mRNA classes of the divergently transcribed Rep-1 gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 7 (1989): 3058–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.7.3058-3072.1989.

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The mouse dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) is a housekeeping gene expressed under the control of a promoter region embedded in a CpG island--a region rich in unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. A divergent transcription unit exists immediately upstream of the dhfr gene which is coamplified with dhfr in some but not all methotrexate-resistant cell lines. We show that the promoter region for this gene pair consists of two bidirectional promoters, a major and minor promoter, which are situated within a 660-base-pair region upstream of the dhfr ATG translation initiation codon. The major promoter c

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Linton, J. P., J. Y. Yen, E. Selby, et al. "Dual bidirectional promoters at the mouse dhfr locus: cloning and characterization of two mRNA classes of the divergently transcribed Rep-1 gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 7 (1989): 3058–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.7.3058.

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The mouse dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) is a housekeeping gene expressed under the control of a promoter region embedded in a CpG island--a region rich in unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. A divergent transcription unit exists immediately upstream of the dhfr gene which is coamplified with dhfr in some but not all methotrexate-resistant cell lines. We show that the promoter region for this gene pair consists of two bidirectional promoters, a major and minor promoter, which are situated within a 660-base-pair region upstream of the dhfr ATG translation initiation codon. The major promoter c

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Heier, Christopher R., Qing Yu, Alyson A. Fiorillo, et al. "Vamorolone targets dual nuclear receptors to treat inflammation and dystrophic cardiomyopathy." Life Science Alliance 2, no. 1 (2019): e201800186. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.201800186.

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Cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of death for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Here, we find that the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can share common ligands but play distinct roles in dystrophic heart and skeletal muscle pathophysiology. Comparisons of their ligand structures indicate that the Δ9,11 modification of the first-in-class drug vamorolone enables it to avoid interaction with a conserved receptor residue (N770/N564), which would otherwise activate transcription factor properties of both receptors. Reporter assays show that vamorolone and eplerenone are

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Aparicio, P., D. Jaraquemada, and J. A. López de Castro. "Alloreactive cytolytic T cell clones with dual recognition of HLA-B27 and HLA-DR2 antigens. Selective involvement of CD8 in their class I--directed cytotoxicity." Journal of Experimental Medicine 165, no. 2 (1987): 428–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.165.2.428.

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HLA-B27- responder cells were stimulated in vitro with HLA-B27.1+ lymphoblastoid cell lines, and alloreactive CTL clones were obtained by limiting dilution. Three of these clones specifically lysed B27.1+ targets. In addition, they also lysed homozygous DR2 targets with various degrees of efficiency, depending on the Dw specificity of the target cell. All three clones possessed a homogeneous CD3+,CD8+,CD4- phenotype and were also homogeneous upon subcloning. Cold-target inhibition analyses showed mutual inhibition of B27.1 target lysis by DR2 targets and vice versa. Lysis of B27.1 targets was

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Lu, Jun, and Zhen Shi. "Does improved disclosure lead to higher executive compensation? Evidence from the conversion to IFRS and the dual-class share system in China." Journal of Corporate Finance 48 (February 2018): 244–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.11.004.

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CHAKRABARTI, SAYAN K., KUMAR S. GUPTA, and SIDDHARTHA SEN. "UNIVERSAL NEAR-HORIZON CONFORMAL STRUCTURE AND BLACK HOLE ENTROPY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, no. 16n17 (2008): 2547–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08040482.

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It is shown that a massless scalar probe reveals a universal near-horizon conformal structure for a wide class of black holes, including the BTZ. The central charge of the corresponding Virasoro algebra contains information about the black hole. With a suitable quantization condition on the central charge, the CFT associated with the black hole in our approach is consistent with the recent observation of Witten, where the dual theory for the BTZ in the AdS/CFT framework has been identified with the construction of Frenkel, Lepowsky and Meurman. This CFT admits the Fischer–Griess monster group

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Lightman, Naomi, and Claire Link. "Gender, Class and the Cost of Unpaid Care: An Analysis of 25 Countries." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 52, no. 2 (2021): 206–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs-52-2-004.

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This article examines the relationship between gender, class and unpaid care for children and elderly household members across twenty-five countries. Using the microdata files of the 2015–2017 Luxembourg Income Study, we demonstrate that household income quintile shapes the relationship between resident caregiving and a) women’s diminished share of household income and b) the associated “wage penalty” women experience in paid employment, examining dual-headed heterosexual households and grouping countries at varying levels of GDP per capita. Our analyses demonstrate that both eldercare and chi

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Ho, John Kong Shan. "Allowing dual class share structure companies in the Premium listing segment of the London Stock Exchange: appreciating international experiences and recognizing local conditions." Capital Markets Law Journal 16, no. 3 (2021): 356–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmab016.

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Corianò, Claudio, and Matteo Maria Maglio. "The Generalized Hypergeometric Structure of the Ward Identities of CFT’s in Momentum Space in d > 2." Axioms 9, no. 2 (2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms9020054.

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We review the emergence of hypergeometric structures (of F4 Appell functions) from the conformal Ward identities (CWIs) in conformal field theories (CFTs) in dimensions d > 2. We illustrate the case of scalar 3- and 4-point functions. 3-point functions are associated to hypergeometric systems with four independent solutions. For symmetric correlators, they can be expressed in terms of a single 3K integral—functions of quadratic ratios of momenta—which is a parametric integral of three modified Bessel K functions. In the case of scalar 4-point functions, by requiring the correlator to be con

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Martinez-Diaz, Hilda, B. K. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters, Suzanne Z. Powell та Anthony T. Yachnis. "Giant Cell Glioblastoma and Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Show Different Immunohistochemical Profiles for Neuronal Antigens and p53 but Share Reactivity for Class III β-Tubulin". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 127, № 9 (2003): 1187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2003-127-1187-gcgapx.

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Abstract Context.—Giant cell glioblastoma multiforme (GCGBM) and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) are clinically, radiographically, and histologically distinct tumors of the central nervous system. However, they share features of gross circumscription, reticulin deposition, lymphocytic infiltrates, and prominent populations of tumor giant cells. Neuronal antigens have been detected in the neoplastic cells of PXAs, but to our knowledge have not been studied previously in GCGBMs. While TP53 is mutated in most GCGBMs, a feature usually paralleled by strong immunostaining of the protein, the ex

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